Australia's Counter-Terrorism

AUSTRALIA’S COUNTER-TERRORISM STRATEGY IN SUPPORTING INDONESIAN NATIONAL POLICE TO DEAL WITH TERRORISM IN INDONESIA (2002 – 2012)

By Brimoresa Wahyu Dhoran Dhoro 016201000016

A thesis presented to the Faculty of International Relations, Communication and Law President University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for Bachelor’s Degree in International Relations Major in Diplomacy Studies

2014 THESIS ADVISER RECOMMENDATION LETTER

This thesis entitled “Australia’s Counter-Terrorism Strategy in Supporting Indonesian National Police to Deal with Terrorism in Indonesia (2002 – 2012)” prepared and submitted by Brimoresa Wahyu Dhoran Dhoro in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor in Faculty of International Relations, Communication and Law has been reviewed and found to have satisfied the requirements for a thesis fit to be examined. I therefore recommend this thesis for Oral Defense.

Cikarang, Indonesia, February 2014

Prof. AnakAgung Banyu Perwita, Ph.D

DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY

I declare that this thesis, entitled “Australia’s Counter-Terrorism Strategy in Supporting Indonesian National Police to Deal with Terrorism in Indonesia (2002 – 2012)” is, to the best of my knowledge and belief, an original piece of work that has not been submitted, either in whole or in part, to another university to obtain a degree.

Cikarang, Indonesia, February 2014

Brimoresa Wahyu Dhoran Dhoro

PANEL OF EXAMINER APPROVAL SHEET

The Panel of Examiners declare that the thesis entitled “Australia’s Counter-Terrorism Strategy in Supporting Indonesian National Police to Deal with Terrorism in Indonesia (2002 – 2012)” that was submitted by Brimoresa Wahyu Dhoran Dhoro majoring in International Relations from the Faculty of International Relations, Communication, and Law was assessed and approved to have passed the Oral Examinations on 27 February 2014.

Hendra Manurung, SIP., MA. Chair – Panel of Examiners

Teuku Rezasyah, Ph. D. Examiner

Prof. Anak Agung Banyu Perwita, Ph. D. Adviser

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ABSTRACT

Title: Australia’s Counter-Terrorism Strategy in Supporting Indonesian National Police to Deal with Terrorism in Indonesia (2002 – 2012)

The threat of terrorism has spread in Southeast Asia as the bomb blast that rocked at Kuta, Bali on 2002 killed 202 people from domestic and international. The perpetrator of the explosion was Jemaah Islamiyah as the descendent of radical Islamic group, Darul Islam that born in Indonesia. To prevent the threat the government of Indonesia has taken steps forward to deal with terrorism by releasing terrorism act through the Indonesian Constitution and Indonesian National Police. Thus, Indonesian National Police creates Detachment 88/AT as a new division to deal with terrorism in Indonesia. However, the capability of Indonesian National Police in dealing with terrorism has not reached perfection.

Moreover, the bomb blasts that hit Indonesia had killed many foreign people including Australian. Since the location of Australia is as the border with Indonesia, in order to protect the country, the people and its interest from the threat of terrorism, the government of Australia has established Counter- Terrorism Strategy White Paper to show that Australia has taken a strong initiative to deal with terrorism. Therefore, since there have been Australian travelled to Indonesia for some purposes, in order to protect them, the government of Australia encourages Indonesian government to work closely in countering terrorism.

Thus, through this thesis, the author tries to show the reader that the Australia’s Counter-Terrorism Strategy has a role play in dealing with terrorism in Indonesia which is through the supports.

Keywords: Bilateral Relations, Counter-Terrorism, Strategy, Australia, Indonesia, Terrorism, Indonesian National Police, Detachment 88/AT

ABSTRAK

Ancaman terorisme telah tersebar di wilayah Asia Tenggara seperti ledakan bom yang terjadi di Kuta, Bali pada tahun 2002 yang telah menewaskan 202 orang termasuk warga Indonesia maupun mancanegara. Pelaku ledakan itu adalah Jemaah Islamiyah yang sebenarnya berasal dari kelompok Islam radikal, Darul Islam yang lahir di Indonesia. Untuk melindungi negara dari ancaman terorisme, Pemerintah Indonesia telah mengambil langkah maju untuk menangani terorisme dengan mengeluarkan kebijakan melalui Undang-Undang Dasar dimana mengarah kepada Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia sebagai institusi yang menangani kasus tersebut. Dengan demikian, Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia membentuk divisi baru yaitu Densus 88/AT sebagai divisi untuk menangani kasus terorisme di Indonesia. Namun, kemampuan Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia dalam menangani terorisme belum mencapai kesempurnaan.

Selain itu, ledakan bom yang melanda Indonesia telah membunuh banyak warga asing, termasuk warga Australia. Australia yang terletak berbatasan dengan Indonesia, untuk melindungi negara, rakyat dan kepentingan Australia dari ancaman terorisme, pemerintah Australia telah membentuk Counter-Terrorism Strategy White Paper untuk menunjukkan bahwa Australia telah mengambil inisiatif yang kuat untuk menangani serangan terorisme. Oleh karena itu, dikarenakan banyak warga Australia yang berkunjung ke Indonesia, untuk melindungi mereka, pemerintah Australia mengajak pemerintah Indonesia untuk bekerja sama dalam menangani kasus terorisme.

Dengan demikian, melalui penulisan tesis ini, penulis mencoba untuk menunjukkan pembaca bahwa Strategi Kontra-Terorisme Australia memiliki peran penting dalam menangani kasus terorisme di Indonesia dengan melalui dukungan-dukungan.

Kata kunci: Hubungan Bilateral, Counter-Terorisme, Strategi, Australia, Indonesia, Terorisme, Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia, Densus 88/AT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

“All praise is due to God (Allah SWT), the Lord of the World” Eventually, by finishing this thesis, I am completed as an Undergraduate Student from President University. This working of thesis will not complete without prayers, sacrifice, pain, support, intent, and spirit. This is a life of a student before entering a new life after graduation. Moreover, as Gorge Bernard Shaw says, Life isn't about finding yourself, Life is about creating yourself expresses that me as a human needs to seek of knowledge and be creative to get it. In order to get the lessons of life, as an empty glass, I need to be poured with water of knowledge. Therefore, the people around me who pour the water to make my glass full and my great gratitude are dedicated to them.

God as first and forever, Allah SWT, is the most powerful in giving me hand to fulfill these tasks of life, including getting Undergraduate Degree. God gives me strength to think and work in order. A warm love is also dedicated to my family, Istuti Andayani as my mother, Kombes Hapsoro Wahyu P, SH.MM.MH as my father, Dhoran Dhari and Jiwandhani as my sisters, Caranggono as my brother and especially my cousin, Sagung Chika Kertayuda and my best friend, Eko Pratama Saputra, who have been giving me support and sending their spirits and prays to boost myself to make everything done in proper.

Never miss a great gratitude to my dearest prody and such a great advisor of my thesis and study in President University, Mr. Anak Agung Banyu Perwita, who has been giving me great guidance and spirit to complete this thesis through his spirit, jokes and deadlines. Moreover, never forget a discussing, thinking, and sharing stories with my other great advisor, Ms. Isyana Adriani Arslan who has texted me asking to finish this thesis on time and getting excited when I was done with a part of the thesis.

I also would not able to open the door of life without any guidance from my lecturers in President University. Those are Mr. Teuku Rezasyah, Alm. H.E. Mr. Sulaiman Abdul Manan, H.E Mr. Makmur Widodo, Mr. Hendra Manurung, Mr Sigit and other lecturers in President University.

Special gratitude to be also dedicated to all my friends in President University, my major in International Relations, clubs such as PUMUN, ZM, Jaenong, Prime Dance. Those friends who are always behind me and support me to finish this thesis and accompany me to get this degree with joy, happiness, sadness, and laugh for 3.5 years are Bunga, Nurhayati, Monde, Isti, Muda, Nurul, Salim, Syifa, Manda, Randi, Zay, Ryan, Denisa, Garci, Wibi, Kairaff, Ekky, Icut, Virgi, Rezly, Isma, Denisa, Ayu, Meydi, Petty, Icha, Sheyla, Vernal, Alice, Alvin, Maul, Gandri, Azizi, Resa and many others including juniors such as Inggrid, Tasya, Dwi, Silva, Iqbal, Gilang, Pandu, Jody, Taris, Lulu.

Last but not the least, I would like to send gratitude to other people who has support me even to boost me finishing this thesis, they are including Mrs. Sri Hendawati, Mr. Rizal Arslan, Ms. Elyana, Ms. Nunki, Ms. Putri, Ms. Indri, Ms. Margie from Chevron, Anggi, Eka, Gandra, Fikri, Alifia, Galih, and others from StudentsxCEOs.

May God always bless and be upon you all.

Cikarang, 10 February 2014

Brimoresa Wahyu Dhoran Dhoro

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TABLE OF CONTENT

THESIS ADVISER ...... i RECOMMENDATION LETTER ...... i DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY ...... ii PANEL OF EXAMINER APPROVAL SHEET ...... iii ABSTRACT ...... iv ABSTRAK ...... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... vi TABLE OF CONTENT ...... viii LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES ...... xi LIST OF ACRONYMS ...... xii CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Background of Study ...... 1 1.2 Problem of Identification ...... 5 1.3 Statement of Problem ...... 8 1.4 Research Objectives ...... 9 1.5 Significance of Study ...... 10 1.6 Conceptual Framework ...... 10 1.6.1 The concept of Bilateral Relations ...... 10 1.6.2 The Concept of Strategy...... 11 1.7 Literature Review...... 14 1.8 Research Methodology ...... 20 1.8.1 Research Instruments ...... 20 1.9 Scope and Limitations of the Study Assumptions ...... 21 1.10 Thesis Outline ...... 21 CHAPTER 2 – TERRORISM IN INDONESIA: FACTS AND CAUSES ...... 24 2.1 Kartosoewirjo ...... 24 2.2 Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) ...... 26 2.3 Terrorist Incidents ...... 28

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2.3.1 Terrorism Activities during Megawati Administration (2001 – 2004) . 28 2.3.2 Terrorism Activities during SBY Administration I (2004 – 2009) ...... 35 2.3.3 Terrorism Activities during SBY Administration II (2009 – 2014) ..... 37 2.4 The Cause of terrorism in Indonesia ...... 39 CHAPTER 3 – SECURING AUSTRALIA: COUNTER-TERRORISM STRATEGY ...... 42 3.1 Australian Perception on Terrorism ...... 42 3.2 Analysis...... 44 3.2.1 The Capability of Intelligence ...... 44 3.2.2 Intelligence Partnership Internationally ...... 47 3.2.3 Open and Accountable of Intelligence ...... 48 3.3 Protection ...... 48 3.3.1 A Strong Border ...... 48 3.3.2 Aviation Security ...... 49 3.3.3 A Cooperative National Approach ...... 50 3.3.4 Protecting Infrastructure...... 51 3.3.5 Collaboration with the Community of Science and Innovation ...... 52 3.3.6 Working with International Counterparts ...... 52 3.4 Response ...... 54 3.4.1 A Firm of Legal Frameworks ...... 54 3.4.2 Legal Powers for Security Agencies and Law Enforcement ...... 55 3.4.3 A Firm and Coordinated of Law Enforcement ...... 55 3.4.4 State and Territory Counter-Terrorism Capabilities ...... 55 3.4.5 The Role of Defense...... 56 3.5 Resilience ...... 56 3.5.1 A Domestic Approach ...... 57 3.5.2 An International Approach ...... 57 3.6 Australia’s Strategy in Indonesia ...... 57 CHAPTER 4 – INDONESIA – AUSTRALIA COOPERATION IN COUNTER- TERRORISM ...... 59 4.1 Indonesian Efforts in Dealing with Terrorism ...... 59 4.1.1 Densus 88 Anti Terror ...... 61

4.2 Australia Faces Terrorism in Indonesia ...... 64 4.2.1 Australia’s Strategy ...... 66 4.3 Joint Cooperation between Indonesia and Australia ...... 69 4.3.1 TNCC: Transnational Crime Center ...... 70 4.3.2 JCLEC: Jakarta Center for Law Enforcement Center ...... 73 CHAPTER 5 – CONCLUSION ...... 81 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 83

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

Figure 1.1 Bomb Incidents in Indonesia ...... 4 Figure 1.2 Partnership Approach ...... 10 Figure 1.3 Thesis Outline ...... 22 Table 4.1 Bomb Attacks in Indonesia ...... 62-63 Figure 4.1 JCLEC Management Structure ...... 76 Figure 4.2 Indonesian Participants in JCLEC ...... 77 Figure 4.3 Indonesian Participants by Organization in 2008 ...... 78 Figure 4.4 Indonesian Participants by Organization in 2009 ...... 79

LIST OF ACRONYMS

ADF Australian Defense Force

AFP Australian Federal Police

ASIO Australian Security Intelligence Organization

ASIS Australian Secret Intelligence Service

AT Anti Terror

AUSTRAC Australian Transaction Reports and Analysis Center

CMIS Case Management and Intelligence System

CTAG Counter-Terrorism Action Group

DIAC Department of Immigration and Citizenship

DIGO Defense Imagery and Geospatial Organization

DIO Defense Intelligence Organization

DSD Defense Signals Directorate

IGIS Inspector General of Intelligence Security

INP Indonesian National Police

JI Jemaah Islamiyah

JCLEC Jakarta Center for Law Enforcement Cooperation

NCTC National Counter-Terrorism Committee

NICC National Intelligence Coordination Committee

NSCIO National Security Chief Information Officer

ONA Office of National Assessments

TNCC Transnational Crime Center

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

Terrorism is a complex and broad subject that has been going on throughout the history of civilization with remaining a broadly debated component of international affairs, even though the world’s nations remain unable to agree on its definition.1 Even though terrorism can come up with different ways for its definition, but the core of terrorism itself is still the same which is the use of violence to establish threat. Oxford English Dictionary also states that terrorism is an unauthorized or unofficial use of violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political aims. 2 Meanwhile in the great of Indonesian dictionary, terrorism is penggunaan kekerasan untuk menimbulkan ketakutan dalam usaha mencapai tujuan (terutama tujuan politik); praktik tindakan terror3 or the use of violence to cause fear in order to achieve an aim (especially for politic purposes).

In Indonesia the terrorist attacks have been occurring since 2000. There were explosion attacks in the residence of Ambassador of the Philippines (August 1, 2000), Plaza Atrium Senen (April 23, 2001), Kentucky Fried Chicken Restaurant Jakarta (October 12, 2001), Australian International School Jakarta (November 6, 2001), New Years Eve bombing in Jakarta (January 1, 2002), Bali Bombing 1 (October 12, 2002), McDonald’s Restaurant Makassar (December 5, 2002), Hotel JW Marriot (August 5, 2003), The Embassy of Australia (September 9, 2004), Pamulang Tangerang bombing (June 8, 2005), Bali Bombing 2 (October 1, 2005), A&W Restaurant in Kramat Jati Jakarta (November 11, 2006), and the

1 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (2004). Transnational Terrorism: The Threat to Australia. National Capital Printing. Page V (Foreword of Dower, Alexander as Minister for Foreign Affairs) 2 Oxford English Dictionary. http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/terrorism. Data retrieved on September 18, 2013 at 19:54 3 Kamus Bahasa Indonesia. http://kamusbahasaindonesia.org/teroris/mirip. Data retrieved on September 18, 2013 at 19:59 1 suicide bombing in Ritz Carlton and JW Marriot Hotel in 2009.4 The bombing attacks in Indonesia were conducted by Jemaah Islamiyah. Jemaah Islamiyah or JI was born in January 1995, founded by Abdul Halim as known as Abdullah Sungkar and Abu Somad as known as Abu Bakar Ba’asyir, both were the followers of Darul Islam for almost 20 years.5 As its roots from Darul Islam in 1950s in Indonesia, the movement was the principal terrorist threat in Southeast Asia region. Moreover, the movement later has spread its influence to Malaysia and developing links in the Southern Philippines with Muslim separatists and also having links with Al Qaeda following the war between the Soviet and Afghanistan. This threatens Indonesia’s safety and its borders, including Australia.

In fact, JI has been in charge for the major of bomb attacks that happening in Indonesia affecting Australia that being seen as anti-Western. The first one is a huge blast rocked at the Australian international school located in the capital city of Indonesia, Jakarta, with a single grenade. The explosion occurred at about 8.30 pm on Tuesday, November 6, 2001. Fortunately, neither were teachers or students in the school at the time of the explosion.6 The second is the biggest bomb attack happening in Bali which took the lives of 111 people from 18 countries including 91 people with Australian nationals. 7 Two large explosions took place simultaneously at Paddy’s bar and the Sari Club at Legian street, Bali. The accident occured on October 12, 2001 at 11 pm, as the clubs were filling to capacity. The bars were packed with Australians and many of them were footballers from New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Western

4 Kompol Simson Zet Ringu, SIK (2010). Naskap Sespim Polri – OPTIMALISASI KEMAMPUAN DETEKSI DINI DENSUS 88 GUNA MENGUNGKAPKAN TINDAK PIDANA TERORISME DALAM RANGKA MEWUJUDKAN KEAMANAN DALAM NEGERI. Page 2 5 Seri Buku Tempo (2011). Kartosoewirjo – Mimpi Negara Islam. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia. Page 120 6 Aussie school bombed in Jakarta. (2001, November 7). TV New Zealand. http://tvnz.co.nz/content/65758/425822/article.html Data retrieved 3/11/13 11:59. Data retrieved on November 11, 2013 at 11:10 7 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (2004). Transnational Terrorism: The Threat to Australia. National Capital Printing. Page xi 2

Australia on end-of-season tours.8 Moreover, Christine Foster, a Westerner living on Bali who went to help the victims at Sanglah hospital in Denpasar, 15 km north of the bomb site, said 75 per cent of those being served were Australian. She also told BBC television that there were many other people from "all over the world". Foster listed the other nationalities that got wounded as Swiss, German, Swedish, American, British and Italian.9 Last but not the least or the third is the bomb explosion in front of the Australian Embassy on September 9, 2004 exploding a car with bomb which killed up to 11 people and injured more than 160.10 The huge bomb blew out windows up to 30 storeys above street level in at least 10 office towers that surround the embassy and left a huge crater near the heavy security gates where people queue each morning before being allowed to enter.11

Terrorism seems to continue to tease the security of Australia. That causes the government of Australia remaining to protect the country, the people and their interest from terrorism threat.12 The government ultimately creates a strategy for tackling terrorism offenses. Moreover, as the national interest of the Australian Government, the country is also strongly committed to support the global campaign against terrorism.13 Australian government has also shared interest with

8 Seven Australians identified among 187 dead. (2002, October 13). The Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/10/13/1034222664046.html. Data retrieved on November 11, 2013 at 11:19 9 Ibid 10 Target Australia: Jakarta bomb kills 11. (2004, September 9). The Sydney Morning Herald.http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/09/09/1094530741977.html. Data retrieved on November 11, 2013 at 11:38 11 Moore, Matthew and Rompies, Karuni. (2004, September 10). 9 dead and 161 hurt in Jakarta bombing. The Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/09/09/1094530771726.htmlv. Data retrieved on November 11, 2013 at 11:22 12 Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (2010). Counter-Terrorism White Paper, Securing Australia – Protecting Our Community. New Millennium Pty Ltd. Page ii 13 Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (2004). Transnational Terrorism: The Threat to Australia – Information Sheet 5: Countering the terrorist threat – Overseas. http://www.dfat.gov.au/publications/terrorism/. Data retreived on September 18, 2013 at 14:41 3 its partners in South-East Asia and the Pacific in the successful management of the terrorist threat, especially with the government of Indonesia.14

On the other hand, in Indonesia, Indonesian National Police is the one who dealing with terrorism. This is explicitly stated in the police duties listed in the Constitution of 2002 number 2 of article 13, namely: a. maintaining security and public order, b. enforcing the law; c. providing protection, guidance and service to the community.15 Moreover, the existence of Police in the community is in line with the demand and need of the public of police services with the aim to increase the quality of the public lives.16 However, the credibility of Indonesian National Police wasn’t good enough to counter terrorism. It can be seen since in (Figure 1.1)17 that from 1998 until 2002 Indonesia was having a major time of bombing attacks. It seems Indonesia is flawing of security tactics.

