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Republic of Indonesia Fall 2018 US Naval War College Joint Maritime Operations students present their thoughts and approaches to tackle a pressing national security problem. Edited by CDR Nicholas A. Kristof, USN The views expressed in these papers reflect personal opinions of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the United States Naval War College, the United States Navy, the US State Department, USAID, any federal agency, the Department of Defense, or the US Government. Table of Contents True Believers: Religious Intolerance and Instability ................................................................... 1 William A. Adler, LTC, US Army Reassessing the US Freedom of Navigation Program in a Complex Competitive Environment . 13 Douglas Briller, US Department of State Countering Transnational Terrorism by Increasing Indonesian Special Operation Forces’ Capacity ............................................................................................................................ 25 Tiffany Chapman, LTC, US Army The Republic of Indonesia’s Maritime Strategy: Lofty Aspirations Without the Means to Achieve Them ................................................................................................................... 36 Joseph Girard, Capt., US Navy Breaking the Cycle of Escalation: A US Approach to Assisting with Counter-Terrorism and Creating an Avenue for Further Engagement ................................................................... 49 Ryan L. Hill, Lt Col, US Air Force Trade and Economic Development: Economic Symptoms to Problem Solving 2.0 .................... 63 John Hundley, Lt Col, US Air Force Employing Special Autonomy as a Deterrent to Separatism in West and East Kalimantan ........ 72 Colin K. Kennedy, Cmdr., US Navy Maritime Diplomacy: Countering China in the South China Sea................................................ 83 Jonathan Q. Kenney, LtCol, US Marine Corps Trust Us, We’re SOF? US Special Operations Forces are Key to Building Partner Capacity .... 94 Jeremy M. Komasz, Capt., US Navy President Trump Needs to Stop the Acts of Corruption in the Republic of Indonesia ............... 106 Chad A. Long, Cmdr., US Coast Guard Illegal Fishing in the South China Sea: Why a US–Indonesia Partnership on Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Fishing Complicates Matters for China............................................... 121 Louis M. McCray, Capt., US Navy BAKAMLA – The Future of Maritime Security ........................................................................ 134 Joseph McGettigan, Cmdr., US Navy Nature and Terror in the Sulu-Sulawesi Sea: Stopping the Next Pandemic .............................. 145 Kenneth L. Meyer, US Department of State Climate Change Impacts and Opportunities for Partnership ...................................................... 161 Christi S. Montgomery, Cmdr., US Navy The Islamic State and Its Challenge to Gain Support in the World’s Most Populous Muslim Nation .............................................................................................................................. 176 Jarrod P. Moreland, LTC, US Army The Indigenous Defense Industry: Opportunities for Partnership ............................................. 191 Raghu R. Nair, Capt., Indian Navy Cruising to a New Reality? The Republic of Indonesia’s Desire to Become a Global Maritime Fulcrum and the Challenges It Faces .............................................................................. 204 Richard J. Nowinski, LTC, US Army South China Sea versus North Natuna Sea: An Indirect Approach to Assist the Republic of Indonesia with Standing its Ground ................................................................................ 213 Nicholas C. Nuzzo, LtCol, US Marine Corps Intellectual Property Protection: Key to Accelerating Economic Growth................................. 226 Kristin Paulson Pusat Maritim: Gaining Long-Term Influence and Presence in Eastern Indonesia ................... 237 Andrew Rhodes One Partnership, Two Indonesias: Income Inequality as a Vulnerability in the INDOPACOM Partnership ...................................................................................................................... 258 Megan Rhodes, US Agency for International Development Continued US Partner or China’s Next Debt Diplomacy Victim? ............................................. 269 Nathan L. Rusin, Lt Col, US Air Force Seaport Rehabilitation: Key to Indonesian Success................................................................... 280 Donald J. Sandberg, Lt Col, US Air Force Money as the Weapon of Choice: A Case for US Foreign Direct Investment .......................... 291 Jesse Sjoberg, LtCol, US Marine Corps The North Natuna Sea: An Opportunity to Partner ................................................................... 305 Christopher W. Smith, US Department of State Radical Islam: Sharia Banking 4.0 and the Rise of an Indonesian Juggernaut .......................... 314 Steven W. Speares, Lt Col, US Air Force A Prescription for Greater US Engagement................................................................................ 326 Krista P. Sturbois, Capt., US Navy Terrorism and Transnational Organized Crime: Challenges and Solutions .............................. 337 Jason Yeatts, Col, US Air Force List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................................. 347 The US Naval War College’s Joint Maritime Operations (JMO) Department is tasked with educating military and civilian leaders in the arena of maritime warfare in order to support the joint force’s attainment of military objectives. This compendium represents the efforts of students in the JMO Department’s Senior Level Course 2019 Capstone event. This year’s Capstone focused on Indonesia and asked the student seminars to examine a complex problem: “How can US Indo-Pacific Command, in concert with other US instruments of power, engage with the Republic of Indonesia to address the growing tensions associated with excessive maritime claims and the resurgence of terrorist activity in Southeast Asia?” In preparation to form an operational planning group, each student selected an aspect of one of the instruments of national power: Diplomatic, Informational, Military, or Economic, through which to address this problem. Based upon their research, they produced a well-articulated article stating a clear thesis and defending their assertions to reach a conclusion with defined recommendations. The top articles are collected in this compendium. The value of writing is in the exertion of mental, and physical, effort in organizing thoughts into a cogent and thoughtful document. One of the objectives of the JMO Course is for the students to “...hone critical and creative thinking, especially the ability to develop and evaluate a range of potential solutions to ill-structured problems.” The student work that appears herein has achieved that objective. National security professionals have always faced a multitude of significant challenging and complex problems. Today is no different in the face of renewed great power competition, combined with existing operations in hot-spots around the world. Solving these problems requires national security professionals who are educated not only in history and national security issues but also in the use of the military instrument of power, specifically maritime power, to support the attainment of national objectives. I want to thank the efforts of the JMO faculty who dedicated many hours mentoring their students in writing these papers. I want to thank CDR Nick Kristof, USN for his tireless efforts in collecting and editing this volume. Finally, I want to thank the student authors themselves, who not only contributed to the body of academic knowledge but also challenged themselves to commit their ideas to writing and defended them. I am proudest of them, because they represent the next cohort of leaders who will tackle the coming complex problems in order to achieve the objective. Captain Edmund B. Hernandez, U.S. Navy Chairman, Joint Military Operations Department 19 March 2019 True Believers: Religious Intolerance and Instability William A. Adler, LTC, US Army Introduction Contemporary Indonesia represents a microcosm of the challenges that are reshaping the global security environment. The Republic of Indonesia (ROI) has a diverse multi-ethnic and multi-faith population with approximately 300 ethnic and linguistic groups, six officially recognized religions, and hundreds of variations in indigenous beliefs.1 The country’s 260 million inhabitants live across an archipelagic territory on 922 islands.2 Its increasing geopolitical relevance is owed in part to its role as a network of trade, cultures, and religions. The ROI’s experiment with constitutional democracy represents an ambitious attempt to build a unified vision of national identity on a foundation of ethnic and religious harmony. However, like other multi-ethnic and religiously-diverse states, the very attributes that give the country a vibrant and unique character also generate forces that can unleash disorder. The specter of the communal violence that occurred between Muslim and Christian neighbors in villages and cities across the Maluku Islands after the fall of the Suharto dictatorship haunts the ROI’s social, political, and economic progress.3 This conflict seemed to expose the idea of religious pluralism as a national
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