UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS YEAR IN REVIEW 2006

New challenges, New horizons

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p. 1 More UN peacekeepers called into action, even as conflicts continue p. 2 2006: A year of hope for the Congolese people p. 4 UN helps Lebanon recover, as Europe returns to p. 7 Other UN peace operations in the Middle East p. 8 UN pursues peace in Darfur p. 10 UNMIS helps to cement peace between North and South p. 11 BONUCA: Peacekeeping to follow dialogue p. 12 Timor-Leste: Hard lessons in peacekeeping p. 14 Sierra Leone: Sustaining the hard-won peace p. 15 Peacebuilding architecture takes shape p. 16 Côte d'Ivoire: Transition to peace extended by another year p. 18 Wanted: Female peacekeepers p. 19 Kosovo: Keeping the momentum p. 20 New DDR tools to "turn swords into ploughshares" p. 20 Fighting sexual exploitation and abuse p. 21 SHIRBRIG: Ready to deploy p. 22 Nepal: Peacemaking bears fruit p. 23 Haiti: Progress against all odds p. 24 Cyprus: Building bridges between neighbours p. 25 UNAMI: Behind the scenes for a better Iraq p. 25 Afghanistan: Progress and growing security challenges p. 26 Tajik peacekeepers may soon join UN ranks p. 27 Encouraging dialogue in Georgia p. 27 and Pakistan continue peace process p. 28 Somalia: Will peacekeepers return? p. 30 UNMIL: Rising optimism as Liberia solidifies peace p. 31 UNMEE: The stalemate continues p. 31 Deadlock in Western Sahara p. 32 Public information: Getting the message out p. 34 Interview with the Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, Jean-Marie Guéhenno p. 35 UN political missions: Addressing the roots of conflict p. 36 United Nations peacekeeping operations p. 38 United Nations political and peacebuilding missions p. 40 Peacekeeping contributors p. 41 Facts and figures

Cover photo: A Moroccan peacekeeper observes as Congolese voters line up for the second round of presidential and provincial elections in Bunia, Ituri district, DRC, 29 October 2006. (MONUC Photo by Martine Perret) INTRODUCTION

More UN peacekeepers called into action, even as conflicts continue

In the annals of United Nations peace Pressure grew to send peacekeepers to the In Timor-Leste, however, a new peace- operations, 2006 will go down as a Chad/Central African Republic/ keeping operation began after violence in record-breaker in terms of deployment, border region where the Darfur conflict April and May threatened to undo the with just under 100,000 uniformed and threatened to ignite regional war. Mean- progress since independence. Many ar- civilian personnel serving in the field by while the UN’s 10,000 troops deployed in gued that the previous UN mission had the end of the year. South Sudan continued to shore up the left too soon; others believed the UN in- 2005 North-South Comprehensive Peace tervention had not been thorough Behind this unprecedented growth was a Agreement as part of the UN mission in enough to leave behind a stable Govern- series of peace agreements, ceasefires or Khartoum (UNMIS). ment and reconciled population. With cessations of hostilities accomplished with the security situation stabilized for now, UN political and diplomatic support. Elsewhere, UN peace operations helped Timor-Leste looks towards national elec- to protect a fragile peace and provide a “A Chance for a Safer World”announced tions in mid-2007. measure of stability in a variety of com- a January 2007 cover of The Economist, plex, post-conflict situations. Also in the field, UN mediation efforts over a photo of Spanish UN peacekeepers to seek political solutions to prevent grouped in Lebanon under a dozen UN- The high point of the year was perhaps new conflicts from breaking out and blue flags. the surprisingly successful elections in the old ones from flaring up continued in Democratic Republic of the Congo. “Call it peacekeeping, peace-enforce- 2006. UN political missions and peace Commentary about the DRC’s prospects ment, stabilization or anything else, but envoys were active in nearly a dozen as a functioning country and the UN’s one thing is clear: the world’s soldiers are countries, including in the Middle East peacekeeping role there had long been busier than ever operating in the wide and Somalia. pessimistic. But even cynics cheered both grey zone between war and peace,”began Under-Secretary-General for Political an article headlined “Peacekeeping: Call the Congolese and the UN when more Affairs Ibrahim Gambari travelled twice the Blue Helmets.” than 20 million voted in the two rounds of polling. to Myanmar, becoming the only inter- Throughout the year, Jean-Marie national figure to mediate between sen- Guéhenno, Under-Secretary-General for In Lebanon, soldiers from almost 30 ior Government officials as well as Peacekeeping Operations,raised other flags. countries, including from Europe – opposition figures including Aung San donning Blue Helmets for the first Suu Kyi. Would the UN be able to muster enough time in significant numbers in more troops to meet the demands, which for than 10 years – deployed in record In November, the UN’s mediation ca- current and possible future missions time to the expanded UNIFIL, follow- pacity received further acknowledg- could reach 140,000 personnel? Was ing the Israeli-Hezbollah conflict dur- ment as the Maoists and the there a concomitant political will to make ing the past summer. Government in Nepal reached a historic real peace? Were the Blue Helmets being agreement to lock up arms and share called upon to keep peace where there is On the other hand, the last peacekeepers political space and power. The parties no peace to keep? of a two-year-old mission departed from requested the UN to further assist them Burundi on 31 December, having com- in implementing key aspects of their Both the outgoing Secretary-General, pleted their mandate as scheduled and agreement by means of a political mis- , and the incoming, Ban Ki- leaving behind democratically elected sion authorized by the Security Council moon, placed Darfur at the top of their local and national structures. The peace- on 23 January 2007. agendas. But at the close of 2006, the keeping operation has been succeeded by agony of Darfur grew worse, and the a UN integrated office which will con- A major gap in the UN peace and secu- pressure on the UN more intense to stop tinue to help the country move past the rity architecture was closed with the es- the fighting and protect the people. The fragile post-conflict stage towards long- tablishment of the Peacebuilding Sudanese Government in Khartoum, term stability. Commission, which in 2006 decided to holding out against concerted interna- focus on Burundi and Sierra Leone as its tional pressure to accept a UN presence In Haiti as well, while street violence con- first countries to support in the wake of in Darfur, slowly seemed to be moving tinued in some neighbourhoods of Port- completed peacekeeping operations. towards agreement that the UN could au-Prince, two rounds of UN-supervised help beef up the 7,000 African Union elections were held and new Government As 2007 opened, the new Secretary-Gen- troops there. In late 2006, the UN began structures established. The UN continues eral had proposed a restructuring of the deploying small numbers of civilians, po- to assist Haiti in providing security for its headquarters peace operations support lice and troops in two phases of support people while seeking ways to promote structure in an effort to better meet the that were expected to culminate in a continued international support for the burgeoning demands on the UN to assist unique UN-AU joint “hybrid”operation. beleaguered nation. countries emerging from conflict. I

YEAR IN REVIEW 2006 1 2006: A year of hope for the Congolese people

For the Democratic Republic of the To ensure that the elections took place Global and All-Inclusive Agreement of Congo (DRC), 2006 was a pivotal year: under safe and secure circumstances, 2002 which had established a transi- the first democratic elections since the MONUC conducted joint operations tional Government, headed by Joseph country’s independence from Belgium with the national armed forces. It also Kabila and four Vice-Presidents – two of more than 40 years ago were held. After collaborated with the Congolese Gov- them former rebel leaders. two rounds of polling, the results were ernment in reforming the security sec- ultimately respected by the contenders. tor through the creation of an integrated With more than 17,000 peacekeepers This was a success that Congo-watchers national army and disarmament, demo- and some 100 aircraft, MONUC was called miraculous, particularly since the bilization and reintegration (DDR) pro- able to provide vital logistical and tech- DRC had been riven by years of conflict grammes. The mission provided further nical support to the country that which in the past six years has cost some security and assistance to local popula- matches Western Europe in size, but four million lives. tions affected by the grave humanitarian the Kalahari wilderness in infrastruc- situation in the country. ture. MONUC supported the recruit- For the United Nations Organization ment and training of over 250,000 Mission in the DRC (MONUC), 2006 By their approval of the new Constitu- polling agents, and transported over was also a year of major challenges and tion on 18 December 2005, the Con- 3,500 tons of election material from achievements. MONUC assisted the In- golese people manifested their wish for four logistic bases to over 200 destina- dependent Electoral Commission (IEC) democracy and development. In 2006 tions around the country using air- in the organization of the largest and they came out in formidable numbers – craft, boats and other vehicles. Some most complex election process ever sup- over 70% of the 26 million registered local poll suppliers carried ballots by ported by a UN mission, and probably cast votes in the presidential and na- bicycle or by foot, walking for up to 10 the largest and most expensive in African tional assembly elections held in July, as days through the jungle. history, costing some US$500 million. well as the presidential second round Kudos came in from around the world and provincial assembly elections in Oc- MONUC’s Radio Okapi, run with the for the UN force that peacekeeping offi- tober. The elections were widely re- support of the Swiss Fondation Hiron- cials had struggled to expand in 2004 – garded by both international and delle, broadcast continuous elections-re- to its present strength of 18,300 uni- national observers as being technically lated programmes in five languages. formed personnel – and whose efficacy sound, transparent and credible. The in- Special publications were distributed to had been doubted in influencing the fate auguration on 6 December of Joseph over one million readers, and dozens of of a huge, devastated country of some 60 Kabila as the new President ended the elections-related video programmes million people. transitional process outlined by the aired on local TV stations.

Congolese youth with their voting cards ahead of the first free elections held in the DRC in over 40 years, Kinshasa, June 2006. (UN Photo by Myriam Asmani)

UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS 2 MONUC also supported the collection of On the humanitarian front, MONUC elections results from over 50,000 polling supported the formulation, develop- stations to 62 destinations where the re- ment and coordination of a national hu- sults were processed, and helped in com- manitarian strategy, which resulted in an piling the results. A total of 73,000 action plan and US$681 million worth Congolese police officers were mobilized of projects around the country. The mis- for the elections, more than half of them sion was also involved in innovative ap- trained by MONUC. The deployment in proaches to reconcile military and August of the 1,200 strong European security objectives with improved pro- Union Force (EUFOR) as a temporary re- tection and assistance to vulnerable civil- inforcement to MONUC further helped ian populations. This led to the secure the historic electoral process. deployment of Mobile Operating Bases all over the country, and later to the re- While the elections took place in a gen- turn and repatriation of over half a mil- erally calm environment, violence broke lion internally displaced persons (IDPs) out in Kinshasa shortly before the an- and 26,000 refugees. During 2006, nouncement of the provisional results of MONUC organized over 350 humani- the presidential election on 20 August. tarian missions to Congo’s most isolated This escalated over the course of two and vulnerable people; facilitated and days into clashes involving the security implemented 100 Quick Impact Projects guards of the two main presidential can- which assisted some 250,000 Congolese; didates, President Joseph Kabila and and also supported the transportation of then Vice-President Jean-Pierre Bemba. 206 tons of humanitarian cargo. A Congolese women casts her vote, Kinshasa, Through the quick military intervention 18 November 2006. (UN Photo by Myriam Asmani) of MONUC and EUFOR, and diplo- UN peacekeepers carried out robust matic efforts in particular by William joint military operations with the na- Congolese army officers, civilian judges, Lacy Swing, the Special Representative of tional armed forces in the troubled east- prosecutors, national police officers and the Secretary-General for the DRC, calm ern district of Ituri, leading to the election officials in internationally ac- was restored and confidence rebuilt be- disarmament of 5,000 militia elements. cepted standards. tween the two parties, which paved the In a year in which over 93,000 ex-com- way for a largely peaceful second presi- batants were demobilized, including In response to reports of sexual miscon- dential round. 27,346 children, MONUC also assisted duct involving military and civilian staff, in the repatriation of 800 foreign com- MONUC created a special conduct and None of the achievements of 2006 would batants and 700 dependants to their discipline unit which developed a net- have been possible without the determi- countries of origin. In Ituri, MONUC work of 24 military and police focal nation and desire for peace of the Con- acted as facilitator in talks that led to dis- points and regional action plans across golese people, supported by UN armament accords with three armed the country. During the year, they peacekeeping troops and other interna- groups. In December, the first of these processed several allegations, trained tional partners. Congo remains a tragic groups entered the DDR process, mark- 1,469 staff and gave induction briefings country, where 1,000 people are said to die ing a significant step on the road to to all newly arrived MONUC personnel. each day from hunger and disease. Even peace and security. voting was difficult as National Assembly If 2006 was a year of hope for the DRC, ballots contained information on 3,000 MONUC played a crucial role in ending 2007 will be dedicated to the consolida- candidates. The Congolese and the inter- human rights violations and impunity tion of the democratic process, the es- national community now face the chal- in the DRC through its instrumental role tablishment of new institutions, the lenge of turning election euphoria into a in collecting evidence that led to five promotion of national reconciliation consolidated and functioning democracy. high-profile trials for war crimes and and good governance with a focus on crimes against humanity. On 17 March, managing natural resources and fighting A number of peacekeepers gave their Thomas Lubanga, a former militia corruption, and the promotion of eco- lives to end conflict and secure the elec- leader, was transferred to the Interna- nomic development and reconstruction. tions: in January, nine Guatemalan sol- tional Criminal Court (ICC) on charges Humanitarian needs remain dire. The diers were killed in an ambush in Ituri. of having enlisted, conscripted and used expectations of the Congolese people are In May, one Nepalese soldier was killed children under 15 to actively participate understandably high, and the country and eight others detained during skir- in hostilities (a war crime under the will continue to rely on the strong sup- mishes between MONUC and a mili- Rome Statute of the ICC). As most port of the UN and the wider interna- tia group. They were eventually human rights abuses in the DRC involve tional community as it works towards released on 8 July. police or army, MONUC trained 1,600 sustainable peace. I

YEAR IN REVIEW 2006 3 UN helps Lebanon recover, as Europe returns to peacekeeping

On 12 July, when Hezbollah launched an conflict was not resolved quickly it could diplomatic missions to the region un- attack on , killing three Israeli sol- expand beyond the borders of Lebanon dertaken by senior UN officials which diers and kidnapping two, both Lebanon and Israel. The United Nations had to act culminated in the Secretary-General’s and Israel were thrown back into a de- fast to stop the loss of innocent life and own visit in August. When not physically gree of conflict, death and destruction prevent the violence from spreading. present in the Middle East, the Secre- that their citizens had been spared in re- tary-General and his aides remained en- cent years. For the next 34 days the peo- In response to the crisis, Secretary-Gen- gaged via intensive telephone diplomacy ple of Lebanon and northern Israel eral Kofi Annan called for an immediate with leaders from both within and out- experienced the worst fighting there for cessation of hostilities and dispatched a side the region. decades. More than 1,100 Lebanese were high-level delegation to the region com- reported killed, mostly civilians, while prised of his special political adviser, For its part, the Security Council also more than one million were displaced Vijay Nambiar, his Special Envoy for the began intensive negotiations on the within Lebanon or across its borders to Implementation of Security Council res- issue. On 14 July, the Council backed the neighbouring States. In northern Israel, olution 1559, Terje Rød-Larsen, as well Secretary-General’s decision to send a dozens of civilians were killed and hun- as the UN Special Coordinator for the diplomatic mission to the region. How- dreds of thousands slept in bomb shel- Middle East Peace Process, Alvaro de ever, its Members could not agree to call ters or headed south as thousands of Soto. The troika travelled to , for an immediate cessation of hostilities. Hezbollah rockets hailed down during Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, the occupied It took the Council five more weeks of the conflict. It was widely feared both in Palestinian territory and Israel to talk to negotiations before its members agreed the region and internationally that if the the parties in a bid to find ways to defuse to do so. the crisis. This was the first of several As the conflict dragged on, the Secre- tary-General became increasingly con- cerned over the violence marked by Hezbollah’s deliberate targeting of Israeli population centres and Israel’s dispro- portionate use of force resulting in large numbers of Lebanese civilian casualties. The Secretary-General repeatedly im- plored the Security Council to take steps to address the situation and stressed that “all members of the Council must be aware that its inability to act sooner has badly shaken the world’s faith in its au- thority and integrity.” On 11 August, the Council adopted res- olution 1701, which called for an imme- diate cessation of hostilities; a significantly expanded and more robust United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) with an authorized strength of 15,000; the deployment of Lebanese troops to southern Lebanon; and the withdrawal of all Israeli forces from the same area. The resolution also called for the release of the captured Is- raeli soldiers, the creation of a weapons- free zone in south Lebanon, and the ban on sales or supply of arms to Lebanon except as authorized by its Government. Furthermore, the resolution called for the delineation of Lebanon’s interna- tional borders and full implementation The German, Swedish and Danish units of the the Maritime Task Force training in South of the relevant provisions of the Taif Ac- Lebanon, 14 October 2006. (UNIFIL Photo) cords and of resolutions 1559 and 1680,

UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS 4 that require the disarmament of all continued presence was threatened by a build support for the swiftest possible im- armed groups in Lebanon other than lack of critical supplies, including diesel plementation of 1701, including the de- that of the Lebanese State. fuel. Nonetheless, UNIFIL continued to ployment of a credible force to secure the support the work of the UN humanitar- fragile cessation of hostilities, he under- Welcoming the resolution’s adoption, ian agencies and carry out its own lim- took an 11-day tour of Europe and the the Secretary-General paid tribute to ited humanitarian activities in support Middle East. Among his objectives were UN personnel who worked through the of the local population. securing troop contributions; expediting conflict to help the affected population. the withdrawal of Israeli troops and de- “Indeed, UNIFIL's tenacity has made Unfortunately, UNIFIL’s continued ef- ployment of Lebanese Armed Forces; possible the diplomatic solution you forts came at a high cost as peacekeep- convincing Israel to lift its blockade on have just forged,”he told Council mem- ers were often trapped by exchanges of Lebanon; and finding a mechanism to fa- bers. He also urged continued global at- fire between the two sides, and were cilitate the release of the captured Israeli tention to the situation: “In order to occasionally directly caught up in soldiers and Lebanese prisoners. prevent yet another eruption of violence fighting. In the most deadly incident, and bloodshed, the international com- four military observers were killed In Brussels, the Secretary-General munity must now be prepared to offer when an Israeli laser-guided weapon worked with European leaders to gener- sustained support and assistance for the struck the OGL’s Observer Post in ate the force necessary for South political and economic reconstruction of Khiyam. The patrol base – obliterated Lebanon. He left with a pledge of about Lebanon, and also to address the broader in the fatal strike – had been clearly 7,000 European troops – nearly half the context of crisis in the region.” marked, easily distinguishable through total number of troops authorized under visual recognition and in place for the enhanced UNIFIL. In addition to While the Security Council and the Sec- more than 30 years. The Israeli author- pledges of ‘boots on the ground,’the Sec- retary-General worked intensively to ities – who had failed to heed repeated retary-General also received a promise find a diplomatic solution, the UN calls from senior UN officials about the to put ‘boats in the sea’ through the pro- peacekeepers on the ground coura- closeness of earlier strikes – ultimately posed establishment of the UN’s largest geously and professionally carried on assumed responsibility for the fatal at- maritime presence in its history. with their duties. Officials from the De- tack. A civilian UN staff member and partment of Peacekeeping Operations his wife were killed and a number of Getting Israel to lift its blockade of (DPKO) planned for contingencies. UNIFIL troops and OGL observers in- Lebanon proved to be a greater chal- jured in separate incidents. lenge, but ultimately the Secretary-Gen- Prior to the conflict erupting, UNIFIL eral’s persistence paid off. While Israel had 2,000 soldiers in South Lebanon, The Secretary-General realized that while officials voiced concerns about the inter- and was tasked with maintaining a getting agreement on a resolution had national community’s ability to cut the ceasefire along the 70-mile (121 km) proved difficult, getting the resolution im- flow of arms to Hezbollah, the Secretary- Blue Line between Israel and Lebanon, plemented would be even harder. To General stepped up his diplomatic activ- by patrolling, observing, reporting vio- lations and liaising with the parties to maintain calm. UNIFIL’s military con- tingents hailed from , , Ghana, India, Ireland, Italy, Poland and Ukraine. Some 50 military observers from the Observer Group Lebanon (OGL), part of the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO), rounded out the peacekeepers’ presence. The mission kept the Security Council informed of the situation on the ground – including the presence of armed mili- tia; the regular violation of Lebanese air- space; attacks across the Blue Line; and the upsurge in volatility. After the conflict erupted, UNIFIL con- tinued to fulfill its core mandate of ob- serving and reporting despite the high level of insecurity. However, UNIFIL’s ability to conduct patrols and occupy all French troops arriving at night, Naquoura, Lebanon, 19 September 2006. (UNIFIL Photo) observation posts was curtailed and its

YEAR IN REVIEW 2006 5 ities. Ten days later, after his meetings cussions intensified. It was obvious that to 8,000 in less than two months, with with regional leaders and phone conver- UNIFIL’s rules of engagement must robust rules of engagement, enabled the sations with world leaders and the par- allow the forces to respond as required withdrawal of Israeli troops and the de- ties involved, Israel finally agreed to a full should the situation in southern ployment of the Lebanese Armed Forces lifting of the blockade. Lebanon present any risk of a resump- all the way to the Blue Line – for the first tion of fighting. It was agreed that in ad- time in decades. UNIFIL organized tri- Finding a mechanism to secure the re- dition to exercising the inherent right to partite meetings between the parties – lease of the captured Israeli soldiers and self-defence, all UNIFIL personnel may the first held in years – to ensure that Lebanese prisoners was also a high pri- use force to ensure that UNIFIL’s area of this process went without any major ority for the Secretary-General. After operations is not utilized for hostile ac- hitches. Meanwhile, de-miners from consultations with Israel and Lebanon, tivities; to resist attempts by forceful UNIFIL and the UN Mine Action Ser- he appointed a facilitator to work with means to prevent UNIFIL from dis- vice began work on ridding the area of the two parties to find a mutually accept- charging its duties under the mandate of unexploded ordnance – including clus- able solution. the Security Council; to protect UN per- ter munitions – thus lowering the dan- Throughout his trip, the Secretary-Gen- sonnel, facilities, installations and equip- ger posed to the hundreds of thousands eral stressed that he hoped his efforts to- ment; to ensure the security and of Lebanese who quickly returned to wards stabilizing the situation in freedom of movement of UN personnel their homes in the south. Lebanon, and relations between and humanitarian workers; and to pro- tect civilians under imminent threat of The Security Council’s decision to Lebanon and Israel, would also con- strengthen UNIFIL instead of replacing tribute to resolving other conflicts in the physical violence in its areas of deploy- ment, within its capabilities. it with a different type of multinational region – in particular the situation in force represented a vote of confidence in Palestine and the Golan Heights. UNIFIL’s Maritime Task Force (MTF) UN peacekeeping. In recent years the While anticipating the Council’s deci- took over responsibility for supporting Security Council had often assigned sion on which kind of military force the Lebanese Navy in monitoring its ter- high-profile international military (UN-led or multinational) would be ritorial waters, securing the Lebanese peacekeeping operations to NATO or responsible for keeping the eventual coastline and preventing arms smug- “coalitions of the willing,” instead of peace, DPKO engaged in discussions gling. With more than 1,600 sailors from troops serving under the UN flag, – with potential troop contributing , Germany, Greece, the Nether- Kosovo, Afghanistan, Iraq, and Timor- countries about a prospective mis- lands, , Sweden and Turkey, the Leste serve as current examples. But sion’s troop levels, requirements, and MTF is the largest maritime force ever to when it came to South Lebanon, the Se- rules of engagement. have served under the UN flag. curity Council realized that UN peace- keeping was the only viable option – Once the decision was finally made that The unprecedented speed of the deploy- proving once again that the Blue Hel- UNIFIL would be strengthened, the dis- ment of UN peacekeepers, from 2,000 mets remain an invaluable tool for the international community to resolve crises that threaten international peace and security. Europe’s decision to provide troops to the enhanced UNIFIL not only demon- strated the continent’s support for the people of Lebanon and Israel, but also signified that Europe was resuming a prominent role in UN peacekeeping. France and Italy drastically boosted their existing contributions to UNIFIL, and were joined by soldiers from 20 other countries both from Europe and beyond. Prior to this sizeable deployment of Blue Helmets to Lebanon, less than 6% of all UN peacekeepers serving globally had come from the continent – a consider- able drop from the large number of Eu- ropean peacekeepers serving just a A UNIFIL peacekeeper liaising with an officer of the Lebanese Armed Forces, decade ago. In fact, the 7,000 troops South Lebanon,19 September 2006. (UNIFIL Photo) pledged to Lebanon more than doubled the total number of military troops com-

UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS 6 ing from European/NATO countries in provides military guidance at the strate- ful peace in the region. As the Secretary- all other UN peacekeeping missions. gic level to the forces on the ground. General has pointed out, this new and welcome commitment must be matched In a unique arrangement, UNIFIL troop The implementation of 1701 remains a by ongoing support and assistance not contributors have provided a total of 33 barometer of the will of the international only to Lebanon and Israel, but to the officers and staff to the mission’s strategic community and the parties on the wider Middle East region. I military cell at UN headquarters which ground to move ahead with a meaning-

Other UN peace operations in the Middle East

UNSCO Meanwhile, in spite of calls by the Quar- Tyre. Within days of the UN-brokered tet – the United Nations, the United ceasefire, they were back at their patrol Based in Gaza, with duty stations in States, the European Union and bases providing support to UNIFIL. I Jerusalem and Ramallah and a mandate – for Israel to desist, settlement con- covering Israel, the occupied Palestinian struction has continued as has work on UNDOF territory, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and the barrier. UNSCO has repeatedly Egypt, the Office of the United Nations warned that this would prejudice the Established in 1974 following the agreed Special Coordinator for the Middle East outcome of Final Status negotiations. disengagement of Israeli and Syrian forces Peace Process (UNSCO) is the focal UN agencies continue to monitor these on the Golan Heights, the United Na- point in the region for UN support to developments and their impact on the tions Disengagement Observer Force peace initiatives and for the co-ordination lives of Palestinians. I (UNDOF) is tasked with supervising the of humanitarian aid to the Palestinians. implementation of the accord and main- UNTSO taining the ceasefire. The force consists of 2006 began with expectations faltering 1,025 troops hailing from Austria, that Israel’s withdrawal from Gaza The United Nations Truce Supervision Canada, India, , Nepal, Poland and would usher in a period in which the Organization (UNTSO) was estab- Slovakia. When renewing its mandate in parties would return to the negotiating lished to monitor ceasefire lines negoti- December, the Security Council echoed table and work towards the implemen- ated after the 1948 conflict between the Secretary-General’s statement that tation of the Road Map, with its vision Israel and its neighbours. UNTSO has UNDOF’s continued presence is “essen- of a two State solution. On 4 January, Is- evolved with the changing dynamics of tial” given that the situation in the region raeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon was the region including five major wars, is tense and “is likely to remain so, unless hospitalized following a serious stroke, subsequent ceasefires, and two peace and until a comprehensive settlement and on 25 January Hamas swept to treaties. To fulfill its current peacekeep- covering all aspects of the Middle East power in free and fair Palestinian legisla- ing requirements, UNTSO provides un- problem can be reached”. I tive elections. armed military observers – hailing from OPRSG Despite UNSCO’s continued strive for 23 troop contributing countries – to the United Nations Interim Force in dialogue between the parties, the only The UN assistance role in Lebanon was meeting between Israeli and Palestinian Lebanon (UNIFIL) and the United Na- tions Disengagement Observer Force growing even before war erupted in leaders in 2006 was a courtesy encounter Lebanon and Israel over the summer of on the margins of a gathering in Jordan. (UNDOF). UNTSO military observers provide daily contact with local com- 2006, bringing a new set of political, On the ground in Gaza and the West Bank, munities and their leaders along the peacekeeping, humanitarian and devel- there was continued fighting and instabil- Blue Line in Lebanon and with military opment challenges. The Office of the ity, with Palestinian militants firing rock- commanders and deployed forces on ei- Personal Representative of the Secre- ets from Gaza into Israel and Israel ther side of the ceasefire line in the tary-General for Lebanon (OPRSG) conducting ground and air incursions into Golan Heights. proved to be an invaluable set of eyes Gaza. A large number of civilians were and ears in Beirut, and a key instrument killed and infrastructure destroyed as a re- With the outbreak of war between Israel in the UN’s diplomacy for peace. Rely- sult of the escalation of violence. and Hezbollah in July, UNTSO person- ing on contacts with all of the key actors nel maintained their positions at their in the country, Geir Pedersen, the Per- 70 per cent of Palestinians currently live patrol bases to fulfill their mandate re- sonal Representative, and his team below the poverty threshold and unem- quirements. Four UNTSO observers played a role in forging the cessation of ployment rates are soaring. Economic were killed when an Israeli bomb struck hostilities that permitted the deploy- hardship has been compounded by Is- their patrol base near Khiyam, Lebanon. ment of the expanded peacekeeping rael’s refusal to handover customs and tax After two weeks on the line reporting on force. The office continued at year’s end it collects on behalf of the Palestinian Au- the activity of both parties, UNTSO per- to promote needed dialogue between the thority under international agreements. sonnel relocated to their headquarters in country’s political forces. I

YEAR IN REVIEW 2006 7 UN pursues peace in Darfur

Although UNMIS’ main focus in 2006 an end, although it had been signed by signed the DPA, were encouraged to was on the fulfillment of its mandate to the Government of Sudan and only one demonstrate against the agreement, help implement the Comprehensive of the Darfur rebel groups – the Sudan claiming that it did not represent their Peace Agreement (CPA) of 2005, the de- Liberation Movement/Army (SLM/A) interests. The Justice and Equality Move- teriorating crisis in Sudan’s western Dar- faction led by Minni Minawi. ment (JEM), another of the rebel move- fur region and international efforts to ments, declared its early opposition. resolve it increasingly involved the mis- It quickly became clear, however, that se- sion as the year progressed. rious problems existed among Darfur’s By the start of 2006, the African Union other rebel groups, who were given a Mission in Sudan (AMIS), deployed Initially, this consisted of providing as- grace period until 31 May to sign the originally to monitor compliance of the sistance to promote a political settlement DPA, but failed to do so, and with the parties with the Humanitarian Cease- to the conflict by providing good offices, Government of Sudan’s vision of the fire Agreement of 8 April 2004, was substantive expertise and logistical sup- agreement’s implementation. clearly struggling to fulfill an enhanced port to the African Union (AU) media- mandate given to it on 20 October 2004 tion and the participants attending the On the ground, the lack of information to contribute to a secure environment talks in Abuja, Nigeria. about the provisions of the agreement for the delivery of humanitarian assis- among the general population of Darfur tance and the return of refugees and Those talks culminated in the signing of was quickly exploited by those tribal and IDPs. Despite often valiant efforts, the Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA) in rebel leaders who opposed it, and the AMIS lacked adequate funding and re- Abuja on 5 May 2006 after months of camps for internally displaced persons sources. To the UN and others in the in- negotiations. The DPA provided a mo- (IDPs) started to split into pro and anti- ternational community, it was clear that ment of hope that three years of suffer- DPA factions. Communities loyal to a multidimensional UN peacekeeping ing in Darfur might be about to come to Abdul Wahid,a rebel leader who had not operation was required.

SRSG Jan Pronk addresses a crowd of SLA-G19 (non-signatories of the Darfur Peace Agreement) leaders, fighters and civilians in Birmaza, North Darfur, 18 October 2006. (UNMIS Photo by Frederic Noy)

UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS 8 The signing of the DPA added impetus to the detailed planning for a transition to a UN mission already underway at UNMIS headquarters in Khartoum and at UN headquarters in New York. In Khartoum, however, President Omar al-Bashir and his Government quickly rejected the idea of a UN peacekeeping operation taking over from AMIS, which the Security Council called for in reso- lution 1663 of 24 March 2006. The AU PSC had also indicated its approval of a transition to UN peacekeeping. The Government of Sudan, citing threats to its sovereignty by the West, mobilized public sentiment against a UN peace- keeping force in Darfur, in Sudan and across the Muslim world. A series of Nomadic tribesman on their way to western Bahr Al Ghazal dig for water in a dried high-level meetings and missions took waddi, 6 November 2006. (UNMIS Photo by Frederic Noy) place throughout the year to convince President al-Bashir that the UN intended using the recommendations made by the region in order to render aid to the in- only to protect civilians and help bring assessment team, instead planned a se- creasing number of communities af- peace and stability to Sudan. ries of measures to help bolster AMIS, fected by the violence. While facing After intense diplomatic pressure, in- pending deployment of a multidimen- constant funding shortages, restrictions cluding from Security Council members sional UN peacekeeping operation, on access and instances of harassment during a visit to the region in June, and which he deemed necessary to imple- and intimidation, the relief effort sus- a special mission led by by Lakhdar ment the DPA. This proposed support tained more than 2.5 million people in Brahimi, Khartoum reluctantly agreed included command and control; com- the first half of the year. Some 13,000 hu- to allow a joint UN-AU technical assess- munications; enhanced mobility; engi- manitarian workers from over 80 NGOs, ment team into Sudan to undertake the neering; training; location and sourcing Red Cross/Red Crescent societies and 13 necessary preparatory planning for a UN of water; resource and administrative UN agencies were involved. management; and public information. peacekeeping operation in Darfur. In addition, through the High Commis- That team,led by Under-Secretary-General While efforts by Security Council mem- sioner for Human Rights and the UNDP, for Peacekeeping Operations Jean-Marie bers, other key member states and re- a significant human rights presence was Guéhenno and AU Commissioner for gional organizations to persuade consolidated in Darfur in 2006 to moni- Peace and Security Said Djinnit, were Khartoum to change its mind were un- tor and verify cases of human rights unable to convince President al-Bashir dertaken, UNMIS continued its intensive abuses, and provide human rights train- of the need to support a transition to a efforts to bring the non-signatories into ing,as well as legal representation for vic- UN force. the peace process. UNMIS also contin- tims of torture, gender-based violence, ued its support to AMIS, which included and other human rights violations. On 31 August 2006, the Security Coun- establishing telephone and information cil adopted resolution 1706 in which it technology networks, and providing In the second half of 2006, the situation decided to expand UNMIS’ mandate by training to AMIS on humanitarian issues in on the ground in Darfur continued to up to 17,300 international military per- and asset management systems. In addi- deteriorate. Violence spiraled across the sonnel and up to 3,300 police and 16 tion, UNMIS provided public informa- region; obstruction and attacks against Formed Police Units, to be deployed to tion support to help the AU promote the humanitarian workers intensified; ban- Darfur. However, this was quickly and DPA, and UNMIS civil affairs officers on ditry was rampant; militia groups con- emphatically rejected by the Govern- a number of occasions provided media- tinued to target civilians; and the ment of Sudan, and the clear signs on tion and support to efforts to diffuse ten- incidence of sexual violence against the ground in Darfur were that they had sion in the IDP camps. women and girls increased. By the end decided to pursue a military solution to of the year, those in need of humanitar- the crisis in the region. On the humanitarian front, United Na- ian assistance had risen to around 4 mil- tions and non-governmental organiza- lion, while over 400 humanitarian As the situation in Darfur continued to tions (NGOs) continued to expand the workers had been forced to relocate for disintegrate, the Secretary-General, massive humanitarian aid effort in the their safety.

