Indonesia's Military and Diplomatic Responses to People Republic of China's Assertiveness in the Natuna Islands (2014-2016)

INDONESIA'S MILITARY AND DIPLOMATIC RESPONSES TO PEOPLE REPUBLIC OF CHINA'S ASSERTIVENESS IN THE NATUNA ISLANDS (2014-2016)

By: Hervian Putra Dharma ID No. 016201300065

A Thesis presented to the Faculty of Humanities, International Relations Study Program President University In partial Fulfillment of the requirements for Degree in International Relations Concentration in Strategic Security and Defense Studies

November 2017 Thesis Adviser Recommendation Letter

This thesis titled Indonesia's Military and Diplomatic Responses to

People's Republic of China's Assertiveness in the Natuna Islands (2014-2016) is prepared and submitted by Hervian Putra Dharma in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in International Relations in the Faculty of Humanitiesas been reviewed and found to havesatisfied the requirements for a thesis fit to be examined. I therefore recommend this thesis for Oral Defense.

Cikarang, Indonesia, November 2017

______Prof. Anak Agung Banyu Perwita, MA., Ph.D.

DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY

I declare that this thesis, titled Indonesia's Military and Diplomatic Responses to People's Republic of China's Assertiveness in the Natuna Islands (2014-2016) is, to the best of my knowledge and belief, an original piece of work that has not been submitted, either in whole or in part, to another university to obtain a degree.

Cikarang, Indonesia, 2017

Hervian Putra Dharma

ABSTRACT

Advisor: Prof. Anak Agung Banyu Perwita, Ph.D.

2014 as the President of Indonesia, the vision of becoming the global maritime fulcrum have emerged as a goal for Indonesia to achieve their potential in its maritime capabilities. The immediate challenge to this came by the tensions rising over the territorial integrity

- Dash-Line claims. This research is aimed to analyze the

Republic of China in the South China Sea dispute from the year 2014 until 2016. The research was conducted from September of 2016 until June of 2017, and this process was conducted based on the qualitative method of analysis, to support the thesis based on the data and theories, from various sources such as news sources, journals, and also books. Keywords: Global Maritime Fulcrum, Indonesia-China bilateral relationship, Joko Widodo, Natuna Islands, South China Sea.

iii

ABSTRAK

Pembimbing: Prof. Anak Agung Banyu Perwita, Phd.D.

Dengan naiknya kepemimpinan Presiden Joko maritim dunia telah menjadi sebuah tujuan bagi Indonesia, untuk menggapai potensi maksimal dalam bidangmaritim. Untuk mencapainya, halangan yang harus dihadapi langsung adalah meningkatnya ketegangan di Kepulauan Natuna, dimana integritas wilayah maritim dengan Zona Ekslusif Ekonomi Indonesia dipersulit oleh adanya klaim nine-dash-line milik Republik Rakyat China. Thesis ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa implementasi dari Pemerintahan Jokowi sebagai respon terhadap meningkatnya ketegangan diantara Republik Indonesia dan Republik Rakyat China di dalam isu Laut Cina Selatan dari tahun 2014 hingga 2016. Penelitian ini di lakukan dalam jangka waktu September 2016, hingga Januari 2017, dengan menggunakan metode analisis kualitatif, dengan berdasarkan pada data dan teori yang berasal dari sumber-sumber yang didapatkan, berupa artikel berita, buku, dan jurnal ilmiah. Kata kunci: Kepemimpinan Rodrigo Duterte, Hubungan Bilateral Filipina Amerika Serikat, Pembunuhan Diluar Hukum, Idiosyncratic Factors, Rational Actor Model.

PANEL OF EXAMINER

APPROVAL SHEET

Diplomacy Responses to People Republic of China's Assertiveness in The Natuna Islands (2014- International Relations from the Faculty of Humanities, International Relations Study Program President University was assessed and approved to have passed the Oral Examinations on 27 November 2017.

Indonesia's Military and Diplomacy Responses to People Republic of China's Assertiveness in The Natuna Islands (2014-2016) Hervian Putra Dharma majoring in International Relations from the Faculty of Humanities, International Relations Study Program President University was assessed and approved to have passed the Oral Examinations on 27 November 2017.

Chair - Panel of Examiner

Prof. Anak Agung Banyu Perwita, Ph.D

Member of Examiner

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillahirobil'alamin, by the power of Allah SWT, I can finished my study as Bachelor of Arts in International Relations study with full responsibility and dedication by accomplishing any tasks, assignment, and project completely. First of all, I would like to say my highest thank to my father, Bapak Drs.Hery Suryadi B.Sc., M.M who always supports my education and motivates me to become stronger person in facing any challenges in my life. So that is why, I can accomplished this research project in fulfillment my graduation. Second of all, of course my mother Ibu Levia Minarni.S.E., M.pD and also sister, dr.Mira Andika. SpOG-KFM in john hopkins University School of Health Sciences. who always coloring my life and cheering me up in my worst.

Also not forget, I would like to say my highest appreciation to Prof. Anak Agung Banyu Perwita, my thesis advisor that also my academic advisor and internship mentor who always to be patient in guiding my academic history since I first came to President University, only the word of "Best" that can explain who he is in my journey as bachelor student. Besides that, I also say thank to Mr.Teuku Rezasyah and Mr.Hendra Manurung as my Examiner and also best friend in discussion issues in International Relations.

Thank you to the Big family of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights especially for Drs.Budi Priyatno M.A who has been my internship advisor in Division the Intelligence of Enforcing Immigration Information and Jurisdiction. many things and experiences that I got during there are especially helpful in my thesis research.

My highest appreciation also go to all of my friends in IR batch 2013, especially for Defense Class 1&2 that become the best class that I have ever had. Besides that, to all Squad Kostan Hijau Berseri (Luky, Danar, Koko Richard, Jonathan, Koko Andri, Randa, Rosa, Afief, Dwiki and Andi) who already be my best friends for almost 4 years. and for My Girlfriend Leztita Fahlevi who is completing her international business studies at Amsterdam University College.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Thesis Adviser Recommendation Letter ...... ii

DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY...... ii

ABSTRACT ...... iii

ABSTRAK ...... iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... vii

LIST OF FIGURES ...... x

LIST OF TABLES ...... xi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...... 1

1. Background of the Study ...... 1

1.2. Problem Identification ...... 6

1.3. Statement of Problem ...... 8

1.4. Research Objective ...... 8

1.5. Significance of Study ...... 9

1.6. Theoretical Framework ...... 9

1.6.1. Realism ...... 10

1.6.2. Foreign Policy ...... 12

1.6.3. Maritime Security ...... 13

1.7. Literature Review ...... 15

1.8. Thesis Structure ...... 16

vii

Chapter I - Introduction: ...... 17

Chapter II -The Geo-Strategic Location of Natuna Island ...... 18

Chapter III China Militarily and Diplomatically Assertivenes on ..... 18

Chapter IV The Implementation of Indonesia Militarily and Diplomaticallly in Countering China on Natuna Island ...... 18

Chapter V Conclusion ...... 18

CHAPTER II THE GEO-STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF NATUNA ISLAND TO INDONESIA IN THE DISPUTE OF SOUTH CHINA SEA (2014- 2016) ...... 19

2.1. The Strategic Importance of Natuna Island to Indonesia in South China Sea Dispute (2014-2016)...... 19

2.1.1. The Strategic Importance of Natuna Island to Indonesia's Security Interest ...... 21

2.1.2. .The Strategic Importance of Natuna Island to Indonesia's Political Interest...... 26

2.1.3. The Strategic Importance of Natuna Island to Indonesia's Economic Interest...... 28

2.2. People's Republic of China Asssertiveness in Natuna Island (2014-2016) ...... 30

-STRATEGY IN MARITIME SECURITY UNDER PRESIDENT JOKO WIDODO ...... 36

3.1. Indonesia Vision on Maritime Security ...... 36

3.1.1. Indonesia Vision of Global Maritime Fulcrum ...... 41

viii

3.1.2. Indonesia Policy on Maritime Development ...... 45

3.2. Indonesia's Military Development on Maritime Security ...... 48

3.2.1. The Development of Indonesia's Defense Posture on Maritime Sector. 52

III.2.1.1.Indonesia Defense Budget, Expenditure, Weaponary System on Navy ...... 56

CHAPTER IV THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INDONESIA MILITARY AND DIPLOMATIC ACTION IN RESPONDING CHINA'S ASSERTIVENESS IN THE NATUNA ISLAND ...... 60

IV.1. Indonesia's Military Action in Responding China's Assertiveness in the Natuna Island ...... 60

4.1.1. Indonesia Joint Military Exercise in the Natuna Island...... 66

4.1.2. Indonesia Navy Patrol in the Natuna Island...... 68

4.2. Indonesia's Diplomatic Action in Responding China's Assertiveness in the Natuna Island.75

4.2.1. Indonesia Deterrence Effect to China: Jokowi's Visit in the Natuna Island ...... 76

4.2.2. Indonesia Diplomatic Communication with PRC towards Tensions in Natuna Island ...... 79

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION ...... 83

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 85

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Theoretical outline used in this thesis. Figure edited by author.. 10

Figure 2 4 Dimensions of Maritime Security ...... 14

Figure 3 Thesis Structure ...... 17

Figure 4 Map of Strategic position Natuna Island) ...... 22

Figure 5 China Action regarding Territorial Violation of Indonesia waters...... 31

Figure 7 Data Recapitulation Indonesia Maritime Security 2016...... 40

Figure 8 Model of National Power related with National Maritime Sector...... 43

Figure 9 Five Pillars of Maritime Axis by President Joko Widodo ...... 44

Figure 10 Six Principles Indonesia Policy on Maritime Development ..... 46

Figure 11 Map of Dangerous Maritime Territory in Indonesia ...... 73

Figure 12 Chart of Indonesia Percentage of Fisheries Sector ...... 75

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Indonesia Loss of The Natural Resource ...... 37

Table 2 Indonesia Military Development Natuna Island ...... 50

Table 3 Indonesia Outer Island ...... 55

Table 4 Indonesia Defense Budget...... 56

Table 5 Indonesia Military Expenditure ...... 57

Table 6 Indonesia Weaponry System 2016 ...... 59

Table 7 Indonesia Responses Related China Assertiveness ...... 61

Table 8 Indonesia Navy Forced Tools use on Military Training...... 63

Table 9 Indonesia Navy Forced Tools use on Military Training ...... 65

Table 10 Indonesia Air Forced tools used on Military Training on Natuna...... 65

Table 11 Data Index Ship Entering Indonesia Water Period 28 September 2016...... 69

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1. Background of the Study

South China Sea is a sea lane that is used for international navigation, and is one of the most crowded one utilized by nations from all over the world. The international sea lane for navigation, as well as the busiest crossing area in the Pacific is riddled with the weight of conflict-ridden territorial dispute has created the South China Sea, an area which is vulnerable in the light of regional stability and security, both Southeast Asia and Asia Pacific.1 In addition to the emergence of various sources of interests, the waters of the South China Sea is also presently one of the most unstable area, with the emergence of territorial waters disputes with overlapping area in that region, creating a long standing territorial dispute.2 In the South China Sea dispute, the states that are currently under the dispute are those surrounding the South China Sea, with different amount of claimed territory. The states involved are; Vietnam, China, Philippines, Malaysia and Brunei and Taiwan. For Indonesia, the South China Sea dispute is of course very influential for the strategic position of national security and enforcement Principles Archipelago, because after all, and based on the above considerations, Indonesia still has an interest in that very strategic lane waters.3

Indonesia is the one of countries that focus on maritime sector. We may see the fact that Indonesia is categorized as and archipelagic country, and it refers itself as a maritime state. The inability of Indonesia to increase the potential of maritime sector becomes the one of weaknesses. Indonesia is the largest archipelagic country

1Noor, S.M, Sengketa Internasional Kawasan Perairan Asia Timur, Makassar Pustaka Pena Press Makassar, 2009 2 2016 3 Nathan Erick Quelmemo. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7941425.stm. Access on 15 November 2016

1 in the world with about 17,000 islands, 81,000 km beach area and the sea area 5.8 million km2.. natural resources and biodiversity.4In addition, Indonesia is also located between two continents and two oceans, which makes the position unique and strategic that's give big opportunities for Indonesia (the cruise lines and sea transportation),as well as in global politics generally (Indonesia is positioned cross between north and south, and in Asia-Pacific region, a very dynamic region). 5 Indonesia also has several choke-point and three sea lanes that also had an important role in transportation and trade lanes in the sea. In addition, Indonesia is directly adjacent to the ten neighboring Countries that the majority of them have not reached definite agreement regarding the South China Sea dispute.6

Historically, in 1597 Natuna Island was under Territorial Pattani Kingdom (Thailand) and Johor Kingdom (Malaysia). But on 19th century Natuna Island became the one of Riau Kingdom territorial. After Indonesia's independence, the delegations of Riau cede sovereignty to Indonesian Republic which was centralized on Java. On May 18, 1956, Indonesia officially registered the islands as a part of territory to the United Nations. Natuna is a district and one of the outermost islands in northwest Indonesia. Besides having abundant natural resources, the Natuna position also plays an important role in determining the boundaries of the territorial sea or Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of Indonesia.7

4Altieri MA, MK Anderson & IC Merrick. 1987. Peasant Agriculture and the Conservation of Crop and Wild Plant Resources. Conservation Biology II(1): 49-58 5These estimates are for the ten member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations or ASEAN, namely Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao DPR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, ers.

Trade Union Council, 10 August 2012 : http://aseantuc.org/2012/08/aseans-rise-as-the-next- economic-superpower 6 Suryo,Atmono. Ind Position http://www.thepresidentpost.com/2012/01/25/indonesia%E2%80%99s-strategic-and-economic- position/?nomobile Access on 15 november 2016. 7Dedy.Swd-WK http://wartakepri.co.id/2016/07/08/empat-kekayaan-di-natuna-yang-penting-bagi- indonesia/ access on 15 November 2016

Geographically, the position of the Natuna Islandsis at the border of Western Indonesia. The location of the Natuna Regency is very strategic, because it sits between the lines of international trade. Natuna is a region which directly borders with neighboring countries: Vietnam and Cambodia in the north; East Malaysia and West Kalimantan in the east; Anambas Island to south; and Peninsular Malaysia in west. The geographical conditions of Natuna Island, provides essential potential power and opportunity to develop various sectors such as the development of the fishing industry, marine, transit, and assorted business investment and other services.8

The relationship between Indonesia and China does not represent a good condition when it is talking about the maritime issues bordering the South China Sea. The dispute between Indonesia and China started from claim Natuna under Chinese Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), based on the Nine Dash Line. On another side, China have been accused of conducting area.9 This action led to a response by the Indonesian Government by increasing the intensity of Navy operations on the Natuna area and resulted into the apprehension of illegal Chinese fishermen who entered the territory to harvest fish.

8Official Site Manager Natuna Regency Website. KONDISI GEOGRAFIS KABUPATEN NATUNA. http://www.natunakab.go.id/kondisi-geografis.html Access on 15 November 2016 9Muhammad Ryan. S.H.2016. Analisis Ancaman Terhadap Isu Klaim China Atas Kepulauan Natuna

Studi Strategis (LINGSTRA) Jakarta Indonesia

-dash Line on China Ancient Map)10

This map is an ancient Chinese Map taken from the era of Kuomintang government. The map shows the ten dash-line china claim the South China Sea under Beijing government territory. But after the new era under the communist

10 2nd Conference on South China Sea, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, http://cil.nus.edu.sg/wp/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Beckman-Nanjing-Draft-17-April- 2015.pdf.

4 government of china eliminates 2 lines in ancient map with the declaration new china territorial map.

Picture 1.2 (China New Map under Communist Government)11

This is the new china map after the era of Communist government. This map, explain the limit of china territory with the new concept of 9 dash-lines, which also touching several islands and territory of Indonesia, in the Natuna Islands.

