Thirukkural explanation in tamil pdf Continue the ancient Tamil composition on personal ethics and morality Kural redirects here. For other purposes, see Kural (disambigation). Tirukkuralற A typical published original Tamil version of the workAuthorValuwarOriginal titleMuppelWork titledCanaltreindiaIndiaLguegeold TamilSeriesPatiṉeṇkīḻkaṇakkuSubjectEthics and space order, society, politics, economy and state craft, love and pleasure1'2'GenrePoetrySet inc. 500 CE (or earlier) Publication Date1812 (first known print edition, older palm-list manuscripts exist) 3'Published in English1840 Topics in the literature sangam Sangam literature Agattiyam Tolk'ppiyam eighteen great texts eight anthologies Aiṅkurunūṟu Akanāṉūṟu Puṟanāṉūṟu Kalittokai Kuṟuntokai Natṟiṇai Parip'al Patiṟṟuppattu Ten Idylls Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai Kuṟiñcippāṭṭu Patiṟṟuppattu Malaipa'uka'uka'm Maturaikk'ci Mullai Paṭṭiṉappālai Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai Poruṇarāṟṟuppaṭai Ciṟupāṇāṟṟuppaṭai pp'ru theme Sangam Sangam landscape Tamil history from Sangam Literature Ancient Tamil Music Eighteen Small Texts Nayachiar Nāṉmaṇikkaṭikai Iṉṉā Nāṟpatu Iṉiyavai Nāṟpatu Kar Nāṟpatu Kaḷavaḻi Nāṟpatu Aintishai Aimpattu Tiṉaimoḻi Aympatu Aintinai Eḻupatu Tina Iimalai Nūṟṟaimpatu Tirukkuṟaḷ Tirikakukam Ozarakkawai Paḻamoḻi Nāṉūṟu Ciṟupañcamūlam Mutumoḻikkānci Elati Kainnilai editing by Tamil Wikisource Related to this article: Tirukkural Tirukkutal (ற, literally Sacred Poems), or soon Kural , is a classic text of tamil language consisting of 1,330 short pairs in seven words each, or Kurala. The text is divided into three books, each containing aphoristic teachings about virtue (aram, dharma), wealth (steering, artha) and love (inam, kama). Considered one of the greatest works of ethics and morality, it is known for its versatility and secular nature. Its authorship is traditionally attributed to Valluvar, also known in full as Tiruvalluvar. The text dates from various dates from 300 BC to the 5th century AD Traditional reports describe it as the last work of the third Sangam, but linguistic analysis assumes a later date from 450 to 500 AD, and that it was compiled after the Sangam period. Kural is traditionally praised by epithets and alternative names such as Tamil Veda and Divine Book. It emphasizes nonviolence and moral vegetarianism as virtues for man. In addition, it emphasizes truthfulness, restraint, gratitude, hospitality, kindness, kindness of the wife, duty, gift and so on, in addition to covering a wide range of social and political topics such as the king, ministers, taxes, justice, forts, war, majesty of the army honor of the soldier, the death sentence of the wicked, agriculture, education, abstinence from alcohol and intoxicating. It also includes chapters on friendship, love, sexual union, and home life. Kural has been widely revered by scholars and influential leaders in the ethical, social, political, economic, religious, philosophical and spiritual spheres throughout its history. These include Ilango Adigahl, Kambar, Leo Tolstoy, Mahatma Gandhi, Albert Schweitzer, Konstantin Joseph Bezki, Karl Graul, George Uglou Pope, Alexander Piatigorsky and Yu Hsi. The text has been translated into at least 40 Indian and non-Indian languages. Kural is considered a masterpiece and one of the most important texts of Tamil literature. The Tamil people and the Government of Tamil Nadu have long celebrated and respectfully supported the text. Etymology and Nomenclature Main Article: Glossary of Names for Tirukkural Term Tirukkural is a compound word made from two separate terms, Dash and Smoking. Tiru is an honorary Tamil term that corresponds universally to the Indian, Sanskrit term sri means holy, sacred, excellent, honorable and beautiful. The term dash has up to 19 different meanings. Kural means something short, short and abbreviated. Etymologically, the cural is a shortened form of kural-paattu, which comes from kuruvenpaattu, one of the two Tamil poetic forms explained by Tolkuppiam, the other - neduvenpaattu. According to Myron Winslow, the kural is used as a literary term to refer to a 2 foot metric line, or a dissich or a pair of short lines, the first of 4 and the second of 3 feet. Thus, Tirukkutal literally means sacred desks. The work is highly regarded in Tamil culture, as reflected by its nine different traditional names: Thirukkuṛaḷ (sacred cural), Uttaravedam (ultimate Veda), Tiruvalluvar (the author of the same name), Poyamoli (false word), Vayurai Walttu (truthful praise), Tiivanuul (divine book), Potumarai (general Veda), Mappal (three times), Date Home article: Dating Tirukkural Kural was dated differently from 300 BC to the 5th century AD According to traditional records, it was the last work of the third Sangam, and he was subjected to a divine trial (which he passed). Scholars who believe in this tradition, such as Somasundara Bharathiar and M. Rajamanikam, date back to 300 BC. Historian K.K. Pillay appropriated it early 1st century AD According to Kamil Svelebil, a Czech scholar of Tamil literature, these early dates, such as 300 BC to 1 BC, are