Figure 1.1 Bomb Incidents in Indonesia

14 Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (2004). Transnational Terrorism: The Threat to Australia – Information Sheet 5: Countering the terrorist threat – Overseas. http://www.dfat.gov.au/publications/terrorism/. Data retreived on September 18, 2013 at 14:41 15 Kompol Simson Zet Ringu, SIK (2010). Naskap Sespim Polri – OPTIMALISASI KEMAMPUAN DETEKSI DINI DENSUS 88 GUNA MENGUNGKAPKAN TINDAK PIDANA TERORISME DALAM RANGKA MEWUJUDKAN KEAMANAN DALAM NEGERI. Page 3 16 Mabes Polri (2005). Profile of the Indonesian National Police: Exposing the New Paradigm. Exatama Group. Page 1 17 GLOBAL TERRORISM DATABASE. http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?page=4&search=indonesia&count=30&expa nded=no&charttype=line&chart=overtime&ob=GTDID&od=desc#results-table. Data retrieved on December 30, 2013 at 13:27 4

1.2 Problem of Identification

By seeing all bomb attacks that have been happening in Indonesia, we could see that the terrorist ultimate goal is political while their act is in the name of religion. The terrorist wants to build an Islamic super-state or a caliphate that unites all Muslims and is free from western influence and presence. 18 While Australia stands in the way of their ultimate goal and Australia is also aligned with western countries such as United Stated of America. Even, according to Bill Fisher as the Australia’s ambassador for counter-terrorism and one of the nation’s most experienced diplomats adds that “if your motivation is an ideology, we and any other country with a Western ideology is going to be a target. We're seen to be like Americans in a lot of countries so sometimes we're the target of opportunity” in an interview conducted by ABC News.19

Australia is a target for Islamic radical groups, who continue to see the country as a puppet of the States in the ongoing war on terrorism. Their high profiled and publicized involvement in peace keeping missions in East Timor, as well as in Afghanistan and Iraq, has drawn substantial contempt and criticism from Osama bin Laden’s al-Qaeda network as well as Jemaah Islamiyah from Indonesia based.20 Terrorism also imagines Australia as part of a Zionist-Christian conspiracy in which bringing impiety, unfairness, oppression, and insult to the world of Muslim. By the declining of the influence of the West would enhance their political goals by helping weaken those Muslims as viewed to be corrupt and open to the influence of western. Australia is seen as standing in the way of their purpose to make over the Muslim world into a Taliban-style type of society. According to their modest worldview, Australia is part of the Christian West

18 Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (2004). Transnational Terrorism: The Threat to Australia – Information Sheet 1: The new terrorist threat to Australia. http://www.dfat.gov.au/publications/terrorism/. Data retreived on September 18, 2013 at 14:41 19 Brissenden, Michael. (2013, April 16). Australia a target for ‘ideological terrorist attacks’. ABC News. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-04-16/australia-a-target-for-ideological-terrorist- attacks/4632272. Data retrieved on November 4, 2013 at 15:28 20 Jennifer Hardwick, Editor; Andre Demarce; Matthew G. Devost; Rebecca Givner-Forbes; Brent Heminger; James Kirkhope; Ned Moran; Maria Powell; Walter Purdy (2005). 2005 Terrorism Analysis and Research Report. Terrorism Research Center. Page 46 5 which is un-Islamic and therefore illegitimate for them, terrorists.21 That is why the threat of terrorism to Australia is real and enduring and it has become a persistent and permanent feature of Australia’s security environment. Hence, as a government responsibility is the protection of the country, the people and the interests. So the key of Australian government is to defend the country from terrorism by creating a Strategy of Countering Terrorism.

While in Indonesia, Special Detachment 88 / Anti Terror Police Criminal Investigation or who later became known as Detachment 88/AT or Densus 88/AT is one part of the organization's criminal police under the Police detective agency in accordance with the decision of the Chief of Police with police number: Kep/30/VI/2003 dated 30 June 2003, which served to conduct investigations and criminal investigations of terrorism and other tasks in the field of terrorism as a criminal offense.

However, due to the newly built of Densus 88 in 2003, the ability to deal with terrorism in Indonesia is not maximized. Even, according to M. T. Karnavian and friends, 2008 in the book of “Indonesian Top Secret Membongkar Konflik Poso” page 387, that the crime of terrorism as criminal networks cannot be handled by the only Polri (Indonesian National Police) or let alone just Detachment 88. Kombes Drs. Idham Azis, M.Si also analyzed that the terrorism network consists of a core layer of hard core JI figures especially Javanese origin that were subjected to ideology and spreaders of infection. In the second layer there are a number of active members who become operative or perpetrators of violence (crime of terrorism). The next layer is the active supporters or supporters giving out support in the form of donations, information and help providing a refuge or a hiding place. Moreover, the outer layer is passive sympathizers and morally supports the movement of criminal terrorism. 22 Therefore Detachment 88/AT should optimize its performance particularly on the ability of surveillance,

21 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (2004). Transnational Terrorism: The Threat to Australia. National Capital Printing. Page 67 22 Kombes Drs. Idham Azis, M.Si (2011). Nastrap Sespati – STRATEGI POLRI MENGANTISIPASI KEJAHATAN TERORISME GUNA MEWUJUDKAN STABILITAS KEAMANAN DALAM NEGERI DALAM RANGKA MENDUKUNG PEMBANGUNAN NASIONAL. Page 4 6 analysis, handling agents, and technical support23 to deal with terrorism. That is why the Indonesian National Police requires collaboration with others to deal with terrorism that exists in Indonesia.

While Australia feels threatened because of terrorism widening its operations and Indonesia is currently optimizing performance insecurity, therefore both countries, Indonesia and Australia, made collaboration. The collaboration resulted is in the presence of TNCC and JCLEC.

TNCC standing for Transnational Crime Center was built for combating transnational crime in Indonesia spreading to the Asia Pacific Region. With primary focus on collecting, analyzing, and sharing information on all transnational crime including terrorism, TNCC functions as national and international Center of Reference in Transnational Crimes and as National Center of Coordination on Transnational Crimes.24 Moreover, JCLEC or Jakarta Center for Law Enforcement Cooperation is another Australian-Indonesian initiative to support regional efforts to combat transnational crime including terrorism. JCLEC is a police training facility by providing operational support and capacity building assistance to Indonesian and other regional law enforcement agencies in ASEAN Region.25

Hence, the collaboration between Indonesia and Australia hopefully will enhance both shared strategic on security and by having people-to-people links in government, it will improve communication and understanding, and contribute to stronger institutional partnerships. This will help ensure that transactional issues do not disproportionately affect the relationship between Indonesia and Australia.26

23 Kompol Simson Zet Ringu, SIK (2010). Naskap Sespim Polri – OPTIMALISASI KEMAMPUAN DETEKSI DINI DENSUS 88 GUNA MENGUNGKAPKAN TINDAK PIDANA TERORISME DALAM RANGKA MEWUJUDKAN KEAMANAN DALAM NEGERI. Page 4 24 Mabes Polri (2005). Profile of the Indonesian National Police: Exposing the New Paradigm. Exatama Group. Page 350 25 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Australia in The Asian Century Towards 2025. Page 20 26 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Australia in The Asian Century Towards 2025. Page 20 7

“We [Australia and Indonesia] can build on… powerful common interests, as we have in the past, through productive joint initiatives in regional commercial architecture and diplomacy, which in the process helps anchor our broader Asian engagement.”27

1.3 Statement of Problem

This thesis assesses about the terrorist threat in Indonesia that poses a serious problem for regional security in Southeast Asia. The terrorist threat in Indonesia, both extensive and immediate, is a major focus in the international counter-terrorism effort. Extremists within Indonesia do not specifically target western travelers but they seek to disrupt the stability of power in term of the economic stability which is crucial in the region, particularly for investment. Therefore, it causes instability that would also mess up Australia’s economic, diplomatic, even security interest in Southeast Asia. 28 “No government can guarantee that Australians will be free from the threat of terrorist attack. But this Government can guarantee that we will take all necessary and practical measures to combat the threat.”29

That statements coming from The Hon Kevin Rudd MP as the Prime Minister of Australia, remains the government in its commitment to protect the country, the people and the interests from the threat. In order to counter terrorism, the government of Australia lunches Strategy to Counter Terrorism in which there are 4 elements of strategy. The elements are Analysis, Protection, Response, and Resilience. 30 Nevertheless, the special element about taking all necessary and

27 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Australia in The Asian Century Towards 2025. Page 23 (Submission by Professor Hal Hill, HW Arndt Professor of Southeast Asian Economies, Australian National University) 28 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (2004). Transnational Terrorism: The Threat to Australia. National Capital Printing. Page 52 29 Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (2010). Counter-Terrorism White Paper 2010, Securing Australia – Protecting Our Community. New Millennium Pty Ltd. Page ii (Foreword from The Hon Kevin Rudd MP, Prime Minister of Australia) 30 Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (2010). Counter-Terrorism White Paper, Securing Australia – Protecting Our Community. New Millennium Pty Ltd. Page iv 8 practical action to protect Australia and its elements from terrorism at home and abroad is in the element of Protection.

Meanwhile the country of Indonesia was flawing of security tactic since the Detachment of 88 was still new. The element of Protection leads the government of Australia to have collaboration with Indonesia. As the result, the strategy is being hoped to be able to enhance Indonesian ability especially Detachment 88 in securing the country from terrorism.

Thus, this collaboration between two countries with different approaches to counter terrorism poses the Research Question:

“As terrorism rises in Indonesia, how is Australia’s priority to protect its own country able to support the Indonesian National Police, specifically the Detachment 88, to deal with terrorism in Indonesia within the years 2002- 2012?”

To answer this question, theories, data and analyses are gathered and assessed in support of the following Thesis Statement:

“By collaboration between Australia’s strategy of counter terrorism and the Indonesian National Police’s Detachment 88, specific programs and resources were established in order to deal with terrorism in Indonesia.”

1.4 Research Objectives

Related to the statement of the problem above, this research is designed to complete the objectives such as:

a) To find out about Australian Strategy of Counter-Terrorism b) To investigate the use of Australian Strategy of Counter-Terrorism in Indonesia c) To analyze the benefits of the collaboration between Indonesia and Australia

1.5 Significance of Study

The significance of the study in the case of the topic chosen here stated as follows:

a) To enhance knowledge of the evolution of terrorism in South East Asia b) To gain more knowledge about collaboration of Australia and Indonesia in terms of security issue

1.6 Conceptual Framework

1.6.1 The concept of Bilateral Relations

Bilateral relations, according to International Politics Dictionary, is a state that describes a relationship of mutual influence or occur reciprocal relationship between the two parties (the two countries). (Krisna, 1993: 18)31

Both countries Indonesia and Australia are having a threat from terrorism. By seeing (Figure 1.2) shown below, we can see that Indonesia is flawing of its security tactics in which the arrow is going down, while Australia’s arrow is rising because Australia is creating strategy of counter-terrorism. Because of that, Indonesia and Australia make cooperation which will be interpreted by bilateral relations concept.

Indonesia is flawing of its security tactics

Australia creates Strategy of Counter Terrorism

Figure 1.2 Partnership Approach

31 Konsep Hubungan Bilateral. (2011, December 22). http://portal-hi.net/en/hi-teori/teori-teori- realisme/72-konsep-hubungan-bilateral. Data Retrieved on January 12, 2014 at 1:07 10

Jack C. Plano an author of The American Political Dictionary also adds that, “Cooperative relationship that occurs between the two countries in the world is basically inseparable from the national interests of each country. The national interest is a vital element that includes the survival of the nation and the state, independence, territorial integrity, security, military, and economic welfare.” (Plano, 1990:7)32

Moreover, as the example of bilateral relations of European Economic Area and Norway, bilateral relations between countries often refer to political, economic, cultural and historic ties. Strong bilateral relations are characterized by cooperation between institutions and persons at administrative and political level as well as in the private sector, academia and civil society. Other elements of bilateral relations include trade and investment, cultural exchange, as well as general knowledge, understanding and public awareness about the other country and the ties existing between them.33

By knowing those statements, the writer emphasizes that Indonesia and Australia both need each other because they are under attack from terrorists. Even, the relationship will be a new foundation in the formation of new actors in combating terrorism in the region. Even with the bilateral relationship, Indonesia and Australia increasingly understand the advantages and disadvantages of each country and with this relationship also opening things such as cultural exchanges, trade and investment and including law enforcement cooperation.

1.6.2 The Concept of Strategy

There are a lot of definitions described on Strategy according to the book “Kajian Strategis” or Strategic Studies written by Anak Agung Banyu Perwita and Bantarto Bandoro. Carl Von Clausewitz, with Antoine Henri Jomini in their books of “On War” and “The Art of War” with studies of Napoleon’s War and

32 Konsep Hubungan Bilateral. (2011, December 22). http://portal-hi.net/en/hi-teori/teori-teori- realisme/72-konsep-hubungan-bilateral. Data Retrieved on January 12, 2014 at 1:07 33 Financial Mechanism Committee (2012, March 29). EEA and Norway Grants 2009 – 2014: Guideline for strengthened bilateral relations. Page 6 11 strategy to win the war34, defines that “strategy is the use of engagement for the object of the war” (Clausewitz, 1976: 76).35 Liddle Heart also adds that “strategy is an art to distribute and use military means to achieve goals” (cited from Wei- Hwa, 1999: 184).36 These statements are directed towards the use of military and the power of technology or weapons that can described the definition of strategy.

Meanwhile, as time goes by, the definitions of strategy has slightly changed since the growing of technology and civilizations to be more into tactics or policy issues. Collin S. Gray defines strategy as the bridge that relates military power to political power which means that “the use that is made of force and the threat of force the ends of policy”.37 Hedley Bull also contends that strategy is “an art and science for how to reach the policy goal by means of foe in any conflict” (Wei-Hwa, 1999: 185). 38 Therefore it can be concluded that the strategy is an attempt to win the war in which must be used methods to analyze and use policies for decision makers in order to win the war.

In addition, Admiral J.C Wylie says that “the primary aim of the strategist in the conduct of war is some selected degree of control of the enemy for the strategist’s own purpose; this is achieved by control of the pattern of war; and this control of the pattern of war is had by manipulation of the centre of gravity of war to the disadvantage of the opponent” (Wylie, 1989: 77). In other words, a successful strategy is a strategy that clearly identifies not only the political goals to win in a "war", but is able to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the enemy, calculate profits and losses carefully and assess possible risks of chosen strategy.

34 Perwita, A.A Banyu with Bantarto Bandoro (2013). Pengantar Kajian Strategis. Graha Ilmu. Page 2 35 Perwita, A.A Banyu with Bantarto Bandoro (2013). Pengantar Kajian Strategis. Graha Ilmu. Page 4 36 Perwita, A.A Banyu with Bantarto Bandoro (2013). Pengantar Kajian Strategis. Graha Ilmu. Page 4 37 Gray, Colin S (1999). Modern Strategy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Page 17 38 Perwita, A.A Banyu with Bantarto Bandoro (2013). Pengantar Kajian Strategis. Graha Ilmu. Page 5 12

Ultimately, the goal of the strategy is to convince the enemy that they will not achieve their war goals.39

Furthermore, to understand about a strategy, we need to understand about the concept of a strategy. Gray brought the ideology from Clausewitz and Howard, in his book of “Modern Strategy” states that there are seventeen dimensions to explain about the concept of a strategy. Then, he made into three clusters to explain the concept. First category is called People and Politics, comprises people, society, culture, politics, and ethics. The second category is Preparation for War, includes economics and logistics, organization (including defense and force planning), military administration (including recruitment, training, and most aspect of armament), information and intelligence, strategy theory and doctrine, and technology. The last category is War Proper, composes of military operations, command (political and military), geography, friction (including chance and uncertainty), the adversary and time. 40 Thus, these dimensions are chosen because they cover a large part of what contributes to the making and execution of strategy. Even, these dimensions have contributed in the preparation and implementation of strategy.

In this thesis, the Australian is the actor who made counter-terrorism strategy. With four basic elements in Australia's white paper explained about what and how to confront and overcome the Australian threat of terrorism. With the interpretation of the theory of this strategy, the reader can understand that the counter-terrorism strategy that is owned by Australia becomes a tool to show the terrorists that they will lose over Australia’s power.

39 Perwita, A.A Banyu with Bantarto Bandoro (2013). Pengantar Kajian Strategis. Graha Ilmu. Page 8 40 Gray, Colin S (1999). Modern Strategy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Page 24 13

1.7 Literature Review

In regards with this thesis, the author has read some books and articles to have a broad knowledge of ongoing cases of terrorism worldwide. Therefore, the writer of this thesis came up with sources or previous research to show the reader about the trends of terrorism especially in Indonesia and Australia.

a. Seri Buku Tempo (2011). Kartosoewirjo – Mimpi Negara Islam. KPG (Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia) collaborated with Tempo Magazine. Abook released by Team Tempo which tells the life story of Kartosoewirjo, the founder of Darul Islam. Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosoewirjo born in Cepu, Central Java, January 7, 1907, known as the Imam, inspired the various country groups in Indonesia who want to establish an "Islamic State", either peacefully or through violence. The book said that the Renville Agreement is the beginning of the story of the rebellion against the government led by Kartosoewirjo who were disappointed with the outcome of negotiation that was considered detrimental to Islam. The rebellion also created the Islamic State of Indonesia Independence Proclamation. The book also explains that Jemaah Islamiyah, the terrorist group known today, derived from the Darul Islam. Haji Ismail Pranoto was one of the member of Darul Islam recruited Abdullah Sungkar and Abu Bakar Bashir who are the founder of Jemaah Islamiyah. With the book, the author obtains a bright spot on the chronology of the origin of the birth of Jemaah Islamiyah. Even the author is given better understanding about how the Darul Islam could develop and deploy the ideology across Indonesia.

b. Jennifer Hardwick, Editor; Andre Demarce; Matthew G. Devost; Rebecca Givner-Forbes; Brent Heminger; James Kirkhope; Ned Moran; Maria Powell; Walter Purdy (2006). 2005 – Terrorism Analysis and Research Report. Terrorism Research Center.

