Piercing the Iron Curtain:

Secret Snapshots from Space

Josef Schuller

Junior Division

Individual Documentary

Process Paper: 494 Words

Process Paper

Last summer I visited the National Air Force Museum in Dayton, Ohio. Within the

Presidential, Global Reach, Space, and Research & Development hangar, I saw the C-119J

Flying Boxcar airplane which had been modified to catch satellite film cartridges falling from space. I found that intriguing and looked for a way to relate it to this year’s NHD theme. After more research, I discovered that the plane didn’t break barriers; it was the satellite dropping the film cartridges. The CORONA satellite was the first photo reconnaissance satellite to orbit the earth. Project CORONA was a broad topic. The program lasted several decades and evolved through three generations of satellites. Because the CORONA satellite is documented to have broken several barriers including the first mapping of Earth from space and the first program to fly more than 100 missions, I decided to focus on CORONA’s main achievement: the first photo reconnaissance satellite and the pictures it took during the Cold War.

Interviewing experts is an important part of my historical research so I contacted the

National Reconnaissance Office and the CIA. I was denied an interview with the CIA but received an answer from the historian at the NRO, Mr. Michael Suk. We exchanged emails, and he answered specific questions I had from my preliminary research. He also gave his permission to use his quotes in my documentary. Mr.Suk sent me primary sources published by the NRO on the CORONA satellite for my research and sent extra books to donate to my school library.

My local American Legion chapter also led me to Sergeant Joe Murphey, a retired flight mechanic from the US Air Force. He described flying the planes to catch the film canisters and the complications arising from catching the capsules in mid-air. Other CORONA research included declassified CIA memos and documents from several places: the Eisenhower and Truman Presidential Libraries, the CIA, the National Archives, and the NRO. It was fascinating to read the once-classified information between the different government agencies. The CIA and NRO websites had a lot of information and images. Their online databases contain many articles and declassified content about the CORONA program. I also found some amazing quotes describing what CORONA did for the nation. One was from

William Studeman and the other from President Lyndon Johnson. They showed the impact that

CORONA had on the US defense program.

The main challenge I faced with this project was narrowing down information for my documentary. In addition, it was also difficult to find footage of the CORONA satellite. I did find a video with a lot of footage of the CORONA program that I was able to use. Videos of

Joseph Stalin’s, Winston Churchill’s, and Dwight Eisenhower’s speeches also added historical context to my documentary. The various resources I combined into my project show that

CORONA was important to the United States during the Cold War and that it did break barriers with the first satellite images from space.

Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources:

Books:

Center for the Study of National Reconnaissance Classics: The CORONA Story. This book is a ​ compilation by the National Reconnaissance Office that gives a detailed account of the

CORONA story through declassified documents and images. The many images in the

book reinforce the concrete evidence of Soviet military advancements that the CORONA

satellite gave the United States. It also includes images of the Soviet weapons in other

countries such as China and Egypt.

Center for the Study of National Reconnaissance Classics: The Hexagon Story. This book is a ​ compilation by the National Reconnaissance Office that has information about the last

generations of the photo reconnaissance satellites, those under the code name Hexagon.

The book contains declassified documents and images, and it addresses the CORONA

program and how that technology was improved and refined through the later generations

of satellites.

Mulcahy, Robert D., Jr., editor. CORONA Star Catchers: Interviews with the Air Force Aerial ​ Recovery Flight Crews of the 6593d Test Squadron (Special), 1958 - 1972. Second ed., ​ CSNR. This book has detailed first-hand accounts from the people who were a part of the

Air Force division that caught the film capsules. They tell the stories of the different

CORONA missions and how they ended.

Oder, Fredric C.E., James C. Fitzpatrick, and Paul E. Worthman compilers. 20th Century Spy in ​ the Sky Satellites: Secrets of the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO). This book is a ​ compilation of declassified documents from the CORONA program consisting of CIA

Cold War records, CORONA System Information, and Presidential Orders. This book

has a multitude of information about the National Reconnaissance Office’s involvement

in the CORONA program. It has maps, charts, images and CIA reports detailing

information from each CORONA mission. The book has images of specific weapons and

military locations within the Soviet Union.

