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L'immersion Fictionnelle Collaborative. Une Étude De La Posture D Thèse de doctorat nouveau régime réalisée à L’ÉCOLE DES HAUTES ÉTUDES EN SCIENCES SOCIALES En cotutelle avec L’UNIVERSITÉ LIBRE DE BRUXELLES L’immersion fictionnelle collaborative. Une étude de la posture d’engagement dans les jeux de rôles grandeur nature - Premier volume - Discipline : Sociologie Auteur : Sébastien KAPP tel-00907733, version 1 - 21 Nov 2013 Thèse dirigée par Catherine NEVEU et Nathalie ZACCAÏ-REYNERS Composition du jury : - Nicolas AURAY (maître de conférences, ENST) - Howard S. BECKER (professeur émérite, Université de Washington) - Olivier CAÏRA (maître de conférences, IUT d’Evry) - Jean-Louis GENARD (professeur ordinaire, Université libre de Bruxelles) - Cyril LEMIEUX (directeur d’études, EHESS) - Catherine NEVEU (directrice de recherche, CNRS) - Thierry WENDLING (chargé de recherche, CNRS) - Nathalie ZACCAÏ-REYNERS (chercheure qualifiée, FNRS) Date de soutenance : 14 novembre 2013 Lieu de soutenance : EHESS (Paris) Thèse de doctorat nouveau régime réalisée à L’ÉCOLE DES HAUTES ÉTUDES EN SCIENCES SOCIALES En cotutelle avec L’UNIVERSITÉ LIBRE DE BRUXELLES L’immersion fictionnelle collaborative. Une étude de la posture d’engagement dans les jeux de rôles grandeur nature - Premier volume - Discipline : Sociologie Auteur : Sébastien KAPP tel-00907733, version 1 - 21 Nov 2013 Thèse dirigée par Catherine NEVEU et Nathalie ZACCAÏ-REYNERS Composition du jury : - Nicolas AURAY (maître de conférences, ENST) - Howard S. BECKER (professeur émérite, Université de Washington) - Olivier CAÏRA (maître de conférences, IUT d’Evry) - Jean-Louis GENARD (professeur ordinaire, Université libre de Bruxelles) - Cyril LEMIEUX (directeur d’études, EHESS) - Catherine NEVEU (directrice de recherche, CNRS) - Thierry WENDLING (chargé de recherche, CNRS) - Nathalie ZACCAÏ-REYNERS (chercheure qualifiée, FNRS) Date de soutenance : 14 novembre 2013 Lieu de soutenance : EHESS (Paris) 2 tel-00907733, version 1 - 21 Nov 2013 3 Remerciements Je remercie en premier lieu mes proches : ma compagne, ma famille et mes amis, pour leur présence quotidienne et leur soutien moral. Je souhaite témoigner ici d’une inestimable reconnaissance intellectuelle et d’un très sincère sentiment de sympathie envers Howie Becker, non seulement pour l’ensemble de son œuvre de sociologue, mais également pour nos très nombreuses conversations écrites. Avec une oreille toujours attentive, un esprit aiguisé et une grande subtilité de propos qui n’a d’égale que sa sincérité, il a su à maintes reprises éclairer le difficile chemin de ma thèse. Pour cela, et pour bien d’autres projets scientifiques qui nous ont permis de collaborer, Howie, je vous dis merci (en français dans le texte !). Je remercie également les quatre membres de mon équipe d’encadrement. Quatre encadrants de thèse : quelle folie ! Et pourtant, la grande diversité de vos approches disciplinaires (sociologie, anthropologie, philosophie), de vos façons de concevoir les sciences sociales, des outils que vous utilisez au quotidien, de vos sources théoriques, m’a apporté plus de pistes à suivre que ce dont j’avais sans doute besoin, et pourtant, sans n’avoir jamais l’impression de m’y égarer. L’encadrement collectif et le régime de la cotutelle ne sont pas toujours simples à gérer au quotidien, mais ils ouvrent vers une grande richesse : celle de l’échange fructueux des points de vue entre disciplines, entre pays, entre institutions de recherche universitaire. Cette richesse s’est doublée de la volonté de toujours accorder vos violons, y compris dans tel-00907733, version 1 - 21 Nov 2013 les moments les plus tendus. J’espère que le lecteur appréciera à sa juste valeur la dimension binationale, collective et pluridisciplinaire de cette thèse. A titre individuel : o Merci à Jean-Louis Genard, à qui je dois la découverte (et surtout une meilleure compréhension) des cadres théoriques de l’engagement, mais que je remercie également pour m’avoir fait prendre conscience de l’importance de doter cette thèse d’un fil conducteur solide. o Merci à Catherine Neveu, pour sa grande disponibilité et sa modestie, ses ouvertures vers des perspectives théoriques qui m’étaient bien souvent étrangères et qui se sont toujours révélées utiles, même lorsque je n’ai pas su en tirer parti pour mon propre terrain. o Merci à Thierry Wendling, qui, en tant que spécialiste du jeu, m’a bien souvent aidé à démêler cet écheveau thématique, en attirant mon attention sur les pratiques et en me persuadant de l’intérêt à accorder à l’ethnographie. 