The Terrorism Research Center, Inc. publishes forward-leaning intelligence on transpiring global security issues. The reports are presented via an online, inter-relational knowledge base of global political violence, non-conventional warfare, and terrorism-related group profiles, intelligence reports, attack analyses, country profiles, among other proprietary reports. Countries have been analyzed including Australia and Indonesia. Through the Research and Analysis Report, the writer sees thatthe presence of terrorism trends not only in the country a super power like the U.S. and its allies Australia, but also in countries of Southeast Asia such as Indonesia. In the research and analysis of Australia, the report emphasizes that since the tragedy of Bali Bombing in 2002, Australia aggressively has created counter-terrorism strategy since there were 88 Australian deaths due to the tragedy. Moreover, the report also shows that Australia expanded its maritime security. This makes the writer willing to know more about Australia which drives the writer to write about Australia in this thesis. Meanwhile in the research and analysis of Indonesia, the report emphasis about Jemaah Islamiyah as a terror in Asia and also about how Indonesia overcame the bombing situation. The analysis drives the writer to seek more of Indonesian credibility of combating terrorism and create an idea of who combat terrorism in Indonesia. c. Kombes Drs. Damisnur AM, SH, MM (2011). Naskah Akhir Strategi Perorangan – Strategi Polri Meningatkan Kerjasama Lintas Sektoral Guna Mengantisipasi Kejahatan Terorisme Dalam Rangka Mewujudkan Stabilitas Kamdagri. Lembaga Pendidikan Polri – Sekolah Staff dan Pimpinan Tinggi. A Thesis to fulfill graduation requirements written by Kombes Drs. Damisnur describes how the Indonesian National Police improving such

cross-sectoral cooperation in order to anticipate the crime of terrorism so as to realize the security stability in the country with reliable strategies. The strategies are analyzed and considered both to be implemented by Kombes Drs. Damisnur are, (1) perfect combination of soft and hard approach to combating terrorism, (2) utilize the potential of human resources involving both rules, (3) synergize all sectoral initiatives, and (4) enhancing international cooperation in the field of prevention terrorism. Through this thesis given, the author gets a lot more knowledge of the Indonesian National Police in seeing terrorism as a crime and see how the attitude of the Indonesian National Police to take action against terrorism. In addition, the author also gets a reference theory as a foundation in improving the image of the police in the community. d. Muradi (2009). The 88th Densus AT: The Role and the Problem of Coordination on Counter-Terrorism in Indonesia. Journal of Politics and Law, Canada. Muradi from Department of Government Studies Faculty of Social and Political Science, University of Padjadjaran, has two purposes to be discussed in his journal. First, it discusses the role of Anti Terror of the Detachment 88 as Indonesia’s Police Force in the war against terrorism since the role of Detachment 88 on counter terrorism in Indonesia is now being as the single institution nationwide, so that other institutions with similar anti terrorist units feel that they do not get a portion of state power. Second he discusses about the coordination problem between various agencies. The agencies according to Muradi are Anti-Terror Detachment (Detasemen Penanggulangan Terror, Dengultor TNI AD) in the Indonesia Army with a call sign of Group 5 Anti Terror unit, and also the 81st Detachment (Detasemen 81, Den 81) inside the Elite Force of Indonesia Army (Kopassus). There is Jalamangkara Detachment (Detasemen Jalamangkara, Denjaka, TNI AL) of the Indonesia Navy, which has merged into the Marine Corps. There is also Bravo Detachment

(Detasemen Bravo, Denbravo TNI AU) which has merged into an elite team of the Indonesia Air Force. The State Intelligence Agency (Badan Intelijen Negara, BIN), also has an anti-terror desk. As the result of analysis, Muradi came up with three analyses about the role of Detachment 88 as the first purpose to be discussed. There are first, the Detachment 88/AT stay under the Crime Investigation Unit of Indonesia Police Force, and the Investigator Directorate of Provincial Police. Therefore, the workforces are also dependable on prerequisite as detective. Second, workforces of the Detachment 88/AT are also member of the Indonesia Police Force with prerequisite in security intelligence which is like in doing analysis, detection, and contra-intelligence. Third, the workforces of the Detachment 88/AT have to have good capability as negotiators. However, the capability as negotiator intends not only for the Detachment 88/AT but also for police workforce in general. From the first purpose, the writer sees that Detachment 88/AT has an important role in dealing with terrorism. Therefore, Detachment 88 should have the ability to handle terrorism cases. The author also uses this journal as a reference regarding the role of opinion against the Detachment 88/AT. In the second discussion, Muyadi came up with two qualifications to advance in coordination. First is revising the Law of Anti Terror so that it should be more advance. It is because not simply to describe terrorism as an act of injustice linked to the international network such as Al Qaeda and Jema'ah Islamiyah. It should be concerned of separatism, communal conflict, and transnational crime as the effects. Second is there should be Coordinating-Desk of Anti-Terror once issued by the Coordinating Ministry of Politic and Security. It means that all anti-terror taskforces are developed by the former Minister of Defence, Matori Abdul Djalil, will be denied by the Indonesian National Police, because the Ministry of Defence is considered as a representation of military institution. Therefore, there should be a non aligned institution. One of the institutions is the Coordinating Ministry of Politic and Security.

Based on the second purpose, the writer understands that all security agencies in Indonesia have to work together in combating terrorism. It is because the problem of terrorism is not a matter of either party but rather a problem in community because terrorists threaten all aspects of society. e. Kompol Simson Zet Ringu, SIK (2010). Naskah Akhir Perorangan – Optimalisasi Kemampuan Deteksi Dini Densus 88 Guna Mengungkapkan Tindak Pidana Terorisme Dalam Rangka Mewujudkan Kemanan Dalam Negeri. Markas Besar Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia – Sekolah Staff dan Pimpinan. Kompol Simson Zet Ringgu’s final project describes how the optimization capabilities of early detection of Detachment 88 in order to reveal an act of terrorism in order to achieve internal security. Kompol Simson Zet Ringgu also analyzes the ability of Detachment 88 which is not optimal as Surveillance Capability, Capability of Analysis, Capability of Handling Agent and Technical Support Unit Capability. Through Kompol Simson Zet Ringgu’s paper, the author gets a lot of information on the Detachment 88 in cases of terrorism in Indonesia and the capability of Detachment 88 that is not optimal. The author also argues that the Kompol Simson Zet Ringgu’s paper as a premise in completing this thesis. f. 1). Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (2004). Transnational Terrorism: The Threat To Australia. Australian Government; 2). Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (2010). Counter- Terrorism White Paper, Securing Australia – Protecting Our Community. Australian Government; 3). Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Australia In The Asian Century Towards 2025: Indonesia Country Strategy. Australian Government.

The author combines the three books of from Australian Government because those books are very useful in the writing of this thesis, and the books are related to one another. The first with title Transnational Terrorism: The Threat To Australia, describes Australia who feel threatened by the terrorists in the region where adjacent to Australia. The book also describes how the attitude of Australia in order to protect citizens against terrorism, state, and Australia's own interest. Therefore, the author uses this book as evidence of the initial basis of the change in the attitude off acing Australia's defense system that is more directed against transnational crime. While the second book with the title as Counter-Terrorism White Paper, Securing Australia – Protecting Our Community, is Australian White Paper about its Strategy against terrorists. The book was also adapted from the book of Transnational Terrorism: The Threat To Australia. In the book, explains in detail of the steps the Australian government in the fight against terrorism. There are 4 basic elements to fight the terrorists, which are Analysis, Protection, Response, and Resillience. Therefore, the author uses this book to be discussed and analyzed in a chapter in this thesis. The last book titled Australia In The Asian Century Towards 2025: Indonesia Country Strategy, describes of how valuable Indonesia in for Australia. Australia sees that Indonesia is a country whose economy was increased rapidly and one of the members of the G20. Even, Indonesia is a country with the fourth largest population in which the consuming nature and have a high percentage of young people with high dynamic personality. Therefore, Indonesia is very influential for the Australian interest. The book also describes the relationship between Indonesia and Australia through three ways of connecting. There are connecting communities, business, and governments and it causes the author argues that the book is a great reference for writing this thesis because it is given

knowledge about Indonesian and Australia relationship from Australian point of view.

1.8 Research Methodology

This research is designed with Qualitative Research method because it is a naturalistic, interpretative approach concerned with understanding the meanings of certain observed phenomena or actions. This method also examines, analyzes and interprets observations for the purpose of discovering underlying meanings and patterns of relationships in a manner that does not involve mathematical models. Qualitative research also provides explanation of reasons and associations between social variables.

Moreover, in order to prove the Thesis Statement, the author will use Library Research as a tool in which there will be books, journals, theories and previous researches to be examined. From the tool, the writer finds previous researches about terrorism in Indonesia, the role of Indonesian National Police and also books consisting about Australian Strategy, and so on.

Besides Library Research, the writer also uses Field Research. In this term, the writer invites the institution which is Indonesian National Police to be asked some questions in order to give the writer a proof of what has been done by the police. Furthermore, this term also gives the writer to analyze of what is going on in the real field of securing the country from crimes.

1.8.1 Research Instruments

Internet – The Internet is a tool for the writer to find official website, documents, or anything that are provided through cyberspace.

Book – There are lots of books talking about terrorism. Even, books are written in details so it helps the writer to understand more about the case that is being discussed.

Academic Journal/Article – There are a lot of researchers that have analyzed about terrorism. Therefore, those journals are helping the writer to understand about the case.

Interview – The author also use deep interview to get a concrete source from the real actors.

1.9 Scope and Limitations of the Study Assumptions

The scope and limitation according to the problems and the purposes of the research will be shown as follows:

a) This research will focus on the collaboration between Indonesia and Australia b) This research will work more on showing the power of Indonesian National Police in order to create a good image in the public eye. c) This research will also focus on Australia’s Strategy of Counter-Terrorism towards Indonesia.

1.10 Thesis Outline

This thesis consists with five Chapters with understanding about Australian Strategy of Counter Terrorism implementation in Indonesian Security to the reader. The outline in figure will be:

Introduction

Terrorism in Indonesia: Facts and Causes

Securing Australia: Counter-Terrorism Strategy

Indonesia-Australia Cooperation in Counter-Terrorism

Conclusion and Recommendation

Figure 1.3 Thesis Outline

Chapter 1: Introduction

This chapter will introduce the reader about the topic which is being investigated. This chapter includes the background of study, problem identification, statement of the problem, conceptual framework, literature review, significant of study, scope and limitations of study assumptions and thesis outline.

Chapter 2: Terrorism in Indonesia: Facts and Causes

In this chapter the writer shows the reader about the core and the cause of terrorism in Indonesia by showing the existence of Kartosoewirjo or being known as the father of terrorism in Indonesia and the establishment of Jemaah Islamiyah. Moreover, in chapter two, it is also shown about terrorist incidents from 2002 until 2012.

Chapter 3: Securing Australia: Counter-Terrorism Strategy

In chapter three, the writer explains about Australia’s Strategy of Counter- Terrorism. Australia has four elements of strategy in combating terrorism. There are Analysis, Protection, Response and Resilience.

Chapter 4: Indonesia-Australia Cooperation in Counter-Terrorism

This chapter is the examining, analyzing, and interpretation of data or documents that the writer get to be shown to the reader that the Thesis Statement is correct. This chapter will show the interpretation of the theories and the readers will be presented original data or facts.

Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation

In this last chapter, it is the conclusion part of what the writer has shown to the reader in chapter two to four. The writer also will present recommendations that hopefully will benefit for the future.

CHAPTER 2 TERRORISM IN INDONESIA: FACTS AND CAUSES

This chapter will show to the reader about the history of the existence of terrorism in Indonesia which Kartosoewirjo is the funding father of Darul Islam or the first prominent Islamic hardline group post independence. Then, it continues to the birth of Jemaah Islamiyah followed by the bomb incidents during President Megawati and President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. In addition, by seeing the incidents, the author comes up with idea of factors that cause of terrorism in Indonesia.

2.1 Kartosoewirjo

To understand terrorism in present Indonesia is to examine Indonesia after proclaimed its Independence on August 17, 1945. Three years after independence, on January 17, 1948, the Dutch Colonial forced Indonesia to sign the Renville Agreement41 which states that only Central Java, Yogyakarta, and Sumatra are to be acknowledged as part of Indonesia. A young Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosoewirjo, however, strongly disagreed with the ignorance and collaborated with others to express their anger.

Born in Cepu, Central Java on January 7, 1907, Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosoewirjo grew up with Dutch ideology in school from elementary until high school but having a weak Islamic ideology.42 However, by his adolescence, he began reading books regarding socialism, which made him interested about politics. Through self-teaching, he built his knowledge about Islam while listening to the speeches of religious leaders. Bahtiar Efendy, an expert of Islamic Politics

41 Seri Buku Tempo (2011). Kartosoewirjo – Mimpi Negara Islam. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia. Page 42 42 Seri Buku Tempo (2011). Kartosoewirjo – Mimpi Negara Islam. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia. Page 2 24 and Jakarta Islamic State University’s dean of social and political science believes that Kartosoewirjo’s disappointment towards the Renville agreement caused detrimental to the interest of Muslim is the strong alibi of the existence of Darul Islam.43

In February 1948, Raden Oni Syahroni (the army commander of Sabilliah) and Kartosoewirjo (the founder and leader of Institute Suffah) had a conference where 160 representatives of Islamic organizations attended, during which sparked the idea of establishing Indonesia as an Islamic state. Then on August 7, 1949 Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosoewirjo proclaimed Indonesia as NII (Negara Islam Indonesia/Indonesia’s Islamic Country) or Darul Islam. 44 Since then, Kartosoewirjo and his followers preach the Darul Islam to communities and support the idea of a unified Indonesia Islamic Country.

Because of his radical beliefs, on June 4, 1962, Kartosoewirjo and his followers were arrested by the Indonesian National Army and he was sentenced to the death on September 5, 1962.45 Nevertheless, although his resistance failed, his future followers still believed in Darul Islam’s ideology.

After 50 years, the thought of Darul Islam is still growing and still remains at the core of the radical Islamic movement in Indonesia. It still resonates for the new generation. If there is still doubt about the strong influence of DI in the young people committing jihad, take this example of Iqbal real name Arnasan, one of the suicide bombers in Bali in October 2002. He wrote to family and friends in Malingping, Banten, a former of Darul Islam base:

“Remember, O Mujahideen in Malingping. Our Imam, S.M. Kartosoewirjo established and enforced Islamic State of Indonesia and declared its independence with the blood and lives of the martyrs. They did not just sit around like we do now. If you really want to rebuild the glory days NII buried, do it with blood, so you will not feel of ashamed before God. Do not claim to be the

43 Seri Buku Tempo (2011). Kartosoewirjo – Mimpi Negara Islam. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia. Page 5 44 Seri Buku Tempo (2011). Kartosoewirjo – Mimpi Negara Islam. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia. Page 124 45 Seri Buku Tempo (2011). Kartosoewirjo – Mimpi Negara Islam. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia. Page 63 25 decendents of DII / TII, if you do not try to realize once again the dreams of our Imam.”46

The letter shows that to get the victory, followers of Darul Islam have to fight despite having toshed blood or to death. Because during the time of Kartosoewirjo led, they fought the government with no relax but with a burning passion. That is the reason why the perpetrators of terrorism such as bomb using violence for the sake of reviving the ideology of Darul Islam where they still want to establish the Islamic State of Indonesia as the Renville agreement has been made of the founders of Darul Islam disappointment to the Indonesian nation. And finally, was born a new group called Jemaah Islamiyah.

2.2 Jemaah Islamiyah (JI)

Abdullah Sungkar and Abu Bakar Ba’asyir, followers of the Darul Islam separatist movement created the Jemaah Islamiyah making this a vital history for understanding terrorism in Indonesia. They had a long-time associate since they both were recruited by Haji Ismail Pranoto around 1974-1976 to Darul Islam.47 They also actually had built an Islamic boarding school as known as pesantern named Al Mukmin at Ngruki, Central Java, in 1971 before joining Darul Islam.48 The school became a place for Muslim to do their radical activity and there are many of the graduates to become leaders in Jemaah Islamiyah studied in the pesantren, as did Mukhlas and Amrozi as the Bali bombers. Even, the JW Marriott Hotel bomber in Jakarta also graduated from Al Mukmin.49

46 Seri Buku Tempo (2011). Kartosoewirjo – Mimpi Negara Islam. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia. Page 142 47 Seri Buku Tempo (2011). Kartosoewirjo – Mimpi Negara Islam. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia. Page 125 48 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (2004). Transnational Terrorism: The Threat to Australia. National Capital Printing. Page 43 49 Ibid 26

In 1985, Sungkar and Ba’asyir fled to Malaysia and it drove to the existence of Jemaah Islamiyah. JI was born in Johor Malaysia on January 199550 led by Abdullah Sungkar and Abu Bakar Ba’asyir as his vice. In Johor Baru, they established the Lukmanul Hakiem pesantren in order to developan ideology that being taught like in Al Mukmin which is radical religious in Malaysia. At the same time, they were gaining connections with the Muslim separatists in the southern Philippines. Then, they started with announcing a pan-Malay Muslim ideology calling for a unified South-East Asian Islamic state as preaching to new circumstances.51 Since 1987, Sungkar sent disciples to militant camps in Pakistan and Afghanistan to be trained in order to be capable to fight against Uni-Soviet in Afghanistan in which accessed Jemaah Islamiyah to go International.52

In 1998, Sungkar and Ba’asyir returned to Indonesia. Then, after Sungkar passed away, Ba’asyir took over his leadership of the major Darul Islam in Central Java. Moreover, Ba’asyir established the Indonesian Mujahideen Council or Majlis Mujahidin Indonesia (MMI) as a political organization to campaign for an Islamic state to be implemented in Indonesia.53

Darul Islam followers who joined JI inducted again. Sungkar formalize organizational structure as markaziah, mantiqiah, wakalah, and katibah. The new organization is divided into two mantiqiah: one for foreign affairs led by Hambali, and other domestic affairs, led Anshori aka Ibnu Thoyibor Abu Fatih. Mukhlas or Ali Ghurfon, and a brilliant new cadre newly home from Afghanistan, joined with Hambali. At that time, over 2,000 cadres had been sent to Afghanistan, most of them were from Central Java. Hambali, as one of them, became an important person. He was in touch and get funds from al-Qaeda leader Usama bin Laden.54

50 Kombes Drs. Damisnur AM, SH, MM (2011). Nastrap Sespimti – STRATEGI POLRI MENINGKATKAN KERJASAMA LINTAS SEKTORAL GUNA MENGANTISIPASI KEJAHATAN TERRORISM DALAM RANGKA MEWUJUDKAN STABILITAS KAMDAGRI. Page 58 51 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (2004). Transnational Terrorism: The Threat to Australia. National Capital Printing. Page 44 52 Seri Buku Tempo (2011). Kartosoewirjo – Mimpi Negara Islam. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia. Page 120 53 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (2004). Transnational Terrorism: The Threat to Australia. National Capital Printing. Page 45 54 Seri Buku Tempo (2011). Kartosoewirjo – Mimpi Negara Islam. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia. Page 121 27

Using the skills that gained from the war in Afghanistan, JI has upgraded a formalized structure to train their new followers from across the region. Moreover, while there are followers to be sent to Pakistan and Afghanistan to be trained, the experienced seniors of JI that being trained in Pakistan and Afghanistan developed others skills in the Southeast Asia by establishing a camp called as Hudaibiyyah within the MILF’s Camp Abu Bakar in Mindanao, in the southern Philippines, from about 1998. Camp Hudaibiyyah was shut down by the military of the Philippines in 2000, but it leaves a trail that JI training has spread its ideology in the southern Philippines.55 The graduates of Jemaah Islamiyah’s militant training may well have skills such as the operational, logistic and administrative which is perquisite to plan another terrorist attack. In addition, the majority of terrorist attacks such as bomb incidents happening in Indonesia were done by JI.