Under the administration of President Joko Widodo, Indonesia introduced the new vision

s future as global maritime fulcrum, and fulfill the potential. On East

11 Victor Robert Lee writes on the Asia-Pacific region.Map of China Claim Natuna https://medium.com/china-and-the-world/beijings-next-target-in-the-south-china-sea-indonesia- d406c8966312#.jjyraau04October 10, 2014

Asia Summit in Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar, (13/11/2015), "Jokowi declared his intent on making Indonesia as the Axis of World Maritime". Jokowi said: "I chose this forum to express my ideas about Indonesia as a maritime axis of the world, and my expectations about the future role of the East Asia Summit".12

From then on, maritime sector, to focus on how the state can provide and stimulate development, especially when related to using maritime resources. On another hand, it also focuses on the aspect to protect the sovereignty also following the International Law and the United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea. With especially the going different claimants of the territory, providing assurance over the sovereignty of Indonesian waters is an important aspect of

1.2. Problem Identification

The South China Sea territorial dispute involves China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Vietnam, Thailand, and Brunei Darussalam, with also influencing Indonesia. The Chinese government released a map in which it included the "9 dash line" surrounding the South China Sea. The nine-dotted line showed in the picture 1.2. was used as a reference for the Chinese territory, as claimed by China. The determination of "nine-dash line" is actually not made by the current Chinese government, but was created since 1947, when the Kuomintang government in power in the mainland China who claimed a territory that covers almost the entire South China Sea region.13 Beijing had argued that the claims over the South China Sea can be referred from their maps from ancient times, as shown in the figure 1.1., to be used as a primary source of their claims that they have the right for the territory. But the map itself did not show a clear explanation about the limits of the

12 Indonesia Sebagai Poros Maritim Dunia.http://presidenri.go.id/maritim/indonesia-sebagai- poros-maritim-dunia.html on November 13, 2015 at 12:54. 13 2011,http://thediplomat.com/2011/07/why-china-wants-the-south-china-sea/.

6 territory with bordering states, then Beijing released the updated claims of the South China Sea territory by 2009. This map, as shown by the picture 1.2., was also updated to reduce two of the eleven dash claims by China, in accordance to reduce which summarizes into the nine-dash-claims that it is today.14

Indonesia is the one of the countries that get direct impact of South China Sea dispute, especially on new-dash line declaration on Natuna Island.15 The area surrounding Natuna is known for the rich gas and oil, and other natural resources. This area, is also dragged into the part of China territorial claims with the nine- dash-claims in the South China Sea. Regarding to Indonesian Ministry of Defense, China claims violate the Exclusive Economic Zone Republic of Indonesia.16

In other side China always violate exclusive economic zone of Indonesia related to illegal fishing by Chinese on Indonesia water area17, and China boat entering Indonesia Maritime Territorial without permission by Indonesian government. This action already violate ZEE policy No.5 1983 especially policy No.7. in that policy mention must be get permission by Indonesian Government.18 The territorial violation by China, make Indonesian government focus to development of security protection for National Territory.

14 http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1217147.shtml. 15Interviews with Indonesian officials, Jakarta, March 2015. For more on thevessel in question, see http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/ 2015/06/20/susi-continues-legal-fight-against-hai-fa.html. 16 Mempertahankan Tanah Air Memasuki Abad 21 [Defending the Nation in the 21st Century] (Jakarta: Ministry of Defence, 2003), p. 83. 17 Muhaimin, INSIDEN INDONESIA DAN CHINA DI NATUNA SUDAH 3 KALI. http:// international. sindonews.com/read/1118077/40/insiden-indonesia-dan-china-di-natuna-sudah-3- kali-1466385708 Access on 25 November 2016 18 Centre for China Studies, March 16, 2015, http://www.c3sindia.org/china/4880.

1.3. Statement of Problem

The statement of the problem of this research is:

What were the military and Diplomatic Responds of Indonesia to deal with China' Assertiveness in the Natuna Islands?(2014-2016)

1.4. Research Objective

The purpose of this research is to answer the research question using scientific methods. In this research the writer choose to use the methods of exploratory and diagnostic research studies. According to C.R.Kothari on his book Research Methodology; Methods and Techniques, he started that exploratory research studies to used gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it, while diagnostic research studies used to determine the frequency with which occurs or it is associated with something else19.The objective of this exploratory-descriptive research are:

To explain the geo-strategic of Natuna Island as the northern part of Indonesia territory. Starting from the potential of natural resource until the important point of Natuna location. To identify the implementation of Indonesian government by military and

Islands, focusing on the overlapping claims by the Nine Dash Claims by China.s

19Kothari, C.R 2004. Research Methodology; methods and Techniques, 2nd ed.india: New Age International Publisher,p.2

1.5. Significance of Study

The significance of this study is to provide analysis related to the implementation and development Military and Diplomatic Republic of Indonesia to increasing the capability of Maritime Security in countering China Claim in case of Natuna border Dispute as The Impact of Continuity South China Sea Dispute.

To understand the efforts of Indonesian government through military and diplomacy, in responding China action on Natuna Island

1.6. Theoretical Framework

The several theory, which will covers in this research are; Realism, Foreign Policy, Maritime Security ( concern on Geopolitics and Military).

REALISM

FOREIGN POLICY

MARITIME SECURITY

4D OF MARITIME SECURITY

GEOPOLITICS MILITARY

Figure 1 Theoretical outline used in this thesis. Figure edited by author.

1.6.1. Realism

Realism is the oldest school of thought in International Relations which sees that the relations of the state as unitary actor in international system is always in chaotic and anarchic. As a discipline, realist perspective has been known for most of scholar in International Relations and becomes the most favorable school of thought in defining the state behavior. As a unitary actor, state according to realist

10 perspective is a rational actor that is motivated by power politics and self-interest that will use force or maximize its power in achieving its national interest. Realist also believes that there is an absence of world government and international law as set of universal moral and values in international system.20And the only way to achieve peace is by balance of power.

Realism as school of thought was pointed by Thomas Hobbes, he was one of the intellectual forefathers for realist perspective with his book "Leviathan" that mentions about "State of Nature" in explaining the anarchic state relations in the international system. Hobbes stated the concept of state of nature in which basically "every man are equals and thus the weakest has strength enough to kill the strongest, either by secret machination or by confederacy with others that are in the same danger with himself".21 Besides that, Hobbes also pointed about the presence of international law as the "general rules of reason" that that apply as the standard for everyone to maintain to achieve certain condition in which everyone is not endangered by other national or security interest.22

The realism perspective according to Thomas Hobbes is very suitable in analyzing the issue in this research project by combining Hobbes point of view and the phenomena towards the issue. According to Hobbes23:

The actor in international relations in not always hungry of power, capable of evil, and thus having predictable behavior. But, the actor will obtain its power for the future which is apparently driven by constant desire for peace.

The equal conditions between Man with no world government, where there is no strongest one could rule the weakest, but instead the weakest could kill

20 The Political Realism of Thucydides and Thomas Hobbes (2010), http://www.e- ir.info/2010/02/15/the-political-realism-of-thucydides-and-thomas-hobbes/ Accessed on July 21, 2016, at 2:09am 21 Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, Chapter 13. p.84 22Ibid, Chapter 14;p.89 23 Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, Chapter 13. p.89

the strongest by secret machination or by confederacy with other states that have similar vision.

The role of international law acts as general[s] rule of reason to maintain peace in certain condition, where there is no man endangered by his national or security interest of others (in security dilemma condition).

Without world government, the peace condition can be accomplished by the cooperation among the states.

In justifying the war, Hobbes believes that state as a rational actor will consider the un-necessity of war and obtain non-military approaches, should there be no other way to solve the conflict.

1.6.2. Foreign Policy

Foreign Policy decision-making process is a process of decision-making States take actions because people in government- decision makers - choose to actions.24 Decision-making is a steering process in which adjustments are made as a result of feedback from the outside world. Decision are carried out by actions taken to change the world, and then information from the world is monitored to evaluate the effect of these actions.25

In addition, there are variety of approaches and model of foreign policy making developed by scholars, one of the International Relations scholar Lloyd Jensen (1982) categorized foreign policy making into five model, which are the strategic or rational model; decision making approach; the bureaucratic politics model; the adaptive model; and incremental decision making26

24 Stein J.G.psychologicalExplanation of International Conflict. In Carsnaes, Walter, Thomas Risse, ad Beth A.Simmon,Eds. Handreport of International Relations. Sage, 2002, pp 292-308. snyder, Richard C., H.W. Bruck., and Burton Sapin. Foreign Policy Decision Making (Revised). Palgrave, 2002. 25 ibid p.311-320. 26 Furnivall,J.S. Colonial Policyand Practice: A Comparative Study of Burma and Netherlands India. New York: New York University Press,1956.

The Decision making is as the intellectual process where are the decision makers are reasonable and coordinated. where they as the decision maker calculate every each option they have and measure the probability to advantages and disadvantages. in the context of a nation, the decision maker should calculate the existing options and realized the consequences prior the execution. This process should be without overlooking basic knowledge that the foreign policy is the reflection of national interest itself.27

Geopolitics is the concept with focusing to analyze geographic condition related with political dynamic. Geopolitics explain, how to states/community achieve power, influence, and authority. The development condition of geopolitics has a particular of illegal process to achieve geographic with using political expansive or imperialism. nvironment of each particular republic has to be considered, in order to adjust form of the commonwealth to the nature of 28

Based on the quotation above, the decision making process with the purpose to achieve state welfare, natural conditions (geographic) becomes the one of factor as consideration, and how to create the balance between nature and human behavior.

1.6.3. Maritime Security

The next theory is Maritime Security. Maritime security is the one of a part Geopolitics, because maritime concept is has close term with explain about geographic condition such as sea and coast, and concept security has development with process of society interaction in case to countering political treat. 29 Furthermore, to utilize the

27 Jensen, L. (1982). Explaining Foreign Policy: Model of Foreign Policy Making. New Jersey: Temple University. p-5-11 28Kristof, The Origins and Evolution of Geopolitics in the Journal of Conflict Resolution, 18. 29Agastia, I GustiBagusDharma ;Perwita, AnakAgung Banyu: Jokowi's Maritime Axis: Change and Continuity of Indonesia's Role in Indo-Pacific. In: Journal of ASEAN Studies 3 (2015), 1, pp. 32-41. URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-461941

13 influence, and authority. In concept of Maritime Security Perspective, the term of power has close relation with the four dimensions of maritime security.

4 Dimension of Maritime Security

Military Economic

Geo-politics Ideology/Interest

Figure 2 4 Dimensions of Maritime Security30

The first dimension is the military approach, In this context to working a politic system, the maximize power such as strengthen capacity and capability of military is the important point to achieve the plan The issue surrounding politic or national interest the second is economical surplus or the capability of the states providing assistance to another state (economical approaches). The reciprocal relationship, explains where the state provide assistance to the other party in context to achieve political interest. Third, ideological leadership and become a model for other countries (Ideology approach). With the existence of an ideology that is owned by a leader it will be a great power to influence other leaders. Fourth, the coercive system of government, power can be achieved with the existence of an 'imposition' by the government for the achievement of a strategy.31

Maritime itself is often associated with marine terminology, but the essence is maritime itself is more directed to aspects of marine wider than the sea as an object but also a subject. Thus maritime geography is a part of which is basically

30Prof. Anak Agung Banyu Perwita, 4 Dimension of Maritime Security Concept (2015) President University. 31 Mukti, Aprian. GEOPOLITIK DALAM KONTEKS KEAMANAN MARITIM. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/geopolitik-dalam-konteks-keamanan-maritim-mukti-aprian Access on 18 November 2016

14 not only describes a certain part of the earth, but on the earth's surface, climate, population, flora, fauna, as well as the results obtained from the earth widely. Thus maritime it is part of a geography that can be developed with other aspects such as politics and security.32 Thus maritime security was a small part of a geopolitical science itself about how to harness the potential of maritime (geography) that involve the wider community in terms of integration and management for security purposes (political). Some universal theory of geopolitics is often involving maritime aspects. Sir Walter Raleigh (1554-1618) who said, "Mastering the sea and mastering trade equal to rule the world." Or even Admiral Alfred T. Mahan (1840- 1914) who said, "a strong fleet to safeguard natural resources in the sea where the sea is the source of human life".33

Geopolitics is the concept with focusing to analyze geographic condition related with political dynamic. Geopolitics explain, how to states/community achieve power, influence, and authority. The development condition of geopolitics has a particular of illegal process to achieve geographic with using political expansive or imperialism.34 has to be considered, in order to adjust form of the commonwealth to the nature of 35

1.7. Literature Review

32Anak 2010,http://www.thejakartapost.com/print/246554 Access on 19 November 2016 33 Milestones: 1866 International Markets in the 1890s. https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/mahan acsess on 20 december 2016

34 (working manuscript, 2009) p. 4. 35Kristof, The Origins and Evolution of Geopolitics in the Journal of Conflict Resolution, 18.

In order to support the explanation of China claim on NatunaIsland, NIDS Joint Research Series No.5 Implications for the Defense Sector written by Eiichi Katahara(2010)will be

defense policy, force structure and defense procurement, and the future prospects for regional security cooperation. That research consists of 175 pages and 11

Policy and Regional Cooperation.

The other data to support writer analysis is a Report Strategic Clarity, Political Uncertainty: Prospects for Defense and Security under President Joko Widodo, written by Dr Greta Nabbs-Keller, As a consequence, this begins by Maritim) doctrine, as the central defense and foreign policy pillar of the incoming Widodo Government, The second part of the paper examines the rising maritime tensions in East Asia and dimensions of the China threat as perceived by Indonesian policy-makers. It explores

The final section of the paper concludes by identifying opportunities for Australia to enhance its defense and security cooperation with Indonesia. By necessity, the section also includes recommendations pertaining to Foreign Policy. It argues that although there is much common ground for cooperation with Australia ecurity platform.

From these three literature reviews, the writer concluded that it is necessary to understand about The Implementation of Indonesia Maritime Strategy in case to protection of National territory from external treat such as China claim based on the nine dash line, as the continuity of South China Sea conflict.

1.8. Thesis Structure

This thesis consists of five chapters and the outline can be observed in figure. It starts with introduction of study. In the second chapter, there will be discussion of strategic location of Natuna Island, after that third chapter will be to research China Militarily and Diplomatically action on Natuna Island. In the fourth, the writer will discuss on the implementation of Indonesia Militarily and Diplomatically under the Indonesian President Joko Widodo and the last chapter will conclude the findings of the research and summarize it.

Introduction Indonesia Conclusion

Strategic Location of The implementation of

Natuna Island Indonesia Maritime

Chapter I - Introduction:

InFigure this 3 Thesis chapter Structure consists of Background of Study, Introduction, Problem Identification, Statement of Problem, Research Objective, Significant of Study,

Theoretical Framework, Scope and Limitation of the Study, Literature Review, and Thesis Structure.

Chapter II -The Geo-Strategic Location of Natuna Island

This chapter will explain about the strategic location and potential resource

As the basic understanding to the reader, the writer attempt to describe the factor, why Natuna island so important for Indonesia.

Chapter III China Militarily and Diplomatically Assertiveness on

This Chapter would explain the maritime strategy Indonesia starting from 2014-2016 starting from the point why grand strategy is important for Indonesia, the priority of development and strategy agenda maritime security and determinant factors for capability of Indonesia Maritime Strategy.

Chapter IV The Implementation of Indonesia Militarily and Diplomatically in Countering China on Natuna Island

This Chapter explains about the implementation of Indonesia Militarily and Diplomatically to countering the china Assertiveness on Natuna. This section more focus with elaboration the development capacity and capability Indonesia in context of maritime such as military power and level of protection for national territory and the plan concept of Indonesia Government.

Chapter V Conclusion

To conclude the findings of the research, and the whole of the thesis. Additionally it will also add any recommendation or suggestion that may be useful for further researches related to the study.

CHAPTER II THE GEO-STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF NATUNA ISLAND TO INDONESIA IN THE DISPUTE OF SOUTH CHINA SEA (2014-2016)

This chapter will explain about the strategic location and potential resource

As the basic understanding to the reader, the writer attempt to describe the factor, why Natuna island so important for Indonesia.

2.1. The Strategic Importance of Natuna Island to Indonesia in South China Sea Dispute (2014-2016).

The South China Sea dispute which have heated recently have been the focus of maritime disputes in the Asia-Pacific involving ASEAN countries and the United States. Disputes in the South China Sea involved six countries directly from Brunei Darussalam, China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan and Vietnam. The claimant countries are engaged against the claims of each parties to the rights over the Spratly Islands and the Parcel Islands. Along with the dispute and the claimant states, the United States also try to involve themselves with the mix, with interest of traffic within the waters of South China Sea.36

One form of the root cause that can be turned into a threat is the presence of a number of segments of the border still unfinished discussed and agreed with neighboring countries. Such threats may include aggression, territorial violations,

36Orgaard, Liselotte. 2002. Maritime Securty between China and Southeast Asia, Conflict and coorperation in the making of regional order. Ashgate Publising Limited.

