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Kayin) Türlerġ T.C. ULUDAĞ ÜNĠVERSĠTESĠ FEN BĠLĠMLERĠ ENSTĠTÜSÜ MARMARA BÖLGESĠ’NDE YAYILIġ GÖSTEREN QUERCUS L. (MEġE) VE FAGUS L. (KAYIN) TÜRLERĠ ÜZERĠNDEKĠ EPĠFĠTĠK LĠKENLERĠN BELĠRLENMESĠ Seyhan ORAN DOKTORA TEZĠ BĠYOLOJĠ ANABĠLĠM DALI BURSA-2008 T.C. ULUDAĞ ÜNĠVERSĠTESĠ FEN BĠLĠMLERĠ ENSTĠTÜSÜ MARMARA BÖLGESĠ’NDE YAYILIġ GÖSTEREN QUERCUS L. (MEġE) VE FAGUS L. (KAYIN) TÜRLERĠ ÜZERĠNDEKĠ EPĠFĠTĠK LĠKENLERĠN BELĠRLENMESĠ DOKTORA TEZĠ BĠYOLOJĠ ANABĠLĠM DALI Seyhan ORAN Doç. Dr. ġule ÖZTÜRK (DanıĢman) BURSA-2008 T.C. ULUDAĞ ÜNĠVERSĠTESĠ FEN BĠLĠMLERĠ ENSTĠTÜSÜ MARMARA BÖLGESĠ’NDE YAYILIġ GÖSTEREN QUERCUS L. (MEġE) VE FAGUS L. (KAYIN) TÜRLERĠ ÜZERĠNDEKĠ EPĠFĠTĠK LĠKENLERĠN BELĠRLENMESĠ Seyhan ORAN DOKTORA TEZĠ BĠYOLOJĠ ANABĠLĠM DALI Bu Tez .... / .... / 200... tarihinde aĢağıdaki jüri tarafından oybirliği / oy çokluğu ile kabul edilmiĢtir. Doç. Dr. ġule ÖZTÜRK ( DanıĢman ) …………….. Doç. Dr. Murat ZENCĠRKIRAN …………….. Yard. Doç. Dr. ġaban GÜVENÆ …………….. Prof. Dr. Gönül KAYNAK …………….. Prof. Dr. AyĢen ÖZDEMĠR TÜRK …………….. ÖZET Bu çalıĢmada, Marmara Bölgesi’nde yayılıĢ gösteren Fagus ve Quercus taksonları üzerindeki epifitik liken çeĢitliliğinin belirlenmesi ve liken türlerinin substrat tercihlerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıĢtır. 15.05.2005 - 06.07.2008 tarihleri arasında Marmara Bölgesi’nde Fagus ve Quercus cinslerine ait taksonların bulunduğu 238 farklı lokaliteden, 4219 adet örnek toplanmıĢtır. Toplanan örneklerin değerlendirilmesi ile 67 cinse ait 186 liken ve 2 likenikol mantar taksonu belirlenmiĢtir. Tespit edilen taksonlardan, 8’i Türkiye için yeni kayıttır. Ayrıca, 8 liken ve 2 likenikol mantar taksonu Türkiye’den ikinci kez, 19 takson ise Marmara Bölgesi’nden ilk kez kaydedilmiĢtir. Türkiye için yeni kayıt olan taksonlar; Anisomeridium macrocarpum (Körb.) V. Wirth, Bacidia globulosa (Flörke) Hafellner & V. Wirth, Gyalecta ulmi (Sw.) Zahlbr., Lecanora jamesii J.R. Laundon, Lithographa graphidioides (Leight.) Imshaug ex Coppins & Fryday, Opegrapha viridis Pers., Ramalina dilacerata (Hoffm.) Hoffm. ve Usnea ceratina Ach.’dır. Türkiye’den ikinci kez kayıt verilen taksonlar; Arthonia leucopellaea (Ach.) Almq., Arthonia punctiformis Ach., Arthonia stellaris Kremp., Dactylospora parasitica (Flörke ex Spreng.) Zopf, Lecanora impudens Degel., Micarea melaena (Nyl.) Hedl., Ochrolechia subviridis (Høeg) Erichsen, Physconia servitii (Nádv.) Poelt, Ramalina breviuscula Nyl. ve Stigmidium congestum (Körb.) Triebel’dur. ÆalıĢma alanında bulunan substratlar ve bunlar üzerinden tespit edilen epifitik takson sayıları ise Ģu Ģekildedir; Quercus cerris L. 145, Q. frainetto Ten. 119, Q. petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl. 102, Q. pubescens Willd. 91, Fagus oreintalis Lipsky 79, Q. virgiliana Ten. 47, Q. infectoria Olivier 42, Q. trojana P. B. Webb 42, Q. ithaburensis subsp. macrolepis (Kotschy) Hedge 30, Q. robur L. 24, Q. coccifera L. 21, F. sylvatica L. 8 ve Q. hartwissiana Steven 7. ÆalıĢma kapsamında yer alan ve epifitik liken türlerinin substratını oluĢturan Fagus ve Quercus taksonlarının kabuk pH’ları ölçülmüĢtür. Belirlenen pH değerlerine göre liken çeĢitliliğinde gözlenen farklılıklar değerlendirilmiĢtir. Q. cerris’in en düĢük (pH 