Executive Orders:

United States, Executive Office of the President [William J. Clinton]. Executive Order 12951:

Release of Imagery Acquired by Space-Based National Intelligence Reconnaissance

Systems. 22 Feb. 1995. Code of Federal Regulations, vol. 3. National Archives, ​ ​ ​ ​ www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1995-02-28/pdf/95-5050.pdf. This executive order is

the official declassification order to release the top secret material relating to the

CORONA program and images that the satellites took during the Cold War. It was

interesting to read about President Clinton's reasoning for the declassification and why he

felt obligated to do so.

Images:

Bomb Shelter on Display. 12 Apr. 1951. San Francisco Chronicle, ​ ​ ​ www.sfchronicle.com/oursf/article/Atomic-bomb-scare-in-1950s-brought-the-city-on-11

748126.php. This photograph shows that Americans were scared of the Soviet nuclear

threat and started to build bomb shelters.

"CORONA Satellite Imagery." National Reconnaissance Office, ​ ​ www.nro.gov/History-and-Studies/Center-for-the-Study-of-National-Reconnaissance/The -CORONA-Program/Imagery/. This web site has some of the declassified images that

CORONA took including the photos showing the Soviet missiles, military bases, and

weapons.

Duck and Cover. Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, ​ ​ ​ armscontrolcenter.org/why-i-want-to-join-the-nuclear-policy-field-taylor-felt/. This photo

illustrates the fear Americans had of nuclear war and how schools started to practice

bomb drills.

Establishment of the CIA. Harry S. Truman: Library - Museum, ​ ​ ​ www.trumanlibrary.gov/education/presidential-inquiries/establishment-cia. This photo of

the CIA logo was used to show President Truman’s creation of the Central Intelligence

Agency.

Interviews:

Murphey, Joe. Interview. Conducted by Josef W. Schuller. This interview was with Mr. Joe

Murphey and was relevant to my project because he was a flight mechanic on the C-130

Hercules, the type of aircraft that caught the film canisters from the later CORONA

satellites. Mr. Murphey explained the elaborate process of charting the returning satellites

and catching the parachute canisters from the sky. He also talked about living through the

Cold War and the culture in the United States during that time when people were afraid

of a nuclear war with the Soviet Union. Mr. Murphey allowed me to use a video

recording of the interview in my documentary.

Memorandums:

Bissell, Richard M., Jr. "Project CORONA." Received by A. J. Goodpaster, 11 Mar. 1959,

Central Intelligence Agency. Letter. This declassified memo to President Eisenhower

details the original plans for the CORONA program. It has estimates for the original

budget and the projected first launch date.

"The Effect of the Soviet Possession of Atomic Bombs on the Security of the United States." 9

June 1950, Central Intelligence Agency, ORE 32-50. Letter. This source is an actual

declassified memorandum from the CIA containing what knowledge the CIA had about

the Soviet satellite programs. It contains plans for building a defense against Russia's

atomic power and how the information available affects the security of the US. I used a

quote/picture from the memo in the documentary.

"Memorandum and Attachments Re Security of Project Corona." Received by Andrew J.

Goodpaster. Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum, & Boyhood Home, ​ ​ www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/research/online-documents/aerial-intellige

nce/1958-11-05.pdf. This memo is a declassified government document that describes

some of the details of CORONA and its cover story to be used with the media. It

specifically lists the ways the government was going to describe and explain the project

to the public. It also has a written version of the press release on the "Discovery"

(CORONA) project.

"Soviet Capabilities for the Development and Production of Certain Types of Weapons and

Equipment." 31 Oct. 1946. CIA Historical Review Program, Central Intelligence Agency,

ORE 3/1. Letter. This declassified memo states the CIA's concerns about what military capabilities the Soviets might have had, and it predicted what weapons the Soviets would

develop in the future.

"The Soviet Reconnaissance Satellite Program." 18 June 1964, Central Intelligence Agency.

Letter. This declassified memo describes the Soviet use of photo reconnaissance satellites

at the same time that the United States was utilizing the CORONA satellites.

Speeches:

Churchill, Winston. "The Sinews of Peace." 5 Mar. 1946, Westminster College, Fulton, Missouri.

Speech. “The Sinews of Peace” speech is a very important speech in the history of the

Cold War because Churchill labeled the spread of communism over Eastern Europe as

the "Iron Curtain." This speech set the precedent for the remainder of the Cold War and

gave a visual representation of the Soviet Communist expansive tendencies. For the rest

of the Cold War the CIA focused on ways to pierce that “Iron Curtain.” I studied the

speech to learn more about the Cold War and then used a portion of the video in my

documentary.