19 armed insurrection, sabotage, espionage, armed terrorist acts, sea and air security threats, as well as communal conflict.37

The concept of the Indonesian archipelago that has been recognized International legal convention law of the Sea (UNCLOS1982) . But it was a long struggle for the recognition of Indonesia as a maritime country internationally. The struggle offset in a range of policies, but unfortunately not optimal. As a state with area dominant with sea, the idea of a maritime nation requires an attention to in this area from policy makers (government), as the entity element geographical position, physical form, and vast areas of the country can be used as a preference for a country which includes physical environment.38

The Economic potential of Maritime and Defense Posture Republic of Indonesia, became the importance element in the discussion of the life of Indonesia as a maritime nation. This focuses of how Indonesia should be a Maritime State, and then bring the two views. First, how countries manage the potential aspects of National Security. Second, the Security of the region's maritime defense posture reflects Republic Indonesia on which the Indonesia security against regional threat.39 The first view is interesting if it is associated with the management of marine natural resources can contribute to the social life of the surrounding community based marine economic potential, while the second view of the security dynamics affects the country in terms of National Power against global dynamics.40

The Natunas are the northernmost point of this part of the Indonesian archipelago, between Borneo and the Malaysian Peninsula, stretching into the far southern end of the South China Sea. The addition of parts of the Natuna Islands in case of South China Sea create the has been an issue that increased concerns about

37 -jalan- indonesia-menuju-poros-maritim-dunia 38 Matime News. Potensi Ekonomi Kelautan dan Postur Pertahanan Indonesia. http://maritimnews.com/potensi-ekonomi-kelautan-dan-postur-pertahanan-indonesia/ Acess on 2 April 2017. 39 ibid. 40 ibid.

China's actions in the Nine-Dash Line.41 Because of that, Indonesia has an interest in the handling of the conflict in South China Sea, because if the risk of conflict is not handled properly, it will affect the stability and security of Indonesia. 42 In addition, Indonesia is also concerned to assert Exclusive Economic Zone claim, its located on the Nort of Natuna Islands. 43

Admittedly, Indonesia is not a developed country to demand the power to control over territory outside Indonesia or for expansion to other countries, but it needs to conceptualize a strategy to maintain its sovereignty against the possible interference that may come from within, or abroad.44

2.1.1. The Strategic Importance of Natuna Island to Indonesia's Security Interest

Territorial Sovereignty problems is a sensitive issue. Realistically, there's no country willing to lose territory. The issue of border dispute can be solved by a resolution between the countries involved. The environment is much more secure if there are less disputes over sovereignty or borders. Especially in the case of the South China Sea dispute, all parties needs to be involved in the process of resolving the dispute between them, and also to coordinate the interests and demands of each countries.

The control over sea territory is an absolute pre-requisite in modern maritime era. Sea control is the ability to control the sea area and prevent opponents

41 Abd Rivai Ras, konflik laut China selatan dan ketahanan regional Asia Pasifik sudut pandang Indonesia, (Jakarta; Yayasan Abdi Persada Siporennu Indonesia, Spers Mabes TNI AL, 2001) hlm.37 42 - http://thediplomat.com/2016/06/what-does-the-ninedash-line-actually-mean/. 43Ras, Abdul Rivai. 2001. Konflik Laut Cina Selatan dan Ketahanan Regional : Sudut Pandang Kepentingan Indonesia. Jakarta: Yayasan Abadi Siporenmu Indonesia. 44 2012, Peraturan Menteri Pertahanan RI No. 8 Tahan 2012 tentang Kaji Ulang Strategi Pertahanan, Jakarta 30 Maret 2012 https://www.kemhan.go.id/pothan/Isi%20Geo.html.

21 from using the territory for their interests.45 Sea Control itself strongly associated with sea power. The government of Indonesia has taken measures to develop Indonesia's maritime growth by its maritime program, with focusing on the use of

sea power. Within that vision, the Natunas is an important part of Indonesia territory, as the outermost island in Indonesia. The location of the Natuna Islands are so close with South China Sea, and to be an important point to increase security aspect in Natuna Island.46

Figure 4.Map of Strategic position Natuna Island 47

45 Command Ambushes Chinese Fishing Boat in http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2016/05/28/20234741/koarmabar.sergap.kapal.nelayan.china.di. perairan.natuna. 46 Kementerian Pertahanan Republik Indonesia, Direktorat Jendral. https://www.kemhan.go.id/itjen/2017/03/10/menhan-pemerintah-akan-bangun-pangkalan-militer- terbesar-di-natuna-2.html acess on 17 march 2016 47 Kepulauan Natuna Menyiimpan Cadangan Gas alam Terbesar di Asia Pasific wartakepri.co.id/2016/07/08/empat-kekayaan-di-natuna-yang-penting-bagi-indonesia/

Based on the Map above Natuna Island is a strategic region for the Indonesia terrritory directly adjacent to Malaysia, Vietnam, and Cambodia. This is also an Indonesian Maritime territory that is a part of the major shipping lanes marine world, especially for vessels bound for Hong Kong, Japan and Korea. While Indonesia is near to the South China Sea conflict, although this does not directly affect the Jakarta-Beijing relations, the Indonesian government must begin to take a firm stand.48 In the era of Joko "Jokowi" Widodo, Indonesia started to focus in improving the security in the territory in the Natunas, given the wealth of Natuna resources in the area. Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM) recorded, there are 16 oil and gas blocks in the area the Natunas. This consists of 5 blocks that are already in production, and 11 blocks still in the exploratory stage.49

As a part of the Indonesia Achipelago, the development in the marine sector, fisheries, and marine tourism in Natuna regency is expected to provide tangible benefits for the welfare of the Indonesian people. This is the one of strategic importance of the Natuna Island for Indonesia Security Interest, Indonesia must protect the Natuna Island to secure the economic potential in Natuna Island. As the northern part of Indonesia, Natuna Island position is very strategic. Related to Jokowi's vision on Indonesia as the Maritime Axis, the Natunas became one of the points of concern on this program. Because to achieve becoming the maritime axis Indonesia must protect the National Teritory as the security interest and this part reinforced by Indonesian Constitution 1945 Paragraph 4/4:

"Then, rather than to form a government of Indonesia that protect the entire Indonesian nation and the entire homeland of Indonesia and to promote the general welfare, educating the nation, and participate in implementing world order based on freedom, lasting peace and social justice, then drafted the independence of the Indonesian nation was a Constitution of the

48 Tama 2016, http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/07/27/ indonesia-s-tactful-diplomacy-key-uniting- asean.html. 49 Bertebar Ladang Migas, Jokowi akan Perkuat Keamanan Natuna. http://katadata.co.id/berita/2016/06/23/bertebar-ladang-migas-jokowi-perintahkan-perkuat- keamanan-natuna acess on 17 march 2016.

state of Indonesia, which is formed in an arrangement of the Republic of Indonesia the sovereignty of the people"50

The vision of becoming the Maritime axis era, stared to take into account the potential of natuna for Indonesia Security Interest. 51 The dynamic and transformation change in Southeast Asia region with continuation of South China Sea dispute, affected the way Indonesia's strategized the way of protecting territory. A part of this is affected with the nine dase line that was claimed by China that obstructed a part of Indonesia's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). To anticipate and defend the national sovereignty on the Natuna Island, Jokowi focused to increase the intensity of navy patrol and military excercise on Natuna Island.52"I requested a military capability and Bakamla in keeping the sea should be further enhanced, both in terms of completeness and readiness of radar technology, "53

The President assessed the importance of equitable development to overcome the gap between regions, especially western region and eastern Indonesia. for example, in rural areas such as The Natuna Islands in the western part of Indonesia.54"President gives full attention so that this can be realized in the era of his reign, so that this area of the country which cannot be maintained only from Java"55

And the Presidential executive order No.178/2014 also reinforced the Indonesian Government to support safety and security in Indonesia waters. "Presidential Decree 178 of 2014 is a clear form the Government of Indonesia realize the creation of security and safety in the territorial waters of Indonesia and

50 Isi and Pokok Pikiran Undang Undang Dsar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 alinea ke 4 www.wawasanpendidikan.com/.../isi-dan-...1945.html. acess on 17 march 2016. 51 Pemerataan pasukan untuk kepentingan pertahanan jangka panjang http://www.antaranews.com/berita/606328/pemerataan-pasukan-untuk-kepentingan-pertahanan- jangka-panjang. acess on 1 april 2017 52 ibid. 53 http://katadata.co.id/berita/2016/06/23/bertebar-ladang-migas-jokowi-perintahkan-perkuat- keamanan-natuna. President Joko Widodo in his official statement when the meeting on Thursday (23/6) .KRI Imam Bonjol 383. Acess on 18 july 2016 54 ibid. 55Pemerataan pasukan untuk kepentingan pertahanan jangka panjang jokowi formal statement: http://www.antaranews.com/berita/606328/pemerataan-pasukan-untuk-kepentingan-pertahanan- jangka-panjang". acess on 1 april 2017.

24 the Indonesian jurisdiction as an effort to support the creation of prosperity for the people of Indonesia".56

In case to increasing the effectiveness Indonesia maritime axis vision, under the President Joko Widodo administration, Indonesia will develop the biggest Military bases in Natuna, Riau island. This is reinforced by statement by Indonesian Ministry of Defense Mr. Ryamizard Ryacudu.

"The Indonesian government will make the territory in Natuna, Riau Islands as a center of military force to establish military bases and infrastructure as well as the Indonesian National Army troops in large enough quantities in the Natuna area immediately adjacent to the South China Sea."57

The construction of military bases was made to realize the integrated Program for Border Area (Gerakan Pembangunan Terpadu Kawasan Perbatasan/Gerbangdutas), in securing and maintaining the sovereignty of the Unitary Republic of Indonesia. Indonesian Navy plans to build a third submarine base on the island of Natuna Besar, the largest Island Natuna Archipelago in the South China Sea. Pulau Natuna Besar chosen because of proximity to South China Sea. That area was given more attention from the Indonesian Navy just recently, with Increasing of Beijing aggressive claims against allegedly Natuna waters rich in oil resources and fisheries.58

56 Laksdya TNI Ari Soedewo: Perpres No.178/2014 Dukung Terciptanya Kemakmuran Rakyat Indonesia. https://www.beritalima.com/2016/08/25/laksdya-tni-ari-soedewo-perpres-no-1782014- dukung-terciptanya-kemakmuran-rakyat-indonesia/ Acess on 1 April 2017. 57 Formal Statement by Indonesian MInistry of Defense, Mr Ryamizard Ryacudu https://m.tempo.co/read/video/2017/03/10/6131/menhan-pemerintah-akan-bangun-pangkalan- militer-terbesar-di-natuna. Acess on 1 April 2017. 58 Jakarta Greater:Indonesia Berencana Membangun Pangkalan Kapal Selam Di Natuna http://jakartagreater.com/indonesia-berencana-membangun-pangkalan-kapal-selam-di-natuna/. Acess on 1 April 2017.

2.1.2. .The Strategic Importance of Natuna Island to Indonesia's Political Interest.

Indonesia actively encouraged peace talks in the South China Sea dispute, after the release International Arbitration Court ruling on a lawsuit South China Sea dispute. Indonesia's position as a non-claimant state which do not have any claim on the territory is considered strategic to promote peace. This is despite the Strategic location of the Natuna waters of course, and Indonesia certainly have a Political Interest therein.59

Indonesia is not stated directly as a country which claims the region by China, but as a country that has a strong position in ASEAN, the role of Indonesia in maintaining regional stability is important, and inevitably Indonesia must sign in solving the problem.60 In its development there are some efforts being made in Indonesia in an effort to come take part in the matter are follows;

The road Political Diplomacy. From the history, Indonesia's efforts to mediate and resolve conflict in the South China Sea has started since 1990. Since 1990, Indonesia has invited states to be involved in workshops to discuss the South China Sea, with the workshop named Managing Potential Conflict in the South China Sea and was held in Bali.61

A series of workshop is what ultimately paved the way to ratify the Declaration on the Conducting South China Sea in 2002. These workshop was held in various regions in Indonesia such as Makasar, Solo, Jakarta, and the last one took

59 Abd Rivai Ras, konflik laut China selatan dan ketahanan regional Asia Pasifik sudut pandang Indonesia, (Jakarta; Yayasan Abdi Persada Siporennu Indonesia, Spers Mabes TNI AL, 2001) hlm.37 60 Jakarta, CNN Indonesia -- Indonesia berang. China sejak tahun lalu memasukkan sebagian perairan Natuna di Laut China Selatan ke dalam peta teritorialnya yang dikenal dengan sebutannine-dashed line, yakni garis demarkasi atau garis batas pemisah yang digunakan pemerintah Republik Rakyat China untuk mengklaim sebagian besar wilayah Laut China Selatan yang menjadi sengketa sejumlah negara di Asia http://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20151004161227-20-82688/manuver-tni-bentengi-natuna- di-tepi-laut-sengketa/. 61 Maritime Institute of Malaysia. Workshop on Managing South China Sea Conflict. http://www.mima.gov.my/v2/?m=posts&c=shw_details&id=479. Acesss on 1 April 2017

26 place in Singapore for two days, from 22 to 24 November 2012. The purpose of these workshops aimed to bring together with claimants countries in a forum of dispute resolution in order to find a solution in this area that can be accepted by all parties and develop Building Confidence Measure between all coutries have an interest in regional waters.62

Second, the road Political-Military. The development of the Indonesia Government with the shaft maritime program, then Indonesia has attempted to build the strength of the Sea with the strengthening of defense fleet. 63 One of the controversial program introduced was to build a military base in the Natuna Islands, with many media stating that such development is one form of action is a gunboat diplomacy which the procurement of military force in an effort to strengthen the bargaining position of a political interest.64

Indonesian Foreign Minister Retno Marsudi, with the annual press statement in Jakarta, confirmed that stability in a strategic area it is thus vital peaceful conflict resolution."Indonesia will continue to push for a code of conduct to be resolved. As a non-claimant state, Indonesia has continued to encourage the claimant countries to settle their disputes peacefully".65

Indonesia reaffirmed this stance in one or two discussions, there were mentions about the ownership Natuna Island located around the South China Sea area with statement by Indonesia Ministry Foreign Affairs;

"I want to emphasize that the ownership of Indonesia over Natuna Island has been very clear, outer islands on the Great Barrier which is used as the base

62 BBC INdonesia. Dampak Putusan Hukum Laut Cina Selatan Terhadap Indonesia. http://www.bbc.com/indonesia/berita_indonesia/2016/07/160712_indonesia_laut_cina_selatan 63 Tulika Bhatnagar, 1 January 2016. Mengapa Indonesia Menambah Kekuatan Militer Dinatuna? http://www.bbc.com/indonesia/dunia/2015/12/151230_dunia_indonesia_natun. Acess on 2 April 2016. 64

65 Fathiyah Wardah:Indonesia Tegaskan Kembali Kepemilikan Pulau Natuna. 9 january 2016 .http://www.voaindonesia.com/a/indonesia-tegaskan-kembali-kepemilikan-pulaunatuna /3138015. html. Acess on 1 April 2017

27 point Natuna as the outermost region of Indonesia, has been established in 195. Juanda Declaration In accordance with the Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982, this basic point has been registered in the UN on 2009,"66

The location of the geopolitical and geoposition Indonesia that is strategically advantageous, is certainly an added value for Indonesia to plan an important role to maintain neutrality in the region by asserting impartiality to any Country that is in conflict in the South China Sea. This also helps to ask all Countries to refrain from conducting military activities in the region as well as the request individually or jointly with other countries, so that the various parties would ratify and abide by United Nation Convention of the Law of the Sea. This will certainly have an impact that other countries respect the rights of Indonesia as an Archipelago Country on Exclusive Economic Zone.67

2.1.3. The Strategic Importance of Natuna Island to Indonesia's Economic Interest.

The potential of natural resource (energy and mineral) on the Natuna Islands became a strategic importance for Indonesia Economic Interest. The Natunas is a district consisting of thousand of Islands located in the Northern part of Indonesia with distance more than 1,250 km from capital city of Indonesia. Natuna Islands has the largest natural gas reserves in the region and even in the World.68

Not only in gas and oil, that Island has overlays various types of coral reefs that are very important for the ecosystem.69 The mining of Mineral wealth not just lay on the ground, but also scattered beneath the seabed. The potential resources of Natuna for Indonesia from tourism side is also big. It is in terms of NAWACITA

66 ibid. 67 Vaswani,Karismah. The sleepy Island Indonesia is Guarding from China. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-2965587. Acess on 2 April 2017. 68 Ristian, Atriandi Supriyanto. Indonesia's Natuna Island's: Next Flashpoint in South China Sea? . http://www.rsis.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/CO15033.pdf. Acess on 2 April 2017. 69 Maritime News. Potensi Ekonomi Kelautan dan Postur Pertahanan Indonesia. http://maritimnews.com/potensi-ekonomi-kelautan-dan-postur-pertahanan-indonesia/ Acess on 2 April 2017.