2.3 Terrorist Incidents

There area lot of terrorist incidents that has hit Indonesia. Bomb incidents in Indonesia are not only motivated by the perpetrators of the terrorist Jemaah Islamiyah but also because there was a commotion among the people like in the case of Poso. However, some blasting events had struck Indonesia during the first women President in Indonesia, Megawati Soekarnoputri administration and during President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono first and second administration.

2.3.1 Terrorism Activities during Megawati Administration (2001 – 2004)

The bomb explosions that happening to Indonesia did not occur firstly during the Presidency of Megawati Soekarnoputri as the fifth President of Indonesia and became the first women President in the country, but after the born of Darul Islam, there had been bombs terror hitting Indonesia. In the leadership of

55 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (2004). Transnational Terrorism: The Threat to Australia. National Capital Printing. Page 45 28

Megawati, it recorded that there had been more than ten bomb explosions done by Jemaah Islamiyah. Thus, the bomb incidents written from 2002 are,

a. The first bomb was well-known as “New Year’s Eve Bomb” that exploded in Jakarta on January 1st 2002 located in front of a restaurant called as Ayam Bulungan, in Kebayoran Baru, South Jakarta 03.30 am local time. 56 The location of the blast precisely in front of the restaurant and unobstructed by operational vehicles parked Isuzu Box colored silver, B 9001 SK, and Isuzu Minibus, B2781 BO colored green. 57 According to the Head of Police Headquarters Forensic Laboratory, Brigadier General Hamim Soeriaamidjaja ensured that the bomb is K75. This incident killed one person identified as Hasbullah, 25 years old, from Tangerang.

b. The next bomb in 2002 was the biggest bomb attacks that ever happening in Bali. The blast took the lives of 111 people from 18 countries including 88 Australia-passport holder and three residents with Australia’s nationality. 58 The first bomb was left in a bag at Paddy’s Bar in Kuta, Bali. It exploded and blowing out shop windows up to 500 yards away.59 Moreover, the second bomb was placed in a van parked outside of the Sari Club in Kuta, Bali. 60 The accident occured on October 12, 2011 at 11 pm (0100 Sunday AEST), as the clubs were filling to capacity. The bars were packed with Australians, many of them footballers from New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Western Australia on end-of-season tours.61 Moreover, Christine Foster, a Westerner living in Bali who went to help the

56 Kompas. 2 January 2002. 57 Ibid 58 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (2004). Transnational Terrorism: The Threat to Australia. National Capital Printing. Page xi 59 GLOBAL TERRORISM DATABASE. http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/. Data retrieved on January 29, 2014 at 4:30 60 Ibid 61 Seven Australians identified among 187 dead. (2002, October 13). The Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/10/13/1034222664046.html. Data retrieved on November 11, 2013 at 11:19 29

victims at Sanglah hospital in Denpasar, 15 km north of the bomb site, said 75 per cent of those being treated were Australian. She also told BBC television that there were many other people from "all over the world". Foster listed the other nationalities of the injured victims as Swiss, German, Swedish, American, British and Italian.62 In addition, at the same time, the last bomb exploded near the United States Consulates in Denpasar, Bali and fortunately no one was injured.

Furthermore, the explosions in Kuta and Denpasar were blamed on the Jemaah Islamiyah, but Al-Qaeda claimed credit for the attack. Eventually, in January, 2004, one of Islamic Militant, Sarijo, was jailed for life for making the bombs used in this attack. He was found guilty of mixing the chemicals used in the attack and packing the explosive into the back of the van used to carry the bombs.63

c. After Jakarta and Bali bomb attacks, at the end of the year, a bomb blast back again to the city of Makassar in Central of Indonesia. The bomb destroyed a McDonald’s fast-food restaurant and a show room belonging to Jusuf Kalla on December 5, 2002 and causing four people died, including one as the bomb carrier and 11 people were injured.64

Here is a list of the McDonald and showroom bombers according to the newspaper, Suara Merdeka,65

a. Ashar Daeng Salam, a bomber at McDonald’s who was killed in tragic circumstances. He was also involved in the bombing of a

62 Seven Australians identified among 187 dead. (2002, October 13). The Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/10/13/1034222664046.html. Data retrieved on November 11, 2013 at 11:19 63 GLOBAL TERRORISM DATABASE. http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/. Data retrieved on January 29, 2014 at 4:32 64 Irmawati. (2004, December 17). Berkas Pengebom McDonald Makassar Diserahkan ke Pengadilan. TEMPO Interaktif, Makassar. http://tempo.co.id/hg/nusa/sulawesi/2004/12/17/brk,20041217-66,id.html. Data retrieved on January 30, 2014 at 0:04 65 Ditetapkan, 6 Tersangka Pelaku Bomb Makassar. (2002, December 10). Suara Merdeka. http://www.suaramerdeka.com/harian/0212/10/nas8.htm. Data retrieved on January 30, 2014 at 0:06 30

church in Palu 2001 and had been sentenced to prison for three months. b. Muchtar Daeng Lau, arrested in Pangkep on Friday night on December 6, 2002. He had gone to war in Moro and Afghanistan. During shakedown, the police confiscated some documents, books of Islam, and sharp weapons. c. Mas Nur, the owner of a machine shop, during shakedown, the police found gas cylinders coated aluminum foil, four detonators, wicks, and 2.5 kg TNT. Allegedly, the bomb was made in this shop. d. Agung Hamid, allegedly as the coordinator and the bomb maker, during shakedown, the police found some documents, even a sketch of a worship house which would be exploded. e. Usman, dan Ilham, allegedly helped the operation of Agung Hamid.

d. After the end of 2002, it is expected that in 2003 there would be no longer bomb cases. The bomb still hit Indonesia with a bomb explosion that occurred at 5:25 a.m. on Thursday April 24, 2003 (10:25 p.m. Wednesday GMT) on Wahid Hasyim street about 30 meters from the U.N. building.66 Fortunately, there were no injuries and no damage to the U.N. building and nearby structures, according to investigators. Police said they did not know the cause of the explosion or the target, but they roped off the area while a bomb squad conducted investigations. Police also said they had yet to make any judgments about a motive for the blast but some Indonesian analysts are linking it to a recent crackdown on Muslim extremists in the republic.

66 Explosion near U.N. in Jakarta. (2003, April 24). CNN. http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/asiapcf/southeast/04/23/indonesia.bombs/. Data retrieved on January 30, 2014 at 0:10

e. Three days after the explosion near the U.N building, a small bomb again exploded in a Kentucky Fried Chicken restaurant at Jakarta's Soekarno-Hatta International Airport.67 The bomb was placed under a row of seats near a Kentucky Fried Chicken food outlet and caused low-explosive blast that went off at 6:30 a.m. on Sunday April 27, 2003 (7:30 p.m. Saturday ET) near a passenger pick-up and drop-off area.68 At least seven people had been hurt including an 18-year-old girl who lost her left leg in a bomb blast at a fast-food restaurant in Jakarta's main airport.69 The blast shattered glass panels surrounding the restaurant and the injured were covered in blood. No one has claimed responsibility for the attack but government officials have blamed Islamic terrorists. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, Indonesia's chief security minister at that time, said that the bomb could have been planted to divert attention away and to overthrow the Indonesian government from the trial of the Muslim cleric who is the alleged head of the group, Abu Bakar Bashir which carried out the Bali bomb atrocity.70

f. A couple months later, back again a bomb exploded in Jakarta, but this time, a government building was targetted by the terrorists. A bomb exploded inside the parliament building of Indonesia which is the symbolic heart of Indonesia’s fledgling democracy in Jakarta on July 14, 2003 at 8.30 am. 71 The explosion located in the basement of a

67 GLOBAL TERRORISM DATABASE. http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/. Data retrieved on January 29, 2014 at 4:47 68 Shubert, Atika. (2003, April 27). Explosion hits Jakarta airport. CNN. http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/asiapcf/southeast/04/27/indonesia.blast/. Data retrieved on January 30, 2014 at 0:12 69 AP, Jaime Holgin. (2003, January 9). Terror Bombing At Jakarta Airport. CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/news/terror-bombing-at-jakarta-airport/. Data retrieved on January 30, 2014 at 0:13 70 Seven hurt in bomb blast at Jakarta airport. (2003, April 27). Telegraph.co.uk. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1428491/Seven-hurt-in-bomb-blast-at-Jakarta-airport.html. Data retrieved on January 30, 2014 at 0:15 71 GLOBAL TERRORISM DATABASE. http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/. Data retrieved on January 29, 2014 at 4:52 32

building which was placed near an air-conditioning unit at the back of a function venue used for catering but close to the main parliamentary auditorium. Fortunately, no one got injured due to the explosion. In addition, the attack follows a police announcement on Friday July 11 that they had foiled plans by Islamic radicals to attack churches and shops in Jakarta and had arrested nine suspected militants from the Southeast Asian Muslim network Jemaah Islamiyah. No one claimed the attack but the Free Aceh Movement (GAM) and Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) were both suspected in the attack.72

g. On 5 August 2003, Indonesia once again struck by a bomb. A powerful bomb exploded at around 12:45 pm in the front lobby of the JW Marriott, Metro Kuningan, Jakarta. The explosion killed 12 people and injured 150 people. The blast devastated the restaurant, a popular gathering place for expatriates and wealthy Indonesians, which was full of people having lunch when the vehicle detonated. The explosion seriously damaged the lower floors of the 33-floor hotel and caused considerable damage as well to the office building, which houses the embassies of four Scandinavian countries and the Indonesian offices of many American companies.73 The bomb was carried by a car in which the explosion came to exist in the time of the final days of the trials of the men accused of planning and carrying out the twin bombing attacks on the island of Bali last October.

According to the police, in the investigation of Marriot bombing, it carried out in two ways, namely processing the crime scene and gathering information from inside and outside of the scene. The analyzed result was the model and pattern of the Marriot bombing was similar to the first Bali bombing which used a car bomb. The similarity

72 GLOBAL TERRORISM DATABASE. http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/. Data retrieved on January 29, 2014 at 4:54 73 Bradsher, Keith. (2003, August 5). Deadly Car Bombing Shakes Marriot Hotel in Jakarta. NY Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/05/international/asia/05CND-INDO.html. Data retrieved on January 30, 2014 at 0:20 33

of the mode indicated by the engine numbers and the use of explosives mixture with high explosive and low explosive.74

Ninety percent of the exhibits had been identified, such as the type of the vehicle, type of the bomb and the identity of the person or body part found at the scene on Tuesday, August 7, 2003. The car with a brand from Toyota 1986 with engine number of 5K0134591 was found at the scene had been identified from the type, color which was Silver based on the previous owner. The frame number grinded, but police found out the real numbers which is KF50000478 with Car plate number is 7462 ZN.75

The car, Kijang, owned by Sony, who said that the car was already sold to someone who does not know his name, but Sony knows the characteristics.76 The characteristic of the buyer was a man who was a 168 cm in tall, with skinny body, white skin, having short curly hair, regular nose and eyes, with no mustache and beard, and with Malay dialect. When the buyer came to Sony, he was well-dressed with a jacket and quiet personality. Furthermore, form the reconstruction of the head found in the Marriot Hotel, it was known that the head was belonged to Asmar Latin Sani. Police equipped it with DNA test that was common in his family.

h. The bombings in 2003 continued to the bomb that exploded in front of Australian Embassy on September 9, 2004. The bomb exploded using a car bomb which killed up to 11 people and wounded more than 160.77 The huge bomb blew out windows up to 30 storeys above street level in at least 10 office towers that surround the embassy and left a

74 Bom Hotel JW Marriot. Museum Polri. http://www.museum.polri.go.id/lantai2_gakkum_bom- marriot.html. Data retrieved on January 30, 2014 at 4:57 75 Ibid 76 Ibid 77 Target Australia: Jakarta bomb kills 11. (2004, September 9). The Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/09/09/1094530741977.html. Data retrieved on November 11, 2013 at 11:38 34

huge crater near the heavy security gates where people queue each morning before being allowed to enter.78 Moreover, the blast came just weeks before the start of the second trial of Abu Bakar Bashir as the spiritual leaders of Jemaah Islamiyah and the Islamic cleric was accused of plotting the Marriot bombing a month prior.

2.3.2 Terrorism Activities during SBY Administration I (2004 – 2009)

After the election in 2004, the changing of the President would be expected to stop bomb incidents in the country. Sadly, the turnover of President was one month after the bomb incident in front of Australian Embassy. However, the spirit of terrorist would never stop easily. Their threat would still remain until they got what they want. Thus, there were some bomb explosions during the 1st round of SBY administration,

a. The first one was in 2005. Precisely on May 28 in Tentena, Central Sulawesi. The blast killed 36 people, 12 were women, 23 were men, and 1 was a children and injuring 60 others. 79 The second bomb exploded outside of a police station in Tentena about 15 minutes after the first bomb exploded. The second bomb appeared to target first responders helping individuals injured in the initial blast. The two explosions occurred at 8:15 a.m. and 8:30 a.m. “when the market was packed with buyers,” said Rusno Prihardito, Head of Police Operations Bureau in the provincial capital of Palu. 80 Indonesian authorities believed the explosions might be the work of Islamic militants.

78 Moore, Matthew and Rompies, Karuni. (2004, September 10). 9 dead and 161 hurt in Jakarta bombing. The Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/09/09/1094530771726.htmlv. Data retrieved on November 11, 2013 at 11:22 79 Bua, Jafar G. (2005, June 1). 36 Orang Korban Tentena Masih Dirawat di Rumah Sakit. detikNews. http://news.detik.com/read/2005/06/01/144231/372705/10/36-orang-korban-bom- tentena-masih-dirawat-di-rumah-sakit?nd992203605. Data retrieved on January 30, 2014 at 0:30 80 Firdausi, Naila. (2005, May 28). Two Bomb Blasts in Indonesian Market Kill at Least 20 (Update2). Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=axSCnyxCsXsk&refer=asia. Data retrieved on January 30, 2014 at 0:31 35

Indonesian police during that month arrested three Muslim extremists in Central Sulawesi for alleged involvement in a recent bombing and are still searching for Azahari Husin, a bomb expert linked to the Southeast Asia-based Jemaah Islamiyah terror group.

b. For the second time, Bali got hit by the bomb blast rocked popular tourist areas on a Saturday night of October 1, 2005 on the seaside area of Jimbaran Bay and the bar and shopping hub of Kuta at about 8 pm. Precisely, the first bomb exploded near the Jimbaran beach then followed by the second bomb on the second floor of the Raja restaurant at Kuta.81 This blast at least killed 23 people and 196 got injured.82 There were conflicting reports on casualties and the number of bombs. Mr. Dino Pati Djalal on the news said that six bombs had gone off at different locations about 7 pm. Later, the police had confirmed only three bombs. Moreover, it was indicated that there did not appear to be a car bomb involved in the attacks. The first blasts occurred in Jimbaran, and they were followed by the blast at the Raja restaurant in Kuta.83 However, the attack came almost exactly three years after terrorists bombed Kuta nightclubs on October 12, 2002 due to suicidal bomb.84

Shortly after the blast, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono addressed the nation on state television, expressing his concern and condemning what he called a terrorist attack. He said, "These were

81 GLOBAL TERRORISM DATABASE. http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/. Data retrieved on January 29, 2014 at 5:00 82 Bomb Bali I dan II. Museum Polri. http://www.museum.polri.go.id/lantai2_gakkum_bom- bali.html. Data retrieved on January 29, 2014 at 5:03 83 Bonner, Raymond and Jane Perlez. (2005, October 2). Bali Bombings Kill at Least 25 in Tourist Spots. NY Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/02/international/asia/02bali.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0. Data retrieved on January 30, 2014 at 0:33 84 Quijano, Elaine and Geoff Hiscock with John Aglionby and Maria Ressa. (2005, October 2). Bali terrorist blasts kill at least 26. CNN. http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/10/01/bali.blasts/. Data retrieved on January 30, 2014 at 0:34 36

clearly acts of terrorism because the victims were indiscriminately chosen and the targets were public areas. As president and on behalf of the Republic of Indonesia, I strongly condemn these inhuman acts." Moreover, based on the result of the police investigation, it revealed the existence of the group Dr. Azahari Husin and the seven main actors of bomb blasting. Evantually, Dr. Azahari was killed in an ambush in Malang, East Java, on November 9, 2005.85

2.3.3 Terrorism Activities during SBY Administration II (2009 – 2014)

a. After break from the bomb incidents for awhile, on Friday, July 17, 2009, in one of two related attacks, two suicide bombers detonated improvised explosive devices in the restaurants of two hotels, The Marriott and the Ritz Carlton, in Jakarta. 86 The blasts blew out windows and scattered debris and glass across the street, kicking up a thick plume of smoke. The blast also killed eight people and injuring at least 51 others in Indonesia’s first terrorist attack in almost four years.87

Unfortunately, the attacks come nine days after elections in Indonesia, the world’s most populous Muslim country, in which President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono won a second five-year term after improving security and pledging to reduce corruption.