Eisenhower, Dwight. "1953 Inaugural Address." Washington D.C. Speech. This speech is

important because it showed that President Eisenhower was going to focus on building up

the US defense program in response to the looming threat of nuclear war from the Soviet

Union. I read the speech and then used a portion of the video in my documentary.

Videos:

"First Soviet Atomic Bomb Test (1949)." YouTube, uploaded by Atomicarchive, 29 Aug. 2019, ​ ​ www.youtube.com/watch?v=oOF0J-cSsVU. This video shows what the first Soviet

atomic weapons test looked like. "Japanese Planes Bomb Pearl Harbor, USS Arizona Explodes and Sinks." YouTube, uploaded by ​ ​ US National Archives, 6 Dec. 2016,

www.youtube.com/watch?v=WvhJboFYFX4&t=91s. This video shows the bombing of

Pearl Harbor. I used it to illustrate how vulnerable America was to further attacks

especially without military intelligence.

"Joseph Stalin's Speech." YouTube, uploaded by New Line Cinema, 15 Apr. 2019, ​ ​ www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Z87ue9pISI. This video is footage of one of Joseph Stalin's

speeches that I used in my documentary.

"President Eisenhower 1953 Inaugural Address." YouTube, uploaded by C-Span, 14 Jan. 2009, ​ ​ www.youtube.com/watch?v=SwenOlpbvTA&t=62s. This video is of President

Eisenhower's Inaugural Address in 1953. I used this video to show what Eisenhower said

in his inaugural address about the Cold War and about the defense of the United States.

"Sir Winston Churchill - Sinews of Peace (Iron Curtain) Speech." YouTube, uploaded by ​ ​ Westminster College, 4 Mar. 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=5QuSXZTo3Uo. This

video footage of Winston Churchill’s “Sinews of Peace” speech helped me convey the

meaning of the “Iron Curtain” and why it was so important to find out what the Soviet

Union was doing behind its closed borders.

Websites:

"CORONA: Declassified." Central Intelligence Agency, 25 Feb. 2015, ​ ​ www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2015-featured-story-archive/coron

a-declassified.html. This CIA website describes the declassification process of the CORONA program. It gives the Executive order number for the declassification which I

used to find the actual Presidential Order to read as a primary source.

"The CORONA Story." Central Intelligence Agency, 29 Apr. 2013, ​ ​ www.cia.gov/library/publications/intelligence-history/corona-between-the-sun-and-the-ea

rth/the-corona-story.html. This website gives a broad version of the CORONA project

and lists the barriers that CORONA broke and future impacts it had on space

reconnaissance. The site also mentions the Soviet Union’s space program, “Zenit.”

"CORONA: The First Recovery of Film from Space." Central Intelligence Agency, 16 Aug. ​ ​ 2012,

www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2012-featured-story-archive/coron

a-the-first-recovery-of-film-from-space.html. This website capitalizes on the impact that

CORONA had on the future of satellite and space flight technology.

"George Kennan and Containment." Office of the Historian, ​ ​ history.state.gov/departmenthistory/short-history/kennan. This federal government

website has George Kennan's famous “Long Telegram” that was a driving force behind

the US’s foreign policy of containment of the Soviet Union during the Cold War. It

describes the potential military capabilities the Soviet Union had and how it was

impossible to know exactly what they were doing behind closed borders; therefore the

US should do everything possible to contain the spread of Communism. This source also

has information about George Kennan himself and why he sent the “Long Telegram.”

Secondary Sources:

Books:

Arnold, David Christopher. Spying from Space: Constructing America's Satellite Command and ​ Control Systems. Edited by Roger D. Launius, vol. 12, Texas A&M UP. 15 vols. ​ Centennial of Flight Series. This book has information about satellite programs as a

whole and has some interesting background information as well.

Berkowitz, Dr. Bruce, and Michael Suk. The National Reconnaissance Office at 50 Years: A ​ Brief History. Second ed. This book provided information about the NRO and how it ​ related to the different reconnaissance projects within the last 50 years.