Program by President Joko Widodo on point number 7 "Realizing Economic Independence by moving the strategic sector of the domestic economic".70

The abundance of Natural resource in Natuna Island such as coral reef and beach with rock become the plus point for Indonesia economic interest, potentially that natural resource can be development for tourism sector and make impact for increasing foreign exchange, with the visitor of foreign tourists.71 This can make the Natuna as an added value to the tourism Economy and the population in the Natuna archipelago and also simultaneously for the State.72 The development of tourism sector is the one of a part Indonesia Vision on Wonderful Indonesia.

Not only Natural Resources that extend in the mainland, the Natuna Islands located in the strategic water lane in Southeast Asia rich with underwater with alot of fish. According to FAO Indonesia has shrimp farm land around 1,2 million hectares and new cultivated 350,000 hectares with an average productivity of 0.6 tons per year. If only this potential in targeting 500,000 hectar with and average proxies 2 tons hectare per year it produces about 1 million tons of shrimp per year its produces about 1 million of shrimp per year that can be accounted for foreign exchange amounted to approximately 6 billion US$ per year. 73The Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Susi Pudjiastuti estimates, the waters around the Natuna Islands have marine resources up to US$ 400 milliom per year. "the economic value (Natuna Islands) 400 thousand tons of fish per year. so if multiplied US$1 that's mean natuna give US$ 400 million per year for Indonesia"74

70 Kompas News. "Nawa Cita, 9 Agenda Joko Widodo dan Jusuf Kalla" http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2014/05/21/0754454/.Nawa.Cita.9.Agenda.Prioritas.Jokowi-JK. Acess on 2 April 2017. 71 ibid. 72 Medeka News. Kekayaan Natuna yang Membuat Cina Gelap Mata. https://www.merdeka.com/uang/kekayaan-natuna-yang-buat-china-gelap-mata.html.Acess on 2 April 2017. 73 Maritime News. Potensi Ekonomi Kelautan dan Postur Pertahanan Indonesia. http://maritimnews.com/potensi-ekonomi-kelautan-dan-postur-pertahanan-indonesia/ Acess on 2 April 2017. 74 Formal Statement by Indonesian Ministry of Maritme Affairs and Fisheries.Kekayaan Natuna Versi Menteri Susi." the economic value (Natuna Islands) 400 thousand tons of fish per year. so if multiplied US$1 thats mean natuna give US$ 400 million per year for Indonesia".

Natuna has the largest oil and gas reserves in Asia Pasific. It refers to one of the gas field , located 225 kilometers (km) north of Natuna. Here are stored with the volume of natural gas reserves of 222 trillion cubic feet (TCT). Natuna D-Alpha is an oil and gas blocks to save about 500 million barrels.75 total gas potential is estimated at at 222 trillion cubic feet, and it is the largest reserves in the world are not going to run explored until 30 years. 76 Recoverable gas potential of 46 tcf (46,000 bcf), equivalent to 8.383 billion barrels of oil (1 boe, barrel of oil equivalent = 5,487 cf). With a potential of it, and the assumption of an average oil price of US$ 75/ barrel during the period of explotation, potential of gas in Natuna Island has economic value US$ 628.725 billion, or around Rp 6287.25 trillion (exchange rate of US$/ Rp = Rp 10,000).

The potential of Natuna Island is so important for Indonesia cause, the benefit from natural resources of Natuna Island can supporting the development of Indonesia Maritime Vision. To protect the communities income on Natuna Island. that's become the Economic Interest for Indonesia from the strategic importance of Natuna Island. Because potentially, Natuna Island are a strategic point in Indonesian Government to execute the program on Economic maritime in achieving National development.

2.2. People's Republic of China Assertiveness in Natuna Island (2014-2016)

The Chinese Government with the declaration of nine-dash line stated Natuna Island is the part of PRC Exclusive Economic Zone. but that statement get protest from Indonesia Government, cause that declaration did not has fundamental

http://economy.okezone.com/read/2016/07/26/320/1447464/top-bisnis-kekayaan-natuna-versi- menteri-susi-hingga-pujian-sri-mulyani acess on 2 April 2017. 75 Official Website Natuna District Government. Peluang dan Investasi. http://www.natunakab.go.id/investasi.html. Acess on 2 April 2017. 76 Himpunan Mahasiswa Teknik Perminyakan (HMTP) Divisi Kajian Strategi Energi. Kepulauan Natuna Menyimpan Cadangan Gas Terbesar di Dunia. https://medium.com/@kajian.strategi.energi/pulau-natuna-menyimpan-cadangan-gas-alam- terbesar-di-dunia-ecddd7938951 . Acess on 2 April 2017

30 basic based on International Law (UNCLOS). In this part the writer focus to elaborate the China Assertiveness in Natuna Island.

China Assertivenes

N Type of Action Date

1 China Fishing (Kway Fey) Boat 19 Entering Indonesia Territory March 2016

2 China Coastguard Vessels belonging to 19 fishing ship arrests thwarted by Indonesia March 2016

3 China Impede Authorities in Indonesia 20 Waters March 2016

4 Claims fish thieves in the area of China 21 August 2016

5 The Chinese Government Demanding 22 Indonesia to freed the boat fish thieves November 2016

Figure 5 China Action regarding Territorial Violation of Indonesia waters77

77Figure Error! Main Document Only. China Action regarding Territorial Volation of Indonesia waters. Badan Keamanan Laut Republik Indonesia http://bakamla.go.id/home/rekap_bulanan Access on 21 May 2017.

The investigation team of the Indonesian Ministry of Marine and Fisheries (MMAF) captured a Chinese-flagged ship (on 19 March 016). Target operations that has been identified is the Chinese Ship type Kway Fey 10078. The Indonesian Coastguard caught the perpetrator of illegal fishing from China. These arrests occur in Indonesia, precisely 4.34 km from Natuna Island coastline.78The crew aboard the Chinese fishing boat denied the allegations, and demanded to be released. As a result, the Indonesian Coastguard forced off a shot, then hit the banks Kway Fey board. Eight crew fish thieves secured by Indonesian Coastguard, all of them Chinese citizens.79

After Kway Fey Ship was escorted by the Indonesian Coastguard Ship under coordination Ministry of Marine and Fisheries towards the mainland Natuna to be examined further, suddenly appeared a heavily armed vessel with China flagged (19 March 2016). The ship was coming from the unit (Coastguard) under the coordination of the Ministry of Defense of People Republic of China. The purpose of the Chinese Coast Guard vessel other than the pursuit of Indonesian Coast Guard, also to hit the Kway Fey Ship body, so that boat of the fish thieves could not be brought to the mainland of Indonesia. Indonesian Coast Guard tried to contact the ship suddenly aggressive it on the radio, but there was no answer. Kway Fey Ship failed to be secured by Indonesian authorities, although the crew partially withheld.80

The Indonesian Government believed that action is the part of Chinese authorities to protect its citizens who catching fish in Natuna went too far. Indonesian Ministry of Marine and Fisheries has stated; "China does not respect

78 Kusumadewi,Anggi. Kemelut Indonesia-China di Natuna Sepanjang 2016. 21/06/2016.http://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20160621100151-20-139694/kemelut- indonesia-china-di-natuna-sepanjang-2016/. 79 ibid 80 ibid

32 the rule of law in Indonesia. in fact, China has become an example of law enforcement, such as corruption"81

Indonesian Ministry of Foreign Affairs sent a protest note over the aggressive actions the Chinese authorities in Natuna. At least three International Legal Norms were violated by the actions of the Chinese Coast Guard Vessels. Instead of apologizing, the China delegates believed it had done the right thing. The Chinese Government turned to urge the Indonesian Government to immediately free the eight fishermen they are still secured by Indonesian Ministry of Marine and Fisheries Force.82

In order to save the fishing boats illegally entered the Natuna Water, coast guard vessels by Chinese Government determined to break through the border of Indonesia. Not only that, they also forced the ship rammed and attract the newly captured a combined operating between Indonesian Ministry of Marine and Fisheries, and Indonesian Navy. Republic Indonesia Government data, showing the coordinates of fishing vessels Kway Fey was in the Exclusive of Economic Zone of Indonesia, drawn from the edge of Natuna, according to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) in 1982.83

A representative of Chinese Embassy, Sun Weide, denied the statement of the Indonesia Ministry of Marine and Fisheries. Sun Weide believed the alleged thieves were operating legally fishing in the Chinese Water Area. Beijing runs a Maritime Doctrine which claims more than 80 percent of the South China Sea Region as an under of their Country, approached the Natuna Islands. "The scene is

81 formal statement by Indonesian Minister of Marine and Fisheries Mrs.Susi Pudji Astuti."China does not respect the rule of law in Indonesia. in fact, China has become an example of law enforcement, such as corruption". http://sea-globe.com/fishing-minister-pudjiastuti-making-waves/. Acess on 2 April 2017. 82 JakartaGlobe.Indonesia send protest to China over Natuna Island Standoff. http://jakartaglobe.id/news/indonesia-sends-protest-china-natuna-islands-standoff/.Acess on 2 April 2017. 83 Indonesia Ministry of Marine and Fisheries Statement.http://sea-globe.com/fishing-minister- pudjiastuti-making-waves/. Acess on 2 April 2017.

33 located in China's Traditional fishing waters. Boat Chinese fish pursued by the Indonesian armed vessels when operating normally"84

The term "Traditional Chinese Waters" in question by Indonesia Ministry of Marine and Fisheries Susi Pudjiastuti. Unilateral claim of China is not recognized by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). "Traditional fishing ground was not in any Recognize UNCLOS. there is no international treaty. it was this claim and is not recognized internationally".85

China believes the arrest occurred Kway Fey on their waters. Because of this view, the Charge Chinese Embassy, Sun Weide, demanding eight illegal fishing crew were released immediately. If the Indonesian Government continued to detain the Chinese fishermen, it was feared that the Jakarta-Beijing relationship could be stretched. "We asked the fisherman were released by the Indonesia Government. I reinforce that China hopes the Indonesia Government could address this incident while maintaining good bilateral relations between the two countries,"86

UNCLOS, the only known term Traditional Fishing Rights, namely the agreement utilization of marine by two intersecting states territorial waters. meanwhile, Traditional Fishing Rights owned by Indonesia only with Malaysia.

84 formal statement by Chinese Embassy "The scene is located in China's Traditional fishing waters. Boat Chinese fish pursued by the Indonesian armed vessels when operating normally". Cina Protes Penangkapan ABK diperairan Natuna. http://www.bbc.com/indonesia/dunia/2016/05/160530_dunia_kapal_cina_natuna_protes. Acess on 2 April 2016 85 formal statement by INdonesia MInistry of Marine and Fisheries "Traditional fishing ground was not in any Recognize UNCLOS. there is no international treaty. it was this calim and is not recognized internationally". http://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20160620170157-20- 139564/perairan-natuna-medan-tempur-indonesia-china/. Acess on 2 April 2016. 86 Formal statement by Charge Chinese Embassy . Cina Protes Penangkapan ABK diperairan Natuna. "We asked the fisherman were released by the Indonesia Government. I reinforce that China hopes the Indonesia Government could address this incident while maintaining good bilateral relations between the two countries" Natuna.http://www.bbc.com/indonesia/dunia/2016/05/160530_dunia_kapal_cina_natuna_protes. Acess on 2 April 2017.

Chinese Coast Guard ships entering the Natuna Sea and is desperate to intervene Indonesian authorities to release their (Chinese) fishermen fishing in Natuna. On Monday 21 March 2016, Indonesian Foreign Minister Retno Marsudi L.P called the official Chinese Embassy. Indonesia Minister foreign affairs sent a protest note hard because China does not respect the Sovereignty and Rights of Indonesia EEZ as the regulated by UNCLOS 1982.87

There are has two types of violations committed by the Chinese Coast Guard Vessels in based on Indonesian Foreign Ministry. The first violation was that the China Coast Guard on Indonesia Sovereignty Rights and Jurisdiction in the Exclusive of Economic Zone (EEZ) and Landing Contingent. Meanwhile, the second offense was a Chinese ship's efforts to obstruct the process of Indonesian Law Enforcement Authorities.88

87 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. "In exercising their rights and performing their duties under this Convention in the exclusive economic zone, States shall have due regard to the rights and duties of the coastal State and shall comply with the laws and regulations adopted by the coastal State." http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf. Acess on 4 April 2017. 88 SindoNews.com. Soal Isiden Natuna China Dinilai tidak hargai kedaulatan Indonesia https://nasional.sindonews.com/read/1094990/14/soal-insiden-natuna-china-dinilai-tak-hargai- kedaulatan-ri-1458649900. Acess on 4 April 2017.

CHAPTER III GEO-STRATEGY IN MARITIME SECURITY UNDER PRESIDENT JOKO WIDODO

This Chapter would explain the maritime strategy Indonesia starting from 2014 November -2016 March starting from the point why grand strategy is important for Indonesia, the priority of development and strategy agenda maritime security and determinant factors for capability of Indonesia Maritime Strategy.

3.1. Indonesia Vision on Maritime Security

The impact of globalization has greatly affected the flow of the world trade activities in the waters of Southeast Asia, especially for the Strait of Malacca which is the gateway of the world's oil carries from the Middle East to the Asia-Pacific region, including Indonesia.89 In 2015, reports show that there were no less than 70,000 ships each year pass through on this path, and the maritime activity growth increased by 74%, including and 80% increase in oil and gas import distribution from the Middle East region to East Asia.90 Due to this number, there have been reports for this area to be a target of criminal activity within the waters, and

(MDA),91 the category as a targets for Maritime threats are:92

A)Maritime Interest Areas: Sea lanes and Marine Areas

B)Transportation Equipment: Ships, Cargo and Crew, and Passengers.

89 Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative.https://www.csis.org/programs/asia-maritime- transparency-initiative/rss.xml Acess on 30 April 2017 90 Santosa, Ganjar.Pembentukan Rezim Maritim Untuk Mengatasi Ancaman Terorisme di Maritim di Selat Malaka, Universitas Pertahanan, 2013, page 2. 91 Defense University, 2014). 92 Ibid

C)Maritime Infrastructure: Ports, waterways, Terminal Port Facilities, and Piers.

Globalization era push countries to always evaluated maritime capability in prepare the possibility of threat with the changed of pattern.93 Today, the threat existing is not only in the form of military aggression from the state as actor, but it has evolved to include many other aspects of threat. The lack of optimal maritime power management of Indonesia become the one of factor so many transnational crime in Indonesia waters.

Table 1Indonesia Loss of The Natural Resource94

Value Loss Due of Natural Resources by the Indonesian Government

Type of Natural Resource Total (US$)/year

Fish 3 Billion US$

Sand 2-2,5 Billion US$

Oil 5 Billion US$

Reportedly Indonesia lose the wealth and natural resource by 3 billion US$/year caused by illegal fishing. There are about 3,000 ships operating without permits in Indonesian waters per year, sand smuggling of 2-2, 5 billion US dollar per year, and smuggling of oil 5 billion US dollar US dollar per year.95

93 Adian, Donny. Ancaman Baru Perang Non Konvensional. Jurnal Universitas Pertahanan Indonesia, 2012, page 3. 94Hikam, AS Menyongsong 2014-2019: Memperkuat Indonesia Dalam Dunia Yang Berubah 95 Ibid.

Indonesia water areas has important aspect as unifying media of the nation, media of transportation, media of natural resource, media of defense and security, and media for diplomacy.96 This concept very important for Indonesian people's do not make and regard the sea as the obstacle, as an exhaled by foreign country who didn't want Indonesia become Maritime Country. The strategic position of Indonesia, demands the government to anticipate any kind of threat being invited by its strategic value.97At the first geostrategic is defined as geopolitics for military or war purposes. In Indonesia geostrategic is defined as a method to realize the ideals of the proclamation, as stated in the Preamble of the 1945 Constitution, through the process of national development. because of that purpose that's become a development doctrine and was named National Resilience. Given Indonesia's geostrategic provides guidance on how to make development strategies.98 Under President Joko Widodo administration, the Indonesia Geo-Strategic focus on development of Maritime Security in case of Defending National Territory with doctrine "Global Maritime Fulcrum".