YEAR IN REVIEW 2006 9 In addition, implementation of the DPA support to AMIS, followed by a unique jectives through military means and as a had fallen well behind schedule. The “hybrid” operation to be conducted in result the prospects for vulnerable com- DPA bodies which had been formed, tandem by AU and UN peacekeepers. munities continued to look extremely such as the Ceasefire Commission, suf- bleak for 2007. In addition, the spill-over fered delays and disagreements over On 16 November 2006, the Secretary- of violence to Chad and the Central their functioning. Other DPA bodies General convened a landmark, high- African Republic was threatening a re- were not established at all. level meeting in Addis Ababa, which gional crisis of even greater proportions. brought together the five permanent The Secretary-General warned the Secu- members of the Security Council, repre- The year also ended on a sour personal rity Council on 26 September that the re- sentatives of the Government of Sudan, note between UNMIS and the Govern- gion was facing a catastrophe and that States and organizations with political ment of Sudan when, in a letter dated 22 the Government of Sudan and rebel influence in the region, and some AMIS October 2006, the Government of Sudan groups were showing utter disregard to troop contributing countries. The par- “terminated” the mission of the Special the DPA. He stressed the urgent need to ticipants of the meeting agreed on the Representative of the Secretary-General broaden public support for the agree- three-phased approach to peacekeeping for the Sudan, Jan Pronk. Although the ment through initiatives such as the Dar- in Darfur. This was then endorsed by the Secretary-General protested the decision fur-Darfur Dialogue and Consultation. participants of the AU PSC on 30 No- with President al-Bashir, SRSG Pronk vember in Abuja, which was in turn en- left when his contract ended at the end On 20 September, the AU PSC extended dorsed, on 3 December by the Council of the year. I the AMIS mandate until 31 December of Ministers of the Sudan – under the 2006, and called on the UN to support chairmanship of President al-Bashir – AMIS. The UN and AU agreed on a and on 19 December by a Security UNMIS helps to cement package of immediate support, with a Council presidential statement. view to strengthening efforts to imple- peace between North and ment the DPA. UNMIS has since been working inten- South Sudan sively with the Secretariat and the AU to On 22 September, the Secretary-General translate these positive political and Sudan took positive steps to implement and AU Chairman Konare wrote to Pres- diplomatic developments into concrete the Comprehensive Peace Agreement ident al-Bashir, asking that he support results on the ground, focusing on facil- (CPA) in 2006, including the redeploy- implementation of this plan. In a re- itating the deployment of the assistance ment of troops and the fulfillment of sponse, President al-Bashir indicated packages. other security commitments. Neverthe- that he did. less, areas of the country were still Tragically, by the end of the year, the par- plagued by armed militias, disagree- At UN headquarters, a three-phased plan ties on the ground had shown no signs was developed: two stages of increasing ments over borders, disputed oil rev- of abandoning the pursuit of their ob- enues and the escalating crisis in Darfur. A major milestone was reached in July, when the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) pulled its remaining 5,672 soldiers out of eastern Sudan and moved them to the South. The United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) ac- tually closed its Kassala office in Sep- tember, withdrawing 80 civilian and 250 military staff. The Sudan Armed Forces (SAF) contin- ued to withdraw from the South, with a target date of July 2007 for complete re- deployment to the North. Southerners, however, still faced the threat of “other armed groups” (OAGs) – renegade bands of former combatants who had failed to join either the SPLA or the SAF, as stipulated in the CPA.

Residents of Torit, eastern Equatoria, watch as newly trained police officers (former SPLA soldiers) In several southern areas, commanders march at their graduation ceremony, 15 November 2006. (UNMIS Photo by Tim McKulka) of the South Sudan Defence Force, an OAG, refused to abide by their agree- ment to join the SPLA, as laid down in

UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS 10 the Juba Declaration in January. There was able to help stem violence in the re- it would be advisory or decision-making were suspicions that militias had re- gion by supporting both military and – and the equitable division of oil rev- mained active to create instability and civilian disarmament programmes, enues between North and South Sudan. control disputed areas or oilfields. A lo- which included training over 400 SPLA cation of particular dispute was the data collectors to register their troops. The Government’s hesitation in deciding Abyei transitional area, where political The mission also sent over 600 police of- on key issues slowed down several CPA tensions remained high and the popu- ficers to the South, who assisted with activities, including preparations for na- lace still lacked a local administration. community policing in Juba, and in tional elections, originally set for mid- training the newly formed Southern 2008, but now delayed until mid-2009. The South was also beset with pockets of Sudan Police Service. Commissions envisioned in the peace ac- insecurity due to tribal tensions, an cord were either non-functional or yet to abundance of small arms, and the return In addition, UNMIS helped bolster the be established, including those focusing of refugees and displaced persons. In South’s war-torn infrastructure, assisting on national human rights, the civil serv- addition, southerners suffered sporadic with the demining and repairing of more ice and land disputes. The pace of CPA attacks by the regionally based Lord's than 300 kilometres of roads during the implementation picked up during the Resistance Army (LRA), until Govern- year. The mission supported projects ad- final legislative session of the year, how- ment of Southern Sudan-mediated dressing the lack of basic services, such as ever, when some 64 bills were tabled. peace talks led the LRA and Ugandan water, sanitation, health care and educa- Government to sign a cessation of hos- tion. These were urgently needed for the Analysts have suggested that continuing tilities agreement in August. thousands of returnees and refugees who strife in Darfur could have conse- were now re-entering the region, as well quences on implementation of the CPA, The delay in forming Joint Integrated as to improve local morale. and that peace in Sudan is indivisible. A Units between SAF and SPLA forces to successful CPA, they argue, could be- fill security gaps left by the former op- As the South struggled to rebuild, demar- come a model for sustainable peace in posing forces also affected the security cation of the North-South border faced Darfur, but the Government must make situation. Efforts were urgently required serious delays, which will affect the shar- greater efforts to make the North-South to shape the SPLA into a modern, pro- ing of oil revenues, the completion of re- agreement work. Considerable progress fessional army not only to subdue hostil- deployment in 2007, the mid-term will be needed in the coming months in ities, but to rein in errant soldiers who elections in 2009, and the referendum on such areas as border demarcation, secu- were clashing with the local population. unity in 2011. Governmental parties also rity and police reform, the return of squabbled about the status of the Na- refugees and IDPs, and preparation for Having completed almost 100 per cent tional Petroleum Commission – whether future elections. I of its deployment in the South, UNMIS

BONUCA: Peacekeeping to follow dialogue

Convinced that dialogue is the only so- on the and the ideals of given their key role in strengthening lution to the continuing conflict in the human rights. In December, the office CAR’s fragile democracy. Central African Republic and its sub- also organized a training session for of- region, the United Nations Peace- ficials from the regional offices for na- The security situation in the region re- building Support Office (BONUCA) tional reconciliation to support the mained volatile and the deployment of in that country was behind a plethora Government’s initiative to create a a UN peacekeeping force on the coun- of peace initiatives in 2006. General forum for meetings and dialogue try’s borders with Sudan and Chad – in Lamine Cissé, Special Representative of throughout the country. the planning as 2007 began – would help the Secretary-General, and others have ease the growing tensions in the area. held a series of talks with political par- The internal situation has been marked While some 50,000 displaced persons ties, trade unions, civil society organi- by crises within the political move- have received assistance from UN agen- zations and foreign ambassadors with a ments, which are wracked with dissen- cies and affiliated NGOs thus far, close view to making the negotiation process sion. The Government has called on to 20,000 in less accessible rural areas are as inclusive as possible. This would the parties to unite or adopt different still in need of help. names. Meanwhile, BONUCA has me- mean counting the armed opposition The insecurity prevailing in various among the main stakeholders. diated between the authorities and other political leaders to promote rec- parts of the country has led to a deterio- In an effort to distribute and dissemi- onciliation. The office has encouraged rating human rights situation where vi- nate information on its activities, the political parties to engage in dia- olations committed by armed gangs and BONUCA held regular radio broadcasts logue and to maintain their unity, wayward elements of the defence and se- curity forces often go unpunished. I

YEAR IN REVIEW 2006 11 Timor-Leste: Hard lessons in peacekeeping

The international community had con- The “petitioners”, as those soldiers had Forces (F-FDTL) launched armed at- sidered Timor-Leste a notable UN become known, were to hold a peaceful tacks against the PNTL national head- peacekeeping achievement until violence demonstration from 24 to 28 April to quarters. UN military training advisers exploded in April 2006, less than a year protest the dismissal of some 600 sol- and UN police negotiated a ceasefire but, after the last UN peacekeepers had de- diers (more than one third of the na- as the chief UN Military Training Ad- parted and a few months before the tion’s armed forces), demanding the viser escorted the unarmed Timorese mandate of the follow-on political office establishment of an independent com- police out of the headquarters, F-FDTL was to conclude. The unexpected turn of mission to address their grievances, in- officers reportedly opened fire killing events in this tiny, new South-East Asian cluding alleged discrimination within eight and wounding more than two country left many wondering what ex- the armed forces against persons from dozen people. actly had gone wrong. the western districts. Meanwhile, on 24 May, the leaders of The months following the departure of On the final day of the demonstration, vi- Timor-Leste made requests to the Gov- the UN peacekeeping mission in May olence erupted in front of the Govern- ernments of Australia, Malaysia, New 2005 had seen progress for Timor-Leste. ment Palace, followed by other incidents Zealand and Portugal, for police and mil- Four years after independence in 2002, around the capital, Dili. By the end of the itary assistance to restore peace and secu- international confidence was growing in day, five Timorese had been killed and rity. Two days later, international forces the new State, and the traumas of 1999 more than 40 injured. The ramifications arrived to restore law and order, which appeared to be subsiding. Instead, the vi- were far-reaching. Tensions heightened had completely broken down. Gangs were olence of 2006 seemed to reveal the risks between the armed forces and the Timo- looting and setting fires; 37 people lost to nation-building of international rese police force (PNTL), as well as within their lives, with many others wounded. forces leaving too soon or not having PNTL (often setting easterners against The humanitarian consequences were se- done enough while there. westerners), leading to the disintegration vere, with more than 150,000 internally of the PNTL. Thousands of Timorese in displaced persons (IDPs). These events In early 2006, UN planners discussed ways Dili were displaced from their homes and shaped the rest of 2006. of continuing support after the departure sought refuge in churches, other public of the UN political office (UNOTIL), par- buildings and United Nations facilities, Four successive UN missions had been ticularly for presidential and parliamen- while others fled to outlying districts. deployed in Timor-Leste from mid-1999 tary elections due in 2007. But in April, a until the troubles of April/May 2006. simmering dispute over sacked members On 25 May, the situation worsened as Each had a distinct purpose, the first, of the armed forces flared into the open. members of the Timorese Defence UNAMET, organized and conducted a popular consultation which resulted in the Timorese rejection of special auton- omy within Indonesia. From October 1999 to May 2002, UNTAET exercised legislative and executive authority over the territory during the transition to in- dependence and supported capacity building for self-Government. Next, the UN Mission of Support in East Timor (UNMISET) was to provide assistance until all operational responsibilities were devolved to the Timorese authorities, and to enable the new nation to attain self-sufficiency. Although Secretary- General Kofi Annan had recommended maintaining a peacekeeping force, he failed to win support from all members of the Security Council, which instead established a special political office (the UN Office in Timor-Leste or UNOTIL) to support the further development of critical State institutions, including po- A United Nations police officer from Malaysia patrols the Comoro market in Dili , October 27, 2006. lice, and provided training in democratic (Reuters Photo by Lirio Da Fonseca) governance and human rights.

UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS 12 The achievements of these missions were substantial. Nonetheless, the 2006 crisis forced the UN and international community to take a hard look at na- tion-building and peacekeeping poli- cies and practices. “The sad events of recent weeks reflect shortcomings not only on the part of the Timorese leadership, but also on the part of the international community, [in] in- adequately sustaining Timor-Leste’s na- tion-building process,” the Secretary-General told the Security Council in June. “We have learned, at a painful price for Timor-Leste, that the building of institutions on the basis of fundamental principles of democracy and the rule of law is not a simple process that can be completed within a few short years.” At the end of May 2006, Secretary-Gen- eral Annan dispatched a Special Envoy, A boy salutes his father, a police officer deployed to Timor-Leste, during a sending- off cere- Ian Martin, to assess the situation. He re- mony at Camp Crame headquarters in Manila, the Philippines, October 14, 2006. turned to tell the Security Council that (Reuters Photo by Cheryl Ravelo) the most serious underlying cause of the conflict lay within the security sector. Implementing the Commission’s recom- mainstreaming gender perspectives and “The crisis has revealed political cleav- mendations will require further assis- those of children and youth; and pro- ages, not only between the defence force tance from the UN and the international viding accurate information to the and the police service, which has long community, particularly in helping to Timorese population. been a subject of concern, but also inter- establish a stronger,independent judicial system. In the weeks following UNMIT’s estab- nally in each institution,” Martin said. lishment, the situation in Timor-Leste Within each institution, ideological divi- On 25 August, the Security Council es- remained volatile. With its executive sions, originating from the resistance and tablished a new peacekeeping operation, policing role, the UNMIT police, in close influencing the initial recruitment of both the UN Integrated Mission in Timor- cooperation with the international secu- institutions had been allowed to fester. Leste (UNMIT), entrusted with a far- rity forces, have maintained overall pub- On 8 June, the then Foreign Minister, reaching mandate and a strong civilian lic security, often restoring calm when José Ramos-Horta, asked the Secretary- component, including 1,608 United Na- violent incidents occur and engaging in General to appoint a Special Commis- tions civilian police. community policing. Further progress was achieved on 1 December with the sion of Inquiry to review the incidents of Among UNMIT’s key tasks are facilitat- April and May and other related issues, signing of the Supplemental Arrange- ing the process of national reconcilia- ment on Policing between UNMIT and ensuring that “the outcome of such an tion; supporting the electoral process; inquiry will assist the reconstitution of the Government, which regulates supporting the restoration of security; UNMIT’s exercise of executive police au- Timor-Leste’s security sector and ensure training the Timorese police; support- accountability for criminal and human thority and the reconstitution of the na- ing and strengthening key institutions; tional police force. rights violations allegedly committed supporting and strengthening human during the crisis period.” rights monitoring; supporting the com- A key objective for UNMIT is to con- In its final report released on 17 Octo- pletion of investigations into outstand- tinue to contribute to the maintenance ber, the Independent Special Commis- ing cases of serious human rights of public security until the Timorese po- sion of Inquiry, established under the violations committed in 1999; cooper- lice are able to resume their responsibil- auspices of the UN High Commissioner ating and coordinating with UN agen- ities. The restoration of peace and for Human Rights, established the re- cies and other partners; facilitating the security is a prerequisite for the return of sponsibility of various actors and insti- provision of relief and recovery assis- 100,000 IDPs to their homes and for the tutions, including several former high- tance; assisting the design of poverty re- presidential and parliamentary elections ranking officials. duction and economic growth policies; to be held in April/May 2007. I

YEAR IN REVIEW 2006 13 Sierra Leone: Sustaining the hard-won peace

Sierra Leone has come a long way since because we are beginning to hear the in the making. The inclusion of Sierra the arrival of the first United Nations alarm bells that signal very credible Leone on the agenda of the PBC is an peacekeepers in 1999. While the country threats to our peace." encouraging indication of continued en- has made significant strides in the past six gagement of the international commu- years, with the assistance of the UN and The head of UNIOSIL and Executive Rep- nity in Sierra Leone. In this regard, the other partners, these achievements need resentative of the Secretary-General for Government, national partners and civil to be consolidated and sustained. Con- Sierra Leone, Victor Angelo, at the same society organizations, are working in certed efforts are required to address the meeting emphasized that it was essential collaboration with UNIOSIL, the UN root causes of the conflict and the prevail- for the international community to help Country Team and other external part- ing stability has yet to produce tangible address the root causes of the country’s ners to ensure a well coordinated and ef- conflict, which still threaten the peace. economic dividends and social benefits for fective engagement with the PBC. I the majority of Sierra Leoneans. Many potential sources of tension re- To assist the Government of Sierra main, including poverty, regional insta- Leone in addressing these challenges, the bility, corruption and lack of From peacekeeping to peace Security Council established a follow-on accountability, youth unemployment, consolidation in Burundi mission, the UN Integrated Office in weaknesses in the rule of law and low ca- Sierra Leone (UNIOSIL). The Integrated pacity for public services delivery. There The United Nations Operation in Bu- Office – operational since 1 January are fears that progress might stagnate as rundi (ONUB) completed its mandate 2006 – in collaboration with the Gov- international attention turns to other on 31 December 2006, having overseen ernment and the entire UN Country crises. UNIOSIL is designed to assist the the first democratic elections in twelve Team, has already made some progress Government in tackling these concerns years, the installation of a national Gov- in consolidating peace, enhancing dem- and to ensure a cohesive approach among ernment, and the disarmament and de- ocratic transformation and building na- UN agencies, funds and programmes. mobilization of nearly 22,000 combatants. As Burundi takes an impor- tional capacity for conflict prevention. The second presidential and parliamen- tant step towards lasting peace and sta- tary elections in Sierra Leone since the end The Secretary-General’s visit to Sierra bility, the UN has pledged continued of the conflict will be held in July 2007. Leone in July, provided an opportunity support through funding from the With the support of UNIOSIL and other for both the Government and the UN to Peacebuilding Fund and the establish- external partners, preparations for the review developments in the country. ment on 1 January 2007 of BINUB, a elections have included the completion of Progress made includes the finalization new Integrated Office in the country. of the peace consolidation strategy, pre- the electoral boundary demarcation exer- pared jointly by the Government and cise. The elections are critical for the The signing of the Arusha Peace and Rec- UNIOSIL, as well as reform of the secu- country’s continued progress on the path onciliation Agreement in 2000 paved the rity sector, promotion of good gover- to stability, democratization and develop- way for a ceasefire two years later between nance, and democratic transition. In ment. In addition to some constraints fac- Burundi’s Hutu and Tutsi population, addition, the UN Development Assis- ing the electoral process, there are ending a long-standing ethnic conflict tance Framework (UNDAF) for 2006- indications of growing intolerance among which had ravaged the country. The de- 2007 has been revised and signed to some political actors that could lead to vi- ployment of Blue Helmets to assume their prioritize and focus the support of the olent campaigns and disruption of the peacekeeping duties came in 2004 to re- UN system in the social and economic process. These tendencies suggest that the place a year-long AU mission in Burundi. UN and the wider international commu- areas that contribute to increase security, During ONUB’s tenure, at least 2,500 of- improve access to justice, and enhance nity should pay greater attention to the forthcoming elections in Sierra Leone. ficers from Burundi’s national police human development. force enrolled in a UN police training- However, without substantial progress in UNIOSIL is the first Security Council of-trainers programme to strengthen ac- economic and social development, the mandated follow-on mission with a tivities in areas such as anti-corruption, achievements reached so far could un- broad mandate in the political, security, anti-terrorism, penitentiary security and ravel, the country’s Vice-President, human rights and development areas, in border and airport security. Burundian Solomon Berewa, told the Peacebuilding an integrated manner. But first experi- police were assisted by their ONUB col- Commission (PBC) during its first ences have already shown that it is hard leagues in ensuring adequate security country-specific meeting in October. to attract resources to overcome the her- conditions for voters during a total of six Seizing the opportunity to alert the in- itage of yesterday's crisis. elections in 2006, from the communal ternational community to the urgent UNIOSIL's primarily challenge will be and local to the legislative and presiden- need to accelerate efforts towards peace- to sustain the international attention tial, including a referendum on a new building, Mr. Berewa said: “We are here necessary to consolidate peace that is still Constitution. In another sign of confi-

UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS 14 dence in Burundi’s police force, a con- tingent of 39 officers joined the AU peacekeeping mission in Darfur, Sudan. The overall security situation improved, in particular, following the signing on 7 September of a Comprehensive Ceasefire Agreement by the Government and Palipehutu-FNL, the last remaining armed group in Burundi. However, the slow pace of implementation is a source for concern and the UN supports efforts to quickly address the outstanding issues. “Burundi has come a long way from its darkest days of conflict but there is still a long way to go,” said Carolyn McAskie, Assistant Secretary-General for Peace- building Support and former SRSG for Burundi. “It is critical that the interna- tional community support the country ONUB’s Thai Engineer Company during the contingent’s farewell parade and medal cere- now as it moves past this fragile post mony, Bujumbura, Burundi, 31 October 2006. (UNOB Photo by Mario Rizzolio) conflict stage towards long term and sus- tainable development, based on a broad commitment to peace.” I

Peacebuilding architecture takes shape

The UN’s new Peacebuilding Commis- peacebuilding challenges which needed groups, to implement the recommenda- sion (PBC) is moving ahead with help- immediate attention, including gover- tions of the Truth and Reconciliation ing Burundi and Sierra Leone identify nance, human rights and youth unem- Commission, to support the Special and tackle their numerous post-war ployment, as well as economic, judicial Court, and to support the newly estab- challenges; the Peacebuilding Support and security sector reform. lished National Human Rights Commis- Office (PBSO) is operational; and the sion. The PBC also noted the need to Peacebuilding Fund (PBF) is gearing Promoting good governance, strength- encourage sub-regional cooperation. up to disburse funds in both countries. ening the rule of law and ensuring com- munity recovery were identified as some The PBC’s capacity was backed up by the Less than six months after its inaugura- of the priority areas for Burundi. How- Secretary-General’s launch on 11 Octo- tion, at the UN in New York, 23 June ever, a weak judicial system, impunity, ber of the Peacebuilding Fund, designed 2006, the PBC was assisting the key play- and disputes over land ownership re- to “kick-start” critical Peacebuilding in- ers in both Burundi and Sierra Leone to mained as problems. So far, little or no terventions and serve as a catalyst for develop a commonly-agreed strategy for progress has been made in implement- more sustained engagement by multilat- each country to rebuild physical, admin- ing the comprehensive ceasefire reached eral and bilateral actors. In addition, a istrative and social infrastructures. in September between the Government Peacebuilding Support Office has been and the Party for the Liberation of the created within the UN Secretariat to as- By bringing together the Governments, Hutu People-National Liberation Forces sist these new structures in carrying out the UN Country Team, the World Bank, (Palipehutu-FNL). their challenging work. the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and international donors, the PBC has fa- The December meeting reported that the The Fund has received pledges of more cilitated agreement on a holistic approach Government of Sierra Leone was work- than US$210 million and will be used to to supporting these two African countries ing with international partners on reform address critical peacebuilding gaps de- during their transition from peacekeeping in the justice and security sectors, to re- termined jointly by the UN and the rel- to peace consolidation and development. view its anti-corruption strategy, and to evant Government authorities. Both establish and strengthen governance in- countries will receive an allocation of at At the first two country specific meet- stitutions, especially in the lead up to the least US$25 million from the PBF in ings, in New York in October and De- 2007 national elections. More effort was early 2007, following a review of their re- cember, both countries on the PBC’s needed to enhance the role and participa- spective priority plans. I agenda were candid in recognizing tion of civil society including women’s

