MT. RAINIER 14,410' 4,392M • EMMONS SEMINAR
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Outline for Thesis
THESIS APPROVAL The abstract and thesis of Thomas H. Nylen for the Master of Science in Geology presented October 25, 2001, and accepted by the thesis committee and the department. COMMITTEE APPROVALS: _______________________________________ Andrew G. Fountain, Chair _______________________________________ Scott F. Burns _______________________________________ Christina L. Hulbe _______________________________________ Keith S. Hadley Representative of the Office of Graduate Studies DEPARTMENTAL APPROVAL: _______________________________________ Michael L. Cummings, Chair Department of Geology ABSTRACT An abstract of the thesis of Thomas H. Nylen for the Master of Science in Geology presented October 25, 2001. Title: Spatial and Temporal Variations of Glaciers (1913-1994) on Mt. Rainier and the Relation with Climate Databases have been constructed for the purpose of studying glacier changes at Mt. Rainier. Glacier cover on Mt. Rainier decreased 18.5% (112.3 km2 to 88.1 km2) between 1913 and 1971 at a rate of about -0.36 km2 a-1. The total area in 1994 was 87.4 km2, which equates to a rate of -0.03 km2 a-1 since 1971. Glaciers with southerly aspect lost significantly more area than those with a northerly aspect, 26.5% and 17.5% of the total area, respectively. Measured and estimated total volumes for Mt. Rainier glaciers also decreased. From 1913 to 1971 the total volume decreased 22.7% from 5.62 km3 to 4.34 km3 and from 1971 to 1994 decreased 3.1% to 4.21 km3. Nisqually Glacier shows three cycles of retreat and advance but an overall loss of 0.44 km2 since 1931. Cross-correlation with snowfall suggests about a decade response time for the glaciers. -
Glacial Ice Seminar Instructor Lesson Plan Guidelines
Alpine Skills International Shasta Glacial Ice Seminar Instructor Lesson Plan Guidelines 4 Day 4:1 Student/Instructor Ratio Site: Hotlum or Whitney Glacier Personal Introductions Names, related experience, goals COURSE OUTLINE Day 1 Introduction Course Orientation Discuss Goals & Objectives Schedule for the five days Course Content Instill Confidence Personal Introductions Names, related experience, goals Discuss climbing helmet policy Discuss emergency plan with participants Distribute group and rental gear Inspect packs for correct equipment and food Inspect harness fit and crampon fit Drive to trailhead Begin slow approach to high camp at Whitney Glacier (From Northgate) or Hotlum Glacier (from Brewer Creek) a) Explain pace and theories of acclimatization Discuss food and water requirements Begin teaching ice axe skills as necessary Discuss high altitude physiology and environmental injuries b) Campsite Camp construction (wind walls) Selection, tent locations, tent guy lines, kitchen Teach about various stoves, fuels Cooking Dinner Different styles and food options, nutrition for high-altitude camping Day 2 Snow and Ice Climbing Class Ice axe anatomy Self-belay grip Strong emphasis on self-belay climbing to avoid a fall Self-Arrest grip Piolet canne Pied marche Feet straight forward - 1 - 00708 Pied en conard Feet like a duck Pied at plat Feet flat 2-step in balance Switchback changeovers Self-arrest practice Teach to climb to avoid falls Sitting feet down Head first, on stomach Head first, on back Use J-Line if runout is questionable -
The Recession of Glaciers in Mount Rainier National Park, Washington
THE RECESSION OF GLACIERS IN MOUNT RAINIER NATIONAL PARK, WASHINGTON C. FRANK BROCKMAN Mount Rainier National Park FOREWORD One of the most outstanding features of interest in Mount Rainier National Park is the extensive glacier system which lies, almost entirely, upon the broad flanks of Mount Rainier, the summit of which is 14,408 feet above sea-level. This glacier system, numbering 28 glaciers and aggregating approximately 40-45 square miles of ice, is recognized as the most extensive single peak glacier system in continental United States.' Recession data taken annually over a period of years at the termini of six representative glaciers of varying type and size which are located on different sides of Mount Rainier are indicative of the rela- tive rate of retreat of the entire glacier system here. At the present time the glaciers included in this study are retreating at an average rate of from 22.1 to 70.4 feet per year.2 HISTORY OF INVESTIGATIONS CONDUCTED ON THE GLACIERS OF MOUNT RAINIER Previous to 1900 glacial investigation in this area was combined with general geological reconnaissance surveys on the part of the United States Geological Survey. Thus, the activities of S. F. Em- mons and A. D. Wilson, of the Fortieth Parallel Corps, under Clarence King, was productive of a brief publication dealing in part with the glaciers of Mount Rainier.3 Twenty-six years later, in 1896, another United States Geological Survey party, which included Bailey Willis, I. C. Russell, and George Otis Smith, made additional SCircular of General Information, Mount Rainier National Park (U.S. -
Eric Simonson's Expedition 8000