Maritime Security is one of the regional issues, because it has a close relationship with the Global Economic interaction, which also influence many Countries. Maritime Security Power is sought to be harmonized with the one of Indonesian President maritime vision as the effort to protect the sovereignty and maritime wealth.99The increasing of intensity of transnational threat such as piracy,

96 Pusjianmar, Konsep Negara Maritim dan Ketahanan Nasional http://pusjianmar- seskoal.tnial.mil.id/Portals/0/Konsep%20Negara%20Maritim%20Dan%20Ketahanan%20Nasion al..pdf Acess on 12 April 2017 97 University of Defense Indonesia, www.idu.ac.id/2017/03/01/sistem-dinamis-bisa-mengatasi- ancaman-kemaritiman/ Acesss on 12 April 2017. 98 Rusni Haris, Geostrategi Indonesia. http://www.academia.edu/5155696/geostrategi_indonesia. PDF Access on 30 April 2017. 99 Spech of Panglima TNI Jendral Moeldoko, on Seminar National Maritime 2015 "Strategi Geopolitik dan Pembangunan Kepulauan Dalam Rangka Pembangunan Poros Maritime Nasional" https://nasional.sindonews.com/read/1002268/18/tni-al-sebagai-pengawal-poros-maritim-dunia- 1431921878 Acess on 10 April 2017.

38 arms smuggling, human trafficking, drug smuggling and illegal fishing become factors to trigger the development of capacity for the National maritime security.100

The dynamic of maritime threats have shifted from military aggression to a non-military and cross-country threat. That can be seen from the security recapitulation data for the period of 1 January - December 2016.

100 "BNN: Perairan Indonesia Rawan Penyelundupan Narkoba", http://voaIndonesia .com/content/bnn-perairan-Indonesia-rawan-penyeludupan-narkoba/1863557.html

Figure 6Data Recapitulation Indonesia Maritime Security 2016.101

Referring to the number of threats above, it should take several strategic steps to build an optimal national maritime defense force. Or at least, Indonesia has a project to strengthen maritime security as a point to support the vision of President Jokowi to become the World's Maritime Axis.

The development of maritime power already is a core issue, as a preparation for the changing of threat in regional and global scale. Conceptually, the development of maritime country effort to defense framework, that is ends, means,

101BAKAMLA, rekapitulasi kecelakanan dan gangguan keamanan period 1 januari-desember 2016 http://bakamla.go.id/home/rekap_bulanan

40 and ways, where ends to realized powerful maritime security, means to create the strong sea power, and ways to carry out sea control and power projection ashore.102

3.1.1. Indonesia Vision of Global Maritime Fulcrum

On 13 December 1957 the Indonesian Government through the declaration of then Prime Minister Ir. Djuanda claimed that all inter-island waters in Indonesia as a part of National Territory. That declaration, which came to be known as the Declaration Djuanda, is a statement of identify as an Archipelagic State, in which the sea becomes the inter-island liaison, not the separator.103Although the principle of an archipelagic state was opposed by major powers such as the United States, it was finally established in 1982 that the second United Nation Convention on the Law of the Sea. Which recognized the concept of an archipelagic state, the concept of Exclusive Economic Zone strive to by Chile and other Latin American Countries.104

Various Maritime plans are established and declared, but marine institutions, marine economic development and human resource development have never been the mainstream issue of National Development, that is commonly dominated by land based perceptions and interests. 105 The National Oceanic Council was created, but with limited mandate and occupied an insignificant

102 Salim, Konsep Doktrin Maritim dan Strategi Maritim Nasional. Pusat Pengkajian Maritim Sesko AL,2014, page 4. 103 Meidyatama, Suryodiningrat. Djakarta Pos The Jokowi Axis Insecurity Doctrinal Change and Development. http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/11/14/the-jokowi-axis-insecurity- doctrinal-change-and-development.html Acesss on 12 April 2017 104 Eko Sulistyo, Djuanda Declaration and Nusantara Day. http://print.kompas.com/baca/english/2016/12/13/OPINION-Djuanda-Declaration-and- Nusantara-Day Acess on 12 April 2017. 105 ibid

41 hierarchy within government institutions. The biggest potential from maritime sector can be supporting national power development.106

esia declared the new vision for Indonesia policy labeled as "Global Maritime Fulcrum." The name means to make Indonesia become a Maritime Country that is advanced, sovereign, independent, and strong, and be able to give positive contribution for security and peace of the region and the world in accordance with the National Interest. The Indonesia Maritime Vision is structured with reference to the Indonesian Development Vision that set in Indonesia Policy No. 17 year 2007 on the National Long-Term Development Plan 2005-2025 and Policy Number 32 Year 2014 on Marine.107

The power of a country can be a measured by how strong the political, economic, military, resource, social, and other factors. These factor need to be noticed by the state because it will ultimately be used to achieve its objectives, or at least may affect the intended party. When these factors are controlled then the country can easily execute the concept of hard power and soft power. These factors can be modeled as PMESII (Political, Military, Economy, Social, Infrastructure and Information) which are considered as the elements of national power. 108 The relation of element of national power connected with hard power and soft power strategy can be seen in the picture below:

106 Willy.F.Sumakul. Kepentingan Nasional Indonesia dan Pembangunan Kekuatan Pertahanan. http://www.fkpmar.org/national-interest-indonesia-and-the-development-of-the-defence-force/ Access on 15 April 2017. 107 Humas Sekertaris Kabinet Republik Indonesia.President Jokowi Teken Perpres Kebijakan Kelautan Indonesia. http://setkab.go.id/presiden-jokowi-teken-perpres-kebijakan-kelautan- indonesia/ access on 15 April 2017 108 Armitage, Richard L. and Joseph S. Nye, Jr.CSIS Commision on Smart Power:A Smarter, More Secure America. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic & International Studies,2007

Political

Economic Information

Indonesia Maritime Security

Infrastructure Military

Social

Figure 7(Model of National Power related with National Maritime Sector.) National Power of Indonesia in Jokowi's era is represented by the strategic plan of Marine shift development. The vision of the maritime axis has been conveyed directly by the President Jokowi.

"As a country with 17 thousand islands, Indonesian people must realize that as their identity, prosperity, and future are largely determined by the management of the oceans."109

Therefore it can be deduced that power of the states is currently in sector Marine. That has related to Military, Economic/Trade, Politics, infrastructure, and others.

109The president's statement on EAS, Myanmar on November 13, 2014, accessed on electronic news, "How Jokowi made Indonesia Maritime Shaft" at the tempo portal.

Rebuilding

Maritime

Development

infrastructure Maintaining and Maritime Axis Managing marine Resources

Development of Buiding Marine Force Marine

Figure 8 (Five Pillars of Maritime Axis by President Joko Widodo)

In the current era of leadership, President Joko Widodo has a clear vision related to the Development of Maritime Axis. Jokowi presented with a complete exposition of his foreign policy: Indonesia as Maritime Fulcrum, the power between two oceans. Jokowi said that the doctrine hinged on five pillars of action that included ensuring regional security."Indonesia is obligated to build its maritime defense power. This is necessary not only to secure its maritime wealth and sovereignty but also to take responsibility for safeguarding navigation safety and maritime security ". President Joko Widodo Formal Statement.110

110 The president Indonesia speech on KTT ASEAN about maritime fulcrum http://dunia.news.viva.co.id/news/read/558043-pidato-lengkap-jokowi-di-ktt-asean-soal-poros- maritim Acess on 12 April 2017

There are five pillars of maritime axis by President Joko Widodo, that is: (1) Rebuilding the Maritime Culture; (2) Maintaining and Managing Marine Resources; (3) Encouraging the development of maritime infrastructure and connectivity; (4) Building Maritime Diplomacy; (5)Have an obligation to build maritime forces. 111 This 5 pillar of Maritime Development has a purpose to supporting Indonesia plan to become Maritime Fulcrum. The purpose of 5 pillar maritime fulcrum as the fundamental basic of realization the vision from President Joko Widodo.

3.1.2. Indonesia Policy on Maritime Development

The Maritime Fulcrum" introduces an outline to reach the highest potential for Indonesia. In order to execute the vision about Maritime Axis, the Indonesian government must focus on development of Indonesia Maritime Capability. Automatically, policy has important role as the guide line for the development Indonesia Maritime sector. "I hope the management of the sea along the coast, especially those bordering the Straits of Malacca, Batam, Medan, North Sumatra and others, can be really developed"112 (Statement by President JokoWidodo)

The embodiment of the vision and mission of Indonesian Maritime must be related to National Interest, as well as the Justice and giving benefit as much as possible for the welfare of the Indonesian people. The Indonesian Maritime Policy is structured on six basic principles, that is (1) the Knowledge of Nusantara (2)

111 Rendy. A Witular. Presenting Maritime Doctrine, The Jakarta Post http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/11/14/presenting-maritime-doctrine.html Acess on 11 April 2017 112 LB Ciputri Hutabarat. Jokowi Tekankan Pembangunan Poros Maritim Diperkuat. http://news.metrotvnews.com/politik/yNL893WN-jokowi-tekankan-pembangunan-poros-maritim- diperkuat

Sustainable Development (3) Blue Economic (4) Integrated and Transparent Management (5) Participation and (6) Equality and Equity.113

IndonesiaPolicy on Maritime Development

Knowlegde of Sustainable BlueEco Integrated Participation Equality Nusantara Development nomic and and Transparent Managemen Equity

Figure 9 Six Principles Indonesia Policy on Maritime Development

Image Edited by Author

Based on figure 3.3 about six principles of Indonesia Policy on Maritime Development, Knowledge of Nusantara is a fundamental basic for national development to achieve the goals of last development where that already mentioned on TAP MPR Number II/MPR/1993, about the outline of the state. Knowledge of Nusantara includes the embodiment of the archipelago as a one unity of Political, Economic, Social, Culture, including Defense and Security aspect.114

Economic Development must be carried out based on the principles of sustainable development because (1) resources utilization must not exceed the

113 Peraturan President Republik Indonesia No 16 Tahun 2017 Tentang Kebijakan Kelautan Indonesia https://maritim.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/lampiran-1-perpres-16-th-2017-1.pdf Acess 0n 12 April 2017. 114 Gobal Business Guide. Indonesia's Maritime Ambitions Require Massive Upgrade of Seaports http://www.gbgIndonesia.com/en/services/article/2015/Indonesia_s_maritime_ambitions_require_ massive_upgrade_of_seaports_11120.php Access on 12 April 2017.

46 ability of regeneration of resources or the rate of innovation of non-renewable resources, and utilization of non-biological resources does not destroy the biodiversity of the resources, (2) the utilization of resources should not be sacrificing (quality and quantity) for the future generation, and (3) the Utilization resource with unknown impact must be carefully and supported by reliable scientific research. The principles of sustainable development is also regulated in Law No.32/2009 on Environmental Protection and Management.

This blue economic policy is a continuation of the plan of former Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono where the blue economic plan is a knit of the plan to advance Indonesia in the maritime context as a form of maritime economic development performance. Blue Economy is a model of Economic development that integrates land and sea development taking into account the source carrying capacity power and the environment. In principle, the potential of land, sea, and air must be synergized to become potential power of the state.115

The management system is integral and there must be has linked between aspect with other aspect so that there is no overlap of authority. Management also needs to be done with a meaningful transparency using a clear, open regulation for the preparation and implementation, as well as available information and accessible by various stakeholders of interest.116

The principle of participation is important because (1) all stakeholders are expected to pay role in planning, implementing, monitoring and controlling with their respective roles (2) have that information open to know government policy and have access to that enough to utilize resources (3) guarantee the existence of

115WWF "Blue Economic" challange for Indonesia http://www.wwf.or.id/en/?26820/ Access on 14 April 2017 116 - imeStudies] 1, no. 1 (2002), p. 7, available atwww.marecentre.nl/mast/documents/GerTeitler.pdf; and Mark

Times,24 May2001, available at www.japantimes.co.jp

47 representation stakeholders in decision making and acting as an actor in identifying threats and opportunities and (4) utilizing resources in a manner fair.117

The basic principle of equity in maritime development of Indonesia is to ensure individuals or groups of individuals are treated fairly, equitably, and mutually beneficial, regardless of race, religion, belief and gender by prioritizing the Indonesian community residing in the remote region or not connected outside Java, Bali, Lombok, and Sumatra.118

3.2. Indonesia's Military Development on Maritime Security

Indonesian waters have been classified as the most vulnerable water in the world as long with several other waters.119 The biggest problem of vulnerability faced by the Indonesia is still around Maritime Security such as: Sea Robbery and Piracy, Illegal Fishing, Trans-National Threat, Territorial Violation, Maritime Traffic Associated with the Separatism Movement, the Increasingly Sophisticated Threat of Maritime Terrorism and other form of Violation. 120 The process of exploration and exploitation of the marine at this time still seemed off guard. Many violation that occur it is still in Indonesia territory. Including arms smuggling that seek to provoke the emergence of separatist movement, that seek to separate themselves from the state, conflict at the entrance of Indonesia, illegal narcotics trade, Illegal logging, and sand dredging that almost drowns island in the archipelago of Indonesia. 121 "We have strengthened our military capacity to

117 Muthiah -national Security in Southeast Asia: Changeand

118Ibid 119Ummar, M.Husseyn. Hukum Maritim dan Masalah-maslah Pelayaran Di Indonesia (Buku 1,2, dan 3). Jakarta: Sinar Harapan:2001 120 Mayjen TNI Sudrajat. Perubahan Wajah Ancaman dan Keamanan Domestik Indonesia http://www.lfip.org/english/pdf/baliseminar/Perubahan%20Wajah%20Ancaman%20&%20Keama nan%20Domestik%20-%20mayjen%20sudrajat.pdf 121 ibid.

48 anticipate various threats, whether it is illegal theft of fish or their entry into the Indonesian territory"122 (Indonesian Defense Minister RyamizardRyacudu).

That's all happened because of the pattern of supervision that has been running and marine are control system has not been applied with mature, for it requires a maritime strategy development that is adapted to the current situation and condition, social and culture life of society and state, and the economic life of the Indonesia.123 The target of maritime development is to maintain and defend the marine territory by increasing economic activity in the sea area, as well as forming defensive wings in the territorial waters of Indonesia to avoid threats, challenges, disturbances and obstacle both coming from within and outside.124 The issue of Infrastructure and Maritime aspect become major specialization that can be seen from the diagram below, showing the Indonesia Development Plan from APBN 2016.

Indonesia APBN 2016

infraksuktur dan maritim

25% kedaulatan pangan

kemandirian ekonomi 51% nasional 10% pembembangan industri strategis kedaulatan energi 4% 10%

122 Bhatnagar, Tulika. Mengapa Indonesia Menambahkan Kekuatan Militer di Natuna? http://www.bbc.com/indonesia/dunia/2015/12/151230_dunia_indonesia_natuna Access on 30 April 2017. 123 http://regional.kompas.com/read/2012/10/17/04323817/.com Access on 12 April 2017. 124 http://www.fkpmaritim.org/?p=351 Access on 12 April 2017.

Source from Indonesia APBN 2016125

The emergence of China with the increasing intensity South China Sea conflict become the threat for the realization of Global Maritime Fulcrum.126 Indonesia must consider the capability of maritime for national territory protection. As the progress to increase the maritime capability Indonesia is to focus on Military development.127 The current condition of Indonesia National Army (age of 25-40 years old) has an effect on operational level of readiness and requires high operational and maintenance costs. Inadequate number of defense armaments, defense facilities and infrastructure have significant influence on the development of Indonesia National Army power in overcoming several threats, such as border issues and the foremost Island, including in addressing maritime and aerospace issues.128

As the plan by Indonesia National Force incase National Defense on Natuna Island can be looking from table 3.2.

(Table 3.2. Indonesia Military Development on Natuna Island)

Table 2Indonesia Military Development Natuna Island

1 Build Base SU-27 Realization on 2014

2 Launch 4 Apache AH-64E Helicopters Realization on 2014

125 Indonesia APBN 2016 http://www.kemenkeu.go.id/sites/default/files/bibfinal.pdf Access on 14 April 2017. 126 Jakarta Greater. Indonesia dan Konflik Laut Cina Selatan. https://jakartagreater.com/indonesia-dan-konflik-laut-china-selatan/ Access on 15 April 2017 127 sh Online, September 10, 2014, http://en.tempo.co/read/news/2014/09/10/055605767/Indonesia-to-Build-Military-Base-in-Natuna 128 Winata Wira, Tantangan Pembangunan Maritim http://www.academia.edu/9643252/Tantangan_Pembangunan_Maritim. Access on 14 April 2017.

3 Add 1 Infantry Battalion From Kodam Realization on 2014 Bukit Barisan

4 Patrol Squadron Jet Pekanbaru Realization on 2015

5 Dozens of Ships from Armabar Navy Realization on 2015

Table edited by Author

Since 2014, the Indonesia National Army has built a jet fighter base in Natuna. The specific type is for the Sukhoi SU-27. The special Sukhoi base is built near Ranai Airport which has a 2.5 kilometer runway. The plan was submitted by Commander Air Force Ranai Lieutenant Colonel Andry Gandi. "The airport can be operated at night and has an integrated radar," 129 (Statement by General Moeldoko).