In addition, a message was posted on two radical Muslim websites supposedly by wanted terrorist leader of Islamic group Jemaah Islamiyah, Noordin M Top, who said his group was behind the bombings. “It is retribution for all the acts by the United States and its

85 Bomb Bali I dan II. Museum Polri. http://www.museum.polri.go.id/lantai2_gakkum_bom- bali.html. Data retrieved on January 29, 2014 at 5:03 86 GLOBAL TERRORISM DATABASE. http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/. Data retrieved on January 29, 2014 at 5:07 87 Moestafa, Berni and Achmad Sukarsono. (2009, July 17). Ritz, Marriott Hotels in Jakarta Hit by Bombings; 8 People Die. Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a_SusXvRLY.0. Data retrieved on January 30, 2014 at 0:39 37

lackeys against Muslims and Muslim holy warriors,” said the statement written in Arabic and Bahasa Indonesia. It was signed off by Noordin Top, with the title of “emir of Tandzim Al-Qaeda Indonesia”, a breakaway faction of the Jemaah Islamiah (JI) militant group. Amir Abdillah, 34, was the first to appear of a group of defendants believed to have taken orders from Noordin Mohammad Top.88

b. On Tuesday afternoon on March 15, 2011, there were four linked parcel bombing attacks. First was outside the building of the Institute for Studies on the Free Flow of Information in the Utan Kayu area of Jakarta, a letter bomb hidden in a hollowed-out book titled “They Deserved to be Killed: Because of their Sins to Islam and Muslims” addressed to Ulil Abshar Abdalla, a well-known liberal Islamic figure, detonated as police attempted to defuse it. The device, which was hand-delivered by courier and contained ammonium chlorate, injured four people while it is unknown if the blast resulted in any property damage. Accompanying the bomb was a threatening letter urging Abdalla to write a preface to the book. According to police, based on the materials used in the packages, the assailants aimed to instill fear and cause injuries, not cause deaths.89

The second one was a letter bomb hidden in a hollowed-out book entitled “Jewish Militant” was hand-delivered by courier to the house of Indonesian rock musician Ahmad Dhani. Police defused the bomb two days later on Thursday and when it was discovered, the bomb contains ammonium chlorate, preventing any casualties or property damage from taking place. According to police, based on the materials used in the packages, the assailants aimed to instill fear and cause injuries, not cause deaths.90

88 GLOBAL TERRORISM DATABASE. http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/. Data retrieved on January 29, 2014 at 5:11 89 Ibid 90 Ibid 38

The third was a letter bomb hidden in a hollowed-out book that was hand-delivered by courier to the house of Christian counter-terrorism police official Goris Mere. Police defused the bomb, which was discovered to contain ammonium chlorate, preventing any casualties or property damage from taking place. According to police, based on the materials used in the packages, the assailants aimed to instill fear and cause injuries, not cause deaths.91

The last was a letter bomb hidden in a hollowed-out book entitled “Is Pancasila Dead?” that was hand-delivered by courier to the house of youth organization Pemuda Pancasila chairman, Yapto Suryosumarno. Police defused the bomb, which was discovered to contain ammonium chlorate, preventing any casualties or property damage from taking place. According to police, based on the materials used in the packages, the assailants aimed to instill fear and cause injuries, not cause deaths.92

Therefore, no group claimed responsibility for the attack, but authorities suspected that Jamaah Islamiyah (JI) militants were responsible. After examining the design of one of the devices, police detectives named a bomb-maker known as Upik Lawang as their prime suspect.

2.4 The Cause of terrorism in Indonesia

By seeing the bomb incidents above and the history of terrorism in Indonesia, the author analyzes that there are some factors causing terrorism attacks in Indonesia. The author sees that the factors are Political factor, Ideology factor and Religious factor. The reasons of the factors are based on the incidents

91 GLOBAL TERRORISM DATABASE. http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/. Data retrieved on January 29, 2014 at 5:11 92 Ibid 39 that hit some aspects and the story of Darul Islam, so the author can conclude the factor.

The first factor is Political factor. It can be seen from the places of explosion. During the administration of President Megawati until President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, the suspects were planted the bombs in the area where people gathered, business-center, and many foreigners. The places were like Kuta, Jimbaran, Legian Street, Kuningan, the market, and hotels. Even after the blast in Bali in 2002, President Megawati added some point which related to political factor. There was in her speech during the 58th General Assembly of United Nations, the President said that, “all know it’s very real. Whatever the reason for each of us, we must admit that the absence of a fair attitude, coupled with a mounting sense of being marginalized and ignored, and delays of formal channels to promote the aspirations, has been fertilize’s in the growing climate of violence. In our review, this is actually the seeds and roots of the problems that eventually led to the birth of acts of terrorism and even cause disaster and pain.”93 In other words, the perpetrators came from the group called as Jemaah Islamiyah who wants to make chaos in the country.

The second factor which is ideology factor can be seen from the establishment of Darul Islam by Kartosoewirjo. Based on the book of Kartosoewirjo, after he and his followers were arrested by the Indonesian National Army and he was sentenced to the death on September 5, 1962, 94 although his resistance failed, his future followers still believed in Darul Islam. Kartosoewirjo’s ideology of creating an Islamic Country through radical or against the government is also still having strong influence in the young people that committed jihad, such as an example of Iqbal real name Arnasan, one of the suicide bombers in Bali in October 2002. He wrote to family and friends in Malingping, Banten, a former Darul Islam base:

93 The speech of Megawati Soekarnoputri during the 58th General Assembly of the United Nations in New York (2003, September 23). http://www.indonesiamission- ny.org/NewStatements/unga58_092303_ind.html. Data retrieved on January 30 at 0:42 94 Seri Buku Tempo (2011). Kartosoewirjo – Mimpi Negara Islam. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia. Page 63 40

The last factor is religious factor which is almost the same like the ideology factor. It can be seen that Darul Islam was established in order to create Indonesia as an Islamic state. Moreover, by killing non-muslim is permitted for them and in their belief, the blood of non-muslim is Halal or allowed to be killed. As a matter of a fact, after the blast bombing in Tentena Market, the suspect, Amril Ngiode as known as Aat, said to the Tempo News that he regretted of doing bombing. “I know what I did is wrong, but I kept reminding my religious teachers that their blood (Christian as being called by the ustad as infidels) was Halal.”96

95 Seri Buku Tempo (2011). Kartosoewirjo – Mimpi Negara Islam. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia. Page 142 96 Pelaku Bom Tentena Menyesal. (2007, February 17). Tempo. http://www.tempo.co/read/news/2007/02/17/05593528/Pelaku-Bom-Tentena-Menyesal. Data retrieved on January 30 at 0:44 41

CHAPTER 3 SECURING AUSTRALIA: COUNTER-TERRORISM STRATEGY

This chapter will show to the reader about the government of Australia securing the country through the establishment of Counter-terrorism Strategy White Paper. The White Paper consists of four elements of strategy which are Analysis, Protection, Resilience, and Response.

3.1 Australian Perception on Terrorism

Terrorism has become a persistent and permanent feature of Australia’s security environment. The Government’s responsibility is to task intelligence, security and law enforcement agencies to direct their counter-terrorism efforts to analyze the threat, to seek to protect Australia and Australians, to be ready to respond to threats and attacks when needed, and to make efforts to strengthen resilience in our community and society. (Australia’s Counter-Terrorism White Paper)97

Australia sees that terrorism is a threat for the people and the country’s interest. Attacks carried out by terrorists were not only disturbing but also resulted in the safety of economic in security and also the destruction of public facilities. The threat is not only from the inside but also from the outside of the country. In fact since 2001, more than 100 Australians killed from terrorist attacks abroad and some terrorism attack shave plagued Australia and make the kangaroo country trouble. Some other attacks that have been defeated in Australia where 38 people have been prosecuted using the Criminal Code Act 1995.98 Moreover, some of the

97 Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (2010). Counter-Terrorism White Paper, Securing Australia – Protecting Our Community. New Millennium Pty Ltd. Page 71 98 Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (2010). Counter-Terrorism White Paper, Securing Australia – Protecting Our Community. New Millennium Pty Ltd. Page 7 42 suspects are ongoing in which 20 suspects have been convicted of terrorism offences using the Criminal Code and more than 40 Australian citizens have had their passports denied for terrorism-related reasons.

Australia knows that terrorism attacks is rooted from Al-Qaeda, but most troubling is the neighboring country such as Indonesia where a group of terrorism was born called as Jemaah Islamiyah which also having connection with Al- Qaida. The attacks were launched by Jemaah Islamiyah did not only creating fear in Indonesia but as a regional namely Southeast Asia and even Australia felt threatened. This happens because many attacks involve Australia to become victims. The most of the terrorist act affecting Australians are including the first and second of Bali bombing that killed 228 people, including 92 Australians; and the JW Marriott bombing 1 and 2 at Ritz Carlton hotel in Jakarta that killed 12 people including 3 Australians; and the Embassy of Australia bombing in Jakarta killing 10 people.

Furthermore, despite Indonesia has had significant success against terrorism in recent years, including the killing in 2009 of terrorist leader Noordin Mohammed Top by Indonesian National Police, this terrorist group will continue to adapt, combining local and international agendas in unpredictable ways. Thus, the threat to Australian lives and interests in the region will persist. Therefore, the Australian government creates a strategy for combating terrorism that which consists of four elements, namely analysis, protection, response and resilience. As a matter of a fact, the government also published counter-terrorism strategy white paper in 2010 even though strategies designed had done since the first Bali bombing.99

99 Mabes Polri (2005). Profile of the Indonesian National Police: Exposing the New Paradigm. Exatama Group. Page 351 43

3.2 Analysis

“Analysis: an intelligence-led response to terrorism driven by a properly connected and properly informed national security community.”100

Conducted by Australia in an effort to counter-terrorism is intelligence-led and focuses on prevention. This approach relies on strong partnerships and partnership at the national level, effective engagement at the international level, and to share information effectively. Even the last few years, there has been a significant enhancement in the security area, the intelligence and law enforcement agencies and the government of Australia has taken steps forward to advance all agencies skill and the upgrade sharing of information. With the existence of the National Intelligence Coordinating Committee, the information about transnational crime including terrorism, in and outside the country will be integrated into national security plans. In addition, by establishment of Counter- Terrorism Control Center, the government of Australia will have a better understanding and preparation facing terrorism.

3.2.1 The Capability of Intelligence

To have a quick prevention to protect the country and its people from terrorism attacks, the government of Australia needs to have the capability in collecting, analyzing, and sharing information, especially in the body of intelligence community. Intelligence community in Australia has responsibility to collect human intelligence, signal intelligence and imagery, and research institutions that analyze data of terrorism.

The threat of terrorist requires close cooperation between Australia's foreign intelligence, law enforcement, financial intelligence, security intelligence, criminal intelligence agencies, as well as with international partners. Australian intelligence capabilities also have to update with changes of new technology since there is no guarantee of advance warning of terrorist attacks.

100 Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (2010). Counter-Terrorism White Paper, Securing Australia – Protecting Our Community. New Millennium Pty Ltd. Page 19 44

The Australian Government has strengthened counter-terrorism intelligence activities with integrating and coordinating the entire intelligence community nationally through the establishment of the Counter-Terrorism Control Centre. The Counter-Terrorism Control Center is established in order to firm the integration of counter-terrorism capabilities by managing and setting counter- terrorism priorities, identifying intelligence requirements, and ensuring that the collection and distribution of counter-terrorism information is coordinated and effective across the range of Australia’s counter-terrorism activity.101

Since the threat of terrorism is unpredictable so it drives Australia to cooperate with those who have an understanding of the current threat of terrorism. Australia eventually formed the National Intelligence Coordination Committee (NICC) in 2009 which aimed to implement a better integrated and more strategic approach to national security in Australia102 with enhancing the ability of security agencies to share information by coordination effort and opportunities identification in order to enhance the response from the whole-of-government to see terrorism as national security challenges.103

NICC is chaired by the National Security Adviser and comprises of the Australian Secret Intelligence Service, the Heads of the Office of National Assessments, the Australian Security Intelligence Organization, the Defense Intelligence Organization, the Defense Imagery and Geospatial Organization, the Defense Signals Directorate, the Australian Crime Commission, the Australian Federal Police, and Customs and Border Protection. While at the Deputy

101 From the joint press release on 23 February 2010 issued by the Prime Minister, the Attorney- General and the Minister for Foreign Affairs. http://www.propertyoz.com.au/library/counter- terrorism_control_centre_107.pdf. Data retrieved on January 11, 2014 at 12:05 102 ASIO and National Security - Collecting, analyzing and reporting intelligence on threats to security. http://www.asio.gov.au/ASIO-and-National-Security/Partners/NICC.html. Data retrieved on January 11, 2014 at 15:07 103 Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (2010). Counter-Terrorism White Paper, Securing Australia – Protecting Our Community. New Millennium Pty Ltd. Page 28 45

Secretary level is represented by the departments of Immigration and Citizenship, Foreign Affairs and Trade, Defense, and Attorney-General’s.104

Apart from that, Australia also established intelligence community to strengthen the security system in the country. The Australian Intelligence Community includes:105 a. ONA stands for The Office of National Assessments, providing sources of valuation on international strategic, political, and economic developments to the Prime Minister and senior ministers in the National Security Committee of Cabinet. b. ASIO stands for The Australian Security Intelligence Organization, collecting identifying and investigating threats to Australia’s security, as long as their tasks are to protect the county, its citizens and country’s interests. c. ASIS stands for The Australian Secret Intelligence Service, protecting and promoting Australia’s interest through foreign intelligence and is located overseas as human intelligence agency. d. DIO stands for The Defense Intelligence Organization, supporting Defense and the government in decision-making and assisting with the planning and conducting operation from Australian Defense Force. e. DIGO stands for The Defense Imagery and Geospatial Organization, providing geospatial intelligence in supporting Australia’s national interests and defense. f. DSD stands for The Defense Signals Directorate, supporting the government in decision-making and Australian Defense Force with high quality supports Australian Government decision-makers and the ADF with high quality of intelligence products and services from foreign signals. In addition, DSD’s responsibility is also to protect government communications and information systems.

104 Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (2010). Counter-Terrorism White Paper, Securing Australia – Protecting Our Community. New Millennium Pty Ltd. Page 28 105 Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (2010). Counter-Terrorism White Paper, Securing Australia – Protecting Our Community. New Millennium Pty Ltd. Page 29 46

In addition to the security system that is used as part of government and cooperation with foreign parties, the government also requires the cooperation with the people of Australia itself. With the existence since December 2002 of the National Security Hotline, which is 24 hours for its operation, is another way for public to be able to work with the government to protect the country from terrorism because every piece of information is important that can lead the government in dealing with terrorism.

Moreover, financial intelligence is also vital for the government of Australia in order to erase money laundering and transaction used by terrorists. Therefore, the government established AUSTRAC standing for the Australian Transaction Reports and Analysis Center as Australian Financial Intelligence Unit.

The government of Australia has also created a new agency in order to firm of sharing of information across national security agencies with the establishment of NSCIO standing for the Australian Government’s National Security Chief Information Officer. The establishment is to maintain the development of an integrated and trusted national security agencies by removing cultural, technical barriers and political to information sharing.106

3.2.2 Intelligence Partnership Internationally

In working with international partners in intelligence, the government of Australia established CTITP which stands for Australia’s Counter-Terrorism Intelligence Training Program in 2005. This training program delivers capacity building, counter-terrorism training and contributes to the development of trust, and cooperation with other agencies.107

106 Australian Government Website, Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. http://www.dpmc.gov.au/annual_reports/2009-10/html/profiles/nscio-team/. Data retrieved on January 11, 2014 at 15:47 107 Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (2010).Counter-Terrorism White Paper, Securing Australia – Protecting Our Community. New Millennium Pty Ltd. Page 31 47

3.2.3 Open and Accountable of Intelligence

With open and accountable intelligence, the government can ensure that the integration between intelligence agencies and partners work consistently. Therefore through the inspector General of Intelligence and Security (IGIS) by provide assurance to the government and the House of Representatives, IGIS has powers to investigate, inspect, and review all activities and report of intelligence agencies.

3.3 Protection

“Protection: taking all necessary and practical action to protect Australia and Australians from terrorism at home and abroad.”108

The government of Australia is dedicated to combat the threat to take measures necessary to reduce the risk of attacks. Moreover, the government also has to rely on border management and transport security, a firm cooperation between the states and territories and Commonwealth, collaborative partnership with businesses in order to protect Australia’s infrastructure and international relations.

3.3.1 A Strong Border

Terrorist are capable to travel across borders in order to attack or add followers in an area. The government of Australia needs to have the ability to prevent and identify the movement of alleged terrorists especially in trying to enter the country. Therefore, in order to have a strong border, Australian government has enacted a Strategic Border Management Plan. The plan is like through the existence of biometric-based visa system under supervision of DIAC or Department of Immigration and Citizenship, the government can filter who is coming to Australia. Even, the biometrics system has been implemented overseas

108 Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (2010). Counter-Terrorism White Paper, Securing Australia – Protecting Our Community. New Millennium Pty Ltd. Page 19 48 such as Nigeria, Cambodia, Pakistan, Ethiopia, Ghana, France, Jordan, Kenya, Lebanon, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen, Zimbabwe, and Bangladesh.109 The system will work in collecting a person fingerprints and images in applying visa in overseas location.110

Furthermore, in strengthening the border security, Australian agencies work closely with overseas counterparts such as Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, and the Pacific countries. One of the examples is DIAC working with Directorate General of Indonesian Immigration in order to strengthen borders through the existence of Border Management Capacity Building Partnership. In Indonesia, the System is called a CEKAL (system CEGAH and TANGKAL). 111 The system that spent approximately 10 million Australian dollars is a system to improve more reliable detection of persons suspected or to help prevent human smuggling and irregular migration. This system was already operational at five cities in Indonesia, namely Jakarta, Denpasar, Surabaya, Medan and Batam.112

3.3.2 Aviation Security

After many aircraft hijacking incidents committed by terrorists, Australian government strengthens security in the transportation system. Border agencies, the Australian National Police collaborated with territory and state police with airport operator work together to prevent from terrorism acts the environment of aviation.

109 Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Countries and Visa Subclasses Included in the Biometrics Program. http://www.immi.gov.au/allforms/biometrics/offshore/countries.htm. Data retrieved on January 12, 2013 at 13:04 110 Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (2010). Counter-Terrorism White Paper, Securing Australia – Protecting Our Community. New Millennium Pty Ltd. Page 36 111 Imigrasi Akan Terapkan Sistem Cekal Baru. Antara News.com. http://www.antaranews.com/print/90534/19th-national-games-budget-likely-to-exceed-rp1- trillion. Data retrieved on January 12, 2014 at 14:36 112 Menteri Australia dan RI Fokuskan pada Peningkatan Keamanan Perbatasan (2008, August 6). Australian Embassy for Indonesia, Arsip Media Press. http://www.indonesia.embassy.gov.au/jaktindonesian/SM08_069.html. Data retrieved on January 12, 2014 at 14:47 49

Through the Government’s Critical Infrastructure Protection or CIP, The OTS or Office Transport Security under the Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development is having duty to prevent transport security planning and policy and as a leading role in practice of security risk and mitigation to the owners and operators of transport services.113

3.3.3 A Cooperative National Approach

All actors in Australian government are responsible for safeguarding the people, infrastructure and assets and the interests of Australia as a whole against terrorism. The cooperation between the Commonwealth and state and territory ensuring strong national capability and can certainly eradicate terrorism. Through arrangements governing the relationship between the fields of policy, intelligence and law enforcement in all jurisdictions and the capability to exchange information, and arrangements of counter-terrorisms coordinated cooperative that harnesses the power of all governments is the key to success against terrorism. To create strong relationships and understanding to unite in the government, especially in matters of national security, the NCTC or The National Counter- Terrorism Committee was formed.

