DOCSLIB.ORG

Subjects and Objects in Assiniboine Nakoda Shannon Louise West B.A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Subjects and Objects in Assiniboine Nakoda Shannon Louise West B.A Subjects and Objects in Assiniboine Nakoda Shannon Louise West B.A., University of Regina, 1998 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Linguistics 0 Shannon Louise West, 2003 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. Supervisor: Dr. Leslie Saxon Abstract The Assiniboine Nakoda language spoken by aboriginal peoples of southeastern Saskatchewan and northern Montana can be characterized as a language with configurational sentence structure and mixed argument type. Subjects and objects of the Nakoda verb are arranged hierarchically with respect to each other. Subjects c-command objects, but objects do not c-command subjects. The object is a sister to the verb, but the subject occupies a position outside of the Verb Phrase. This asymmetry between subjects and objects is evident in coordination constructions. Binding data also indicates an asymmetry that is not expected in a flat structure analysis. Subjects and objects are realized as Determiner Phrases or null pronominals (pro). Arguments are almost always realized as the null pronominal. 3rd person arguments may also appear as Determiner Phrases. Local arguments (1st and 2nd persons) are expressed in the form ofpro in agreement with person and number prefixes on the verb. Table of Contents .. Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 11 ... Table of Contents................................................................................................................ 111 List of Figures and Tables................................................................................................... vi .. Acknowledgements............................................................................................................ VII Chapter 1 - Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 1. 0 - Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 1. 1 Overview ..................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Assiniboine Nakoda ................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Introduction to the syntax of Assiniboine Nakoda ..................................................... 3 1.4 Introduction to Theoretical Issues.............................................................................. 8 1.5 Syntactic Framework ............................................................................................ 9 1.5.1 The Minimalist Program ................................................................................... 10 1.6 Review ..................................................................................................................... 12 Chapter 2 - Literature Review ............................................................................................ 13 2.0 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 13 2.1 Pronominal Argument Hypothesis and Configurationality ...................................... 14 2.1.1 The Pronominal Argument Hypothesis............................................................ 16 2.1 .1.1 Jelinek's Pronominal Argument Hypothesis.............................................. 16 2.1 .1.2 Baker's Polysynthesis Parameter ............................................................... 17 2.1.2 Configurationality ............................................................................................. 20 2.1.3 On the Relationship between Configurationality and Pronominal Arguments.22 2.1.4 Jelinek and Broadwell on Choctaw................................................................... 24 2.2 Siouan Argument Structures.................................................................................... 26 2.2.1 Schudel 1997..................................................................................................... 26 2.2.2 Graczyk 1991.................................................................................................... 27 2.2.3 Van Valin 1977................................................................................................. 28 2.2.4 Rood & Taylor 1996......................................................................................... 29 2.2.5 Williamson 1984............................................................................................... 29 2.3 Review ..................................................................................................................... 30 Chapter 3 - A Configurational Approach to Nakoda Sentence Structure .......................... 31 3.1 Evidence of configurationality ................................................................................. 32 3.1.1 Coordination data .............................................................................................. 32 3.1.1 .1 Argument Sharing ................................................................................... 32 3.1 -1-2 Optional agreement morphology on 1 st conjuncts..................................... 35 3.1.1 -3 An Aside on the COP.................................................................................. 37 3.1 .1.4 Scope of Enclitics................................................................................... 38 ... 3.1 .1.5 Scope of Auxil~aries.................................................................................... 45 3.1.1.6 Scope of Adverbs .................................................................................. 46 . 3.1.2 Word order restrictions .............................................................................. 48 . 3.1 -3 Binding cond~tions............................................................................................ 49 3.1.3.1 Reflexives .............................................................................................. 51 3.1.3.2 Possessives and Possessive Reflexives ...................................................... 53 3.1.4 Other tests of configurationality ........................................................................ 57 3.3 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 57 Chapter 4 - Subjects and Objects....................................................................................... 