Shelter Sukhoi in Natuna has entered the state budget, through the budget of the Ministry of Defense. Requires additional supply of electricity, as well as a wider landing area for Sukhoi SU-27 can be on standby in Natuna. In addition, Sukhoi SU-30 is also designed to be deployed in Rinai for Military operation at any time. Indonesia National Force in 2014 officially alerted four units of AH-64E Apache attack helicopters to protect Natuna. "Kadispen" Indonesia National Army, Brigadier General Andika Perkasa said Apace helicopters fit for deterrent effect to the South China Sea Dispute. Officially the Indonesian Force, adding an infantry battalion to secure Natuna Island. The battalion's headquarters are in Sepempang area, East Bunguran District with name of 135th Infantry Battalion. Since the Sukhoi placement plan is still waiting for the renovation, the real air power in Natuna comes from Squadron 16 Pekanbaru, Riau. From that base, there is an F-16 jet equivalent to Block 52 scheduled to patrol around Natuna. Outside the air

129 Formal Statement Jenderal Moeldoko"The airport can be operated at night and has an integrated radar,". http://jakartagreater.com/kekuatan-tni-di-Natuna/

51 defense and ground forces, TNI presence around Natuna will be determined by the ship's patrol. This effort has begun to be demonstrated, after TNI sank foreign ship since late 2014. One of the forces of sea fighter in the Western Fleet for example KRI SlametRiyadi 352, a type of frigate that can serve as a destroyer. Other boats patrol such as KRI Kobra and KRI Anakonda.130

3.2.1. The Development of Indonesia's Defense Posture on Maritime Sector.

The development of National Defense is carried out to uphold the sovereignty of the state, to maintain the unity of the national territory, and to safeguard the nation from military and non-military threats. The plan of State defense development policy which leads to an increase the professionalism of the Indonesia National Army, is carried out through the maintenance of the main weapon system, the replacement and development of armaments, the welfare of the soldier, the gradual development of defense support, and the increasing role of the national defense industry in meeting the needs of modernization arms.

The development of Indonesia defense posture is the focusing point of Indonesia project to improve the capability of maritime Indonesia. The absence of Defense posture at a minimum level of basic strength Minimum essential force has a significant effect on National Defense. The readiness of the new average reached 62.0%.131 The condition poses a risk to country defense effort which up to now still face many challenges, especially the violations of the border areas, the illegal flight of military aircraft or non-military aircraft from Foreign Country, or the effort to control the small Island on outer of National territory by the other State.132

130 Jakarta Greater. Indonesia Menambahkan Kekuatan di Kepulauan Natuna. http://jakartagreater.com/kekuatan-tni-di-natuna/ Access on 15 April 2017 131 Kementerian Luar Negeri. 2011. Wamenlu paparkan Diplomasi Perbatasan RI. Diakses dari www.Kemenlu.go.id. file:///Pages/News.aspx?IDP=4924&l=id 132 Hertanto, Luhur. 2011. Indonesia Siapkan 99T Untuk Alutsista TNI. Detiknews, senin 19/09/2011 diakses dari http://www.detiknews.com/kanal/10/berita?nd10

The unresolved issue of maritime borders with some Countries could have sparked dispute as well as recent incident with China. In addition to border issues, Indonesia has an interest in maintaining the four most important chose point in the world: the Malacca Strait, the Sunda Strait, the Makassar Strait and the Lombok Strait. Disturbance can also come unexpectedly considering that Indonesia is currently under siege for a major military force.133

Indonesian Government also focus with the Outer Island as a part of Indonesia Defense development on Maritime sector. There are 13 outer islands that are prioritized for handling by the government, because it has a strategic importance for development in economic sector, conservation, defense and security.

Negara No. NamaPulau Kabupaten/Kota Provinsi yang berbatasan

1 P. Rondo Sabang NAD India

2 P. Berhala Deli Serdang Sumatera Malaysia Utara

3 P. Nipah Batam Riau Singapura

4 P. Natuna Riau Vietnam Sekatung

133 Kompas. Visi Baru Pertahanan Indonesia http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2014/06/03/0720588/Visi.Baru.Pertahanan.Indonesia Access 12 April 2017.

Negara No. NamaPulau Kabupaten/Kota Provinsi yang berbatasan

5 Kepulauan Natuna Riau Malaysia Anambas

6 P. Sebatik Nunukan Kalimantan Malaysia Timur

7 P. Marore Sangihe Sulawesi Philipina Utara

8 P. Miangas Talaud Sulawesi Philipina Utara

9 P. Fani Sorong Papua Palau

1 P. Fanildo Biak Papua Palau

1 P. MTB Maluku Australia Asubutun Tenggara

1 P. Batek Kupang NTT Timor- Timur

1 P. Wetar MTB Maluku Timor- Tenggara Timur

(Table 3Indonesia Outer Island)134

The Indonesia Government is now planning to increase the security of the Natuna border area. Not just tightening supervision, they even plan to strengthen the military position in these waters. The move was done to uphold the sovereignty of Indonesia in the ocean, especially Natuna.135Indonesian government seeks to increase strength of the sea by strengthening the fleet of defense at sea. One of the most controversial program is to build military bases in the Natuna Island.136

The advantage gained from the development of military base on Natuna will provide a different position for Indonesia with a country bordering the South China Sea. This region is a frontier that many contested by some countries, because Natuna territory has very extraordinary sea wealth. the development Military base on Natuna very influential with Indonesia's foreign policy, because when Indonesia becomes the most powerful country in ASEAN then no one will dare to cheat and control the border areas that are still the territory of Indonesia.137"It is a necessity for the Government of Indonesia to focus on Maritime Development,"138 (Indonesia Ministry of Defense)

The strategic movement by Indonesian government in case the increasing capability of Maritime Sector, not only focus with Government policy and improvement internal systematic. The Indonesian Government does not only establish a maritime organization as the particular improvement of maritime sector

134Bappenas, Bagian Pertama: Kebijakan dan Strategi Umum Pengelolaan Kawasan Perbatasan, www.bappenas.go.id, Access on 12 April 2017. 135 Memperkuat Pertahanan Di Natuna http://Kemenhan.go.id-Memperkuat-Pertahanan-di- Natuna Access on 12 April 2017 136 Anggi Pasaribu Pentingnya Pembangunan Pangkalan Militer DiNatuna https://semarak.news/2016/09/16/6234-pentingnya-pembangunan-pangkalan-militer-di- Natuna.html Access on 12 April 2017. 137Japan TImes Indonesia set to upgrade military base in islands perched on edge of South China Sea. http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/06/29/asia-pacific/Indonesia-set-upgrade-military- base-islands-perched-edge-south-china-sea/ 138 Indonesia Ministry of Defense Formal Statement on Indonesia Defence expo 2016. http://www.Kemenhan.go.id/2016/11/dalam-5-tahun-pembangunan-kekuatan.html Acess on 12 April 2017

55 to support the realization and strengthening national power in maritime sector, but also the Indonesian government in currently in a 5 years focus plan with modernization arms as a part of The development of Indonesia Defense posture on Maritime Sector.139"In the past 5 years, the government has built a defense post and enhanced national security, a partnership between the defense industry and the defense system"140(Indonesia Minister of Defense)

III.2.1.1.Indonesia Defense Budget, Expenditure, Weaponry System on Navy

This chapter will be explain about Indonesia Defense Budget, Expenditure, and Weaponry System. The first is Indonesia Defense Budget that can be seen from the Table below.

Table 4 Indonesia Defense Budget141

2014 2015 2016

Defense Budget 7,995 8,041 8,269 USD Billion

Defense Budget 83,427.70 83,902.62 86,646.30 Local Billion

Total Regular 395,500 395,500 395,500 Force

Budget Per-Man 20,215.37 20,330.45 20,908.00 power (USD)

139 Prashants. A New Indonesia Military Base Near the South China Sea http://thediplomat.com/2015/07/why-is-Indonesia-building-a-new-south-china-sea-military-base/ Access on 12 April 2017 140 Statement Indonesia Ministry of Defense on Indonesia Defence Expo 2016 "In the past 5 years, the government has built a defense post and enhanced national security, a partnership between the defense industry and the defense system" 141Indonesia Defense Budget 2016 acess from https://janes.ihs.com

GDP% 0,82% 0,78% 0,76%

Based on the data above, the State defense posture has not been adequate or has not fulfill the Jokowi's Vision about Global Maritime Fulcrum viewed from our military strength in facing various threats that exist or at least meet Minimum Essential force strategy in improving the national defense industry. This problem certainly needs to be a special consideration and challenge for Jokowi government to achieve Global Maritime fulcrum vision. From that graphic, started from 2014- 2016 Indonesia Defense budget has increase but total regular force still on 395,500.142

(Table 3.5 Indonesia Military Expenditure)

Table 5Indonesia Military Expenditure

2014 7864.7 /USD Million

2015 6929.3

2016 8070.7

Sources: Trading Economies:SIPRI

Starting from 2014-2015 Indonesia military expenditure has decrease from 7864.7 Million US$ to 6929.3 Million US$. But, to increase the program

142 Indonesia Defense Budget Overviewhttps://janes.ihs.com/Indonesia- Defense-Budget- Overview/html. Access on 14 April 2017.

57 development maritime capability Indonesian government on 2016 increase the military Expenditure from 6929.3 Million US$ to 8070.7 Million US$. That expenditure is the realization Military Industry Indonesia with North Korea and Russia. 143 The Indonesian military, which is undergoing a significant modernization, is also likely to be reinforced by the lastest Indonesian Force alusitas from Russia. this is maked by the cooperation between government of Indonesia and Russia in the procurement of Amrs Modernization for the future. 144 The Indonesian and Russia military cooperation agreement is a follow-up of the two countries' agreement that has been reached in the dialogue between President Joko Widodo with President Vladimir Putin on the sidelines of APEC meeting in 2014. 145 "We are currently modernizing our weapons systems so they are far superior to other European countries, so this military cooperation will further strengthen Indonesia's defense,"146 (Deputy Prime Minister of Russia)

Indonesia also assign agreement with South Korea. Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI), has signed an agreement with PT Dirgantara Indonesia to market its pro The two companies will expand their cooperation in passenger carriers, military aircraft and aerospace businesses -yong said in the statement.147 The agreement, which was inked at the 2016 Indo Defense Expo and Forum, will see the two firms joining forces to market aircraft in Southeast Asia, the Middle East and Africa, KAI said in a statement.

143Indonesia Military Expenditure 2014-2016 www.TradingEconomic.com.SIPRI Acess on 14 April 2017. 144 Indonesian Military Force Cooperate with Russia in Modernization Arms. http://www.militerindonesia.net/read/40/Militer_Indonesia_dan_Rusia_Kerjasama_Pengadaan_A lutsista_TNI Access on 15 April 2017. 145 Tantowi Yahya. Has Jokowi put ASEAN on the sidelines? http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/06/01/has-jokowi-put-asean-sidelines.html Access on 15 April 2017. 146 Formal Statement by Deputy Prime Minister of Rusia Dmitry Rogozin. Rusia dan Indonesia Jalin Kerjasama Militer.http://news.liputan6.com/read/836553/rusia-dan-indonesia-akan-jalin- kerjasama-militer. Access on 15 April 2017. 147 South Korea, Indonesia Sign Agreement to Market Aircraft Globally. https://brandinginasia.com/korea-indonesia/ Access on 15 April 2017.

Military budget and cost by Indonesia Government to improve maritime capacity in maintaining the stability and security of the territory. Besides that, to increase the power of defense in real terms, Indonesia possesses weapon system that makes it easier to carry our surveillance helping by modern military technology. That can be seen from table of Indonesia Weaponry System.

Table 6 Indonesia Weaponry System 2016

N Weapon Type Total

1 Nagabanda class st 3

2 Kcr 40 class fast attack missile 8 boat

3 Kcr 60 fast attack missile boat 3

4 40 meter patrol boat 16

5 Light frigate bung tomo Class 3

6 Sigma Corvette 4

7 LST 4

8 LPD 4

9 Research and Survey ship 2

1 P800 onyx 50

1 Cn 235 mpa 5

1 bell 412 mpa 6

1 Bmp3f 54

1 Vampire 122 mm arty rocket 8

1 Panther Asw helo 11

1 Cn 212 patrol aircraft 4

1 PKR Class light frigate 2

1 light aircraft trainer 8

CHAPTER IV THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INDONESIA MILITARY AND DIPLOMATIC ACTION IN RESPONDING CHINA'S ASSERTIVENESS IN THE NATUNA ISLAND

IV.1. Indonesia's Military Action in Responding China's Assertiveness in the Natuna Island

The assertiveness of China in the issue of the Natuna Island get intensive attention by Indonesia government especially by Jokowi as Indonesia President. Natuna is very important of Indonesia Territory cause the strategic position of that island as the outermost island of Indonesia. In other with declaration Maritime Axis Vision by President Joko Widodo make Natuna as the important aspect of Indonesia Incase the Protection of National Territory. China Action on Natuna Island, get protest by Indonesia Government.148

Indonesia has a concern with China drawing Natuna waters into their Exclusive Economic Zone related with South China Sea territorial dispute. As a matter of fact China tried to fish on Indonesia waters with trying to claim that Natuna is Chinese Traditional Fishing Ground.149 Indonesia Foreign Minister Retno Marsudi said Indonesia has never admitted claims of "Traditional Fishing Ground" by China. "Overlapping maritime boundaries can only be born if the base issued in accordance with UNCLOS and withdrawn from a base point, whereas, under UNCLOS rules,"150

The Chinese assertiveness on Natuna makes the spotlight attention by focus on case territorial dispute with China on Natuna Island. To anticipated the increasing intension on Indonesia water, Jokowi give command for intensive patrol around Natuna Island, "Natuna as the foremost island of Indonesia, I have ordered the Navy, Bakamla to Increase patrol and guard in the Natuna area".151

148 Steve Mollman, Indonesia confirmed it a short "Criminal" Chinese Illegal fishing boats nears its Natuna Islands. https://qz.com/711175/indonesia-confirms-it-shot-at-criminal-chinese-fishing- boats-near-its-Natuna-islands/ Access on 14 May 2017 149 Shanti Dewi, Menlu: Indonesia Tidak Pernah Akui "Traditional Fishing Ground" Tingkok. http://www.rappler.com/indonesia/137126-konflik-penembakan-nelayan-tiongkok-Natuna-tni-al. Acesss on 12 May 2017. 150 Formal Statement by Indonesia Foreign Minister Acesss on https://news.detik.com/berita/3240416/ini-arahan-jokowi-soal-Natuna-usai-rapat-di-kri-imam- bonjol Acess on 14 May 151 Formal Statement by President Jokowidodo http://www.Indonesia Presiden.go.id/2016/06/3- perintah-langsung-presiden-jokowi.html Accesss on 14 May 2017

Table 7 Indonesia Response Related China Assertiveness152

Catching China ship by Indonesia Coastal 19 March 2016 Guard

Drowning 7 Chinese ships entering the 23 April 2016 natuna waters

Calling the Chinese Embassy related to 4 August 2016 violation of Natuna waters

Jokowi Visiting Natuna First 10 September 2016

Indonesia President chaired a closed meeting 27 September 2016 at KRI Imam bonjol in order to increase patrol in Natuna

Protest Letter from Indonesia Ministry of 14 November 2016 Foreign Affairs on China Action in Natuna

In the other side, the declaration of Indonesia Maritime Axis by Indonesia President Joko Widodo, makes Indonesia must be more focus on handling of China Action on Natuna Island.153 Indonesia focused to increase the Military Power for

152 Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan Republik Indonesia http://kkp.go.id/category/kedaulatan/Table of Indonesia Responses toward China Asssertiveness on Natuna Island. 153 accessed at .

62 the protection of Natuna Island. From the perspective of Indonesia, the unilateral action by China to fishing and entering the territory of Indonesia without permission to get a response from the Indonesian Military is illegal.154As the realization of Indonesia Security Intensity on point National Territorial Protection, Indonesian National Forced focus on development of ALUSITAS, in order to raise the capability of technology can be supporting the effectiveness of Indonesia Security Aspect. In this case, Indonesian Government already make the contract with Russia. This confirmed by Indonesian President Statement, "I and President Putin agreed to strengthen cooperation in the field of defense. We also discussed cooperation in the field of technology transfer, joint production, education and training," said Jokowi.155

Other than capability Alusista for Protection Natuna Island, Indonesian Government under the command of President Joko Widodo, with coordination Ministry of Defense and Indonesian Forced, release Military Training in Tanjung Datuk, Natuna Islands. The Combat exercise involved at least 5,900 soldiers and a variety of key weapon system from the Army, Navy, and Air Force.