National Counter Terrorism Committee, co-chaired by senior Australian Government and State officers or Territory Official and comprises senior representation from relevant Australian government agencies, First Minister's Departments and Police services from each jurisdiction was established in 2002 by the Inter-Government Agreement on Australia's National Counter -Terrorism arrangements to:114

a. Coordinating an effective nation-wide counter-terrorism capability; b. Providing strategic and policy advice to heads of Government and relevant Ministers;

113 Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (2010). Counter-Terrorism White Paper, Securing Australia – Protecting Our Community. New Millennium Pty Ltd. Page 40 114 Australian Government, Directory (2011, May 31). http://www.directory.gov.au/directory?ea0_lf99_120.&organizationalUnit&dbbce7b5-fdfb-4561- b25b-dc72c990a581. Data retrieved on January 12, 2014 at 16:40 50

c. Maintaining effective arrangements for sharing appropriate intelligence and information between all relevant agencies in all jurisdictions; d. Providing advice in relation to the administration of NCTC funds; and e. Maintaining the NCTC and associated documentation.

3.3.4 Protecting Infrastructure

The Australian Government believes that community of business is a key in protecting infrastructure in the country. The business community is united in mass transportation systems and places where people gather in big numbers, has been the target of terrorist attacks. Financial markets and utilities are also potential targets of terroris mattacks. In order to prevent that the Australian business community is put into key roles, for terrorism response, the government is ensuring that an adequate level of security applied in critical infrastructure protection, based assessed risks. As a result Australia creates Critical Infrastructure Protection Program to ensure that the infrastructure will be protected and able to operate immediately from all threats and danger including act of terrorism.

Moreover, the Government of Australia also recently released a Cyber Security Strategy which aims to maintain its secure, resilient and trusted electronic operating environment that supports Australia’s national security and maximizes the benefits of the digital economy.115

In order to reduce the risks and consequences from any attack that endangers Australia’s national interests, Australian Government establishes two mutual organizations: the Cyber Security Operations Centre (CSOC) andthe Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT).

115 Administration, Attorney General’s Department (2009). Cyber Security Strategy – An Overview. Australian Government. Page 5 51

3.3.5 Collaboration with the Community of Science and Innovation

The government through the Council of Australian Governments Review of Hazardous Materials believes that terrorist may use such chemical, biological and radiological materials to implement their action. As a matter of fact, Osama bin Laden has a reportedly pursued the development of chemical and biological weapons since the early 1990s. 116 Even, during operations in Afghanistan, coalition forces found trace amounts of ricin and anthrax at five or six sites, as well as evidence of an interest in plague, cyanide, and botulinum toxin.117 Thus, the Government of Australia has created NSSIS or stands for National Security Science and Innovation Strategy.

Through collaboration with the US Department of Defense Technical Support Working Group or TSWG and a treaty-level agreement administered with the US Department of Homeland Security, Australia has developed its national security research and technology by the United States. They facilitate sharing information such as counter-terrorism, improvised explosive device components, including chemical, biological radiological and nuclear materials, and X-ray technologies.

3.3.6 Working with International Counterparts

Australian government believes that terrorist threat is dynamic and unpredictable so it causes the country to work with international counterparts. By working actively within the United Nations, the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade manages the engagement of counter-terrorism through CTAG (Counter-Terrorism Action Group) or well-known as the Group 8. The group offers the best opportunity currently available for enhanced coordination of donor

116 The Central Intelligence Agency, Unclassified Report to Congress on the Acquisition of Technology Relating to Weapons of Mass Destruction and Advanced Conventional Munitions, 1 January Through 30 June 2001. http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/bian/bian_jan_2002.htm. Data retrieved on January 17, 2014 at 12:09 117 “Al Qaeda: Anthrax Found in Al Qaeda home,” Global Security Newswire, 10 December 2001; Judith Miller, “Labs Suggest Qaeda Planned to Build Arms, Officials Say,” New YorkTimes, September 14, 2002; cited from Report for Congress: Received through the CRS Web, Cronin, Audrey Kurth, Terrorist Motivation for Chemical and Biological Weapons Use: Placing the Threat in Context. March 28, 2003. Page 4 52 counter terrorism assistance.118 The members of CTAG currently include the G8 (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States), the European Commission, and a representative from the UN Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee and now including Australia, Switzerland, and Spain.119

Moreover, strengthening and building trust with regional partners are also important for the government of Australia. Through APEC or Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, ASEAN or the Association of South East Asian Nations, and the ASEAN Regional Forum and the Pacific Islands Forum, Australia will have a strong commitment to prevent from terrorism act. Australia now has agreements with Afghanistan, East Timor, Cambodia, Brunei, Fiji, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, India, Papua New Guinea, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Turkey.

Moreover, on 14 February 2013, William Fisher was appointed Australia's Ambassador for Counter-Terrorism. The Ambassador for Counter-Terrorism plays a key role in coordinating capacity building, policy cooperation and operational collaboration between Australian agencies and international counter- terrorism counterparts. 120 William Fisher was previously the Australian Prime Minister's Special Envoy to La Francophonie and to the Francophone States of Africa since October 2010.121 The duty of the Ambassador is to build international linkages in order to ensure that the effort of the government of Australia in dealing with terrorism is consistent, effective, and well-focused.

Moreover, Australian government through the AFP or Australian Federal Police is also committed in dealing with terrorism through developing law

118 Rosand, Eric (2009, May). The G8’s Counterterrorism Action Group – Policy Brief. www.globalact.org. Data retrieved on January 17, 2014 at 13:07 119 Canada’s Foreign Affairs, Trade, and Development (2012, September 17). Counter-Terrorism Action Group (CTAG). http://www.international.gc.ca/crime/ctag-gact.aspx?lang=eng. Data retrieved on January 17, 2014 at 13:22 120 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.International Counter-Terrorism. http://www.dfat.gov.au/issues/terrorism.html. Data retrieved on January 17, 2014 at 13:29 121Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Mr William Fisher – Australian Ambassador for Counter-Terrorism. https://www.dfat.gov.au/homs/auct.html. Data retrieved on January 17, 2014 at 13:31 53 enforcement collaboration with foreign counterparts such as the existence of TNCC or Transnational Crime Center and JCLEC or Jakarta Center for Law Enforcement Cooperation in Indonesia. The law enforcement will concern on investigations, operations, intelligence, forensics, disaster victim identification, and surveillance and response capabilities.

3.4 Response

“Response: providing an immediate and targeted response to specific 122 terrorist threats and terrorist attacks should they occur.”

A comprehensive national response is vital in order to provide effective powers for agencies and the ability to arrest people who conduct terrorist acts. To respond to the threat of terrorism Australia has done it through robust legal frameworks and effective intelligence, security and law enforcement agencies.

3.4.1 A Firm of Legal Frameworks

With a firm of legal frameworks, preventing terrorism and bringing justice to those who carry out terrorism is being easy to do for the government of Australia. The states and territories have referred legislative powers to the Commonwealth to allow the creation of a single set of terrorism offences under the Criminal Code Act 1995 (the Criminal Code). These offences are aimed at individuals who engage in, train for, prepare, plan, finance or provide support for terrorist acts. The establishment of Criminal Code 1995 is to codify the general principles of criminal responsibility under laws of the Commonwealth. It contains all the general principles of criminal responsibility that apply to any offence, irrespective of how the offence is created.123

122 Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (2010). Counter-Terrorism White Paper, Securing Australia – Protecting Our Community. New Millennium Pty Ltd. Page 19 123 The Office of Legislative Drafting, Attorney-General’s Department (2001, July 17). Criminal Code Act 1995 – Act No. 12 of 1995 as amended, 2001. Page 4 54

Furthermore, Australia’s Counter-Terrorism also recognizes the international law that by judging the terrorist, everything will be based on human rights obligations that contained in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. Australian government is also committed to the conventions and protocols of the United Nations.

3.4.2 Legal Powers for Security Agencies and Law Enforcement

By following a Council of Australian Governments or COAG agreement in 2005, all states and territories have rules and regulations of having powers. Thus, all security agencies will work professionally. Furthermore, with Crimes Act 1914, which is a blue-print of rules and regulations for act of criminals for the AFP, the AFP will be able to detain a person under their faults.

Moreover, the Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Act 1979 and the Surveillance Devices Act 2004 will provide agencies with tools of investigation, the use of surveillance devices and communications interceptions, in order to detect and investigate the acts of terrorism.

3.4.3 A Firm and Coordinated of Law Enforcement

Through a Joint Counter-Terrorism Team or JCTT mechanism and with police officers from the AFP, the relevant state or territory police service and ASIO, they can work cooperatively to conduct coordinated counter-terrorism investigations. JCTT is also focusing on preventive operations and are governed by nationally consistent frameworks for the strategic management of counter- terrorism operations. Thus, the law enforcement will be firm and coordinated.

3.4.4 State and Territory Counter-Terrorism Capabilities

The government of Australia has integrated its coordination and mechanism to face natural disasters including counter-terrorism in order to increase counter-terrorism and national security duties more broadly. First is to integrate the coordination of the Ministry of the Attorney General and

Coordination Center Facilities Emergency Management Incident Management Australia. This consolidation of capabilities to provide the Government with all- hazards information coordination, monitoring and crisis management functions. Second is with an integrated comprehensive approach across government agencies are connected into setting states and territories. It will be interpreted through the establishment of Parliament House Briefing Room and a National Crisis Coordination Centre.

3.4.5 The Role of Defense

In accordance with the Australian Constitution and the Defense Act 1903, it provides rules and regulations on domestic security and emergency response efforts such as border protection from terrorism and the act of combating terrorism. In some cases, Defense capabilities also mean that are ready to ensure rapid deployment when required.

3.5 Resilience

“Resilience: building a strong and resilient Australian community to resist the development of any form of violent extremism and terrorism on the home front.”124

Australia by having multicultural society with respect for cultural diversity is the base strength to counter-terrorism. It is because by recognizing, accepts and respects cultural diversity, it will bring sense of belonging that no hate-based are in community’s ideology. The government believes that marginalization can be committed to support the acts of terrorism. They also can affect the society’s cohesiveness, economic performance and, as Australia has seen overseas, the security and stability of the community as a whole. Therefore, by building togetherness through promoting a sense of belonging and respect and through

124 Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (2010). Counter-Terrorism White Paper, Securing Australia – Protecting Our Community. New Millennium Pty Ltd. Page 19 56 working with the Australian community, it will bring a strong and resilient Australian community.

3.5.1 A Domestic Approach

With a national approach that aims to counter violent extremism to prevent damage to the society, government of Australia conducts activities involve all aspects of society to support government measures in the fight against terrorism. As the improvement of public awareness, community and religious leaders could always play an important role in supporting resistance to extremism.

Communities or personal also need to work closely with authorities to reduce conflicts that will appeal to extremism. Security agencies and law enforcement are also trying to engage constructively with all sectors of the Australian community to have better understanding about the issues that can lead to marginalization and division in society.

3.5.2 An International Approach

AusAID as Australia’s contribution of international development assistance program is broader approach to national security. Although different from counter-terrorism program, this program of assistance provided by the Australian government may be hope for the future is more optimistic. The development program aims to help less developed countries to prevent instability and insecurity from poverty and injustice. The assistance can help reducing the sources transnational threats such as terrorism.

3.6 Australia’s Strategy in Indonesia

Since Australia has four elements in its strategy of counter – terrorism, in the partnership between Indonesia and Australia, the element of Protection is the suitable one to be used for bilateral relationship of both countries. The reason behind it is that the element of Protection emphasizes bilateral relationship or cooperation between Australia and other countries. Moreover, since the Protection

57 means getting all needs and practical action in order to protect Australia and its people from terrorism at home and overseas, the Australian government highlighted a point in the element of Protection to be achieved in meaning to collaborate with Indonesia which is firming collaboration with international counter-parts, bilaterally and multilaterally, in order to contribute to international counter-terrorism efforts and establish an international environment that is clean from terrorism.

CHAPTER 4 INDONESIA – AUSTRALIA COOPERATION IN COUNTER-TERRORISM

This chapter will show to the reader about the government of Indonesia seeing terrorism as a threat for the country and how the country deal with terrorism. Then, it will be shown of how Australia sees terrorism in Indonesia by interpretation of bilateral relations concept and strategy. Moreover, as Australia supports Indonesia in counter-terrorism, it will be shown the outcomes in this chapter.

4.1 Indonesian Efforts in Dealing with Terrorism

Since the sound of global campaign against terrorism being widespread, it became a turning point for Indonesia to reinforce and develop of reliable and professional of against terrorism. Moreover, for the security and order, it is a state that is able to guarantee the implementation of the various activities and community dynamics, in the perspective of the police, as well as the term is defined security and public order is a dynamic condition of society as a precondition for the implementation of the national development process in order to achieve the national goals that are characterized by guaranteeing security, order, and law enforcement, as well as peace, having the capability to support and develop the potential and power of the people in the ward, preventing, and combating all forms of violations of the laws and other forms of interference which may disturb society.125

125 Kompol Dayan Victor Imanuel Blegur, SIK (2010). Naskap Sespim – OPTIMALISASI PERAN UNIT ANALIS DENSUS 88/ANTI TEROR GUNA MENINGKATKAN PENGUNGKAPAN TINDAK PIDANA TEORISME DALAM RANGKA HARKAMTIBMAS. Page 1-2 59

However, security and order in the society are not guaranteed, one of them since the bomb crime cases are very detrimental to society and the state. The case of bomb attack that occurred in Indonesia is categorized as a case of terrorism. Therefore, the government of Indonesia chose the Indonesian National Police to maintain public order and safety, as documented in the Republic of Indonesia Law: Number 02 Year 2002 in Article 13, paragraph 1, namely the following duties: a) maintaining security and public order, b) enforcing the law, and c) providing protection, guidance, and service to the community.

Actually the prevention from terrorist threat was concerned during the administration of Abdurahman Wahid as the President with his vice Megawati with establishment of an anti-terror desk called as Badan Koordinasi Intelijen (Coordination Intelligence Agency) which became the Intelligence Agency of State (Badan Intelijen Negara). However, the new agency began with conflict since the members of the agency were basically from the military instead from civil or even police workforce.126

Then, the government of Indonesia published regulation that caused the Republic of Indonesia Law No. 1 of 2002 which was then set into Law No. 15 Year 2003 regarding Combating Criminal Acts of Terrorism to define terrorism. Chapter 6 states that "Any person who intentionally uses violence or threats causing terror in a widespread nature or causing mass casualties, by depriving the freedom or loss of life and property of others, resulting in damage or destruction to vital objects, strategic, environmental or international facilities" are considered a threat to the nation.

That law directs the government under coordination of the Ministry of Politics and Security to unify anti-terror unit in the Indonesian National Police, known as the first Squad of Gegana of Brimob and other units from the Armed Forces and the Intelligence Agency of State. Then, those institutions were enhanced into Anti-Terror Taskforce under the coordination Ministry of

126 Muradi (2009).The 88th Densus AT: The Role and the Problem of Coordination on Counter- Terrorism in Indonesia. Journal of Politics and Law, Canada

Defense. 127 However, the Ministry of Defense was not given a good response from the agencies because there was enhancement of terror since the fist Bali bombing. Eventually, each anti-terror unit stirs to perform their own task.

Since the growth of terrorism rose so quickly, so the Indonesian National Police created other Bomb Squad which is under supervision of the Crime Investigation Unit of the Police. The Bomb Squad called as the 4th Directorate of Anti Terror which later on, the 4th Directorate of Anti Terror changed its name to be well-known as Detachment 88 Anti Terror.

4.1.1 Densus 88 Anti Terror

Special Detachment 88/Anti Criminal Investigation Police Terror which later became known as Detachment 88/AT is one part of the Indonesian National Police under the Criminal Investigation Department in accordance with Decree of the Chief of Police with No. Police: Kep/30/VI/2003 dated June 30, 2003 with the task of organizing the investigation terrorism and other tasks in the field of Criminal Acts of Terrorism. With this affirmation means Detachment 88 is executing a task force reduction of domestic terror, as also stated in the Law 15 in 2013.128

Task Unit Detachment Analyst 88/AT in accordance with the organizational structure and job description are (1) Detect and identify of the factors causing crime / terrorism / hostage situations and environmental changes; (2) Find and collect information on networks, the structure of the perpetrators of terrorist groups and activities; (3) Follow the development of the situation (Social, Economic, Political, Ideology, Cultural, Defense, and Security) IPOLEKSOSNUDHANKAM while is happening or will happen; (4) Coordinate with other units and provide and give information to each other; (5) Record all

127 Muradi (2009).The 88th Densus AT: The Role and the Problem of Coordination on Counter- Terrorism in Indonesia. Journal of Politics and Law, Canada 128 Interviewed from Kompol T. Sembiring, SH as Kanit 3 Satgaswil Maluku, Malut dan Papua BKO Bagops Densus 88 AT Polri on December 5, 2013 61 activities happening in detail and in sequence; (6) Carry out other duties as instructed leaders.129

However, since the existence of Detachment 88 Anti Terror, in order to handle and resolve cases of terrorism, they rely on the ability and equipment owned by the police so it cannot work well. Therefore, it requires the co-operation with the Special Detachment 88 parties who are competent in tackling terrorism cooperation, especially in terms of training.

In fact, the several cases of bomb that occurred in Indonesia, according to Detachment 88 in Table 4.1:130

Location Bomb placement Date

Jakarta Apartment 1/18/1998

Semarang Country-side of Kampung Batik Sari 2/20/1998

Jakarta BCA ATM of Artium Plaza Senen 12/11/1998

Jakarta Ramayana department store 1/2/1999

North Jakarta Kelapa Gading Mall 2/9/1999

Jakarta Plaza Hayam Wuruk 4/15/1999

Jakarta Istiqlal Masjid 4/19/1999

Bekasi in front of Merdeka Hotel March 2000

Medan Indonesian Protestant Church ( GKPI ) 5/28/2000

Medan 29 May 2000, Gereja Katolik, Jl. Pemuda, Medan 5/29/2000

KPU Jakarta On the street of Imam Bonjol 7/1/2000

Jakarta In the bathroom of the Attorney General 's office 7/4/2000

In the home of the Philippine ambassador to Jakarta Indonesia, August 2000

129Kompol Dayan Victor Imanuel Blegur, SIK (2010). Naskap Sespim – OPTIMALISASI PERAN UNIT ANALIS DENSUS 88/ANTI TEROR GUNA MENINGKATKAN PENGUNGKAPAN TINDAK PIDANA TEORISME DALAM RANGKA HARKAMTIBMAS. Page 3 and 4. 130Interviewed from Kompol T. Sembiring, SH as Kanit 3 Satgaswil Maluku, Malut dan Papua BKO Bagops Densus 88 AT Polri on December 5, 2013 62

One in front of Priest J. Sitorus and another in his Medan neighborhood 8/27/2000

Jakarta The Malaysian Embassy 8/27/2000

Jakarta The Jakarta Stock Exchange 9/13/2000

Jakarta Omni Batavia Hotel November 2000

11 cities at thirty-three Churches 12/24/2000

in a car at the Sunday Market January 2001

Jakarta Taman Mini Indonesia Indah January 2001

Jakarta One at Saint Carolus Hospital March 2001

Jakarta On Percetakan Negara Street April 2001

Jakarta The Student Welfare Foundation Builing 5/10/2001

Jakarta Dorm room 6/16/2001

South Jakarta Santa Anna Church July 2001

Jakarta Atrium Plaza Senen August 2001

Jakarta Parking Lot at Atrium Plaza Senen 9/23/2001

South Sulawesi KFC and McDonald's 10/12/2001

Jakarta 2003, Bomb JW Mariot 2003

Central Sulawesi 2004, Bomb Palopo, Sulawesi Tengah 2004

Jakarta 2004, Bomb Kedubes Australia, Jakarta 2004

Bali 2005, Bomb Bali 2 2005

Bali 2005, Bomb Palu 2005

Bali Hotel Ritz Carlton & JW Mariot 2 7/17/2009

Table 4.1 Bomb Attacks in Indonesia

By seeing the bomb incidents above, we can see that Indonesia had often hit by the threat of bomb explosions. The bomb case is not only detrimental to society as a material but also in psychology. Data obtained from Detachment 88 from the Year 1999-2013:

a. Suspect arrested : 890 people b. Processed laws / sentencing : 633 people c. Perpetrators of suicide bomb : 12 people d. Victim Dies : 304 people e. Victims Wounds : 840 people f. Members Victim Dies Police : 33 people g. Victims of Police Members Wounds : 59 people

Thus, in order to prevent the country from others bomb incident and to combat the reigned terrorist. Detachment 88 needs to upgrade its capabilities through cooperation with any agencies locally or internationally.