CORONA America's First Satellite Program. Progressive Management Publications. This book ​ focused on the barriers that CORONA broke and in relation to my project - being the first

photo reconnaissance satellite to send photos of the Soviet Union back to the US.

Day, Dwayne A., et al., editors. Eye in the Sky: The Story of the CORONA Spy Satellites. ​ ​ Smithsonian Institution, 1998. Smithsonian History of Aviation Series. This book went

in-depth into the story of CORONA and had a lot of information about the technical side

of CORONA. The book had a quote from President Lyndon Johnson that I used in my

documentary.

Dienesch, Robert M. Eyeing the Red Storm. University of Nebraska Press, 2016. This book gave ​ ​ me a different perspective on the Space Race because it explained about the Soviet Union

or "Red Storm" and what kind of effect the Russian role in the space race had on the

people of America. Isaacs, Jeremy, and Taylor Downing. Cold War: An Illustrated History, 1945-1991. Little, ​ ​ Brown and Company, 1998. This book had many interesting pictures that illustrated the

Cold War. It helped me understand the Cold War and put it into historical context. The

book was very useful in finding images for the background section of my documentary.

Muller, Richard A. Physics for Future Presidents: The Science Behind the Headlines. W. W. ​ ​ Norton & Company, 2008. This book included information about spy satellites and

different orbit paths. It helped me understand the physics behind sending an object or a

satellite into orbit around the earth and the difficulty of keeping a camera satellite steady

and facing toward the earth so that it could take pictures of the earth’s surface. It also

helped me understand just how amazing it was to then catch a film canister dropped from

orbit and snatched in mid-air by an airplane.

National Reconnaissance Almanac. Second ed. This book has different information about the ​ National Reconnaissance Office and its role within the government and its relation to the

CORONA project.

Westad, Odd Arne. The Cold War: A World History. Basic Books, 2017. This book had an ​ ​ overview and background of the Cold War that I used to understand the historical and

political climate of the world at the time the CORONA satellite was developed.

Images:

Analysis of CORONA Imagery. Workshop: Acquisition, Processing, and Analysis of Declassified ​ ​ CORONA Satellite Imagery, coronaworkshop2018.wordpress.com/. This image shows ​ what the CIA did with the CORONA images and what the film from the canister looked

like. "Large Discoverer Satellite in Space." The Daily Telegram, 18 Feb. 1961. I used the image of ​ ​ this newspaper to show that the CORONA Program was known to the public as the

Discoverer Satellite.

Long, Eric. CORONA Structure. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, ​ ​ ​ ​ airandspace.si.edu/multimedia-gallery/si-97-15881-10hjpg. I used this picture to show

what the CORONA satellite looked like on the inside.

"Nuclear Arms Race." Blendspace, www.tes.com/lessons/ATtLUIfGJdjDeg/nuclear-arms-race. ​ ​ Cartoon. I used this political cartoon to show what the Arms race was like: The US and

the Soviet Union stockpiling weapons but not using them.

Spies. American Scientist, www.americanscientist.org/article/rocket-science-and-russian-spies. ​ ​ ​ This picture shows what American spies looked like and what they would do to get

foreign intelligence.

Top Secret CIA Files. IPPmedia.com, ​ ​ ​ www.ippmedia.com/en/news/top-secret-cia-files-expose-us-covert-operations-tanzania. I

used this image to show how the CIA kept many of their documents top secret until

approved for declassification.

United States Containment. Foreign Policy Research Institute, ​ ​ ​ www.fpri.org/article/2016/01/what-would-kennan-do-george-kennan-the-containment-do

ctrine-and-isis/. I used this political cartoon to show the concept of the United States

trying to contain the spread of Communism. "VICTORY: Nazis Reveal Surrender to Western Allies, Russia." The Stars and Stripes, 8 May ​ ​ 1945. I used this front page of the newspaper as an image in my documentary to show the

end of World War II.

Interviews:

Suk, Michael J. Interview. Conducted by Josef W. Schuller. This interview with Mr. Suk,

National Reconnaissance Office Historian, was very beneficial to my project. He

answered a few key questions that I had about the CORONA satellite. The interview was

through email, and it lasted over the course of a couple of months. He allowed me to

quote him in my documentary. Mr. Suk also sent me more resources from the National

Reconnaissance Office.