Table 8 Indonesia Navy Forced Tools use on Military Training156

Tool Name Numbers

Astro Rocket Calibus 15 Units

Cesar 155 Cannon 6 Units

154 Immanudin Razak, Chinese Coast Guard Incident and question for Indonesia sovereignty. https://www.pressreader.com/indonesia/the-jakarta-post/20160328/281556584957912 Accesss on 14 may 2017 155Formal Statement by Indonesian President Jokowidodo http://Presiden.go.id.html Accesss on 14 May 2017 156 BAKAMLA, rekapitulasi kekuatan peralatan angkatan laut indonesia http://bakamla.go.id/home/Indonesia Navy Tools

Meriam 76 6 Units

Giant Bow Arhanud 9 Units

MI 17 helicopters 2 Units

helicopters of MI 35 2 Units

Bell 412 helicopters 10 Units

Leopard MB 10 Units

Recovery Tank unit 18 Units

Tank Avlb 20 Units

Tank Marder 14 Units

Anoa Mo Panzer 3 Units

Table edited by Author

TNI AD deployed 15 units Astro Rocket Calibus, Six units of Cesar 155 Cannon, Six units of Meriam 76, nine units of Giant Bow Arhanud, Two Giant Bow Arhanud, Two helicopter of MI 35, 10 units of Bell 412 helicopters, 18 units of Leopard MBT and One Recovery Tank unit. One unit Tank Avlb, twenty units of MI 13, 14 units of Tank Marder, 10 Sea Riders, three units of Anoa Mo panzer, One Unit of Anoa ko Panzer, 10 Jet Ski Units, and two fast Motor Vessel.157

157 Whisnunugroho Akbar, Sebanyak 23 Gubernur Latihan Ala Militer di Natuna http://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20170519172148-20-216025/sebanyak-23-gubernur- latihan-ala-militer-di-Natuna/ Access on 14 May 2017

Table 9 Indonesia Navy Forced Tools use on Military Training158

Tools Name Numbers

KRI of the Sigma Class 1 unit

KRI of the LPD Class 1 unit

KRI Class Parchim 1 unit

Sea Riders 4 units

BMP3F Amphibious Tanks 5 units

BTR50 M. Amphibious 8 units Pansers

Indonesian Navy deployed one KRI of the Sigma Class, one KRI of the LPD Class Parchim, four sea Riders, five BMP3f Amphibious Tanks, and eight BTR50 M. Amphibious Pancers for Military Training on Natuna Island.159

Table 10 Indonesia Air Forced tools used on Military Training on Natuna160

Tools Name Numbers

FLT PTTA 1 Unit

158 Table Edited by Author BAKAMLA, Indonesia MIlitary ToolsTraining on Natuna 2016 http://bakamla.go.id/home/rekap_bulanan

159ibid. 160 Table Edited by Author BAKAMLA, Indonesia MIlitary ToolsTraining on Natuna 2016 http://bakamla.go.id/home/rekap_bulanan

FLT BTU 4 Units

C-130 aircraft 4 Units

CN-295 aircraft 9 Units

Standby Sar FLT Helicopter 1 Unit

While the Indonesian Air Force deployed one FLT PTTA (Skd 51 SPo), four FLT BTU, Four FLT SULs, Nine C-130 aircraft, two CN-295 aircraft, one Standby Sar FLT helicopter.161 The President argued, that the Military Training by Indonesian Forces has a purpose to showed solidarity and preparation in anticipate in case of National Security. As he said, "This is showed the preparation of Indonesian Armed Forces in case National Territory Protection".162

4.1.1. Indonesia Joint Military Exercise in the Natuna Island.

The Increasing Intensity in South China Sea and also related to territorial Sovereignty violation by China on Natuna, which caused the Indonesia Government to more focus on territory protection.163 In the case of that Indonesian Government sent armed forces to protect Natuna Island from illegal fishing and boats from entering Indonesian territory illegally. Related with that, Indonesia Government cooperated with other state to do joint Military Exercise in the Natuna Island. This is also in part, to maintain sovereignty with an average region consist by the sea is

161ibid. 162 BBC Indonesia, Latihan Puncak TNI AU. http://www.bbc.com/indonesia/berita_indonesia/2016/10/161004_indonesia_latihan_Natuna Access on 14 may 2017. 163 Aidan Quigley, Why Indonesia fired n chinese fishing boats in south china sea. http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Global-News/2016/0620/Why-Indonesia-fired-on-Chinese- fishing-boats-in-South-China-Sea Access on 17 May 2017

66 very necessary cooperation between Indonesia and Foreign Countries in other to strengthen the security system and facilitate the patrol.164

Military cooperation is the one of prominent features of the Indonesian and United States relationship. One of the routine military cooperation between Indonesia and United States is the Maritime Equalization and Training. This is the annual exercise of the United States Military and the Indonesian National Army. Indonesian Navy forces Joint Military Exercise with United States Navy Forces in Batam, located 300 mil from Natuna Island.

This cooperation has a purpose to sharing the military between Indonesia and United states and as the reinforcement by Indonesian Government to showing military attitude as the owner of Natuna Island.165 The military exercises include 88 military personnel by using of surveillance and patrol aircraft, such as the Orion P- 3 Air Craft, which can detect ship on surfaces and submarines. "The strength of combat will be held in Natuna and Aceh to guard against possible attacks from the north," said Marshal Agus Dwi Putranto, Commander of Air Force Command I.166

The United States ambassador for Indonesia, Joseph Donovan, said:"The exercise was conducted as a commitment to strengthen military cooperation between Indonesia and United States". 167 The military training was a part of exercise between Indonesia and United States that has been running since 2009, known as the Garuda Shield mission. Garuda Shield is a two weeks joint military activity between Indonesian and United States with the aim of enhancing the

164Antara NewsIndonesia US working together to maintain peace and stability in south china sea. http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/110570/indonesia-us-working-together-to-maintain-peace- stability-in-south-china-sea Access on 17 may 2017 165 VOA, Indonesia lancarkan latihan militer rutin dengan Amerika di Laut Cina Selatan. www.voaindonesia.com/a/indonesia-incar-latihan-militer-rutin-dengan-as-di-laut-china- selatan/2716783.html Access on 14 may 2017. 166 CNN Indonesia, Manuver TNI bentengi Pertahanan Natunahttp://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20151004161227-20-82688/manuver-tni-bentengi- Natuna-di-tepi-laut-sengketa/ Accesss on 14 may 2017. 167 Riva Dessthania, Latihan Miter Gabungan, AS Terjunkan Heli Apache. http://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20170411173202-106-206784/latihan-militer- gabungan-as-terjunkan-heli-apache/ Access on 14 May 2017.

67 capabilities of the war of the two countries, not only the capability of war, this joint exercise is also important to strengthen the military coordination of both countries, in the face of not only military threat but also natural disasters in the region.168

Other than that Indonesia Air Forces and United States corps marine conducts military exercise in Manado that joint training has a term as Cope West. Cope West is a war game sponsored by Pacific Air Force and will conduct tactical combat exercises involving Indonesian Air Force and United States Air Force.169 The exercises is designed to improve interoperability between the United States and Indonesia, enabling technical exchange related to joint air operations specific to the United States and Indonesia Aircraft. This exercise also promotes cooperation and unity of purpose. Six United States Marine F-18 corps and Six F-16 Indonesia Air Force participate in this joint exercise."The US-Indonesia defense cooperation has never been stronger or more comprehensive than it is today, and we are proud to be Indonesia's defense partner in joint training and other engagements," Head of US Air Forces Brian Mc Feeters.170

4.1.2. Indonesia Navy Patrol in the Natuna Island.

The weak security system that protects Indonesia's Maritime Territorial becomes the main factor of the problem. Evidence of the weakness of Indonesia's Marine Security System is until the time of writing, there is no evidence that Indonesia have developed a self-managed ship modern system.171 As an illustration,

168VIVA News, Indonesia dan Amerika membangun kepercayaan melalui latihan militer bersama. news.viva.co.id/news/read/890472-amerika-dan-ri-bangun-kepercayaan-dengan-latihan-militer Access on 14 may 2017. 169 Berlianto, TNI-AU and Marinir AS Gelar Latihan Bersama https://international.sindonews.com/read/1151845/40/tni-au-marinir-as-gelar-latihan-bersama-di- manado-1477993200 Access on 17 May 2017. 170 Formal Statement by Head of United States Air Force Brian McFeetershttps://international.sindonews.com/read/1151845/40/tni-au-marinir-as-gelar-latihan- bersama-di-manado-1477993200 Access on 17 May 2017. 171 Global Indonesian Voices. Indonesia to Build Military base in Natuna http://www.globalindonesianvoices.com/26744/indonesia-to-build-military-base-in-natuna/ Access on 17 May 2017

68 if a ship passes through the Strait of Malacca, which in part enters the sea lanes of the western Indonesia archipelago, the controlling radar to spy that are in Changi, Singapore, and Automatically accessible in Tokyo to San Francisco.172

Table 11 Data Index Ship Entering Indonesia Water Period 28 September 2016173

The Indonesian government responds the intensity of violations committed by Chinese fishermen in the area of the Exclusive Economic Zone in the Natuna

172 Jakarta Globe. Defense Development key Natuna island by President Jokowi http://jakartaglobe.id/news/defense-development-key-natuna-islands-jokowi/ Access on 17 May 2017 173 Data Index Ship Entering Indonesia Water Period 28 September 2016 Badan Keamanan Laut Republik Indonesia http://bakamla.go.id/home/rekap_bulanan Access on 21 May 2017

Island, Riau Islands, by increasing patrols. Based on Table Picture by Bakamla, Natuna become the fourth number the biggest lane ship entering Indonesia waters. Thus points to the explanation why Natuna is the one of important sea lane as a part of Indonesia maritime territory.

Since President Joko Widodo planned to put Indonesia as a Global Maritime Axis, which includes attention to the reduction of conflicts between countries in the South China Sea through "international peace efforts". Indonesia Army, Navy, and Air Forces has developed a formula to strengthen the defense in Natuna Island. After the incident between Chinese Fishing Boat escorted by China's Coast Guard and KRI Imam Bonjol-383, the Indonesia Navy from the western fleet command began to increase patrols in the waters of Natuna, Riau Islands. This action reinforced with statement by Indonesia Commander of Western Fleet Command Area, This is considering where the Natuna is an important role as the territory of Indonesia. "President Jokowi is very concerned about the illegal fishing event yesterday, and to further strengthen our presence in Natuna, then he agreed that the need to make a sea base that is much closer to the waters of Natuna"174

The Indonesian military added at least one battalion to strengthen the existing naval base in Natuna. The Army, which deploys 800 soldiers in Natuna, and added up to 2,000 in 2016.175 The air defense sector also deployed radar on several parts of the island to conduct 24-hour surveillance operations. For the increasing intensity of patrol, Indonesian NAVY already has coordination with BAKAMLA.176 "From personnel aspect, it can be adapted with number of items.

174 Formal Statement by Indonesia Commander of Western Fleet Indonesia Arm Force Strade Maritime News. Coordination urged between Indonesian Maritime agency and Navyhttp://www.seatrade-maritime.com/news/asia/better-coordination-urged-between indonesian- maritime-security-agency-and-navy.html Access on 17 May 2017 175 Tulika Bhatnagar, Indonesia added Millitary soldier in Natuna http://www.bbc.com/indonesia/dunia/2015/12/151230_dunia_indonesia_Natuna Access on 17 May 2017. 176 Strade Maritime News. Coordination urged between Indonesian Maritime agency and Navyhttp://www.seatrade-maritime.com/news/asia/better-coordination-urged-between- indonesian-maritime-security-agency-and-navy.html Access on 17 May 2017

But from aspect of facilities is still minimum, that must be increasing the number of BAKAMLA ship patrol".177

As a strict law enforcement action on the protection of Natuna against violations of foreign countries, Indonesian Navy not reluctant to crack down on foreign ships that violate Indonesian National Territorial Waters."As a strict law enforcement action on the protection of Natuna against violations of foreign countries," statement by Head of Naval Information Office Colonel Edi Sucipto.178

The task, function, and authority of Bakamla (Indonesia Coast Guard) are to conduct security and safety patrols in the territorial waters of Indonesia and the jurisdiction of Indonesia (Article 61/ Perpres No 178/2014). In carrying out its duties, Bakamla organizes functions such as organizing early warning system, synergizing, monitoring and technical support and operational implementation of marine patrol by related institutions (Article 62/ Perpres No 178/2014/ letter d and e) and in carrying out its duties and functions, Bakamla is authorized to conduct and immediate pursuit, dismiss, examine, capture, carry and deliver vessels to relevant agencies, and integrated information system systems within a single command and control (Article 63/Perpres No 178/2014).179

To support the effectiveness of Bakamla, there needs to be a good level of coordination with Bakamla and the relevant agencies to establish Defense and Security patrol. This includes the means related to transfer personnel, facilities, and infrastructure to Bakamla; Equipment of heavy and light weapons; Integrated in a unity command and control Bakamla. Other than that, this also includes security patrol and safety, covering patrols throughout the year, and patrols bilaterally and

177 Formal statement by Head of BAKAMLA on Natuna http://maritimnews.com/bakamla-ri- perbarui-perjanjian-kerjasama-peningkatan-keamanan-perairan-Natuna/ Access on 21 May 2017 178SEKERTARIS KABINET REPUBLIK INDONESIA http://setkab.go.id/inilah-pepres-no-1782014- tentang-pembentukan-badan-keamanan-laut/ Access on 21 May 2017. 179Perpres No 178/2014 about function and role of BAKAMLA

71 multilaterally with other countries or International agencies concerned security patrols throughout the year are conducted under a security patrol plan.180

Bakamla's role in realize Indonesia as the World Maritime Axis would be to support the security and law enforcement in the territorial waters and jurisdictions of Indonesia that are effective, efficient and responsive. Thus, in Indonesia there will be only two agencies that conduct security and safety patrols in Indonesia waters, the Indonesia Navy in Defense sector and Bakamla Republic Indonesia in the field of marine safety and security in Indonesia.181

180 Maritime News. Bakamla Republik Indonesia Perbarui Perjanjian Kerjasama Peningkatan Keamanan Perairan Natunahttp://maritimnews.com/bakamla-ri-perbarui-perjanjian-kerjasama- peningkatan-keamanan-perairan-Natuna/ Access on 21 May 2017 181 Kompasiana, Keberadaan Bakmla lebih efektif dan efiesienkan patroli keamanan dan keselamatan laut Indonesia. http://www.kompasiana.com/ik2mi/keberadaan-bakamla-lebih-efektif- dan-efisienkan-patroli-keamanan-dan-keselamatan-laut-di- indonesia_552c27556ea834c4718b45a4 Accesss on 21 May 2017

Figure 10 Map of Dangerous Maritime Territory in Indonesia182

Based on Map by Bakamla period 2016/April about Dangerous lane in Indonesia waters, the potential threat for Natuna island is more specifically is from illegal fishing and damage to the ecosystem. Because of that the intensive patrol is more important for protection of Indonesia water from the threat based on Bakamla analysis. There are 10 points depicted on the Map point of vulnerability of Indonesian waters associated with fishing illegally and 1 point that has potential related to oil exploitation that can damage marine ecosystem.The10 points became

182 BAKAMLA, Peta Kerawanan keamanan laut Indonesia 2016 http://bakamla.go.id/home/Peta_Kerawanan_Keamanan_Laut_Indoneisa

73 the benchmark of Indonesia waters security patrol as a form of supporting Indonesia's vision as a world maritime axis. 183

Based on a Bakamla patrol in cooperation with Indonesia Navy under the command of Marine and Fishery resources Minister, Susi Pudji Astuti, a total of 5 foreign ship are known are doing fishing in Natuna waters located in the South China Sea. 184 The illegal action was then stopped by a fishery control team operating around the Fisheries Catching Area of the Republic of Indonesia. There are two fishing vessels, namely Supervisor boat Orca 02 and Hiu 12 who carry out the security action. KP Orca 2 did it on 11 November at 06.00 am, precisely at coordinate 06. 269795'N - 170, 34.329' E. All such ship were captured, as they were known to carry out unlicensed fishing, as well as using banned fishing gear and damaging marine and fishery resources.

As the Economic impact generated as a result of patrol conducted in Indonesia Maritime Security can be seen based on graph table which is presented by the Minister of Fisheries and Marine Indonesia.

183Badan Keamanan Laut Republik Indonesia. http://bakamla.go.id/home/rekap_bulanan Access on 22 May 2017. 184. Harian Terbit. Menteri Susi: Pemngamanan 715 Kapal Asing di Indonesia Harus Dilumpuhkan http://nasional.harianterbit.com/nasional/2016/01/11/52962/0/25/Menteri-Susi-Pengamanan-715- Kapal-Eks-Asing-di-Indonesia-Harus-Dilumpuhkan.