4.2 Australia Faces Terrorism in Indonesia

Indonesia is the most important neighboring country for Australia. As an island nation with a large population greater amount, Indonesia is located between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. With Australia's geographical position linking with countries in Asia, Indonesia occupies a strategic position in defense and foreign policy of Australia. Such geographic destiny can never be denied, but the two nations should be able to create a healthy partnership, which can guarantee the stability of their region.131 Even Senator Evans adds “Indonesia is a key partner of Australia and the Government is committed to a close working relationship and practical,” (Senator Evan as Australian Minister for Immigration and Citizenship).132

The bomb incidents that had hit Indonesia making Australia feel more threatened because there were so many Australian citizens living in Indonesia or

131 Hamid, Zulfikli (1999). Sistem Politik Australia. LIP-FISIP-UI dengan ROSDA. Page 418 132 Menteri Australia dan RI Fokuskan pada Peningkatan Keamanan Perbatasan (2008, August 6). Australian Embassy for Indonesia, Arsip Media Press. http://www.indonesia.embassy.gov.au/jaktindonesian/SM08_069.html. Data retrieved on January 12, 2014 at 14:47 64 visiting the country for traveling or business purposes. As the incidents that occurred and killed many Australian are,

• 1st Bali bombing. • 1st JW Marriott bombing in Jakarta. • Bombing in front of the Australian Embassy in Jakarta. • 2nd Bali bombing. • 2nd JW Marriott with other bombing at Ritz Carlton hotel.

After 1st Bali bombing that killed many Australian, the government of Australia remained consideration on its security to protect the people, country and its interest. In other words, Australia needs to work together to combat terrorism that disturbing both countries.

As International Politics Dictionary says that bilateral relations is a state that describes a relationship of mutual influence or occur reciprocal relationship between the two parties (the two countries). (Krisna, 1993:18) 133 with combination of Jack C. Plano’s quote of bilateral relations that, “Cooperative relationship that occurs between the two countries in the world is basically inseparable from the national interests of each country. The national interest is a vital element that includes the survival of the nation and the state, independence, territorial integrity, security, military, and economic welfare.” (Plano, 1990:7)134 the author can state that Indonesia and Australia is having the same interest which is to counter terrorism. In simple sentence, both countries need to strengthen its bilateral relationship in terms of global counter terrorism.

Australia sees that Indonesia is flawing on its credibility of combating terrorism by seeing of how many incidents that has occurred in Indonesia from 1998 to 2013. By feeling threaten from the terrorist Australia creates Counter- Terrorism Strategy White Paper in order to have an official blue print of how the country deals with terrorism that attacking Australian people, and interest

133 Konsep Hubungan Bilateral. (2011, December 22). http://portal-hi.net/en/hi-teori/teori-teori- realisme/72-konsep-hubungan-bilateral. Data Retrieved on January 12, 2014 at 1:07 134 Ibid 65 domestically or even internationally. With the four elements of strategy, Australia seems to have a strong mechanism of preventing and combating the country. The elements are Analysis, Protection, Response, and Resilience.

However, in the partnership between Indonesia and Australia, the element of Protection is the suitable one to be used for bilateral relationship of both countries. The reason behind it is that the element of Protection emphasizes bilateral relationship or cooperation between Australia and other countries. Moreover, since the Protection means getting all needs and practical action in order to protect Australia and its people from terrorism at home and overseas, the Australian government highlighted a point in the element of Protection to be achieved in meaning to collaborate with Indonesia which is “firming collaboration with international counter-parts, bilaterally and multilaterally, in order to contribute to international counter-terrorism efforts and establish an international environment that is clean from terrorism.”

4.2.1 Australia’s Strategy

When both countries have had a strong relationship, now, it is turn to the strategy of how to combat terrorism. Nevertheless, before continuing to the aspect of strategy, we need to know firstly that there are two categories in dealing with terrorism. Those are anti-terrorism and counterterrorism. While counterterrorism is seen as a security task performed by the security component of a national or international author, the use of political, legal, economic, civil-society and other peace-building instruments for the purpose of both countering and preventing terrorism is more broadly referred to as anti-terrorism.135

Moreover, according to the Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms from US Department of Defense in 2005, Anti-Terrorism is defensive measures used to reduced the vulnerability of individuals and property to terrorist acts, to

135 Stepanova, Ekaterina (2003, June). Anti-terrorism and Peace-building During and After Conflict. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Page 8 66 include rapid containment by local military and civilian forces.136 While, Counter- Terrorism is actions taken directly against terrorist networks and indirectly to influence and render global and regional environment inhospitable to terrorist networks.137

Thus, in this regards, the “anti-terrorism” actor is Australia who has the Strategy and its components which is able to be seen through the existed of Counter-Terrorism White Paper, while the actor of “counter-terrorism” is also Australia in which to combat terrorism in the country while Detachment 88 is the actor of “counter-terrorism” in Indonesia.

After differentiation of how to deal with terrorism, however, to create a good strategy needs a concept of how to make it. It comes from Gray to explain about the concept of a strategy. Then, he made into three clusters to explain the concept. First category called as People and Politics, comprises people, society, culture, politics, and ethics. The second category is Preparation for War, includes economics and logistics, organization (including defense and force planning), military administration (including recruitment, training, and most aspect of armament), information and intelligence, strategy theory and doctrine, and technology. The last category is War Proper, composes of military operations, command (political and military), geography, friction (including chance and uncertainty), the adversary and time.138

The first cluster, People and Politics, through the analysis of Australia’s Strategy of Counter-Terrorism White Paper, the author can see that the people of Australia as the base dimension of a strategy with having culture and diversity of ethnic, working together, in order to create a strong idea of thought to fight against global terrorism. People with culture and the society can create a policy to

136http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/dod_dictionary/?zoom_query=antiterrorism&zoom_sort=0&zoo m_per_page=10&zoom_and=1. The DOD Dictionary is managed by the Joint Education and Doctrine Division, J-7, Joint Staff. All approved joint definitions, acronyms, and abbreviations are contained in Joint Publication 1-02, DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms 08 November 2010, as amended through 15 December 2013. Data retrieved on January 30 at 2:30 137 Ibid 138 Gray, Colin S (1999). Modern Strategy.Oxford: Oxford University Press. Page 24 67 combat terrorism which means the existence of Australia’s Strategy of Counter- Terrorism White Paper is the fruit of Australian’s idea of thought. So, the first cluster goes to the people of Australia as the foundation of a strategy with the thoughts to create policy.

The second cluster, Preparation of War, through the analysis of Australia’s Strategy of Counter-Terrorism White Paper, the author will explain in three categories. The first category is including economics and logistics. In simple analysis, to create a strategy to combat terrorism, Australia needs financial to run the system. As can be seen from the White Paper, states that “$200 million investment in aviation and border security, the government will invest a further $69 million to introduce a biometric-based visa system for certain non- citizens.” 139 The author can sum up that the government of Australia has the money to prepare for the logistics to combat terrorism.

The second category is including organization (including defense and force planning) and military administration (including recruitment, training, and most aspect of armament), through the analysis of Australia’s Strategy of Counter-Terrorism White Paper, the author can come up with four elements of the strategy with already state in the White Paper that in any elements of aspects of countering terrorism, the government of Australia creates agencies for specific measurements. As Australia established intelligence communities, such as:140 The Office of National Assessments (ONA), The Australian Security Intelligence Organization (ASIO), The Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS), The Defense Intelligence Organization (DIO), The Defense Imagery and Geospatial Organization (DIGO), The Defense Signals Directorate (DSD), it can be seen that the organization aspect is by the establishment of the agencies while in every agencies has their own military administration characteristic. Moreover, by having new technology to gather information about terrorism with using intelligence, strategy theory and doctrine can be done by those agencies that the government

139 Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (2010). Counter-Terrorism White Paper, Securing Australia – Protecting Our Community. New Millennium Pty Ltd. Page 35 140 Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (2010). Counter-Terrorism White Paper, Securing Australia – Protecting Our Community. New Millennium Pty Ltd. Page 29 68 has ever created, as that is the third category. In other words, the Preparation of War will be done and analyze through the agencies that the government has created.

The last cluster is War Proper, through the analysis of Australia’s Strategy of Counter-Terrorism White Paper, the military operations dimension can be seen through the joint cooperation between Australia and other countries, in this thesis, joint cooperation with Indonesia by the existence of TNCC and JCLEC is the criteria of military operations. In order to play a key role in coordinating international policy partnership for counter-terrorism as in the dimension of command (political and military) the Australian Ambassador is the key role of countering global terrorism. In addition, in the dimension of geography, friction (including chance and uncertainty), the adversary and time, the author can analyze that the terrorist which is Jemaah Islamiyah is from Indonesia, therefore, Australia strengthen its aviation and maritime security and also will combat the terrorist domestically through their military power, but internationally in this case the terrorist from Indonesia, the Australia is doing cooperation with Indonesia by striking the terrorist in Indonesia.

Therefore, by the analysis of the concept of strategy, the author analyze that Australia has already created a great strategy even with the existence of Australia’s Strategy of Counter-Terrorism White Paper, that people can see of how Australia combat terrorism.

4.3 Joint Cooperation between Indonesia and Australia

As a part of Australian Government’s to enhance Indonesia’s counter- terrorism capacity and to support Indonesian National Police, the cooperation has been formalized in the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) of 5 August 1997, and reaffirmed on 13 June 2002 and again on 6 February 2004 at the Bali

Regional Ministerial Meeting on Counter Terrorism. 141 However, since the disclosure of the Bali bombings in 2002, the relations between Indonesian National Police and the Australian Federal Police had been closed due to their assist in identifying the victims. Then, the focuses of this cooperation are to prevent transnational crimes and to cooperate in training and education.142 The collaboration resulted in the establishment of TNCC or Transnational Crime Center and JCLEC or Jakarta Center for Law Enforcement Cooperation. TNCC duties are collects, analyses and shares information on Transnational Crime affecting Indonesia while JCLEC as anti-terror Training Center is much more given the contemporary knowledge, including the latest concepts on how to cope with terrorism, exchange of intelligence information, and so on. 143 Moreover, Detachment 88/AT works closely with TNCC and also is as participant in JCLEC.

4.3.1 TNCC: Transnational Crime Center144

Forming in October 2002, as the Australian Prime Minister announced the commitment of $4.7 million over four years to establish the Indonesian Transnational Crime Centre (TNCC) in Jakarta, Indonesia. Consequently, the TNCC Project officially commenced in July 2003. The TNCC is located at The Headquarter of Indonesian National Police and is under the command of the Criminal Investigations Division, National Criminal Information Centre. Moreover, the current Chief of TNCC is Senior Superintendent, Wilmar Marpaung.

Transnational crime refers to crime that takes place across national borders. The term is commonly used in the law enforcement and academic communities. The word “transnational” describes crimes that are not only international which means crimes cancross borders between countries, but crimes

141 JCLEC Annual Report 2010. Page 14 142 Mabes Polri (2005). Profile of the Indonesian National Police: Exposing the New Paradigm. Exatama Group. Page 352 143 Kompol Dayan Victor Imanuel Blegur, SIK (2010). Naskap Sespim – OPTIMALISASI PERAN UNIT ANALIS DENSUS 88/ANTI TEROR GUNA MENINGKATKAN PENGUNGKAPAN TINDAK PIDANA TEORISME DALAM RANGKA HARKAMTIBMAS. Page 22. 144 http://tncc.co.id/en/home/about/. Data retrieved on January 11, 2014 at 2:39 70 that by their nature involve border crossings as an essential part of the criminal activity. Transnational crimes also include crimes that take place in one country, but their consequences significantly affect another country. Transnational organized crime or TOC refers specifically to transnational crime carried out by organized crime organizations.

The United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, adopted by General Assembly resolution 55/25 of 15 November 2000 is the main international instrument in the fight against transnational organized crime.With the signing of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime in Palermo, Italy, in December 2000, the international community demonstrated the political will to answer a global challenge with a global response. If crime crosses borders, so must law enforcement. If the rule of law is undermined not only in one country, but in many, then those who defend it cannot limit themselves to purely national means. If the enemies of progress and human rights seek to exploit the openness and opportunities of globalization for their purposes, then we must exploit those very same factors to defend human rights and defeat the forces of crime, corruption and trafficking in human beings.

Therefore, the TNCC collects, analyses and shares information on Transnational Crime affecting Indonesia. The types are:

• Terrorism • People smuggling • Human Trafficking • Narcotics • Child sex tourism • Environmental Crimes

o Illegal fishing, logging and mining • Money laundering • Technology enabled crime • Sea piracy • Arms trafficking

• Intellectual property crime • Identity crime a. Collecting

The TNCC collects information on transnational crime from diverse sources. This includes:

• Criminal Investigation information from Police Headquarters and Provincial Police Headquarters; • Open source media reporting, such as United Nations reports, the internet and media; • Other law enforcement agencies in Indonesia; • Other police services in the Asia Pacific regions. b. Analyzing

The TNCC analyses criminal information with the utilization of a highly secure, electronic management information system, known as Case Management and Intelligence System or CMIS. CMIS allows TNCC personnel to analyze criminal information through developing a comprehensive transnational crime database. The CMIS database is centralized at the TNCC and enables analysts to search entities such as names, address and phone numbers and link those entities. CMIS is a powerful analytical tool that can produce link diagrams. Through analysis of information contained in CMIS, TNCC personnel can produce operational, tactical and strategic intelligence to assist a wide range of stakeholders. c. Sharing

Information contained on the TNCC CMIS database is available to all members of INP to assist in their investigations. INP members can contact the TNCC and request a search of the database for names, address, phone numbers, photos and many other entities. Furthermore, TNCC personnel can provide

72 operational, tactical and strategic intelligence reports to assist INP transnational crime investigations.

A key intelligence report produced annually is the Transnational Crime Assessment or TAC. The TCA is designed to inform from a strategic platform the current and emerging trends relevant to the various transnational crime issues affecting Indonesia and Australia and to highlight operational successes of the agencies.

4.3.2 JCLEC: Jakarta Center for Law Enforcement Center145

JCLEC or Jakarta Centre for Law Enforcement Cooperation JCLEC is an international law enforcement training institution located within the Indonesian National Police Academy (AKPOL) in Semarang, Indonesia. It is operated by the Indonesian National Police collaborated with the Australian Federal Police. This education institution is also assisted with donors from foreign countries and organizations. Even though JCLEC was established by the government of Indonesia and Australia in February 2004, but it was officially opened by the President of Indonesia at that time, Megawati in July 3rd 2004. In addition, at the beginning of the establishment of the Centre, the government of Australia was announced that the government would give AUD $36.8 million to support the institution for development and operations for the next five years.

The establishment of JCLEC was initiated to share such security issues in regional of the Southeast Asia including Australia. JCLEC is also intended to be as a resource of study about transnational crime with also focus on counter- terrorism in order to meet regional security interests and objectives. The institution will give the participants training programs, including seminars and workshops with advance facilitation in the school and should be able to respond for request for operational support in dealing with transnational crime including terrorism. Moreover, JCLEC will work closely with other law enforcement agencies throughout the Southeast Asia such as the South East Asian Regional

145 Compilation of JCLEC Annual Report 2005 – 2012 73

Center for Counter Terrorism or SEARCCT in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and the International Law Enforcement Academy or ILEA in Bangkok, Thailand. a. Role

The role of JCLEC, standing for Jakarta Center for Law Enforcement Center is to provide an international education and training for law enforcement workforce. The training will cover of complex multi-jurisdictional investigations into transnational crimes with focus still on counter-terrorism. With the assistance from regional countries even worldwide, the institution will be designed, developed, and delivered with international standard by incurring international resources and experience. b. Strategic Vision

The vision of JCLEC is to be a center of excellence for regional law enforcement training institution by cooperating with other regional and international law enforcement education centers and organizations. c. Goal

The goal of JCELC itself is to contribute the regional security with such capacity in managing multi-jurisdictional investigations of transnational crime including terrorism in the Asia Pacific region in which will be achieved by:

• influencing legislative and policy; • utilizing science and technology; • strengthening and enhancing the capability of investigation management skill and forensic • strengthening domestic and international law enforcement partnership and networks; • strengthening responsive capacity in dealing with transnational crimes including terrorism; • contributing, sharing, and exchanging criminal experience; and • managing the process.

74 d. Function

The function of JCLEC is to foster partnership and communication between regional law enforcement workforces with sharing knowledge and experience through:

- intelligence and information exchange; - education standards of international law enforcement; - education of professional law enforcement; - supremacy of the law; and - attracting undergraduate and postgraduate learning credit for further law enforcement studies or related studies e. JCLEC Foundation146

• Board of Patrons

o Presiding Patron INP Police General Timur Pradopo

o Patrons AFP Commisioner Tony Negus, A.P.M. INP Police Commissioner General Budi Gunawan INP Police Inspector General Prasetyo AC Niel Gaughan (AFP) AC Leanne Close (AFP) • Board of Supervisors Steve Scott (Australian Government) David Gray (British Embassy) Andi Rahmiyanto (Indonesian Foreign Affairs Department)

146 JCLEC Management Structure (2013, October 16). http://www.jclec.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14&Itemid=28&limit=1&li mitstart=4. Data retrieved on October 30, 2013 at 14:41 75

• Board of Management

o Chairman Brigadier General Soepartiwi (Executive Director)

o General Secretary Federal Agent Brian Thomson (Executive Director Programs)

o General Treasurer Federal Agent Gary O'Neil

o Member Brigadier General Anton Chaliyan

Figure 4.1 JCLEC Management Structure f. Trainings

JCLEC’s programs are purposed to achieve international standards of training. The participants of the programs are from police including Detachment 88/AT, judges, and prosecutors where the participants are able to share their knowledge and experience to handle transnational crimes such as terrorism. The

76 programs are also based on sound law enforcement education, understanding, shared experience and multi-jurisdictional cooperation. In addition, from the establishment in 2005 until 2012, there have been some programs that have been run. The education trainings are likely:

• Anti Corruption • Criminal intelligence; • Communication; • Financial Investigations; • Forensics; • Investigations and Management of Serious Crime; and • Research (Policy & Legislation).