Music:

Badelt, Klaus. Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl: Blood Ritual. Amazon ​ ​ ​ Music, ​ www.amazon.com/Blood-Ritual/dp/B010H4YBQW/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=pi

rates+of+the+caribbean+blood+ritual&qid=1585097380&sr=8-1. I utilized this musical

score as background music in my documentary.

Burwell, Carter. The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn: Love Death Birth. Amazon Music, ​ ​ ​ ​ music.amazon.com/albums/B0062IQNG4. I utilized this musical score as background

music during the thesis portion of my documentary.

The City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra, and Evan Jolly. Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers: ​ The Riders of Rohan. Amazon Music, music.amazon.com/albums/B00B255930. I utilized ​ ​ ​ this musical score as background music in my documentary. Philharmonic Rock Orchestra. Star Trek: The Lost Galaxy. Amazon Music, ​ ​ ​ ​ music.amazon.com/albums/B005OQC7VK. I utilized this musical score as background

music in my documentary.

Piano Guys. Limitless. Amazon Music, ​ ​ ​ ​ music.amazon.com/albums/B07HJGPX2J?tab=CATALOG. I utilized this musical score

as background music in my documentary.

Shore, Howard. Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King: Ash and Smoke. Amazon Music, ​ ​ ​ ​ music.amazon.com/albums/B0018AM1ZS?tab=CATALOG&ref=dm_wcp_albm_link_pr

_s. I utilized this musical score as background music in my documentary.

---. Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King: Hope Fails. Amazon Music, ​ ​ ​ ​ music.amazon.com/albums/B0018AM1ZS?tab=CATALOG&ref=dm_wcp_albm_link_pr

_s. I utilized this musical score as background music in my documentary.

---. Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King: Minas Tirith. Amazon Music, ​ ​ ​ ​ music.amazon.com/albums/B0018AM1ZS?tab=CATALOG&ref=dm_wcp_albm_link_pr

_s. I utilized this musical score as background music in my documentary.

Videos:

"Greatest Mysteries of the Cold War Soviet Top Secret Weapons." YouTube, uploaded by ​ ​ Валерий Иванов, 27 July 2013, www.youtube.com/watch?v=vA5pFrNMI00&t=1106s.

This video displayed what weapons the Soviet Union actually had during the Cold War

era. I also used some visuals from this video in my documentary.

"The Moment Sputnik Terrified and Thrilled Americans." YouTube, uploaded by David ​ ​ Hoffman, 11 Apr. 2013, www.youtube.com/watch?v=bHCeLvy5z-I&t=2s. This video was very informative about the effects that Sputnik had on the United States. I also used

visuals from this video in my documentary.

"Secret Spy Satellite CORONA Declassified Parts 1-4." YouTube, uploaded by Eighties Seeker, ​ ​ 30 Dec. 2017, www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQOTlGa_7y4. This video had many

amazing visuals of the CORONA satellite, and I used pieces of it in my documentary.

Websites:

Adams, Dallon. "Weaponized Satellites and the Cold War in Space." Digital Trends, 1 May ​ ​ 2018,

www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/weaponized-satellites-and-the-cold-war-in-space/. This

website has a lot of information about how the Cold War shaped the present and future of

the United States. It is an interesting article that talks about how imaging satellites are

influencing the space age today.

"America's First Satellite Surveillance." UCSB Geography, ​ ​ www.geog.ucsb.edu/~kclarke/Corona/story2.htm. This website included a few images

that I used in my documentary, and it included information about the technical workings

of the CORONA Satellite.

Broad, William J. "Spy Satellites' Early Role as 'Floodlight' Coming Clear." New York Times, ​ ​ www.nytimes.com/1995/09/12/science/spy-satellites-early-role-as-floodlight-coming-cle

ar.html. This is a digital copy of the New York Times article about the declassification of

all of the top-secret material on the CORONA Program. The article from this website

explains how the CORONA program got its name: A government official was inspired by his Smith-Corona typewriter as he was writing a report for the new secret satellite

program.

"Cold War History." History, 27 Oct. 2009, www.history.com/topics/cold-war/cold-war-history. ​ ​ This website has a lot of background information about the Cold War. The article

describes the Arms Race and the Space Race and the effects they had on the people of

America during the Cold War.