4,76), Q. frainetto’nun ise en yüksek (pH 6,16) ortalama pH değerine sahip olduğu saptanmıĢtır. Asit özellikteki kabukların asidofil liken taksonlarına ev sahipliği yaptığı, çeĢitli nedenlerden dolayı ortaya çıktığı düĢünülen, kabuk pH’ındaki artıĢın substratları nitrofil liken taksonları için uygun hale getirdiği gözlenmiĢtir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Epifitik liken, Fagus, Liken, Marmara Bölgesi, pH, Quercus. ABSTRACT THE DETERMINATION OF EPIPHYTIC LICHENS ON QUERCUS L. AND FAGUS L. SPECIES FOUND IN THE MARMARA REGION In this study, we were determined epiphytic lichen biodiversity on Fagus and Quercus taxa found in the Marmara Region and aimed to investigate about substrate preference of lichen species. 4219 specimens were collected from 238 different localities which were found Fagus and Quercus taxa, between the dates 15 May 2005 and 06 July 2008. In consequence of the evaluating of specimens collected, 186 lichens and 2 lichenicol fungi taxa belonging to 67 genera were determined. Of these taxa, 8 are new records for Turkey. Otherwise, 8 lichens and 2 lichenicol fungi taxa are recorded for the second time from Turkey and 19 taxa are recorded for the first time from the Marmara Region. The new records for Turkey are Anisomeridium macrocarpum (Körb.) V. Wirth, Bacidia globulosa (Flörke) Hafellner & V. Wirth, Gyalecta ulmi (Sw.) Zahlbr., Lecanora jamesii J.R. Laundon, Lithographa graphidioides (Leight.) Imshaug ex Coppins & Fryday, Opegrapha viridis Pers., Ramalina dilacerata (Hoffm.) Hoffm. and Usnea ceratina Ach.. The taxa are given for the second record from Turkey; Arthonia leucopellaea (Ach.) Almq., A. punctiformis Ach., A. stellaris Kremp., Dactylospora parasitica (Flörke ex Spreng.) Zopf, Lecanora impudens Degel., Micarea melaena (Nyl.) Hedl., Ochrolechia subviridis (Høeg) Erichsen, Physconia servitii (Nádv.) Poelt, Ramalina breviuscula Nyl., and Stigmidium congestum (Körb.) Triebel Substrates are found on study area and number of their epiphytic taxa were; Quercus cerris L. 145, Q. frainetto Ten. 119, Q. petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl. 102, Q. pubescens Willd. 91, Fagus oreintalis Lipsky 79, Q. virgiliana Ten. 47, Q. infectoria Olivier 42, Q. trojana P. B. Webb 42, Q. ithaburensis subsp. macrolepis (Kotschy) Hedge 30, Q. robur L. 24, Q. coccifera L. 21, F. sylvatica L. 8 and Q. hartwissiana Steven 7 taxa. The pH values has been measured for the the Fagus and Quercus taxa’s barks which are in the scopes of the study and also substrate constitued for epiphytic lichen species. The differences in the variation of lichens has been considered according to determined pH values. It has been determined that, Q. cerris, has the lowest (pH 4.76) and Q. frainetto has the highest (pH 6.16) average pH values. Although the barks which has higher acidic characteristic hosting for acidophil lichen taxa, it has been observed that increasing pH values of barks, which is considered for different reasoning bring the substrate conditions more suitable for nitrophytic taxa. Key Words: Epiphytic lichen, Fagus, Lichen, Marmara Region, pH, Quercus. İÇİNDEKİLER Sayfa TEZ ONAY SAYFASI …………………………………………………………… ii ÖZET ........................................................................................................................ iii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................. v ĠÆĠNDEKĠLER ........................................................................................................ I SĠMGELER VE KISALTMALAR DĠZĠNĠ ............................................................. VI ÆĠZELGELER DĠZĠNĠ ............................................................................................ VII ġEKĠLLER DĠZĠNĠ ….............................................................................................. VIII GĠRĠġ ....................................................................................................................... 1 1. KAYNAK ÖZETLERĠ ...................................................................................... 4 2. MATERYAL ve YÖNTEM .............................................................................. 12 2.1. Materyal .………………………………....…………………………….. 12 2.2. Yöntem .………………………………....……………………………… 12 2.2.1. Toplama Yöntemi ……........…………………………………… 12 2.2.2. Tayin Yöntemi ………….………..............…………………….. 13 2.2.3. Kabuk pH’ını Ölçüm Yöntemi ………………………………… 14 2.3. ÆalıĢma Alanının Tanıtımı …................................................................... 15 2.3.1. Coğrafi Konum ………….……………………………………... 15 2.3.2. Yüzey ġekilleri ...…………......................................................... 17 2.3.3. Jeoloji …………………….…………………..………………... 18 2.3.4. Toprak Özellikleri ……….…………………….………….…… 19 2.3.5. Ġklim …………………….……………………….…………….. 20 2.3.6. Bitki Örtüsü ................................................................................. 31 2.4. Fagus ve Quercus Cinslerinin Genel Özellikleri ..................................... 37 2.4.1. Fagus L. ………………..……………....………………..…….. 37 2.4.2. Quercus L. ………………..……………....………………..…... 37 2.4.3. Fagus ve Quercus Cinslerinin Tayin Anahtarları ……………... 40 2.4.3.1. Cins Tayin Anahtarı ………………..……………...... 40 2.4.3.2. Marmara Bölgesi’nde YayılıĢı Olan Fagus Taksonlarının Tayin Anahtarı ………...………..……. 40 2.4.4. Marmara Bölgesi’nde Bulunan Fagus ve Quercus Türlerinin Genel Özellikleri ………………..……………........................... 43 2.4.4.1. Fagus orientalis Lipsky ………………..…………... 43 2.4.4.2. Fagus sylvatica L. ………………..……………........ 43 2.4.4.3. Quercus cerris L. ………………..……………......... 44 2.4.4.4. Quercus coccifera L. ………………..…..…………. 44 2.4.4.5. Quercus frainetto Ten. ………………..……………. 45 2.4.4.6. Quercus hartwissiana Steven ……………..…..…… 46 2.4.4.7. Quercus ilex L. ………………..……………............. 47 2.4.4.8. Quercus infectoria Olivier ………………..………... 47 2.4.4.9. Quercus ithaburensis Decne subsp. macrolepis (Kotschy) Hedge ………………...…………………. 48 2.4.4.10. Quercus petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl. ……………… 49 2.4.4.11. Quercus pubescens Willd. ………………..………... 50 2.4.4.12. Quercus robur L. ………………..……………......... 50 2.4.4.13. Quercus trojana Webb. ………………..…………... 51 2.4.4.14. Quercus virgiliana Ten. ………………..…………... 52 2.4.4.15. ÆalıĢma Alanındaki Lokaliteler ……………….….... 61 3. ARAġTIRMA SONUÆLARI ............................................................................ 86 3.1. Kullanılan Liken Sınıflandırma Sistemi .................................................
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