Figure 11Chart of Indonesia Percentage of Fisheries Sector185

Based on Picture 4.2. About Indonesia Fisheries Sector, By the end of 2015, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the fishery sector reached Rp. 267.75 trillion, an increase of 8.4 percent compared to 2014 which was valued at Rp.247 trillion. The GDP growth of fisheries is much higher than national GDP of 4.79 percent. GDP growth in the fisheries sector in 2015 is the highest in the last five years.186

4.2. Indonesia's Diplomatic Action in Responding China's Assertiveness in the Natuna Island.

ording to the

Exclusive Economic Zone.

185 Indonesia-Investment Pertumbuhan Sektor Perikanan Indonesia Melampaui Pertumbuhan Ekonomi https://www.indonesia-investments.com/id/berita/berita-hari-ini/pertumbuhan-sektor- perikanan-indonesia-melampaui-pertumbuhan-ekonomi/item6324 Access on 22 May 2017 186 Muhammad Fadjar Marta. Perkembangan Produk Domestik Bruto Sektor Perikanan http://bisniskeuangan.kompas.com/read/2016/09/21/070703026/menteri.susi.dan.perlawanannya Access on 22 May 2017.

"The Nine point lines that have been claimed by China and signify their maritime borders have no International legal basis,"187 Indonesia Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Indonesia has objected to the nine points in 2009 to the United Nations Containment Landscape Commission (UN). Meanwhile, Indonesia-China are still in relatively good terms in the South China Sea issue, compared to the dispute that feels between China-Vietnam and China-Philippines.188 As a form of response from the Indonesian Government to the assertive of China in Natuna not only in term of the Indonesia increasing the military patrol to protect Natuna Island, Indonesia government also took the diplomacy path that was done to give response to the action of China in Natuna.

Certainly in this diplomatic response, Indonesia tries to provide deterrent effect to China through direct visit of President Joko Widodo in Natuna Island. Other than that the Indonesian government under the control of Indonesian Ministry of Foreign Affairs sent a direct protest to the guard ship of the Chinese government against territorial violations committed by Chinese vessels entering waters without permission.189

4.2.1. Indonesia Deterrence Effect to China: Jokowi's Visit in the Natuna Island

After the increasing intension between Indonesia Coast Guard and Chinese fishermen boats, the breakthrough and theft of fish in the Natuna Island area, was the third event conducted by Chinese vessels in Indonesian waters. Indonesia

187 Republika, Presiden: Pertahankan Kedaulatan RI di Natuna http://www.republika.co.id/berita/koran/halaman-1/16/06/21/o93y078-presiden pertahankan- kedaulatan-ri-di-Natuna Access on 22 May 2017 188 Marine Link. Indonesian Navy. https://www.marinelink.com/news/maritime/indonesian-navy Access on 22 May 2017 189 BBC Indonesia. Menteri Luar Negeri Indonesia Protes Terhadap Aksi China di Perairan Indonesia. http://www.bbc.com/indonesia/berita_indonesia/2016/03/160321_indonesia_kemlu_kapal_cina Access on 21 May 2017

National Army captured the Chinese-flagged vessel Han Tan Cou 19038, along with seven crew members.

The ship was one of 12 ships that stole fish in the Natuna area. In this incident Beijing actually accused the Indonesian authorities of shooting so that a Chinese Fisherman was injured. Indonesian Navy forces strongly denied shootings instead of Chinese fishing boats desperate to crash themselves and Chinese coast guard boats provoked.190

Vice President of The Republic of Indonesia Jusuf Kalla said Indonesia would send a message to Beijing asking China to respect the sovereignty of the country in Southeast Asia over the territorial waters of the Natuna Islands. "We will remain firm (on sovereignty of Indonesia territory in South China Sea), statement by Jusuf Kalla at the Vice Presidential Office.191

The president of the Republic of Indonesia immediately responded to the incident. President Joko Widodo leads a limited meeting on board the KRI Imam Bonjol warship on the Natuna Islands.President Jokowi was accompanied by TNI Commander General Gatot Nurmantyo, Coordinating Minister for Political, Legal and Security Affairs Luhut Binsar, Pandjaitan, Foreign Minister Retno Marsudi, Minister of Finance KKP Susi Pudjiastuti, Menseskab Pramono Anung, Minister of EMR Sudirman Said and Head of Bappenas Sofyan Djalil.192

The KRI Imam Bonjol boots are the vessels used at the time of the ambush of the illegal Chinese vessels entering Indonesian waters. The visiting of President Joko Widodo on the Natuna by Using Navy warship, is said to be a firm gesture to China, especially about Indonesia's attitude towards Natuna. Indonesia did not mess

190 .Republika. Presiden: Pertahankan Kedaulatan RI di Natuna http://www.republika.co.id/berita/koran/halaman-1/16/06/21/o93y078-presiden-pertahankan- kedaulatan-ri-di-Natuna Access on 25 May 2017 191 Formal Statememnt by Indonesian Vice President at Vice President Office.tribunnews.com/2016/06/24/kunjungan-jokowi-ke-Natuna-adalah-sinyal-tegas-untuk- tiongkok Access on 27 May 2017 192 Lensa Berita. Rapat DiNatuna Jokowi Tegaskan Kedaulatam Indonesia http://www.lensaberita.net/2016/06/rapat-di-kri-imam-bonjol-jokowi.html Access on 21 May 2017.

77 with the territorial issues, Cabinet secretary said "Natuna is Indonesia's territory. final 193 from the State Palace explained that President Jokowi also held a Cabinet meeting on warship Imam Bonjol. In addition, Indonesian forces sent 5 warship to Natuna in anticipated the President similarity.

Aboard the KRI Imam Bonjol, Jokowi stated the plan will divert the Indonesia fisherman who go to sea in the waters of Java because it is considered to exceed capacity, and helping them to harvest fish more equally spread throughout the potential hotspots, while also being guaranteed safety. 194 The president explained that plan for the effectiveness of Indonesia Marine sources exploited by foreign fisherman.195And President Jokowi requested that Bakamla and Indonesia Navy to improve the guarding of Natuna for to establish a structure that can be possible protect the full use of Natuna from foreign ship who entering Indonesia waters without permissions.

President Joko Widodo and TNI Commander General Gatot Nurmayanto also come to the Natuna to attend Military Exercise the Indonesia National Army reaction Quick Counter (PPRC). The Exercise involved 5,899 personnel aimed at cracking down on separatist movement. In addition, the exercises also use hundreds of major weapon system tolls (ALUSISTA).196 The PPRC training begins with air war simulations, skydiving, tank attacks and evacuation simulations. In the final exercise air force paid tribute to President Jokowi using and F-16 jet fighter.197

193 Formal statement by cabinet secretary of republic Indonesia Pramono Anung. tribunnews.com/2016/06/24/kunjungan-jokowi-ke-Natuna-adalah-sinyal-tegas-untuk-tiongkok Access on 27 may 2017. 194 -spells-out-vision-indonesia. Access on 22 May 2017 195 BBC Indonesia. Rapat di Natuna President meminta penjagaan di Natuna di tingkatkan http://www.bbc.com/indonesia/berita_indonesia/2016/06/160623_indonesian_jokowi_Natuna_has il Access on 27 May 2017. 196 The Jakarta Post. National Scence military training natuna regular http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/10/06/national-scene-military-training-natuna regular. html Access on 27 May 2017 197 Bagus Prihantoro Jokowi Saksikan Latihan Perang TNI di Natuna https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3505559/jokowi-saksikan-latihan-perang-tni-di-Natuna Access on 27 May 2017.

mediain the world. Time Magazine through the published an article that argued that the Indonesia President Visit the Natuna Islands to was to send a Strong Signal to a decisive action against anyone who dares to disturb Indonesia's territorial sovereignty.198

4.2.2. Indonesia Diplomatic Communication with PRC towards Tensions in Natuna Island

So far, there has been no talks to set the EEZ line between Indonesia and China in Natuna waters. This is due to China itself with other ASEAN countries claiming sovereignty in the region South China Sea didn't reached an agreement. But Indonesia continues to make diplomatic effort with China to South China Sea dispute does not extend to the territory of Indonesia sovereignty in Natuna Island.199After the occurrence of incidents between the Indonesian coast guard and the Chinese fishing boat which ended in the shooting of Chinese vessels by Indonesia. The Indonesia Government sent a protest to the government regarding the abuses committed by Chinese fisherman in Indonesian waters.200

Significantly the Government is under the power of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Indonesia, calling the Chinese Embassy in Indonesia. In that communication, Indonesian government sent a protest against the Chinese government related to the ship's incident in Natuna. Based on the statement of

198Kvenvolden, K.A, 1998, A primer onThe Geological Occurrence of Gas Hydrate, in Henriet, J.P., and Mienert, J., eds., Gas hydrates: relevance to world margin stability and climate change, 199Oegroseno, Arif Havas, 2009, Status Hukum Pulau-Pulau Terluar Indonesia, Jurnal Hukum Internasional (Journal of International Law) Volume 6 Nomor 3, Jakarta: DIKTI Access on 27 May 2017 200 Konflik dan Solusi Laut China Selatan dan Dampaknya Bagi Ketahanan Nasional, http://www.lemhannas.go.id, access on 27 May 2017.

Indonesian foreign minister there are several point which become the discussion on diplomatic communication between Indonesia and China.201

The first point in other to save illegal fishing boats of China who entering the Natuna Sea, the coast guard of the Chinese government is desperate to break through the Indonesian border. Not, only that, they also crashed and forcibly pulled a ship that had just arrested a joint operation of the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries with the Navy. Government data show that the coordinates of the Kway Fey fishing boats are in the Exclusives Economic Zone (ZEE) of Indonesia, withdrawn from the banks of Natuna, in accordance with United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982.

The Chinese Ambassador in charge, Sun Weide, gave a response to the Statement of Minister Susi. He believes the fish thieves are operating legally in China Sea territory. Beijing runs a maritime doctrine that claims more than 80 percent of the South China Sea region as the territory of their country, approaching the Natuna Islands. This doctrine also makes the PRC in dispute with Vietnam, the Philippines, and Taiwan, over some resource-rich islands in the South China Sea. "The scene is in Chinese traditional fishing waters, Chinese fishing vessels chased by Indonesian armed vessels operating normally," 202 Statement by Chinese Ambassador in Indonesia.

China is convinced that the Kway Fey ship that Indonesia captured was still within their own waters during the capture. Because of that view, The Chinese Embassy demanded that the eight crew members of the fishing thief ship be released immediately. If the Indonesian government lingered to arrest the Chinese fisherman, the Jakarta-Beijing relationship is feared to stretch.203

201 Leo Suryadinata, Evi Nurvidya Arifin, Aris Anan; Indonesia's Population: Ethnicity and Religionin a Changing Political Landscape, 2003, p.146 202 - original text: Hal itu sudah dianggap selesai dan dianggap kesalahan) 203

"We are asking the fisherman to be released by the Indonesian government, I stressed that the Chinese government expects the Indonesian side to address this incident while maintaining good bilateral relations between the two countries" Statement by China Ambassador Weide204

Weide claimed to have communicated the suit to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as well as the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (KKP) who become the executor of the arrest in the field. Minister of Marine Affair and Fisheries rejects the Chinese demands. "I explain to the Embassy representative of China, we will process according to the shipping rules in China, and will be following international rules.205

The other Indonesian Ministry of Foreign Affairs tell Chinese Embassy about, there are two types of violations committed by China Ship action on Natuna Island. The first is a violation of China's coast guard against the sovereign rights and jurisdiction of Indonesia in the territory of the Exclusive Economic Zone (ZEE) and the contingent landing. The second violation was the Chinese ship's efforts to prevent the Indonesian law enforcement apparatus in investigating the issue properly.

Chinese Ambassador, Sun Weide, claimed that incident undermined good its sovereignty and economic rights in Natuna, protected by International legal principles including UNCLOS 1982. Based on that communication, China Ambassador Sun Weide admitted that similar incident could recur in the future. He promised China would be ready to negotiate in international level with Indonesia so that the boundaries and the EEZ of Natuna Island can be mapped clearly.

2016. 204 Probably he meant 205 -

After Communication between the Minister of Foreign Affairs and China Embassy reap an agreement where, China Government will respect the boundary of Indonesia Maritime Law. Furthermore, if similar things happen then China Government will pursue the way of negotiation with Indonesia Government. like China Embassy statement on dialogue in Indonesian Ministry of Foreign Affairs office "To respond to any kind of maritime dispute, the Chinese government is ready to work with the Indonesian government to resolve it through negotiation and dialogue," Weide said.206

The military and diplomatic action by the Indonesian government was acted out to response the interaction between the Chinese and Indonesian government. The implementation of policy themselves can be said to give a sense of assertion to have yet to provide a concrete solution for China-Indonesia bilateral relations, especially for the South China Sea Dispute around Natuna, but it certainly developed a discussion between the two parties, and the determination of

206 -16 March 30, 2016, accessed at .

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

The rise of Jokowi as the President of the Republic of Indonesia in 2014, a wide range of issues have been introduced, along with his campaign promises and vision for the development of Indonesia. One key vision that Jokowi himself has . Joko Widodo administration already achieve the massive amounts of resources, human capacity, and also tradition as The realization of global maritime fulcrum vision and Indonesia pay more attention to the dispute of territories involving Indonesia, such as the South China Sea. In this Thesis, the writer have elaborated the Indonesian territory surrounding the Natuna Islands, Riau Islands on the Northwestern part of Indonesia. The Government of Indonesia has been strengthened with building adequate military capacity to maintain the sovereignty of Indonesia over the Natuna Islands. This becomes one of the elaborations of analysis that the author has put in this thesis. this is one proof that the performance of the Indonesian government in building military strength to realize the vision of Indonesia as Global Maritime Fulcrum. Based on the effectiveness and potential of marine owned by Indonesia.

interest. Indonesia is having an interest to become a leading figure in the region. The economic values of the Natuna Islands in the South China Sea dispute can be seen as a direct issue. With the massive amounts of recorded resources and potential sources, Indonesia seeks to assert its control over the natural resources surrounding the Natuna Islands. One of the key aspects that is a concern for the Jokowi Administration is the case of Illegal fishing by foreign fishermen that seeks opportunities to harvest fishes surrounding the Natuna Islands. Fishermen from Thailand, Vietnam, and also China have been caught, and persecuted for their illegal activities.

The Islands of Natuna is not technically included within the nine dash line claims by China, but the potential effects of it could potentially challenge own. Especially with the dispute not yet reaching a clear resolve between the parties, and the potential loss that Indonesia could have, the Government of ught methods to strengthen the sovereignty claims of the Natuna Islands. The methods goes in line with the aforementioned global maritime fulcrum, which is one of the goals of the policies set by the Jokowi Administration. The Indonesian Government released the six principles of Indonesia Policy of Maritime Development, in order to set the included supporting the local capacity and knowledge around the maritime sector, and seeking a sustainable implementation for the stakeholders to implement and cooperate. Furthermore, Indonesia also developed their military capacity as a part to realize the global maritime fulcrum. Indonesia steadily increased the amount of defense expenditure from 2014 until 2016, with also maintaining the military forces. In addition, the weaponry systems for the military also sought a development with purchases of new equipment to support the patrol and protection

In the im its sovereignty over the Natuna Islands, as well as the vision to become the global maritime fulcrum, the Administration of Jokowi introduced several policies. These policies became the realization of how the Indonesian government would seek the continuous development of the maritime sector, in order to reach its goals. There are two aspects implementation that the writer outlined to be the approach by the Indonesian government as the response to the South China Sea tensions in the Natuna Islands against China, involving the military approach, and the other being the diplomatic approach. The military approach in part was the strengthening of Indonesia military capabilities in the Natuna Islands, by developing military infrastructure and facilities, and also increasing the patrols surrounding the territory. This is also in part to monitor the activity of illegal fishermen from foreign ic aspect involved

84 diplomatic relationship between the government of Indonesia and the Chinese. Throughout the tensions, Diplomatic relationship served as the medium to relay the message and intention of both states, and outlining the need for negotiations between Indonesia and China to discuss the maritime borders.

Overall, the writer concludes the decisions by the Jokowi government to assert the sovereignty over the Indonesian territory in the Natuna Islands and the South China Sea dispute have take effect towards Indonesia-China bilateral relationship, and showed the commitment of Indonesia to protect its own interest and achieve their goal. Under the administration of Jokowi, the global maritime fulcrum is not merely a talking point, but a vision that Indonesia could achieve in the future, and protecting the integrity of the maritime territory is a key part into achieving that vision.

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