"Colloquium: Phil Pressel." The University of Arizona: James C. Wyant College of Optical ​ Sciences, 11 Jan. 2018, ​ www.optics.arizona.edu/news-events/events/colloquium-phil-pressel. This website has an

interview with Mr. Phil Pressel who worked on the later versions of the satellite

programs. He helped work on the Hexagon series of satellites. This interview gave me

more information about the changes that they made to the program and what the later

satellites were like.

Foley, Theresa. "CORONA Comes in from the Cold." Air Force Magazine, 16 Aug. 2008, ​ ​ www.airforcemag.com/article/0995corona/. This website has a detailed account of the

CORONA program and also addresses the impacts of the program on the future of Air

Force technology.

Guillemente, Roger. "Declassified US Spy Satellites Reveal Rare Look at Secret Cold War Space

Program." Space.com, 18 Sept. 2011, ​ ​ www.space.com/12996-secret-spy-satellites-declassified-nro.html. This website delved

into how secret the spy satellite programs were. The article talked heavily about the

declassification of the CORONA information. "The Hidden History of the Soviet Satellite-Killer." Popular Mechanics, ​ ​ www.popularmechanics.com/space/satellites/a9620/the-hidden-history-of-the-soviet-satel

lite-killer-16108970/. This website describes the Space and Arms Races from the

perspective of the Soviet Union and lists what kind of weapons the Soviets were using

during the Cold War.

"Joseph Stalin: Soviet Premier, Russia." Atomic Heritage Foundation, ​ ​ www.atomicheritage.org/profile/joseph-stalin. This website was interesting because it

had information about Joseph Stalin and the Russian atomic bombs and weaponry.

Lang, Sharon Watkins. "Project Corona: America's First Photo Reconnaissance Satellite." U.S. ​ Army, 18 Aug. 2016, ​ www.army.mil/article/173155/project_corona_americas_first_photoreconniasance_satelli

te. This website focused more on the Army's involvement in the CORONA program and

the different things that they contributed to the program.

"Memoir Showcase Interview with Phil Pressel." San Diego Writers, Ink, 21 May 2018, ​ ​ www.sandiegowriters.org/memoir-showcase-interview-with-phil-pressel/. This was an

interview with Mr. Pressel who worked on the Hexagon series of satellites. He gave a lot

of information about the process that the satellite had to go through before it could be

operational.

"The Outer Space Treaty at a Glance." Arms Control Association, Aug. 2017, ​ ​ www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/outerspace. This website helped me understand the

terms of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty and the United States reasoning for creating such a

treaty. "Project CORONA: America's First Reconnaissance Satellite." U.S. Army, ​ ​ www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1995-02-28/pdf/95-5050.pdf. This website included

the quote that I used from William Studeman at the beginning of my documentary. It also

stated some of the later impacts of the CORONA program in relation to the United States

Army.

Ruffner, Kevin C, "CORONA and the Intelligence Community - Central Intelligence Agency."

Central Intelligence Agency, 14 Apr. 2007, ​ www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/stud

ies/96unclass/corona.htm. This website described the declassification process of the

CORONA project and the involvement of the Central Intelligence Agency and the

National Reconnaissance Office. It also led me to other sources for articles and photos.

"Satellite Reconnaissance: Secret Eyes in Space: Corona's Mission and Corona's Camera." Space ​ Race: Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/ ​ space-race/online/sec400/sec430.htm. 2019. This website had a lot of information about

the space race in general and background about the Cold War.

"Smithsonian TechQuest: Eye in the Sky: Corona Spy Satellite." Smithsonian National Air and ​ Space Museum, airandspace.si.edu/events/techquest/past-missions/eye-in-the-sky/ ​ corona.cfm. The Smithsonian TechQuest article about the Corona satellite had

information about how the satellite program was under the cover name "Discoverer." The

website also had the names of two people who worked on the program.

"Spooky World of Military Satellites." Russian Space Web, ​ ​ www.russianspaceweb.com/spacecraft_military.html. This website describes the Russian Space program in detail and lists the satellites and rockets that the Soviets were using

during the Cold War.

"The Strategic Defense Initiative(SDI): Star Wars." The Cold War Museum, ​ ​ www.coldwar.org/articles/80s/SDI-StarWars.asp. This website had interesting

information about the impact of the CORONA Program and what protective measures

were put in place because of it.