unacceptable and are not supported by evidence in the text. Cural's diction and grammar, and Valluvar's debt to some earlier Sanskrit sources, suggest that he after the early Tamil bard poets, but before the Tamil poets era of Bhakti. In 1959, S. Vayapuri Pillay appointed a job around or after the 6th century AD His sentence is based on evidence that the curd text contains most of the Sanskrit credit words, shows awareness and indebtedness to some Sanskrit texts, best dated the first half of the 1st millennium AD, and grammatical innovations in the language of curian literature. In the text, Kurala Pillay published a list of 137 Sanskrit credit words. Later, scientists Thomas Barrow and Murray Barnson Emeno show that 35 of them are Dravidian, not Sanskrit credit words. Svelebil argues that few of them have an unspecified etymology and that future research may prove that it is a dravidian. The 102 remaining Sanskrit words are not insignificant, and some of the teachings in the Kural text, according to zvelebil, are undoubtedly based on other Sanskrit works, such as Artashastra and Manusmriti (also called Manawadharmasastra). In his treatise on Tamil literary history, published in 1974, he argues that Kural's text does not refer to the Sangam period and dates it somewhere between 450 and 500 AD. He notes that the text contains several grammatical innovations that are not available in Sangam's old literature. The text also has more Sanskrit words of credit than these old texts. In addition to being part of the ancient Tamil literary tradition, the author was also part of one great Indian ethical, didactic tradition as some of the verses in the Kural text are undoubtedly translations of verses of earlier Indian texts. In the 19th century and early 20th century, European writers and missionaries dated the text and its author differently between 400 and 1000 AD. According to Blackburn, the current scientific consensus dates the text and author around 500 AD in 1921, in the face of an ongoing debate about the exact date, the Tamil Nadu government officially declared the 31st year of Valluvar at a conference chaired by Maraimalay Adigal. On January 18, 1935, the Valluvar Year was added to the calendar. The author of the main article: Thiruvalluvar The book without a name by the author without a name. -E. S. Ariel, 184832 Text of Kural was authored by Thiruvalluvar (illuminated. Saint Valluvar). There is little genuine information about Valluvar's life. In fact, neither his real name nor the original name of his work can be defined with certainty. Kural himself does not call the text the author. Tiruvalluvar was the first in the later text of the Era Tiruvalluva Maalai, shaivite Hindu text is also an unclear date. However, Tiruvalluva Maalai makes no mention of The Birth of Valluvar, family, caste or origin. No other authentic pre- colonial texts have been found in support of any legends of Valluvar's life. Since about the beginning of the 19th century, numerous contradictory legends about Valluvar have been published in various Indian languages and English. The statue of Walluwar, the author of the curative text, on an island in Kanakumari facing the coast of Tamil Nadu, various claims were made regarding the family origin and occupation of Valluvar in colonial-era literature, all of which were made from selective sections of his text or hagiography published since the beginning of the colonial era in Tamil Nadu. One traditional version claims that he was a Weaver of Parayar. Another theory is that he must have been from the agricultural caste of the Vellalars, because he extols agriculture in his work. Another claims that he was an outsal, born a pariah woman and the father of the Brahms. Mu Ragawa Ayengar suggested that the valluva in his name was a variation of the wallabhi, the designation of the royal officer. S. Vayapuri Pillay got his name from the Valluwan (the Parayar caste of the royal drummers) and stated that he was the leader of the proclaiming boys along the lines of the trumpet major of the army. Traditional biographies are not only inconsistent, but also contain incredulous claims about the author of the Cural text. Along with various versions of the circumstances of his birth, many states he went uphill and met the legendary Agastya and other sages. There are also reports alleging that during his return journey, Valluvar was sitting under a tree whose shadow sat over him and did not move all day, he killed the demon, and much more. Scientists consider these and all related aspects of these hagiographic stories to be fiction and ahistorical, which is a common feature of international and Indian folklore. The estimated low births, high births and outsage in traditional accounts are also questionable. The cural text is aphoristic and non-denominational in nature and can be selectively interpreted in many ways. This has led almost all major religious groups in India, including Christianity, to demand work and its author as one of its own. In a manner similar to speculation of the author's biography, there was much speculation about his religion without any historical evidence.