Mt. Rainier: 4 ½ Day Summit Climb Ingraham Glacier / Disappointment Cleaver Route © 2009 International Mountain Guides Why Choose This Program? Our 4 ½ Day Ingraham Glacier/Disappointment Cleaver summit program is the most relaxed approach offered to climb Mt. Rainier. The four-day program increases our opportunity for success on the mountain. There is time incorporated into this program for resting and recovery after each day’s activities. We climb as light and efficiently as possible and rely on the shelter at Camp Muir to avoid carrying extra gear or tents. The extra day spent at Camp Muir allows for better acclimatization to the altitude prior to the summit day, and more time to enjoy the majestic glacier environment with your climbing team. We maximize training by adding a half day pre-climb orientation and instructional meeting at IMG’s Headquarters in Ashford, just outside the park. We incorporate training en route during the trip to Camp Muir and utilize the following day at Muir to rest, conduct the bulk of our training and acclimatize. By spending two nights at Camp Muir prior to the summit day, we avoid carrying heavier packs up to a higher camp. There is a tradeoff in doing this, but we feel the extra time spent at Muir and the lighter overall pack weight fairly evenly offsets the advantages of departing on summit day from a higher camp. This is especially suited for those who would prefer to go as light as possible. IMG employs a light and efficient philosophy for climbing. To minimize the weight on your backs we provide shelter, stoves, cook gear and group climbing gear for you at Camp Muir. -
Kitsap Basic Climbing
! KITSAP MOUNTAINEERS BASIC CLIMBING COURSE Class 4 and Field Trips 4 & 5 BASIC CLIMBING - CLASS #4 ROCK CLIMBING Class #4 Topics Rock Climbing Process Rock Climbing Techniques Anchors Field Trip Leader Q & A (Field Trip 4) Assigned Reading (complete prior to Class #4) Assigned Reading: Freedom Of The Hills Subject Alpine Rock Climbing ...............................................................Ch 12 Basic Climbing Course Manual All Class #4 Material Additional Resources Find a good book on stretching exercises—it is helpful to loosen up before rock climbing. ROPED CLIMBING OVERVIEW Roped climbing involves the leader and follower(s) attached to a rope for protection as they ascend and descend, so that in the event of a fall the rope can be used to catch the falling climber. In basic rock climbing, the leader is tied into one end of a rope and the follower (second) into the other end. The follower may also attach to a “ground anchor” and will prepare to belay the leader by feeding the rope through his/her belay device. When the follower (belayer) is ready (follower yells: “BELAY ON”), the leader ascends a section of rock (leader: “CLIMBING”, follower: “CLIMB”) while placing protection gear and connecting the climbing rope to the protection as he/she climbs upward. In event of a fall (leader: “FALLING!”), the belayer stops the fall by “braking” the rope at the belay device, and tightening the rope through the protections. When the leader has reached the top of the section (pitch), the leader sets up an anchor and attaches him/ her. The leader tells the follower to take him/her off belay (leader: “OFF BELAY”). -
1967, Al and Frances Randall and Ramona Hammerly
The Mountaineer I L � I The Mountaineer 1968 Cover photo: Mt. Baker from Table Mt. Bob and Ira Spring Entered as second-class matter, April 8, 1922, at Post Office, Seattle, Wash., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Published monthly and semi-monthly during March and April by The Mountaineers, P.O. Box 122, Seattle, Washington, 98111. Clubroom is at 719Y2 Pike Street, Seattle. Subscription price monthly Bulletin and Annual, $5.00 per year. The Mountaineers To explore and study the mountains, forests, and watercourses of the Northwest; To gather into permanent form the history and traditions of this region; To preserve by the encouragement of protective legislation or otherwise the natural beauty of North west America; To make expeditions into these regions m fulfill ment of the above purposes; To encourage a spirit of good fellowship among all lovers of outdoor life. EDITORIAL STAFF Betty Manning, Editor, Geraldine Chybinski, Margaret Fickeisen, Kay Oelhizer, Alice Thorn Material and photographs should be submitted to The Mountaineers, P.O. Box 122, Seattle, Washington 98111, before November 1, 1968, for consideration. Photographs must be 5x7 glossy prints, bearing caption and photographer's name on back. The Mountaineer Climbing Code A climbing party of three is the minimum, unless adequate support is available who have knowledge that the climb is in progress. On crevassed glaciers, two rope teams are recommended. Carry at all times the clothing, food and equipment necessary. Rope up on all exposed places and for all glacier travel. Keep the party together, and obey the leader or majority rule. Never climb beyond your ability and knowledge. -
Travel/Emergency Information