Moreover, JCLEC also provides workshops and seminars that will express transnational crime specifically in which can give the participants more knowledge. The types are:

• CBRN or stands for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear; • Cyber crime; • Maritime Crime; • Narcotics; and • People smuggling. g. The Impacts and Outcomes for Indonesian National Police

Since the project is from 2005 to 2009, it is expected that JCLEC will contribute to the disruption of transnational crime both in Indonesia and the Asia Pacific region and also will create quality Indonesian National Police. Therefore, the evidence can be seen in the annual report from 2010. The analysis of the impacts and outcomes can be seen first from the participants who train in JCLEC. It is because in order to see that JCLEC has brought the impacts for INP, the more participants will create more people to be skillfull and cause to become trainers.

Participants 2500

2000

1500

Participants 1000

500

0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Figure 4.2 Indonesian Participants in JCLEC

Through the figure above, we can see that in 2005, the participants from Indonesia was 1000 participants, in 2006 was 1020 participants, in 2007 was 927 participants, in 2008 was 1073 participants, in 2009 was 1427 participants, in 2010 was 1899 participants, in 2011 was 2135 participants and in 2012 was 1765 participants. Therefore, in total, the participants in JCLEC are 11246 participants. There was significant increasing of participant which was from 2008 until 2011. In addition, the participants from Indonesia are most likely with occupation as Police, as the evedince from the Annual Report JCLEC in 2008,

Figure 4.3 Indonesian Participants by Organization in 2008

78 and the evedince from the Annual Report JCLEC in 2009,

Figure 4.4 Indonesian Participants by Organization in 2009

From the figures above, it is indeed that JCLEC is focusing on enhancing INP skills but also gives enforcement to other sectors in order to spread knowledge about transnational crimes including terrorism. Therefore, the actors who prevent the country from terrorism are not only the people coming from INP but also can be from other sectors.

Furthermore, since JCLEC is focusing on transnational crime which is not only terrorism, according to the Annual Report from JCLEC, there are some evidences about the impact. First is in the Annual Report 2010 which a participant of the Senior Management Investigation Course has reported that he has used the methods shared in the course last September when he was involved in a case in Bali where they seized 144 stolen sacred Hindu artifacts from three storage facilities after arresting the suspected thief. Second is in the Annual Report 2011, On the 29th of September 2010 an officer with 18 years experience in the Indonesian National Police (INP) successfully put his newly learned knowledge and skills gained during the Senior Management of Investigation Program into

79 practice in the investigation of a murder case. The third is in the Annual Report 2012 is about the comments from the INP which are,

“After this program, I am capable of easily getting information of financial data from PPATK of potential suspect besides from banking institutions from abroad and in country. Establishing the cooperation with Directorate General of Taxation to obtain the data for assets was also useful”. (Alumni of Specialised Management of Financial Crime Program 1)

“We received murder case report that two women have been burried in a hole in a house; we divided team by empowering of Sector Police, District Police and Regional Police in collecting information in the crume scene. Police conducted investigation againts the witnesses and VER (Visum Et Repertum and also IT and other parties. Within two days, the suspect were known and caught and we revealed the motif of murder”.

“As investigator in Corruption crimes, when I handle corruption cases, I always coordinate with Prosecutor, BPKP (State Internal Comptroller) as Auditor who will calculate state loss. Since we are alumni of JCLEC, it is easier for us to communicate and it really helps us improve our process of handling corruption cases”. (Alumni of Criminal Justice Management Program 1)

“As a Prosecutor, coordination among investigators in investigation process was improved so there were no back and forth cases among investigator and Prosecutor. The coordination between courts is better especially in requesting extension of detention and other process of court trial”. (Alumni of Strategic Criminal Justice Improvement Program 2)

Thus, by knowing the participants and the impacts from JCLEC’s trainings, the author states that JCLEC has brought positive impact and knowledge for Indonesian National Police and other sectors in order to be ready in facing transnatioal crimes including terrorism especially in dealing with terrorism in Indonesia.

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

The threat of terrorism has been spread in Southeast Asia especially in Indonesia, as the bomb blast that rocked at Kuta, Bali on 2002 killed 202 people from domestic and international. The global sees that Indonesia may be the center place for international terrorism group since the news of Jemaah Islamiyah as the descendent from Islamic radical namely Darul Islam. Therefore, it is not only causing foreign people to ban their citizen to Indonesia, even it causes threat for the border such as Australia.

In Indonesia, in order to prevent from the danger of terrorism, Indonesian government has taken steps forward to deal with terrorism through the existence of Republic of Indonesia Law No. 1 of 2002 which was then set into Law No. 15 Year 2003 regarding Combating Criminal Acts of Terrorism to define terrorism. Moreover, the government of Indonesia chose the Indonesian National Police to maintain public order and safety, as documented in the Republic of Indonesia Law: Number 02 Year 2002 in Article 13. Then, since the growth of terrorism rose so quickly, so the Indonesian National Police created other Bomb Squad which is well-known as Detachment 88 Anti Terror based on the Decree of the Chief of Police with No. Police: Kep/30/VI/2003 dated June 30, 2003 with the task of organizing the investigation terrorism and other tasks in the field of Criminal Acts of Terrorism. However, the capability of Indonesian National Police in dealing terrorism has not reached perfection.

On the other hand, Australia as the neighbor’s country of Indonesia feels as a target for Islamic radical, especially in the bomb tragedy that killed many Australians. That is why the threat of terrorism to Australia has become a constant and long-last for environment security in Australia. Therefore, in order to protect the country, the people, and the interest, the government of Australia creates Strategy of Counter-Terrorism consisting of four elements, namely analysis,

81 protection, response and resilience. Thus, since Indonesia seems of needing support from other, then it made Australia to strengthen its partnership with Indonesia through bilateral relations in order to prevent from terrorism threat.

Nevertheless, from the four elements in the strategy of counter-terrorism, the element of Protection is the suitable one to be used for bilateral relationship between Indonesia and Australia. The reason is that the element of Protection emphasizes bilateral relationship or cooperation between Australia and other countries which means to strengthen partnership with international counterparts, to contribute to global counter-terrorism efforts and create an international environment that is clean from terrorism threat even actions.

As a part of Australian Government’s to enhance Indonesia’s counter- terrorism capacity and to support Indonesian National Police, the result of Indonesian Government with Australian Government is through the joint cooperation between Indonesian National Police and the Australian Federal Police in focusing on preventing the countries and region from transnational crimes. As a matter of fact, the collaboration resulted in the establishment of TNCC or Transnational Crime Center and JCLEC or Jakarta Center for Law Enforcement Cooperation. TNCC duties are collects, analyses and shares information on Transnational Crime affecting Indonesia while JCLEC as anti-terror Training Center is much more given the contemporary knowledge, including the latest concepts on how to cope with terrorism, exchange of intelligence information, and so on. In fact, Detachment 88/AT and others Indonesian Police works closely with TNCC and also as participant in JCLEC.

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• Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Mr William Fisher – Australian Ambassador for Counter-Terrorism. https://www.dfat.gov.au/homs/auct.html. Data retrieved on January 17, 2014 at 13:31 • Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Countries and Visa Subclasses Included in the Biometrics Program, http://www.immi.gov.au/allforms/biometrics/offshore/countries.htm, Data retrieved on January 12, 2013 at 13:04 • From the joint press release on 23 February 2010 issued by the Prime Minister, the Attorney-General and the Minister for Foreign Affairs, http://www.propertyoz.com.au/library/counter- terrorism_control_centre_107.pdf. Data retrieved on January 11, 2014 at 12:05 • GLOBAL TERRORISM DATABASE, http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/. Data retrieved on January 29, 2014 at 4:32 • GLOBAL TERRORISM DATABASE. http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?page=4&search=ind onesia&count=30&expanded=no&charttype=line&chart=overtime&ob =GTDID&od=desc#results-table. Data retrieved on December 30, 2013 at 13:27 • http://tncc.co.id/en/home/about/. Data retrieved on January 11, 2014 at 2:39 • http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/dod_dictionary/?zoom_query=antiterroris m&zoom_sort=0&zoom_per_page=10&zoom_and=1. The DOD Dictionary is managed by the Joint Education and Doctrine Division, J-7, Joint Staff. All approved joint definitions, acronyms, and abbreviations are contained in Joint Publication 1-02, DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms 08 November 2010, as amended through 15 December 2013. Data retrieved on January 30 at 2:30 • JCLEC Management Structure (2013, October 16). http://www.jclec.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id

=14&Itemid=28&limit=1&limitstart=4. Data retrieved on October 30, 2013 at 14:41 • Kamus Bahasa Indonesia. http://kamusbahasaindonesia.org/teroris/mirip. Data retrieved on September 18, 2013 at 19:59 • Konsep Hubungan Bilateral. (2011, December 22). http://portal- hi.net/en/hi-teori/teori-teori-realisme/72-konsep-hubungan-bilateral, Data Retrieved on January 12, 2014 at 1:07 • Menteri Australia dan RI Fokuskan pada Peningkatan Keamanan Perbatasan (2008, August 6). Australian Embassy for Indonesia, Arsip Media Press. http://www.indonesia.embassy.gov.au/jaktindonesian/SM08_069.html. Data retrieved on January 12, 2014 at 14:47 • Rosand, Eric (2009, May). The G8’s Counterterrorism Action Group – Policy Brief. www.globalact.org. Data retrieved on January 17, 2014 at 13:07 • Oxford English Dictionary. http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/terrorism. Data retrieved on September 18, 2013 at 19:54 • The Central Intelligence Agency, Unclassified Report to Congress on the Acquisition of Technology Relating to Weapons of Mass Destruction and Advanced Conventional Munitions, 1 January Through 30 June 2001, http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/bian/bian_jan_2002.htm, Data retrieved on January 17, 2014 at 12:09 • The speech of Megawati Soekarnoputri during the 58th General Assembly of the United Nations in New York (2003, September 23). http://www.indonesiamission- ny.org/NewStatements/unga58_092303_ind.htm. Data retrieved on January 30 at 0:42

APPENDICES

I. Courses / Seminars / Workshops Conducted in 2004 /2005

Investigations Management Stream • International Management of Serious Crime – two courses • Major Investigations Management Workshop – one course • Indictment in Criminal Prosecutions ‐ two courses (Funded by AUSAID/ALG) • Evidence Handing in Criminal Investigations – two courses (Funded by AUSAID/ALG) • Human Trafficking – one course (French / JCLEC • Certificate Course on Terrorist Organisations and Operations – one course (Funded by the Danish Government) • Electronic Surveillance – one course • Evidence Search and Seizure – one course • Counter Terrorism Law – one course (Funded by AUSAID/ALG) • Examination of Witnesses – one course (Funded by AUSAID/ALG)

Intelligence Stream • Intelligence Principles and Practices Program – four courses (1 course Funded by the Danish Government) • Intelligence Officers Development Program – one course

Forensics Stream • Post Blast Incident Management – two courses (1 course funded by the Danish Government) • Disaster Victim Identification – one course (Funded by the Indonesian Dept Health / JCLEC) • Arson Investigation Course (Funded by ICITAP)

Financial Crime Investigations Stream • Anti‐money Laundering – one course (Funded by USAID) • Financial Intelligence Analysis and Reporting – (Funded by AUSTRAC)

Communications Stream • Islamic Law and Politics Course – two courses (1 course funded by the Danish Government & 1 courses funded by Australian Attorney Generals Department/JCLEC) • Security Risk Management Course – one course (Funded by Australian Attorney Generals Department) • Meeting of Heads of Counter Terrorism – one meeting • Meeting of Regional Law Enforcement Representatives – one meeting • Law Enforcement Working Group Workshop – one workshop • Law Enforcement and Legal Issues Working Groups – Regional CT Training – one workshop • Train the Trainers – two courses

II. Courses, Seminars and Workshops Conducted in 2006

Investigations Management Stream • Elicitation/Interview Course ‐ three courses • International Management of Serious Crime • Major Investigations Management Workshop • Advanced Analyst Terrorist Organization & Operation Course • Counter Terrorism Investigation Management Programme – two courses • Electronic Surveillance • Evidence Search and Seizure – Three courses ( Jointly funded with AusAID) • International Management of Serious Crime • Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Programme (funded by Canadian Government)

Intelligence Stream • Intelligence Principles and Practices Program – two courses • Intelligence Officers Development Program – four courses (one funded by Swedish Government) • Coastal Patrol Course (Funded by Italian Government) • Field Course ( Funded by British Embassy) • Intelligence Analysis Course • Crime Management Investigation System ( CMIS ) Workshop – (conducted Jointly with TNCC)

Forensics Stream • Fingerprint & Document Examination Workshop • Crime Scene Investigation Course – two courses (Funded by Swedish Government) • Introduction to Post Blast Forensic Investigation – four courses (one funded by Swedish Government) • Post Blast Incident Management • Firearm Identification Course • Electronic Vehicle Tracking Course • Disaster Victim Identification (Funded by Swedish Government) • Introduction to Forensic Documentation • Forensic Firearm Ballistic Identification Course – two courses

Financial Crime Investigations Stream • Financial Investigation Programme – two courses • Anti‐money Laundering • Counter Terrorism Finance Seminar

Communications Stream • Islamic Law and Politics Course – two courses (one conducted at ILEA, Bangkok for Royal Thai Police) • Training for Trainers – two courses • Child Sex Exploitation Workshop (Funded by French Government)

III. Courses / Seminars / Workshops Conducted in 2007

Investigations Management Stream 1. Preman Interdictions Course - 2 courses (15 – 19 January 2007) and 2. Preman Interdiction Course (5 – 9 February 2007) 3. Interviewing Techniques (22 – 26 January 2007) 4. Close Personal Protection (26 February – 16 March 2007) 5. Counter Terrorism Management Course (26-30 March 2007) 6. Counter Terrorism Training Program (2-4 April 2007) 7. AFP/MPS Counter Terrorism Training Program (1-7 April 2007) 8. Counter Terrorism Management Course (30 April – 4 May 2007) 9. Counter Terrorist Investigations Program (28 May – 8 June 2007) 10. Terrorism and Internet Workshop (29 – 30 May 2007) 11. Major Investigations Management Workshop (23 – 27 July 2007) 12. International Management of Serious Crime (IMOSC) (26 August – 14September 2007) 13. Counter Terrorism Training Program (17-28 September 2007) 14. International Cooperation in Counter Terrorism (20 – 22 November 2007) 15. Organized Crime Course (26-30 November 2007) 16. Major Investigation Management Workshop (10-14 December 2007)

Intelligence Stream 1. Intelligence Officers Development Program (5-16 February 2007) 2. Surveillance Field Course / British Course (5 February 6 March 2007 –continue 19 March – 6 April 2007) 3. Intelligence Officers Development Program (12-23 March 2007) 4. Intelligence Officers Development Program (16 – 27 April 2007) 5. Intelligence and Elicitation Course (16 – 27 April 2007) 6. Intelligence Officers Development Program (21 May – 1 June 2007) 7. Crime Management Investigation System (CMIS) Workshop (18-22 June 2007) 8. Crime Management Investigation System (CMIS) Workshop (20-24 August 2007) 9. Leadership Criminal Intelligence Program (4-15 June 2007) 10. Intelligence Officers Development Program (11-22 June 2007) 11. Intelligence & Elicitation Course (16-20 July 2007) 12. Intelligence Officers Development Program (23 July – 3 August 2007) 13. Intelligence Officers Development Program (27 August-7 September 2007) 14. Intelligence Officer Development Program (29 October-9 November 2007) 15. Tactical Intelligence Analysis Course / Major Crime Management (26 November-7 December 2007)

IV. Courses / Seminars / Workshops Conducted in 2009

1. Police National of Timor Leste (PNTL) Leadership Development Program I 2. Intelligence Officer Development Program 1 3. Regional Counter Terrorism Seminar

4. Multi National Operating Support team (MNOST) Oversight Committee (Joint Meeting) 5. Analysis Training Course 6. Computer Basic Training 7. Computer Based Training (CBT) Administrator Course 8. JCLEC Counter Terrorism Seminar 9. PNTL Leadership Program II 10. MNOST Elicitation Forum - MNOST & CTITP 11. Financial Investigation Program 1 12. Fingerprint Fundamentals 13. Regional Counter Terrorism Forum 14. Internet Investigations on Counter Terrorism 15. British Embassy Regional Field Course 16. Intelligence Analysis Development Program 2 17. People Smuggling Conference 18. Post Blast Investigation 19. Australian Bomb Data Centre Workshop 20. Financial Investigation Program II 21. Counter Terrorism Organization Course 22. The ASEAN Controlled Delivery Against Illicit Trafficking Training 23. Monitoring Compliance Workshop 24. Regional Virtual Global Task Child Exploitations Online Protection 25. Environmental Crime Seminar 26. Informant Handling and Interviewing Technique 27. Computer Forensic Workshop 28. Chemical Biological Radiological Nuclear 29. Intelligence Analysis Development Program 3 30. Crime Scene Investigation 31. LAPAS & BAPAS (Correction Institution) Training Group II LAPAS & BAPAS Training Group II 32. Financial Investigation Program 33. PNTL Leadership Development Program III 34. AFP Surveillance Training 35. LAPAS & BAPAS Redoing Course 36. International Management of Serious Crime 37. Intelligence Analysis Development Program(IADP) 38. US-ICITAP CBRN 39. Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear Workshop 40. Crisis Negotiation Program 41. International Dental DVI Management Course 42. Management Investigation Accident of Transportation 43. Covert Operations Safety Principles Course 44. Financial Investigation Program 4 45. Fighting Crime Through International Legal Cooperation 46. Post Blast Investigation 47. Environmental Crime Course 48. Financial Investigation Program (Mabes Polri)

49. SATGAS Symposium 50. Cyber Crime Course 51. Evidential Procedures Course 52. Intelligence Analysis Development Program 53. Regional Executive Leadership Program 54. Crime Scene Investigation & Photography Course 55. Informant Handling & Interviewing Technique 56. AFP Surveillance Training 57. Police National Timor Leste Leadership Development Program IV 58. Financial Investigation Program 59. People Smuggling SATGASDA 1 60. Chemical Biological Radiological Nuclear 61. International DVI Management Course 62. Prosecuting Transnationals Crime 63. People Smuggling SATGASDA 2 64. Organized Crime Course 65. Management of Major Crime Course 66. Forensic Incident Management 67. People Smuggling Satgasda 68. Vehicle Tracking Workshop 69. Regional Counter Terrorism Investigation Management Program 70. People Smuggling Satgasda 4 71. PNTL Leadership Development Program V 72. Cyber Crime Workshop 73. People Smuggling Intelligence Officers 74. International DVI Management Course for Chief of Police District 75. Informant Handling & Interviewing Technique 76. British Field Craft Course 77. International DVI Commander Workshop 78. Inter Regional People Smuggling & Human Trafficking

Total: 78 Courses 1740 participants