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124 L Sensor KFA STATUS AND TENDENCY OF SENSORS FOR MAPPING Jacobsen, Karsten University of Hannover Email: [email protected] KEY WORDS: Sensors, Mapping, Space ABSTRACT: The number of sensors in space usable for mapping is growing. Several new sensors are announced for the near future and several proposals are existing. Influenced by the increased availability and improved ground resolution a strong progress of the use of space images will be made very soon. Based on the development of the space technology, line sensors for stereoscopic coverage are now available for use in aircraft. In addition also the first commercial CCD-array cameras especially designed for use in aircraft are distributed. Not only passive imaging, also active sensors have to take into account. For special applications and especially in the tropic area Synthetic Aperture Radar has to be respected . Laser scanning from aircraft's can be an economic solution for the determination of digital height models. the next 4 years, in the mean more than 8 earth observation satellites with high resolution shall be 1. INTRODUCTION launched per year. The Open Sky agreement of the United Nations has There is the tendency from national or state supported opened the field for the commercial use of very high programs to purely commercial projects. So the coming resolution satellite images. Former classified data are now up Landsat 7 is announced as the last of it's serious. But available for civilian use and the launch of commercial nevertheless also the commercial sensors are mainly earth observation satellites is possible and announced. based on state funded projects. In addition to the traditional mapping now new applications are coming up, The today highest resolution space images available for so the Resource 21 serious is mainly based on commercial use are still the Russian photos. The applications in the field of precise agriculture or computer distribution problem has been solved by cooperation's aided farming systems. Also Matra Marconi Space likes to with Western companies, but the photos never can be so go with the XSTAR -proposal into this market segment. actual like digital data. With a pixel size of 5.8m This is based on the always now existing market power. represented by IRS-1 C /1 D higher resolution digital space Eurimage is selling now 35% of all space images in the images can be used than before. Starting in 1998 digital field of agriculture, 20% in the area of oil and gas space images with 1m-pixel shall be available. exploration and only 15% for mapping, the same The Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) sensors like percentage like for the examination of natural resources. RADARSAT, ERS and JERS used in space, but also The trend to the commercialization includes the trend to airborne systems do have special functions in areas with smaller, cheaper and not so heavy systems. The huge more or less permanent cloud coverage and for specific remote sensing satellites with several instruments can problems. laser scanning airborn e systems are becoming only be financed by a governmental organization. The more important for precise determination of digital height continuity and easy access of the data sets also have to models. Influenced by the progress in digital be guaranteed otherwise the value adding industry will not photogrammetry digital sensors based on CCD-arrays accept the systems. If the companies operating the and CCD-Iine scanner are used more often in aircraft's. satellites only like to sale the final products and not the original images, they will fail or they will fail in the field of Only the systems usable for mapping and now active in mapping or they will be limited to some special niches. space in addition to the systems prepared for launch in the near future and the new ones used in aircraft's are listed. The experimental cameras like Metric Camera, Large Format Camera and the low resolution cameras like 2. PHOTOGRAPHIC CAMERAS USED IN SPACE KATE200 which are not important for up to date mapping The earth observation started with photographic cameras are not included in this paper. Because of the exponential used for national security reason. The United States of growing number of announced and proposed sensors for America have had the Corona project, where the film was use in space it is difficult to give a complete overview. Not dropped, the Sowjet Union has brought back the whole all proposed systems will survive and some will fail and satellites for a re-use. The very high resolution camera most of them are or will be delayed. A. Watkins created