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Design Study for a Formation-Flying Nanosatellite Cluster

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Design Study for a Formation-Flying Nanosatellite Cluster 2005:147 CIV EXAMENSARBETE Design Study for a Formation-Flying Nanosatellite Cluster SARA GIDLUND MASTER OF SCIENCE PROGRAMME in Space Engineering Luleå University of Technology Department of Space Science, Kiruna 2005:147 CIV • ISSN: 1402 - 1617 • ISRN: LTU - EX - - 05/147 - - SE Design Study for a Formation- Flying Nanosatellite Cluster. Centre for Large Space Structures and Systems Inc. (CLS3) 1425 Blvd. René Lévesque W-700 Montreal, Québec H3G 1T7 Canada Abstract Nanosatellites flying in formation vastly increase the capability of small satellite missions. The approach is within reach of technology, but there are severe challenges for the subsystems. The most demanding task is to implement effective control of the satellites. There are many options for solving the high and the low level control. The propulsion system and the communication system are the subsystems that will determine the constraints on the formation that may be used, and the duration of the mission. The mission of the cluster that the Centre for Large Space Structures and Systems Inc (CLS3) intends to launch will make use of existing technologies for nanosatellites and merge them with an in-house Guidance Navigation and Control system. The project will be developed as a collaboration between companies and organizations, in North America and Europe. The objective of the initial study was to summarize the state-of-the-art for the subsystems, and to stimulate discussions with potential partners. Negotiations with launch companies were also initiated. The satellites will fly in a circular or projected circular formation. In order to calculate the orbits of the satellites, it is of great importance to understand the Hill’s equations. Even though they do not include any of the major perturbations of the orbits, these equations are widely used for design of the control loops for formation-flying constellations. Acknowledgements This thesis would not have been completed if not for the guidance of Professor Hannah Michalska and the support of Björn Graneli. She was there to guide me on location, and he has been a great support, always calm, inspirational and encouraging. Björn Söderlund and Vladislav Ganine were also a great help. Thank you both for lighting up the days when the whole world seemed to rest on my shoulders, especially Björn Söderlund who had to put up with me 24-7. Thank you Dr Milind Pimprikar for taking me on, and giving me the opportunity to become a part of this interesting project, and thank you Rozita for the help with reports and presentations while in Montreal. Also thank you Roland Magnusson, for the use of your computer when mine crashed, and for your positive everything-works-out-in-the-end attitude. Last but not least, thanks to my parents: Without your loving care and support – where would I be today? 1. Table of Contents 1. Table of Contents............................................................................................................ 1 2. Abbreviations used.......................................................................................................... 5 3. List of Figures................................................................................................................. 7 4. List of Tables .................................................................................................................. 9 5. Introduction................................................................................................................... 11 6 Introductory literature study .......................................................................................... 13 6.1 Comparative analysis of Small Satellites.................................................................................................13 6.2 Comparison of formation flight missions ................................................................................................15 7 Subsystems..................................................................................................................... 17 7.1 GNC.........................................................................................................................................................17 7.1.1 Sensors........................................................................................................................................17 7.1.1.1 GPS ..................................................................................................................................................... 17 7.1.1.2 Sun sensors.......................................................................................................................................... 17 7.1.1.3 Star tracker .......................................................................................................................................... 18 7.1.1.4 Earth-horizon sensor ........................................................................................................................... 18 7.1.1.5 Inertia sensors...................................................................................................................................... 18 7.1.2 Actuators.....................................................................................................................................18 7.1.3 Control architectures...................................................................................................................18 7.1.3.1 Centralized approach........................................................................................................................... 19 7.1.3.2 Decentralized approach ....................................................................................................................... 19 7.1.3.3 Executive controller approaches.......................................................................................................... 19 7.1.3.3.1 Intelligent agent based system..................................................................................................... 19 7.1.3.3.2 Rule-based expert system............................................................................................................ 19 7.1.3.3.3 Flocking/Market-oriented programming system......................................................................... 20 7.2 Thermal ...................................................................................................................................................20 7.2.1 Background.................................................................................................................................20 7.2.1.1 Passive Thermal Control ..................................................................................................................... 20 7.2.1.1.1 Phase Change Devices ................................................................................................................ 20 7.2.1.1.2 Thermal Control Coatings........................................................................................................... 20 7.2.1.1.3 Multi Layer Insulation (MLI)...................................................................................................... 20 7.2.1.1.4 Thermal Doublers ....................................................................................................................... 20 7.2.1.2 Active Thermal Control....................................................................................................................... 21 7.2.1.2.1 Smart thermal coatings................................................................................................................ 21 7.2.1.2.2 Heat Pipe..................................................................................................................................... 21 7.2.1.2.3 Louvers ....................................................................................................................................... 21 7.2.1.2.4 Second-Surface Mirror................................................................................................................ 22 7.2.1.2.5 Electrical Heater.......................................................................................................................... 22 7.2.2 Design .........................................................................................................................................22 7.2.3 Specifications..............................................................................................................................23 7.2.3.1 From the launching company .............................................................................................................. 23 7.2.3.2 From the orbit...................................................................................................................................... 23 7.3 Structure & Separation ............................................................................................................................24 7.3.1 Specifications..............................................................................................................................24 7.3.2 Design .........................................................................................................................................25 7.4 Power.......................................................................................................................................................25 7.4.1 Solar Cells...................................................................................................................................25
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