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Occurrence, Sources, and Cancer Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

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Occurrence, Sources, and Cancer Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in agricultural soil in China (Tao et al. 2004; Song et al. 2006; Wang et al. 2012; Zhu et al. doi:10.2489/jswc.71.4.327 2014). It is well known that PAHs and PCBs from contaminated soils could pose signif- icant risks to aquatic ecosystems, especially through surface run off and soil erosion (Luo Occurrence, sources, and cancer risk of et al. 2013). Hence, it is important to inves- tigate the pollution of PAHs and PCBs in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and agricultural soils near the Three Gorges Dam region, China. polychlorinated biphenyls in agricultural soils The objectives of this study were (1) to investigate the concentrations of PAHs and from the Three Gorges Dam region, China PCBs, (2) to identify the sources of PAHs and PCBs in agricultural soils, and (3) to M.X. Liu, Y.Y. Yang, X.Y. Yun, M.M. Zhang, and J. Wang evaluate the possible carcinogenic risk of PAHs and PCBs near the Three Gorges Abstract: Copyright © 2016 Soil and Water Conservation Society. All rights reserved. Eighty agricultural topsoil samples were collected near the Three Gorges Dam Dam region, China. In addition, the study Journal of Soil and Water Conservation region of Yangtze River, China, to investigate concentrations, distribution patterns, and pos- could also provide useful information for sible sources and potential cancer risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and agricultural soil management in the Three polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in this area. Total PAHs concentrations in agricultural top- Gorges Dam region. soil ranged from 277.79 to 3,217.20 ng g–1 (ppb) with a mean concentration of 1,023.48 ± 815.31 ng g–1. Total concentrations of seven carcinogenic PAHs (C-PAHs) were between Materials and Methods 45.85 ng g–1 and 1,147.45 ng g–1, accounting for 6% to 49% of the total PAHs. Total PCBs Sample Collection. A total of 80 agricultural concentrations varied from 18.56 to 183.90 ng g–1 with a mean concentration of 35.28 ± topsoil samples were collected in March of 41.01 ng g–1. Positive linear correlations were found between total PAHs and total PCBs, 2013 at 16 sites near the Three Gorges Dam showing these compounds may originate from common sources. Isomer ratios analysis region along the Yangtze River (figure 1). indicated that atmospheric deposition was the main common source for PAHs and PCBs. Five 0 to 20 cm (0 to 7.87 in) subsamples The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) of PCBs in agricultural topsoil near the Three were randomly taken within a range of 200 –6 2 Gorges Dam region were all below 10 , indicating no cancer risk, whereas ILCR of PAHs m (2,153 ft) at each sampling site. All soil 71(4):327-334 were between 10–6 and 10–4; special attention needs to be paid to PAHs in the study area. samples were collected in agricultural fields. All samples were lyophilized, ground, and Key words: agricultural topsoil—polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)—polycyclic aromatic then passed through a 100-mesh (0.149 mm hydrocarbons (PAHs)—Three Gorges Dam region [0.006 in]) stainless steel sieve. Reagents and Standards. PAHs (1,000 mg www.swcs.org L–1 [ppm]) and PCBs (10 mg L–1) standard Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution in soil and food (Faroon et al. solution were purchased from AccuStandard, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are 2003). Soil is the primary steady reservoir for New Haven, Connecticut, United States. important and ubiquitous classes of per- PAHs and PCBs because PAHs and PCBs sistent organic pollutants. PAHs and PCBs are readily absorbed by organic matter in soil Min X. Liu is a PhD candidate in Key Laboratory can be found in the dust, soils, sediments, and hardly degrade (Wild and Jones 1995). of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology of and atmospheric environment (Larsen and In addition, recycling of PAHs and PCBs Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy Baker 2003). PAHs are of particular con- from contaminated soils into the atmosphere of Sciences, Wuhan, China, and University of cern, and 16 priority PAHs are regulated by is another pollution source to the environ- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. the US Environmental Protection Agency ment (Harner et al. 2001). Yu Y. Yang is an associate professor in Key Labo- ratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology (USEPA). Several PAHs are known car- The Three Gorges Dam region is located of Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of cinogens, such asbenz[a]anthracene (BaA), from Badong County to Yichang City, Hubei Sciences, Wuhan, China. Xiao Y. Yun is a post- chrysene (Chr), benzo[b]fluoranthene Province, China, along the Yangtze River. graduate student in Key Laboratory of Aquatic (BbF), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), benzo[a] Recently many reports on PAH and PCB Botany and Watershed Ecology of Wuhan Bo- pyrene (BaP), dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DBA), pollution of the Three Gorges Reservoir have tanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (InP) (Ma et been published (Xu et al. 2007; Zhao et al. Wuhan, China, and University of Chinese Acade- my of Sciences, Beijing, China. Miao M. Zhang is al. 2009). Seven PCBs (PCB28, PCB52, 2007; Luo et al. 2010; Li et al. 2012). However, a research assistant in Key Laboratory of Aquatic PCB101, PCB118, PCB138, PCB153, these studies mainly focused on the persistent Botany and Watershed Ecology of Wuhan Bo- and PCB180) were defined as indicative organic pollutants of the water body, sedi- tanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, monomers by the United Nations GEMS/ ments, and water-level-fluctuating zone of the Wuhan, China. Jun Wang is a professor in Key Food (Food and Agricultural Organization Three Gorges Dam region; agricultural soils Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed of the United Nations Global Environment of this area were less noticed. In fact, serious Ecology of Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China. Monitoring System) to monitor the PCBs pollution by PAHs and PCBs is often found JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION JULY/AUGUST 2016—VOL. 71, NO. 4 327 Figure 1 Map of sampling sites. PAHs standard solution includes acenaph- thylene (Acy), acenaphthene (Ace), fluorene (Fl), phenanthrene (Phe), anthracene (Ant), fluoranthene (Flu), pyrene (Pyr), BaA, Chr, BbF, BkF, BaP, DBA, benzo[ghi]perylene P.R. China (BgP), and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (InP). PCBs standard solution includes PCB-28, Hubei Province PCB-52, PCB-101, PCB-118, PCB-153, PCB-138, and PCB-180. Dichloromethane and n-hexane are of chromatographic grade (Fisher Scientific, United States). Other S2 Badong County Yangtze River chemicals (carbon [C]18, anhydrous sodium S1 S3 sulfate [Na2SO4], and copper [Cu] powder) S4 are of analytical reagent grade. S6 Sample Extraction, Cleanup, and Analysis. S7 S8 S5 PAHs and PCBs were extracted following S9 S10 S11 Copyright © 2016 Soil and Water Conservation Society. All rights reserved. Zigui County the modified matrix solid-phase dispersion Journal of Soil and Water Conservation extraction method (Rallis et al. 2012). Two S12 grams (0.07 oz) of soil samples were blended Three Gorges Dam S13 thoroughly with 3 g (0.1 oz) C as disper- Yichang 18 S14 City sion sorbent in a glass mortar for five minutes N using a glass pestle to obtain a homoge- S15 neous mixture. The mixture was completely transferred by using a funnel into a syringe S16 barrel-column (10 mL [0.34 oz]) with a 0.22 μm membrane filter. One gram (0.035 oz) of anhydrous Na2SO4, 1 g of Florisil, 1 g of sil- ica gel, and 1 g of activated Cu powder were carrier gas at 1 mL min–1 (0.034 oz min–1) lyzed through the entire procedure prior to placed into the column from bottom to top. under the constant flow mode. The injector and after every 10 samples. Each sample was 71(4):327-334 After the mixture was transferred into the and the detector were operated at 250°C and analyzed in triplicate. The average recoveries column, another membrane filter was added 300°C (482°F and 572°F), respectively. The of PAHs were 85% to 93% and PCBs were on the top of the column. The column was ion source and interface temperatures were 72% to 86%. The limits of detection (LODs) compressed with the syringe plunger for air set to 300°C and 280°C (536°F), respectively. of PAHs and PCBs were defined as three removal and then 20 mL (0.67 oz) dichloro- The GC oven temperature for PCBs times the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N). The www.swcs.org methane (CH2Cl2) was used to elute the was programmed as follows: initial tem- LOD for PAHs ranged from 10 to 500 pg column. The eluent was collected into a con- perature was maintained at 70°C (158°F) g–1 and PCBs from 1 to 50 pg g–1, respec- ical tube. The extract was concentrated to 100 for two minutes and then programmed at tively. All the results were corrected for the μL under a gentle high purity nitrogen (N) 25°C (45°F) min–1 to 150°C (302°F), at recoveries in this study. stream after 100 μL of isooctane was added 3°C (5.4°F) min–1 to 200°C (392°F), 8°C Cancer Risk Assessment. Incremental as solvent keeper. A known quantity of pen- (14.4°F) min–1 to 280°C (536°F), and hold- lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) was employed tachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) was added as ing the final temperature for 10 minutes. The to evaluate the potential risk for PAHs and an internal standard prior to gas chromato- GC oven temperature for PAHs was pro- PCBs in agricultural soils near the Three graph-mass spectrometer/electron capture grammed as follows: initial temperature was Gorges Dam region for human health based detection (GC-MS/ECD) analysis.
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