58 4.0 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 58 . 4.1 Determiner Phrases in Argument Position ............................................................... 58 4.1 .1 Binding Condition C ....................................................................................... 59 4.1.2 Quantification ........................ .. ........................... 64 4.1 .2.1 The lack of D-type quantifiers in Pronominal Argument Languages ........ 73 4.1.2.1 -1 D-type quantifiers in Nakoda ........................................................... 74 4.1.2.2 The lack of non-referential quantifiers in Pronominal Argument languages ................................................................................................................................ 79 4.1.2.2.1 Non-referential Quantifiers in Nakoda ........................................... 80 4.1.3. WH- in-situ in Nakoda ................................................................................ 83 4.1.4 The Impossibility of WH- in-situ in Pronominal Argument Languages........... 84 4.1.4.1 Indefinite DPs and Unselective Binding .................................................... 85 4.2 Person Marking Prefixes as Agreement Morphology.............................................. 87 4.2.1 Independent Personal Pronouns .................................................................. 88 4.2.2 Other Redundant Person Marking ..................................................................... 93 4.2.3 The Unaccusative Hypothesis ........................................................................ 95 4.3 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 97 Chapter 5 .Concluding Remarks ....................................................................................... 99 5.0 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 99 5.1 Implications for Current Research ........................................................................... 99 5.2 Further Research .................................................................................................... I00 5.2.1 Verbal Enclitics ............................................................................................ 100 5.2.2 Verbal derivation ....................................................................................... 104 5.2.3 Morphological ordering of agreement........................................................ 105 5.2.3.1 "Double Patient" Verbs ............................................................................ 106 5.2.4 Is there a difference between noun and verb? ...............................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Qualitative Examination of Historical Trauma and Grief Responses in the Oceti Sakowin Anna E
    Walden University ScholarWorks Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection 2019 Qualitative Examination of Historical Trauma and Grief Responses in the Oceti Sakowin Anna E. Quinn Walden University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations Part of the Quantitative Psychology Commons This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection at ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Walden University College of Social and Behavioral Sciences This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation by Anna E. Quinn has been found to be complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the review committee have been made. Review Committee Dr. Benita Stiles-Smith, Committee Chairperson, Psychology Faculty Dr. Sharon Xuereb, Committee Member, Psychology Faculty Dr. Victoria Latifses, University Reviewer, Psychology Faculty Chief Academic Officer Eric Riedel, Ph.D. Walden University 2019 Abstract Qualitative Examination of Historical Trauma and Grief Responses in the Oceti Sakowin by Anna E. Quinn MS, Walden University, 2011 BA, Dakota Wesleyan University, 2008 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Psychology Walden University February 2019 Abstract Past research regarding historical trauma in the Lakota, one of the three major groups of the Oceti Sakowin or Sioux, has contributed to the historical trauma theory, but gaps continue to exist. The purpose of the study was to examine the historical trauma experiences and grief responses of individuals who identify as Oceti Sakowin, specifically the Nakota and Dakota, including present experiences.
    [Show full text]
  • Medicine Wheels
    The central rock pile was 14 feet high with several cairns spanned out in different directions, aligning to various stars. Astraeoastronomers have determined that one cairn pointed to Capella, the ideal North sky marker hundreds of years ago. At least two cairns aligned with the solstice sunrise, while the others aligned with the rising points of bright stars that signaled the summer solstice 2000 years ago (Olsen, B, 2008). Astrological alignments of the five satellite cairns around the central mound of Moose Mountain Medicine Wheel from research by John A. Eddy Ph.D. National Geographic January 1977. MEDICINE WHEELS Medicine wheels are sacred sites where stones placed in a circle or set out around a central cairn. Researchers claim they are set up according to the stars and planets, clearly depicting that the Moose Mountain area has been an important spiritual location for millennia. 23 Establishing Cultural Connections to Archeological Artifacts Archeologists have found it difficult to establish links between artifacts and specific cultural groups. It is difficult to associate artifacts found in burial or ancient camp sites with distinct cultural practices because aboriginal livelihood and survival techniques were similar between cultures in similar ecosystem environments. Nevertheless, burial sites throughout Saskatchewan help tell the story of the first peoples and their cultures. Extensive studies of archeological evidence associated with burial sites have resulted in important conclusions with respect to the ethnicity of the people using the southeast Saskatchewan region over the last 1,000 years. In her Master Thesis, Sheila Dawson (1987) concluded that the bison culture frequently using this area was likely the Sioux/ Assiniboine people.