KVR1 000 together with the TK350 is used in the Komet the "CommingSoonSat" which will be launched if enough class satellites. with up to now 163 missions. The next venture capital have been raised - this was exactly the missions are always fixed and also oriented more to the situation for several proposals, but the situations seems to civilian use. Now also South America will be imaged - this be now better. But nevertheless the number of launched area was unimportant during the cold war for both sides. satellites usable for mapping will be extended. Corresponding to the announcements and proposals, in 124 L sensor KFA . MK4 KFA KVR TK350 accuracy is limited to approximately +/-15m. 1000 3000 1000 For mapping as a rule of thumb, the ground resolution in · [m/lp]' shoufd ' be in the range of 0.1 up to 0.2mm in the f[mm] 1000 300 3000 1000 350 map scale, corresponding to 5m - 10m for the map scale image 300 X 180 X 300 X 180 X 300 X 1' : 50 OOO.'· The range in this rule of thumb is depending size [mm] 300 180 300 (180) 450 upon the details which should be included in the map and the mapped 'area itself. Corresponding to this, the flying 220 I 220 I 220 I 220 I 220/350 KVR1000 ahd also the KFA3000-images can be used for height 350 350 350 350 the map scale 1 : 25 000. If this shall be compared with [km] digital qata, 2 pixel .are required for one line pair or the pixel size should be in the range of O.b5mm up to 0.1 mm covered 66 I 132 I 22/35 40x180 200x300 in the map scale. · area 105 210 64x280 310x470 There is no major problem with the· use of the Russian ground 5- 10 10 -15 2-5 2-5 10- 15 space photos for mapping, but nevertheless, photos resolut. cannot be so actual like digital data. [mllp] height- 8.2 4.2 no no 1.8 base- stereo stereo 3. ACTUAL DIGITAL SPACE CAMERAS ratio The first system used in space, especially designed for table 1: techmcal data of photographic space cameras unclassified mapping purposes was SPOT 1, launched in February 1986. It was followed by SPOT 2 and 3. SPOT 1 Only Russia is using today photographic cameras in and 2 are still active. Corresponding to above mentioned space. The problem of the access to the excellent data rule of thumb, the panchromatic pixel size of 10m is only has been solved by cooperation's with Western valid for mapping in the scale of 1 : 100 000, but if the compan ies. So beside other distributors, the images of the pixel size exceeds 5m, some important elements cannot panoramic KVR 1DOD-camera are available as digitized be identified. A better resolution is now available with the data with 2m pixel size and the simultaneously used German experimental MOMS-2P, the panchromatic TK350 with 10m pixel size on the ground as SPIN-2-data camera of the Japanese ADEOS (active from November in the internet. The TK350 can be used for the 1996 up to June 1997) and the panchromatic camera of determination of a digital height model which is required IRS-1C and -10 from India. for the mono-plotting or orthophoto generation with the bands KVR 1000 images because there is no stereo overlap for launch camera pixel swath height! 1 these. -nadir base 1 SPOT 1986 pan 10m 1 60km up to 1-3 1990 1.0 multi- 20m 1993 3 cross spectr. track MOMS- 1986 pan 5.8m 1 37km 2P multi- 16.5 4 78km 1.3 in spectr. track IRS-1C 1995 pan 5.8m 1 70km up to IRS-10 1997 1.0 LISS-111 23.5/ 4 142 cross 70.5 track MIR ADEOS 1996 pan Bm 1 80km up to 0.6 figure 1: combination of 1 TK350-photo with 6 KVR 1DOD­ multisp. 16m 5 photos table 2: techmcal data of active dtgttal space systems The KVR1000 photos can be ordered also as photographic copies. In this case they are delivered as The well established SPOT-system is still limited by the partial copies with a size of 180mm x 180mm. resolution. Another disadvantage is the stereoscopic coverage only across track. That means, the The resolution of the photos taken by the frame camera corresponding stereo image can be taken only some days KFA3000 can be compared with the KVR1000. Also this later and this can be disturbed by cloud coverage. system has no stereoscopic overlap - this is not possible Sometimes the changes in the object space are too strong for a covered area of just 22km x 22km , otherwise the to guarantee a sufficient stereoscopic impression. This imaging interval 15hould be 1.2sec. The KFA3000 is problem does not exist with the MOMS-camera, viewing stearable, so for orthophoto generation or mono-plotting a with the high resolution pan-channel and 4 different vertical accuracy of two times the required horizontal spectral bands to the nadir and with one panchromatic accuracy must be guaranteed.
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