Itinerary Overview Rockies to Alaska Summer Leadership Semester Welcome to one of the greatest experiences of a lifetime! Colorado Outward Bound semester courses are designed to cultivate leadership, strength of character, and service ethic through challenging outdoor adventures. The 52-Day Rockies to Alaska Summer Leadership Semester focuses on developing the confidence, knowledge and integrity essential for effective leadership indoors and out. Whether you are deciding as part of a group how to navigate through difficult terrain, working through the inevitable conflict with another student, or considering your life back home from a refreshing new perspective, this course will help give you the experience to step back into your life with renewed confidence and a greater belief in yourself and your potential. Your decision to attend this Semester is an important commitment and should be made with the highest awareness of the course's length, difficulties and depth. The people you spend 52 days with -- day and night, through hardship and exuberance, sunshine and foul weather, harmony and conflict - will become like a small family and community. Many previous students have become lifelong friends. However, like any family or community, there are times when everyone gets along and times when they don’t. Because of this, it is important that you maintain a spirit of compromise throughout the course. Other members of the patrol may have a slightly different set of goals, values and desires than your own. Through this you learn a great deal about yourself and each other. Remember that in order to be an effective leader, you must know yourself and how you relate to all types of individuals. -
IWLS Climbing, Mountaineering, and Trekking Course Policies
Nepal Mountaineering Course Course Overview Ascending into the upper Khumbu, the backdrop of Mt. Everest, Lhotse, and Ama Dablam have inspired mountaineers like few other places. The peaks of Chukung Ri (18,253 ft/5565m), (Lobuche (20,075ft/6,119m) Imja Tse or Island Peak (20,285ft/6,183m), and potentially Mera Peak (21,247ft/6,476m) offer a world class mountaineering classroom for students on an IWLS Nepal mountaineering course. You’ll set fixed lines, learn about high altitude medicine and attempt to summit these incredible peaks. Between setting a high camp, reviewing crevasse rescue skills and teaching your peers about the rest step, you’ll enjoy the company of the friendly Sherpa people and learn about their culture. The IWLS Nepal mountaineering course is perfect for students who want to develop high altitude mountaineering skills, international expedition experience and leadership ability in a world class setting. Course Location Draped along the spine of the Himalayas, Nepal is a land of spectacular scenery, ancient Buddhist monasteries and some of the best trekking, mountaineering, and river rafting on earth. Tumultuous rivers fill glaciated valleys, ancient trails meander below towering 8000 meter peaks and villages dot the landscape. IWLS courses here offer a chance to experience the incredible Sherpa culture, trek through the awesome panorama of the Himalayas, climb amongst the tallest peaks of the world, and raft awe inspiring whitewater while learning expedition and leadership skills. Kathmandu is the starting and ending point for our mountaineering in Nepal. It is a fascinating city with many interesting sights. While in Kathmandu we will visit the Hindu and Buddhist temples of Syhumbunath, Bodanath, and Pashupatinath as well as the historic Durbar Square. -
Clinic: Two-Person Glacier Travel & Solo Crevasse Rescue
Clinic: Two-Person Glacier Travel & Solo Crevasse Rescue Krzysztof Ostrowski last updated on 12/8/2019 Audience: climb leaders and 2nd and higher-year intermediate students Prerequisites: One of the following badges: Climb Leader, Intermediate Alpine Climbing Course, Intermediate Alpine Climbing Course Student Duration: 3-4 hours (one evening on a weekday, or preferably, half a day on a weekend) Location: Mountaineers Program Center (rappel stations at the north wall) Dates: first session ideally in mid-December, potentially again in January or February if there’s interest Number of students: 4-8 (rope teams of two, students should sign up with a partner) Number of instructors: 2-4 (ideally one instructor per rope team, minimum one per two rope teams) Cost: free Students will learn how to: ● Setup efficiently for glacier travel as a single two-person team: distance between climbers, knots on the rope (when to use, how to space), tie-in, kiwi coil, required gear. ● Arrest a fall and build a SERENE anchor while in arrest position, without relying on external help. ● Rappel into the crevasse, provide first-aid, attach drop loop, and reascend; use runners to extend drop loop if needed. ● Setup a 6:1 mechanical advantage system and haul the fallen climber out of the crevasse while removing slack. Primary sources/references: ● Canonical reference: The Mountain Guide Manual by Marc Chauvin, Rob Coppolillo ○ When confronted with confusing or contradictory advice, it’s safe to rely on this source. ● AMGA videos from Outdoor -