    [Show full text]
  • Outline of United States Federal Indian Law and Policy
    Outline of United States federal Indian law and policy The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to United States federal Indian law and policy: Federal Indian policy – establishes the relationship between the United States Government and the Indian Tribes within its borders. The Constitution gives the federal government primary responsibility for dealing with tribes. Law and U.S. public policy related to Native Americans have evolved continuously since the founding of the United States. David R. Wrone argues that the failure of the treaty system was because of the inability of an individualistic, democratic society to recognize group rights or the value of an organic, corporatist culture represented by the tribes.[1] U.S. Supreme Court cases List of United States Supreme Court cases involving Indian tribes Citizenship Adoption Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield, 490 U.S. 30 (1989) Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl, 530 U.S. _ (2013) Tribal Ex parte Joins, 191 U.S. 93 (1903) Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez, 436 U.S. 49 (1978) Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield, 490 U.S. 30 (1989) South Dakota v. Bourland, 508 U.S. 679 (1993) Civil rights Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe, 435 U.S. 191 (1978) United States v. Wheeler, 435 U.S. 313 (1978) Congressional authority Ex parte Joins, 191 U.S. 93 (1903) White Mountain Apache Tribe v. Bracker, 448 U.S. 136 (1980) California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians, 480 U.S. 202 (1987) South Dakota v. Bourland, 508 U.S. 679 (1993) United States v.
    [Show full text]
  • Dakota, Nakota, Lakota Life (Worksheets)
    Dakota, Nakota, Lakota Life South Dakota State Historical Society Education Kit Dakota, Nakota, Lakota Life (Worksheets) Background Information: About 8.3% of South Dakotans hold dual citizenship. Most of the 64,000 American Indians living in South Dakota are members of the Lakota, Nakota and Dakota Nation (also known as the 1 Great Sioux Nation) as well as Americans. Lakota histories are passed from generation to generation through storytelling. One story tells about the Lakota coming to the plains to live and becoming Oceti Sakowin, the Seven Council Fires. The story begins when the Lakota lived in a land by a large lake where they ate fish and were warm and happy. A man appeared, and told them to travel northward. The Lakota obeyed, and began the journey north. On their way they got cold, and the sun was too weak to cook their food. Two young men had a vision, and following its instructions, they gathered dry grasses and struck two flint stones together, creating a spark and making fire. There were seven groups of relatives traveling together. Each group took some of the fire, and used it to build their own fire, around which they would gather. 2 As a result, they became known as the Seven Council Fires, or Oceti Sakowin. During the mid-17th century, nearly all the Sioux people lived near Mille Lacs, Minnesota.3 Pressured by the Chippewas, they moved west out of northern Minnesota in clan groups by the early 18th century.4 The three tribes spoke the same general language, but each developed dialects or variations, which also became their known name.
    [Show full text]
  • Crow and Cheyenne Women| Some Differences in Their Roles As Related to Tribal History
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1969 Crow and Cheyenne women| Some differences in their roles as related to tribal history Carole Ann Clark The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Clark, Carole Ann, "Crow and Cheyenne women| Some differences in their roles as related to tribal history" (1969). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 1946. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/1946 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COPYRIGHT ACT OF 1976 THIS IS AN UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPT IN WHICH COPYRIGHT SUB­ SISTS. ANY FURTHER REPRINTING OF ITS CONTENTS MUST BE APPROVED BY THE AUTHOR. IVIANSFIELD LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA DATE : U-- - ~ CROW AND CHEYENNE WOMEN r SOME DIFFERENCES IN THEIR ROLES AS RELATED TO TRIBAL HISTORY by Carole Ann Clark B.A., University of Montana, 1?66 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA 1969 Approved by Chairman, Board of iicaminers L, 'Graduate 'School UMI Number: EP35023 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted.
    [Show full text]
  • Coordination and Related Constructions in Omaha-Ponca and in Siouan Languages Catherine Rudin
    Chapter 15 Coordination and related constructions in Omaha-Ponca and in Siouan languages Catherine Rudin Syntactic constructions expressing semantic coordination vary widely across the Siouan language family. A case study of possible coordinating conjunctions in Omaha-Ponca demonstrates that distinguishing coordination from other means of expressing ‘and’ relations is a non-trivial problem. A survey of words translated as ‘and,’ ‘or,’ or ‘but’ in Siouan languages leads to the conclusion that neither co- ordinating conjunctions nor the syntactic structures containing them are recon- structable across the Siouan family. It is likely that Proto-Siouan lacked syntactic coordination. 1 Introduction All languages have ways of expressing additive, disjunctive, and adversative rela- tions among entities or propositions. In European languages these relations are expressed by two distinct syntactic means: coordination and subordination. In Siouan languages these two types of conjunction construction are also present, but the distinction between them is less robust and less clear; coordination may not have existed at all historically. Neither coordinating conjunctions (‘and,’ ‘or,’ ‘but’) nor the syntactic structures containing them are reconstructable across the Siouan family. I begin this examination of coordination in Siouan by defining coordination and discussing some of the issues involved in distinguishing coordinate from subordinate conjunction (§2). This is followed in§3 by a case study of additive coordination and coordinate-like constructions in Omaha-Ponca, the Siouan lan- guage with which I am most familiar. §4 is a survey of available data on coor- dination across all branches and most of the languages in the Siouan language family, with a summary table.