4 o Merci à Nathalie Zaccaï-Reyners pour sa grande patience et sa détermination à me ramener toujours sur un chemin que je me suis souvent évertué à quitter. Ce chemin s’appelle rigueur scientifique. Je n’aurais sans doute pas croisé le chemin de Nicolas Auray sans les conseils éclairés de Jean-Louis Genard. Le prolongement théorique qu’il effectue en repartant des régimes d’engagement de Laurent Thévenot me semble fondamental pour expliquer les spécificités du jeu de rôles grandeur nature, au premier rang desquelles l’idée de posture d’engagement. Je l’en remercie sincèrement et espère en avoir fait bon usage. Plus qu’en regard de la sympathie que j’éprouve à son encontre, et plus qu’en regard de notre passion commune pour le jeu de rôles, je remercie ici Olivier Caïra pour m’avoir prouvé qu’il était possible, et même souhaitable, qu’un sociologique s’attaque de manière décomplexée (la locution n’est pas trop forte) à l’étrange activité qui fait l’objet de cette thèse. Olivier Caïra est un de ces rares chercheurs autant à l’aise dans le champ de la fiction que dans celui du jeu. Je lui rends hommage pour la voie à double sens qu’il a ouverte, et dans laquelle je me suis engouffré. J’ai rencontré Cyril Lemieux à l’occasion d’activités scientifiques qui n’avaient pas de lien direct avec ma propre recherche. Cependant, j’ai un jour frappé à la porte de son bureau, au tout début de mon parcours doctoral, chargé de questions qui ont dû lui sembler bien vagues, mais pourtant si fréquentes. La bienveillance dont il a fait preuve à cette époque s’est confirmée par la suite à de nombreuses reprises1. C’est tout naturellement que j’ai pensé à le solliciter pour intégrer mon jury de thèse. Je le remercie d’avoir accepté de s’impliquer dans l’évaluation d’un travail de recherche qui doit lui semble bien étranger. tel-00907733, version 1 - 21 Nov 2013 Je remercie également les responsables des revues et organisateurs d’événements scientifiques qui m’ont permis en de multiples occasions de présenter l’avancement de mes recherches : les représentants des revues Espaces-Temps et Strenae ; Nathalie Zaccaï-Reyners et Laurent Mermet, qui ont organisé le colloque sur le jeu au centre de congrès de Cerisy-la-Salle ; les membres du bureau de l’Association Française d’Ethnologie et d’Anthropologie ; Annick Louis et Philippe Roussin, au Centre de Recherche sur l’Art et le Langage (EHESS) ; Bruno Frère et Marta Roca i Escoda, organisateurs du Séminaire d’épistémologie des sciences sociales (ULB, ULg, UCL) ; Pierre Petit au Laboratoire d’Anthropologie des Mondes Contemporains (ULB) ; Thierry Wendling responsable de Séminaire d’anthropologie du jeu (EHESS-Musée du Quai Branly) et organisateur 1 Notamment, par sa participation au séminaire des Aspects Concrets de la Thèse à l’EHESS et le travail de relecture qu’il a effectué sur l’ouvrage collectif qui en est issu : Devenir chercheur. Ecrire une thèse en sciences sociales (KAPP et HUNSMANN, 2013, éd. de l’EHESS, Paris). 5 d’une journée d’étude sur les pratiques ludiques à l’EHESS ; les représentants du Rédoc (Réseau francophone d’écoles doctorales en SHS) ; les organisateurs des journées doctorales de l’Institut Interdisciplinaire d’Anthropologie du Contemporain (EHESS-CNRS). Merci également à Alexandre Mathieu-Fritz, maître de conférences, Patrick Nivolle, responsable du bureau d'aide à l'insertion professionnelle et Benoît Lelong professeur des universités, tous trois à l’Université de Marne-la-Vallée, pour m’avoir permis d’y enseigner la sociologie. Je remercie les joueurs de GN qui ont bien voulu m’accueillir dans le cadre des entretiens qualitatifs que j’ai menés fin 2010. Même si vous m’avez parfois fait part du fait que vous pensiez n’avoir pas répondu correctement à mes questions, ou que vous auriez aimé en dire plus, je peux vous assurer que votre contribution à ma recherche a été fondamentale. Merci également aux quelque 1 200 répondants qui ont consenti à remplir les questionnaires de mon enquête quantitative. Enfin, je dédie cette thèse à tous les pratiquants de jeu de rôles grandeur nature, de Belgique et d’ailleurs. Votre loisir n’a pas fini de me surprendre et d’alimenter ma réflexion. Mais c’est pour bien d’autres raisons que je pense continuer à le pratiquer pour encore quelques années. Sébastien Kapp EHESS, Institut Interdisciplinaire d’Anthropologie de Contemporain - Equipe TRAM tel-00907733, version 1 - 21 Nov 2013 Université libre de Bruxelles, Groupe de Recherche sur l’Action Publique 6 Table des matières PREMIER VOLUME Remerciements .................................................................................................................................... 4 INTRODUCTION. Collaborer pour s’immerger. Les trois efforts du joueur de GN ........................... 10 PREMIERE PARTIE. Accéder aux mondes fictionnels du jeu. La création du personnage ................ 47 Introduction de la première partie. Aux origines du personnage ................................................. 48 PREMIERE SOUS-PARTIE. Créer son personnage. Entamer le dialogue
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