Debris Properties and Mass-Balance Impacts on Adjacent Debris-Covered Glaciers, Mount Rainier, USA
Natural Resource Ecology and Management Publications Natural Resource Ecology and Management 4-8-2019 Debris properties and mass-balance impacts on adjacent debris- covered glaciers, Mount Rainier, USA Peter L. Moore Iowa State University, [email protected] Leah I. Nelson Carleton College Theresa M. D. Groth Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/nrem_pubs Part of the Environmental Monitoring Commons, Glaciology Commons, Natural Resources Management and Policy Commons, and the Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology Commons The complete bibliographic information for this item can be found at https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ nrem_pubs/335. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Natural Resource Ecology and Management at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Natural Resource Ecology and Management Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Debris properties and mass-balance impacts on adjacent debris-covered glaciers, Mount Rainier, USA Abstract The north and east slopes of Mount Rainier, Washington, are host to three of the largest glaciers in the contiguous United States: Carbon Glacier, Winthrop Glacier, and Emmons Glacier. Each has an extensive blanket of supraglacial debris on its terminus, but recent work indicates that each has responded to late twentieth- and early twenty-first-century climate changes in a different way. While Carbon Glacier has thinned and retreated since 1970, Winthrop Glacier has remained steady and Emmons Glacier has thickened and advanced. -
Mountaineering in the Monte Rosa Massif. Contents
Mountaineering in the Monte Rosa Massif. Contents. Overview 1 Team 2 Background 5 Planning & financials 9 Mountaineering training 12 Tour itinerary 16 Concluding remarks 32 Summary Aims This report gives an overview of • Train mountaineering skills an alpine tour conducted in the Monte Rosa massif in August 2020, • Summit more than ten peaks Overview. supported by the Exploration above 4000m in one week Board of Imperial College London and the Old Centralians’ Trust. The • Minimise environmental impact common interest of our team was to take our first steps in high-altitude mountaineering. We were also keen to explore how the adverse environmental impact of such a trip may be minimized through choices made at the planning stage. The report covers preparatory work, an alpine training course in the Scottish Cairngorms and details of the tour in the Swiss and Italian alps taking in several peaks above 4000m. Scottish + Cairngorms London + + Monte Rosa Massif 1 Team 2 Team. Laura Braun Role: Expedition Leader Occupation: PhD Student, Imperial College London Age: 29 Laura researches technical interventions in the fight against neglected tropical diseases. Her passion for the outdoors manifests itself in the many hours spent climbing every week. Whenever London becomes too hectic, her touring bike quite literally becomes her escape. But often the downward facing dog, the warrior or child’s pose will also have the desired effect. Benedict Krueger Role: Deputy expedition leader, med. officer Occupation: PhD Student, Imperial College London Age: 27 Ben’s research focuses on exploring novel treatment technologies for human waste to improve sanitation in low- and middle-income countries. -
Mt. Rainier Where & Why Accidents Happen the Majestic, 14,410-Foot Volcano of Mt
AAC Publications Danger Zones: Mt. Rainier Where & Why Accidents Happen The majestic, 14,410-foot volcano of Mt. Rainier, just 55 miles from Seattle, is one of the most popular mountaineering destinations in North America. Lined by massive glaciers on all sides, the mountain is attempted by about 10,000 people a year. It’s also the site of numerous accidents and close calls. More than 95 mountaineers have died on Rainier’s slopes, including the tragic loss of six climbers in late May 2014 after an avalanche high on Liberty Ridge. This article aims to prevent future tragedies by analyzing the accident history of popular routes. We reviewed more than 110 reports from Mt. Rainier in Accidents in North American Mountaineering over the past 20 years. In addition, we examined the causes of climbing fatalities from 1984 through 2013, as tracked by Mountrainierclimbing.us. The data reveal accident trends on specific routes, suggesting how climbers might best prepare to avoid future incidents. Geologically, Mt. Rainier sits on the Ring of Fire around the Pacific Ocean basin. Geologists consider Mt. Rainier to be an active, potentially dangerous volcano. More immediately, heavy snowfall and highly active glaciers shape the challenging terrain of the mountain. Although there are more than 40 routes and variations up Mt. Rainier, the vast majority of climbers follow two lines: 1) up the Muir Snowfield to Camp Muir, followed by a summit attempt via the Ingraham Glacier or Disappointment Cleaver, or 2) the Emmons/Winthrop Glaciers route above Camp Schurman. With one prominent exception—Liberty Ridge—most accidents occur along these routes.