    [Show full text]
  • Amicus Brief of Timothy P. Mccleary
    No. 17-532 In the Supreme Court of the United States ––––––––––––––– CLAYVIN HERRERA, PETITIONER, v. WYOMING, RESPONDENT. ––––––––––––––– On Writ of Certiorari to the District Court of Wyoming, Sheridan County ––––––––––––––– BRIEF FOR TIMOTHY P. MCCLEARY, JANINE PEASE, ELIZABETH SWANK, ESTHER WYNNE, SARA BENJAMIN-NEELON, CAITLIN BORGMANN, MEGAN SINGER, AND SAMUEL ENEMY-HUNTER AS AMICI CURIAE IN SUPPORT OF PETITIONER ––––––––––––––– ALEX RATE ASHLEY C. PARRISH ACLU OF MONTANA Counsel of Record Post Office Box 9138 JEREMY M. BYLUND KING & SPALDING LLP Missoula, MT 59807 1700 Pennsylvania Ave., NW Washington, DC 20006 [email protected] (202) 737-0500 Counsel for Amici Curiae September 11, 2018 i TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF AUTHORITIES ....................................... ii INTEREST OF AMICI CURIAE................................. 1 SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT ..................................... 4 ARGUMENT ................................................................ 5 I. The Crow Tribe’s Right To Hunt Is Protected In Treaties With The United States. ................................................................... 5 II. Retracting The Right To Hunt Threatens Public Health On The Crow Reservation. ......... 11 CONCLUSION .......................................................... 20 APPENDIX Appendix A Dry Meat Stew Recipe Card ............................... 1a Appendix B Elk Sausage Recipe Card ................................... 2a Appendix C Choke Cherry X-masballs Recipe Card .............. 3a Appendix D Elk Soup Recipe Card ......................................... 4a ii TABLE OF AUTHORITIES Cases Confederated Tribes of Umatilla Indian Reservation v. Maison, 262 F. Supp. 871 (D. Or. 1966)........................... 10 Crow Tribe of Indians v. Repsis, 866 F. Supp. 520 (D. Wyo. 1994), aff’d 73 F.3d 982 (10th Cir. 1995) ........ 8, 9, 10, 11 Holcomb v. Confederated Tribes of Umatilla Indian Reservation, 382 F.2d 1013 (9th Cir. 1967) ............................ 10 Mille Lacs Band of Chippewa Indians v. Minnesota, 124 F.3d 904 (8th Cir.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    Dakota, Nakota, Lakota Life South Dakota State Historical Society Education Kit Table of Contents Table of Contents 1 Goals and Materials 2 Photograph List 3-4 Books and CDs in the Kit 5 Music CDs and DVD in the Kit 6 Erasing Native American Stereotypes 7-8 Teacher Resource 9-18 Bibliography 19-20 Worksheets Word Find 21 Word Find Key 22 Crossword Puzzle 23 Crossword Puzzle Key 24 Word Scramble 25 Word Scramble Key 26 Activities Reading an Object 27-28 Object Identification Sheet 29-35 Trek to Wind Cave 36-37 South Dakota Coordinates Worksheet 38 Comparing Families 39-40 Comparing Families Worksheet 41 What Does the Photo Show? 42-43 Beadwork Designs 44-45 Beadwork Designs Worksheet 46 Beadwork Designs Key 47 Lazy Stitch Beading 48-49 Lazy Stitch Beading Instructions / Pattern 50-51 What Do You Get From a Buffalo? 52-53 Buffalo Uses Worksheet 54 Pin the Parts on the Buffalo 55-56 Pin the Parts on the Buffalo Worksheet 57 Pin the Parts on the Buffalo Worksheet Key 58 Pin the Parts on the Buffalo Outline & Key 59-60 Create a Ledger Drawing 61-62 Examples of Ledger Drawings 63-66 Traditional & Contemporary: Comparing Drum 67-68 Groups Come Dance With Us: Identifying Powwow Dance 69-72 Styles 1 Dakota, Nakota, Lakota Life South Dakota State Historical Society Education Kit Goals and Materials Goals Kit users will: explore the history and culture of the Dakota, Nakota and Lakota people understand the changes brought about by the shift from buffalo hunting to reservation life appreciate that the Dakota, Nakota and Lakota culture is not something
    [Show full text]
  • Glossary Descriptions and Definitions of Some of the Concepts, Characters
    Glossary Descriptions and definitions of some of the concepts, characters, places, nations and peoples mentioned on this site. A useful lexicon. CONCEPTS Dominion Land Surveyor Dominion Land Surveyors were sent out to western Canada by the federal government to divide Crown lands into square sections (cadastres) for agricultural and other purposes. Métis, métis Métis, with a capital M, means a member of the Métis nation, a person of mixed Indigenous (primarily Anishinaabe and Cree) and European (primarily French and Scottish) descent. Section 35 of the Constitution Act , 1982, recognized the Métis as Aboriginal people. The Métis constitute a nation not just legally, but socially: over time they have established a national consciousness, a distinctive identity, and their own culture and values. A person can self-identify as métis, a more generic term for a person of mixed heritage. This is an individual identity rather than an expression of membership in a distinctive culture with specific rights. Michif or mechif or mitchif Linguists classify Michif as a mixed language rather than a creole language, though there is some disagreement about this categorization. Michif emerged in the early 19 th century from the increasing contact between (French) Canadian fur traders and the Indigenous inhabitants of the Prairies, particularly the Cree. Michif typically consists of French nouns, numerals, articles and adjectives, combined with Cree syntax and verb structures. Michif was also influenced by Assiniboine and Nishnaabemwin, an eastern Ojibwa dialect. It was spoken by the Métis of western Canada and North Dakota. Like many languages around the world, Michif is slowly disappearing: currently, there are fewer than 1,000 Michif speakers in Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • Perspectives of Saskatchewan Dakota/Lakota Elders on the Treaty Process Within Canada.” Please Read This Form Carefully, and Feel Free to Ask Questions You Might Have
    Perspectives of Saskatchewan Dakota/Lakota Elders on the Treaty Process within Canada A Dissertation Submitted to the College of Graduate Studies and Research In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Interdisciplinary Studies University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon By Leo J. Omani © Leo J. Omani, copyright March, 2010. All rights reserved. PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Postgraduate degree from the University of Saskatchewan, I agree that the Libraries of this University may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying of the thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor or professors who supervised my thesis work or, in their absence, by the Head of the Department or the Dean of the College in which my thesis was completed. It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this thesis or parts thereof for financial gain is not to be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of Saskatchewan in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis. Request for permission to copy or to make other use of material in this thesis, in whole or part should be addressed to: Graduate Chair, Interdisciplinary Committee Interdisciplinary Studies Program College of Graduate Studies and Research University of Saskatchewan Room C180 Administration Building 105 Administration Place Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada S7N 5A2 i ABSTRACT This ethnographic dissertation study contains a total of six chapters.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    The Southern Algonquians and Their Neighbours DAVID H. PENTLAND University of Manitoba INTRODUCTION At least fifty named Indian groups are known to have lived in the area south of the Mason-Dixon line and north of the Creek and the other Muskogean tribes. The exact number and the specific names vary from one source to another, but all agree that there were many different tribes in Maryland, Virginia and the Carolinas during the colonial period. Most also agree that these fifty or more tribes all spoke languages that can be assigned to just three language families: Algonquian, Iroquoian, and Siouan. In the case of a few favoured groups there is little room for debate. It is certain that the Powhatan spoke an Algonquian language, that the Tuscarora and Cherokee are Iroquoians, and that the Catawba speak a Siouan language. In other cases the linguistic material cannot be positively linked to one particular political group. There are several vocabularies of an Algonquian language that are labelled Nanticoke, but Ives Goddard (1978:73) has pointed out that Murray collected his "Nanticoke" vocabulary at the Choptank village on the Eastern Shore, and Heckeweld- er's vocabularies were collected from refugees living in Ontario. Should the language be called Nanticoke, Choptank, or something else? And if it is Nanticoke, did the Choptank speak the same language, a different dialect, a different Algonquian language, or some completely unrelated language? The basic problem, of course, is the lack of reliable linguistic data from most of this region. But there are additional complications. It is known that some Indians were bilingual or multilingual (cf.
    [Show full text]
  • Information to Users
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfihn master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter fece, while others may be from any type o f computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely afreet reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back o f the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zed) Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 A WORD-AND-PARADIGM APPROACH TO REDUPUCATION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University by Andrew D.
    [Show full text]