YEAR IN REVIEW 2006 15 Côte d'Ivoire: Transition to peace extended by another year

A succession of false starts, stalemates groups known collectively as the Patri- side and the Forces de Défense et de and blockages throughout the year otic Galaxy blocked the mobile courts. Sécurité (FDS) on the other, an under obliged the Economic Community of This led to clashes between the Young the supervision of UNOCI and the West African States (ECOWAS), the Patriots and the youth wing of the French Force Licorne. African Union (AU) and the UN Secu- Rally of Houphouëtistes for Democ- rity Council to give Ivorian leaders an- racy and Peace (RDHP), an alliance of In May, a breakthrough seemed immi- other year to organise proper elections parties opposed to the presidential nent when both sides started withdraw- and complete the peace process, beyond camp, during which at least five people ing combatants from the frontlines. But the 31 October 2006 deadline initially set died. The clashes ended in late July in August, the FAFN reacted to Gbagbo’s by the international community. Like- when the two sides signed an agree- Independence Day statement, and to the wise, the mandate of the United Nations ment to bury the hatchet. new guidelines on identification issued Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI) by the Prime Minister, by suspending was extended for an additional six Prime Minister Charles Konan Banny their participation in the DDR talks. months until the end of June 2007. subsequently issued new guidelines, as the FPI had demanded, under which the Discussions on the restructuring of the Elections would have culminated the mobile courts would not have the power army were launched in December, but the completion of key processes agreed upon to issue certificates of nationality. While first two sessions achieved little. Nor did between the Ivorian parties, including the the new guidelines promoted the lifting the dismantling and demobilisation of disarmament of former combatants. of the FPI’s boycott of the mobile court militias get far. Some 1,000 militia mem- People without identity papers – num- hearings, it angered both the political op- bers were demobilised in August, but the bering about 3 million – were to have re- position and the former rebel Forces process was plagued by demands for the ceived birth certificates at “audiences Nouvelles (FN). President Gbagbo on In- inclusion of more supposed members of foraines”, public mobile courts, which dependence Day (7 August) confirmed militia and eventually suspended due to a would also deliver certificates of nation- that the courts would issue only substi- paucity of weapons handed in. ality to Ivorians and residence permits to tute birth certificates. Then he issued a Côte d’Ivoire’s peace process was also foreigners. However, both processes suf- decree replacing all judges, including bogged down by a storm over the tenure fered as a result of bickering between the those who had been heading the courts. of the National Assembly. In January, the country’s two main political blocks. As a result, few people appeared before Young Patriots showed their opposition the mobile courts, and the operation was to a statement by the International In a successful pilot project in May, ultimately suspended. 5,000 persons received duplicate birth Working Group on Côte d’Ivoire, which certificates. However, when nation- Talks on disarmament, demobilisation noted that the Assembly’s term of office wide hearings were launched in July, and reintegration (DDR) proceeded er- had ended. They attacked UN installa- President Laurent Gbagbo’s Front Pop- ratically, involving the armed wing of tions in Abidjan and the west and plun- ulaire Ivoirien (FPI) and allied pressure the Forces Nouvelles (FAFN) on one dered residences of UN staff in the western towns of Guiglo and Daloa, prompting the relocation of UN staff and military units, as well as a temporary re- inforcement of the mission by the trans- fer of troops from the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL). Calm returned following a meeting be- tween the then Chairman of the AU, Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo, and Ivorian leaders. The status of the erstwhile National Assembly has since re- mained controversial. Claims by the Patriotic Galaxy during January’s upheavals that the international community was trampling on Ivorian sovereignty, the Constitution and na- tional institutions were voiced through- Members of the Bangladeshi battalion celebrate reconciliation among village chiefs in the out the rest of the year. Zone of Confidence,15 March 2006. (UNOCI Photo by Paulo Ferreira) One area of progress was the redeploy- ment to FN areas of administrators dis-

UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS 16 placed by the conflict who began re- turning in August, with the help of UNOCI, albeit limited to the identifica- tion process. UNOCI also helped enable students in FN areas to take final examinations for the first time in two years by transporting examination papers and officials and generally securing the process. UN peacekeepers continued to safeguard a three-year-old ceasefire, and to assist the State in other ways, such as transport- ing and escorting officials across the Zone of Confidence, an area controlled by UNOCI and the Force Licorne that separates the Government-controlled south from the FN-controlled north. Ivorian Prime Minister Charles Konan Banny and French Minister of Development and Francophony Brigitte Girardin visit an illegal toxic waste site in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, UNOCI peacekeeping contingents con- 8 September 2006. (UNOCI Photo by Ky Chung) tinued to provide health care to vulnera- ble populations and to carry out other The President of the Republic of the at least 10 people and sickened 100,000. humanitarian and developmental work Congo, Denis Sassou-Nguesso, travelled Gbagbo also dismissed the directors of such as building roads and rehabilitating to Abidjan on two occasions in his capac- the state newspaper Fraternité Matin. schools and health centres. ity as Chairman of the AU in an attempt to break the impasse. Other mediation This led to an open clash between the If Côte d’Ivoire failed to move closer to efforts included appeals by the Ivorian President and the Prime Minister. When peace in 2006, it was not for want of con- Catholic bishops for dialogue between Banny criticised the measures on State TV, tacts between its main political leaders, the parties as well as numerous initiatives the President promptly removed the known as the “Big Five”: President by civil society. broadcaster’s directors. Protests followed Gbagbo, Prime Minister Banny, FN- in December by RHDP youths in the hin- leader Guillaume Soro, and the two main Security Council resolution 1721 was terland and Abidjan suburbs. Banny with- leaders of the RHDP, one-time Prime adopted on 1 November, following the drew to Yamoussoukro, his home area. Minister Alassane Ouattara and ex-Pres- referral by the AU Peace and Security ident Henri Konan Bédié. Council of a body of decisions made Amid efforts to mediate between the two during its summit in Addis Ababa, men, Gbagbo suggested, in a televised ad- Between March and September, the Big Ethiopia, in October and inspired by rec- dress on 19 December, direct negotia- Five met five times in the political capital, ommendations from an earlier tions between his camp and the FN, the Yamoussoukro, and Abidjan, Côte ECOWAS meeting in Abuja, Nigeria. The scrapping of the Zone of Confidence, d’Ivoire’s economic capital. Their third resolution added new dimensions to the and other measures to end the crisis. He meeting, held in July under the sponsor- transition, including a greater role for the said time had come for Ivorians to take ship of Secretary-General Kofi Annan, AU – alongside UNOCI – in daily medi- charge of the peace process since the in- yielded a timetable for delivery on com- ation with the Ivorian parties. ternational community had failed. mitments related to DDR, the disman- tling of militias, identification, the Resolution 1721 also tasked the High The opposition, on the other hand, electoral code and a code of conduct for Representative for Elections with verify- stressed the need to remain within the the media. Most of these deadlines, how- ing that measures taken at every stage of framework of resolution 1721, while the Secretary-General urged Gbagbo and ever, were not met. the electoral process were in keeping with international norms. It vested stronger Banny to initiate a sustained political di- As part of the Secretary-General’s efforts executive powers in Prime Minister alogue with all Ivorian political leaders to to restore dialogue among the parties and Konan Banny to enable him to push the find common ground. re-launch the key processes under the peace process forward, including the The sustained elements of the peace roadmap, he also organized a mini-sum- ability to issue decrees. process throughout the year indicate mit in New York in September, in the that the activities are feasible, the re- margins of the 61st session of the General However, as the year struggled to an end, sources exist and the international com- Assembly, to take stock of the progress another major crisis developed when the munity is supportive. Whether or not made. While a great number of regional President issued decrees reinstating State the transition begun in November is the and Ivorian leaders attended, President officials whom Banny had suspended in final one will depend largely on Côte Gbagbo boycotted the meeting. connection with the dumping of toxic waste in Abidjan in August, which killed d’Ivoire’s politicians. I

YEAR IN REVIEW 2006 17 Wanted: Female peacekeepers

In the early years of peacekeeping, UN als have played key roles in political and sonnel in peacekeeping missions. Follow- soldiers conducted foot patrols along civil affairs, public information, human ing two days of plenary discussions, par- State borders and security zones, peered rights, electoral issues and have headed ticipants reached a broad consensus that through binoculars from observation missions including in Bosnia & Herze- meaningful change is possible and that posts across deserts and mountains, and govina, Burundi and Georgia. steps must be taken by all concerned to strung barbed-wire and other obstacles increase the number of uniformed to keep (all-male) armies apart. Peace- The increased level of women serving in women peacekeepers if the peacekeeping keeping operations then carried out al- civilian posts – combined with the estab- agenda is to remain credible. most exclusively military functions and lishment of gender offices to ensure the peacekeepers were almost exclusively integration of a gender perspective into Member States were asked to double the male. Today, peacekeepers – in addition all aspects of peacekeeping – has con- number of female uniformed peace- to their military/security-related tasks – tributed to the empowerment of women keepers every year for the next few years, are mandated to strengthen State insti- in countries hosting peacekeeping mis- while for the long-term, DPKO’s mili- tutions, organize elections, train police sions. These gains can be seen in the fact tary division has set the goal of reaching and corrections officers, disarm and that in these once war-ravaged countries, 10 per cent female representation. more women are voting and running for reintegrate former combatants, and con- The undeniable strengths that female po- duct HIV/AIDS awareness programmes. office; Constitutions are being revised to uphold the principle of equal rights of lice and soldiers bring to peacekeeping It is now widely understood that suc- women and girls; discriminatory legisla- operations were widely discussed at the cessful implementation of complex, tion is being revised; women’s advocacy meeting. All participants agreed that the multidimensional peacekeeping man- groups are being strengthened; women deployment of female peacekeepers is an dates depends on women serving in are becoming increasingly represented in operational imperative. Female peace- meaningful numbers and making the police and civil service. keepers in significant numbers ensure the major contributions. full involvement of local women in post- Of equal importance to the specific conflict processes, without which there On the civilian side, women have achievements of the UN’s female civil- can be no durable peace and security. steadily increased their level of represen- ian staff are the gains fostered through tation in peacekeeping missions in re- the role modeling effects and positive ex- Women peacekeepers help the mission cent decades and now make up 30 per amples they set for women and girls in enhance its ability to communicate with cent of civilian staff. Female profession- the countries where they serve. the entire host community, gather infor- mation; and handle situations in which Against this backdrop of greater num- sensitivity to gender considerations is bers of women achieving progress on critical, especially those related to disar- the civilian side, it became clear that the mament, demobilization and reintegra- number of women serving as uni- tion (DDR) screening process, electoral formed peacekeepers – both police and issues and cases of gender-based violence. military – remained unacceptably low. In early 2006, women made up only 1 With more female military observers, per cent of the UN’s military strength local women may experience fewer diffi- and 4 per cent of its police. culties in reporting sexual violence and abuse. Increasing the number of female Aware that the United Nations cannot police officers enhances the mission’s tell countries that are going through se- ability to communicate with women in curity sector reform to increase the the local population.And with ever more number of women serving in their women being drawn into combat roles, armed forces and police when its own the presence of more female UN soldiers numbers are low, the Department of helps facilitate the screening process at Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) con- cantonment sites where demobilization vened a policy dialogue with 55 troop- is taking place. and police-contributing countries at UN headquarters in March 2006. In December 2006, out of the 71,673 military personnel only 1,034 were The gathering, which served to help carry women and out of the 8,482 UN police Captain Nampumelelo Nteo of the South African Tech- out the directives of Security Council res- only 454 were women. Nigeria has taken nical Assistance Team at Base Camp Ndromo, DRC, olution 1325 on women, peace and secu- the lead in providing female police offi- doing geographical surveillance, 25 October 2006. rity, reviewed strategies for enhancing cers, furnishing 49 by the end of 2006, (MONUC Photo by Martine Perret) gender balance among uniformed per- followed by India and Bangladesh with

UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS 18 34 each and the with 24. in Kosovo, economic issues, and the pro- Republic of Macedonia, Bosnia and Nigeria is expected to deploy an all- tection of community rights within the Herzegovina, Croatia, and Turkey, as woman police contingent to support the Framework of the Ten Contact Group well as multilateral agreements in the African Union in Darfur in early 2007, Guiding Principles. fields of aviation, energy and free trade. while India recently sent a similar con- On returns, the Protocol on Voluntary tingent to Liberia. Although not participating directly in and Sustainable Returns, signed between the status talks, the United Nations In- Belgrade and Pristina, is expected to en- Once the US Marine Corps’ recruiting terim Administration Mission in Kosovo hance the operational and technical co- slogan was “we are looking for a few good (UNMIK) has provided facilitation and operation of Belgrade and Pristina to men.” Today, the UN peacekeeping’s re- support to the United Nations Office of improve the conditions for, and facilitate cruitment slogan could very well be “we the Special Envoy of the Secretary-Gen- the returns of, internally displaced per- are looking for a few good women,” or eral for the Future Status Process for sons (IDPs) to Kosovo. On decentraliza- rather,“a whole lot of them.” I Kosovo (UNOSEK). Together with the tion, the capacity-building of the three NATO-led peacekeeping force, known as Pilot Municipal Units began in order to KFOR, UNMIK has continued to ensure allow them to become fully-fledged mu- Kosovo: Keeping the a safe and secure environment in Kosovo nicipalities in 2007. throughout the future status process. momentum With the transfer of further competencies Amid heightened political tensions to the PISG, UNMIK has been increas- Despite having started on a sombre note linked to the status process, UNMIK and ingly playing a role in monitoring and with the death of Kosovo President Ibrahim the Provisional Institutions of Self-Gov- providing support for the Kosovo author- Rugova in January, 2006 promised to be a ernment in Kosovo (PISG) have never- ities. In 2006, the Ministries of Justice and constructive year for Kosovo with the theless kept their focus on the Internal Affairs were established, as well launching in February of talks on Kosovo’s implementation of the “Standards for as the Kosovo Judicial Council within the future status led by the Special Envoy of the Kosovo”, a strategic framework aimed at PISG. Accordingly, UNMIK adapted its Secretary-General for the Future Status strengthening democracy, governance structures. The mission’s civil administra- Process for Kosovo, Martti Ahtisaari. and the rule of law, improving the pro- tion pillar was transformed into a smaller tection of minority rights and laying the During 2006, the Special Envoy brought department, and the presence of UNMIK foundation for economic development. together representatives from Belgrade and representatives at central and municipal To keep up momentum on standards Pristina in direct talks with the active sup- levels was substantially reduced. The ca- implementation, the Contact Group port of the Contact Group, comprised of pacity-building of these new institutions identified 13 priority points which are France, Germany, Italy, the Russian Feder- is underway. being implemented by the PISG. The ation, the and the United standards have recently been incorpo- As the status process approaches its final States. At the outset of the process, the rated into Kosovo’s roadmap towards stage, UNMIK has embarked on prepa- Contact Group Ministers issued “Guiding European integration, the “European rations for an orderly transition, in con- Principles”,which were conveyed to the Se- Partnership Action Plan”,which ensures formity with United Nations Security curity Council, and which included the that the principles that have helped to Council resolution 1244 (1999). UNMIK principles that “there should be no return guide Kosovo during the status process worked intensively during the year with of Kosovo to the pre-1999 situation, no will continue to guide Kosovo’s future partner organizations to plan for the partition of Kosovo, and no union of even after a status settlement. transfer of its authority and responsibil- Kosovo with any or part of another coun- ities to the institutions of Kosovo and a try”,while affirming that “the settlement The year 2006 witnessed other notable future International Civilian Office needs to be acceptable to the people of developments in Kosovo. The changes in (ICO) expected to be established under Kosovo” and that “a multi-ethnic settle- the leadership of the PISG (President, a status settlement. Two planning teams ment is the only workable option”. Prime Minister and the President of the for this future ICO have been set up in Assembly) in the first quarter were made Fifteen rounds of “technical talks” be- Pristina: one covering future EU involve- in a democratic manner and in accor- tween delegations from Pristina and Bel- ment in the rule of law sector, and an- dance with applicable law. The new grade were held in Vienna in 2006, and other working on the mechanisms and leadership began with an extensive cam- the Special Envoy presided over a High- structures to oversee the implementation paign to reach out to minority commu- Level meeting held on 24 July with the of the status settlement. nities, encouraging their cooperation participation of President Boris Tadic with and participation in the PISG. Re- While the timing of a status resolution re- and Prime Minister Vojislav Kostunica gional integration and cooperation have mains in the hands of the Security Coun- from Serbia, and President Fatmir Sejdiu improved. On behalf of the PISG, cil, expectations on the ground run high and Prime Minister Agim Çeku from UNMIK signed several bilateral agree- that Kosovo’s status will be resolved in Kosovo. The “technical talks” included ments in the field of economic coopera- 2007, and that UNMIK will be able to suc- discussions on decentralization, the pro- tion with Albania, the former Yugoslav cessfully complete its mission thereafter. I tection of cultural and religious heritage

YEAR IN REVIEW 2006 19 New DDR tools to “turn swords into ploughshares”

The year 2006 marked a turning point in from the best practices of various UN Guide, which addresses practical con- UN efforts to disarm, demobilize and agencies and missions currently work- cerns, the Briefing Note for Senior Man- reintegrate (DDR) ex-combatants. In ad- ing in peacekeeping, these Standards agers, which contains key strategic and dition to building on its impressive total are “field-tested” and ready for imme- policy guidance, and the web-based DDR number of people disarmed over the past diate application. Resource Centre (www.unddr.org), five years – some 400,000 – the UN also which includes all of these documents, launched a new set of DDR standards The standards take account of the UN’s and serves as the UN’s “one-stop shop” aimed at improving this process, which is extensive experience in addressing the for information on the initiative. considered essential to restoring stability specific needs of key groups, including fe- in war-ravaged countries. male combatants and children associated At the launch ceremony, senior UN offi- with armed conflict, as well as cross-cut- cials expressed pride in the work the Or- While the UN has been involved in sup- ting issues like gender, HIV/AIDS, and ganization has done in places like Sierra porting DDR programmes since the late health. The standards aim to bolster long- Leone and Afghanistan, where more than 1980s, in recent years these have become term stability, based on a growing aware- 134,000 combatants laid down their arms an even more vital part of UN peace ef- ness of the need to supplement with the UN’s help, while voicing satisfac- forts. Over the past five years alone, the disarmament and demobilization with tion that the standards will improve this Security Council has included DDR in genuine and lasting opportunities for ex- process at each stage. the mandates of multidimensional peace- combatants to reintegrate into their keeping operations in Burundi, Côte peacetime communities. They pointed out that while different d’Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of the combatants in various contexts may Congo, Haiti, Liberia and the Sudan. Si- The standards acknowledge the difficulty have similar concerns and needs, there multaneously, the UN has increased its involved in transforming individuals who are also many specific factors that must DDR engagement in non-peacekeeping have been scarred by conflict, in some be taken into account. The standards contexts, such as Afghanistan, the Central cases for years or even decades, into pro- pave the way for achieving this, for ex- African Republic, the Republic of Congo, ductive members of society. In response, ample, by uniting a child soldier with the Aceh province of Indonesia, , So- they call for measures to provide psycho- his family or by paying due attention to malia and the Solomon Islands. social counseling, job training, educa- the health concerns of a person living tional opportunities and mechanisms to with HIV/AIDS. Over the past two years, staff members promote reconciliation in the communi- from peacekeeping missions, UN ties where former fighters return. These new tools will refine the UN’s ap- Country Teams and headquarters proach to DDR to better help each ex- worked jointly to develop the new Inte- In December, the standards were combatant reintegrate into society, so grated Disarmament, Demobilization launched together with three accompa- that they can go from being a cause of and Reintegration Standards. Drawn nying tools that will ensure their wide- insecurity to a force for growing stabil- spread application: the Operational ity in countries urgently in need of com- mitted people who can contribute to the rebuilding process. I

Fighting sexual exploitation and abuse As the number of UN peacekeepers reached historic highs in 2006, stepped- up efforts were taken to ensure compli- ance with the Secretary-General’s zero-tolerance policy on sexual exploita- tion and abuse. UN rules prohibiting staff from sexual re- lations with anyone under the age of 18, or with prostitutes, and discouraging sex- ual relations with “beneficiaries,” were communicated widely to personnel serv- ing in field operations. A North Kivu mobile team at work in Matembo, DRC, during the demobilization process, 8 November 2006. (MONUC Photo by Martine Perret) With nearly 100,000 UN personnel serv- ing in 21 peace operations worldwide, the

UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS 20 UN remained determined to prevent personnel are better informed about what mitted to reinforce the UN Stand-By even a single peacekeeper from harming is expected of them,”Mr. Annan told par- Arrangement System through effective the very same people they are sent to pro- ticipants.“Allegations of exploitation and and continuous pre-deployment plan- tect, and to punish any wrongdoers. abuse are being handled in a more system- ning, with highly qualified officers. SHIR- atic and professional manner. Staff who BRIG promotes interoperability through In addition to the trauma inflicted on in- commit such acts are fired. And uni- the establishment of common standards dividual victims, sexual exploitation and formed peacekeeping personnel are being and procedures, as well as joint training abuse undermines the reputation of the sent home and barred from future peace- of headquarters staff and the officers of vast majority of Blue Helmets who serve keeping service, and also in the expecta- the SHIRBRIG assigned units. honourably with pride and purpose and tion that their own Governments will deal it erodes the trust between the peace- with them.” Experience has proven that the rapid de- keepers and the local population so es- ployment of military assets within the sential for the operation to successfully At the same time, he acknowledged the first six to seven weeks after a Security fulfill its mandate. need for more action. “My message of Council mandate is crucial for the success zero tolerance has still not got through to of a peacekeeping operation. In his 1995 While paying tribute to the vast majority all those who need to hear it – from man- statement “Supplement to an Agenda for of upstanding personnel who serve agers and commanders on the ground, to Peace”, Secretary-General Boutros under difficult conditions, Secretary- all our other personnel.” Boutros-Ghali recommended that the General Kofi Annan said that it was UN consider the idea of a rapid deploy- “tragic and intolerable that those contri- Further steps that the UN will take in- ment force, consisting of units from a butions are undermined by the small clude enhancing the missions’ efforts to number of Member States, trained to the number of individuals among them who provide information to victims and host same standard, using the same operating have engaged in acts of sexual exploita- communities on the outcome of com- procedures and interoperable equipment, tion and abuse.” pleted investigations and, given the high and taking part in combined exercises at incidence of prostitution-related of- regular intervals. In 2006, three years after the Secretary- fences, launching an anti-prostitution General instituted special measures campaign in 2007. Any deployment of SHIRBRIG must be spelling out prohibited sexual conduct mandated by the Security Council. Al- applied to all UN staff and other related Also in 2007, the General Assembly will though originally established for UN personnel, the UN has strengthened its discuss two reports prepared by a group missions under Chapter VI of the Char- capacity and commitment to enforce of legal experts appointed by the Secre- ter, more robust missions are considered the rules and infuse personnel with a tary-General that provides advice on a on a case-by-case basis. SHIRBRIG will “duty of care.” Conduct and discipline range of issues, including on how to deploy for a maximum of six months, teams and independent investigative of- strengthen the criminal accountability of following which the mission is either ter- fices cover most of the peacekeeping op- UN staff and experts on mission serving minated or replaced by a non-SHIR- erations, and all peacekeeping personnel in United Nations peacekeeping opera- BRIG contribution. are now required to undergo training tions, and making military contingents on preventing sexual exploitation and accountable under their national law for From 2000 to 2006, SHIRBRIG partici- abuse. Missions have established net- crimes committed in peacekeeping oper- pated in five UN missions, either with de- works of key professionals to receive ations. Efforts are also underway to draft ployments or in support to the planning: complaints, while declaring off-limits memoranda of understanding to be UNMEE, UNOCI, UNMIL, UNAMI for all UN personnel premises where signed by the UN and contributing coun- and UNMIS. prostitution is known or suspected to tries outlining what each could expect of A series of SHIRBRIG initiatives have also occur. Other measures such as curfews, the other. I “non-fraternization” policies for mili- been taken to assist the African Union tary personnel and “hotlines”for anony- and the various African regional organi- mous complaints are also in place in SHIRBRIG: Ready to deploy zations in their desire to establish the many missions. African Stand-By Forces, a regional ini- Established in 1996 by seven countries, tiative based on the SHIRBRIG model. As part of its campaign to confront and the Multinational Stand-By High Readi- At present, SHIRBRIG has a rapidly de- tackle the problem, the UN organized a ness Brigade for United Nations Opera- high-level conference in New York in De- ployable permanent staff consisting of 16 tions (SHIRBRIG) is a multinational officers located in Høvelte, Denmark.An- cember to take stock of current achieve- brigade that can be made available to the ments and challenges faced in preventing other 100 non-permanent staff officers, UN as a rapidly deployable peacekeep- who perform duties in and for their home and responding to sexual exploitation and ing force. abuse by UN and NGO personnel. It was countries, are trained and ready to join attended by nearly 150 different agency The SHIRBRIG initiative has brought to- the permanent staff in addition to force and country representatives, including gether a group of like-minded countries – pool units. I diplomats and other officials.“Today, our 15 members and eight observers – com-

YEAR IN REVIEW 2006 21 Nepal: Peacemaking bears fruit

Nepal has emerged as a peacemaking mer antagonists, the Maoist insurgents terim legislature established and an in- success story of 2006, when local politi- and political parties, into an alliance to terim cabinet formed. Elections to a new cal will and international support joined restore democracy. Mass demonstrations Constituent Assembly would be held by to create conditions favorable for a ne- in April 2006 forced the King to back mid-June 2007. The interim Constitu- gotiated peace. The restoration of parlia- down, restore Parliament and hand over tion was finalized on 16 December 2006 mentary politics and the decision by power to a Government of the Seven- and was promulgated by a new interim Maoist insurgents and Nepal’s main- Party Alliance of the mainstream politi- Parliament on 15 January 2007. stream political parties to settle the cal parties. This was followed by political decade-long armed conflict stand as negotiations between the Maoists and Prior to the signing of this historical clear proof of the Nepalese desire for the new Government that lead to a Com- agreement, for several years the UN has peace and the preservation of democ- prehensive Peace Agreement. The agree- carried out good offices missions and racy. The call for United Nations involve- ment, signed on 21 November 2006, maintained diplomatic contacts with all ment shows Nepal’s belief in United includes arrangements for formalizing sides to promote political dialogue and a Nations expertise in managing a peace and solidifying a ceasefire, an interim negotiated settlement to the conflict. process and in the unique legitimacy governance structure, the holding of Apart from its political engagement, the that the UN can bring to helping forge Constituent Assembly elections in 2007 UN has been on the ground for decades comprehensive, long-lasting political and the management of arms and armed through a multitude of agencies assisting settlements which are recognized na- personnel of both sides during this in- Nepal with long-term socio-economic tionally and internationally. terim period. development programmes as well as with humanitarian and relief assistance projects. The conflict between Maoist insurgents On arms and armed personnel, the A sizable human rights monitoring mis- and Government forces had killed some agreement established that Maoist com- sion, established by the Office of the High 13,000 people, driven large numbers into batants would gather in cantonments Commissioner for Human Rights, has exile and further devastated an already and their arms and munitions would be been in the country since 2005. poverty-stricken economy. In February put under lock and key at UN-super- 2005, King Gyanendra assumed direct vised sites. An equal number of the Through sustained interaction with all executive powers with the help of the army’s weapons would be locked up sides in Nepal and countries in the re- army, marginalized political parties and under UN monitoring. The Nepalese gion, the United Nations contributed to increased repression against human army itself would be confined to their the political process that led to the peace rights and civil society groups and the barracks. At the same time an interim agreement. As the parties began to for- media. The move eventually pushed for- Constitution would be drafted, an in- mulate their request for direct UN sup- port for the process, a political mission, led by UN Special Envoy Staffan de Mistura, visited the country at the end of July 2006 and engaged in talks with all key players. As a result, the parties were able to reach an agreement on the nature of the future role of the UN in helping create an atmosphere for free and fair Constituent Assembly elections. In August, the Secretary-General ap- pointed Ian Martin as his Personal Rep- resentative for Nepal to act as the senior UN political interlocutor to help the parties further define and elaborate the support required from the UN. As negotiations were coming to a close, the Maoists and the Government for- mally requested the UN’s assistance to manage the peace process in three main areas: monitoring of the arms and United Nations civilian observers register Nepalese soldiers, 24 January 2007. (UN Photo) armed personnel of both sides, contin- ued human rights monitoring and elec- toral assistance.

UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS 22 The Security Council in a Presidential backs and forging ahead with a string of clared the elected President by the Hait- Statement on 1 December 2006 en- major accomplishments, which included ian authorities later in the month. dorsed the Secretary-General’s proposal assisting the Haitian authorities in organ- for deployment of an advance mission izing and conducting presidential, parlia- MINUSTAH again provided full logistical, of 35 monitors and 25 electoral person- mentary and local elections; helping technical and security support for the sec- nel, who began arriving in early January develop a police reform plan; conducting ond round of parliamentary elections on 2007. Acting on the recommendation of joint anti-crime operations; supporting 24 April. These led to the establishment of Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, on 23 the extension of State authority; and aid- a broad-based Parliament and the forma- January the Security Council estab- ing the fight against poverty through tion of a multi-party Government, follow- lished, for a period of 12 months, a fully- quick impact projects and other activities. ing extensive consultations. On 3 fledged monitoring mission – the United December, the electoral cycle was com- The first hurdle to be cleared was on 7 pleted with the holding of local and mu- Nations Mission in Nepal (UNMIN) – February, when the presidential and ini- nicipal elections and a number of with close to 190 arms monitors, elec- tial round of parliamentary elections were legislative run-offs. While the overall elec- toral personnel and other civilian staff. held – the first nationwide voting since an tion went well, there were isolated inci- In the meantime, a separate accord cover- insurgency forced former President Jean- dents of violence, which upset the ing the modalities of the UN monitoring Bertrand Aristide into exile two years be- balloting, affecting a small percentage of role in the arms management process was fore. The United Nations worked the electorate. reached on 28 November, and the UN hand-in-hand with the Haitian electoral The successful cycle of elections, which began the initial steps of arms monitor- officials to organize and conduct the elec- cemented the transition to democracy, ing on 15 January 2007 in coordination tions. The mission's 6,500-plus troops and 1,895 police officers were tasked with not only helped Haiti internally, but also with a national monitoring task force es- boosted the country’s international tablished by the parties as a stop-gap providing security and logistical support throughout the country, including dis- standing; CARICOM, the Caribbean re- arrangement until round-the-clock mon- gional body which had suspended Haiti itoring by the UN could be put in place. tributing election material to some 9,200 polling stations. MINUSTAH’s military following President Aristides’s ouster, The UN’s role has been to give advice and police components implemented an readmitted it as a full member. and guidance as well as assist in imple- “all hands on deck”policy with every uni- Since security is a crucial issue for Haiti, mentation, while the actual ownership formed peacekeeper out on the streets to where kidnappings are relatively com- of the political process and responsibil- help the Haitian National Police (HNP). mon and other forms of criminality re- ity for the implementation of the agree- The poll, remarkably free from violence main substantial, MINUSTAH’s mandate ment lies with the Nepalese parties. The with a far higher turnout than anyone includes provisions to assist strengthen- role of the UN in 2007 will be to main- predicted, was hailed as a significant step ing the judiciary and penal system, and to tain confidence in the process by ensur- forward for Haiti. René Préval was de- professionalize the police. MINUSTAH’s ing that any breach of the agreement is investigated and made known. I

Haiti: Progress against all odds The year 2006 could not have started off worse for the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH). The Force Commander, Lieutenant-General Urano Teixeira Da Matta Bacellar, took his own life in early January. At the same time, opponents to the transition process waged a vicious slander campaign against MINUSTAH and its chief which, in the words of the Secretary-General, threat- ened the security of the mission person- nel, as well as the holding of free and fair elections.With the first of three scheduled elections only a month away, it was widely Haitian President René Préval visits Cité Militaire, a Port-au-Prince neighbourhood overcome by believed that disaster loomed ahead. escalating gang violence, alongside Haitian National Police Chief Mario Andresol, MINUSTAH MINUSTAH proved the pessimists Deputy Force Commander General Eduardo Aldunate, and UNPOL Chief Graham Muir, wrong, rebounding from these early set- 8 August 2006. (MINUSTAH Photo by Sophia Paris)

YEAR IN REVIEW 2006 23 Secretary-General Kofi Annan met Greek Cypriot leader Tassos Papadopou- los in Paris in February and Turkish Cypriot leader Mehmet Ali Talat in Geneva in November to review the progress made towards achieving a peaceful and united Cyprus. The visit by Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs Ibrahim Gambari to the island in July became the catalyst for a two-track process to launch bi-com- munal discussions on everyday techni- cal matters including an exchange of substantive issues for review and ap- proval by both sides. In late March, the refurbished As- tromeritis-Zodhia/Bostanci crossing, A UN peacekeeper throws tear gas during clashes with local residents following the arrest of an the island’s fifth buffer zone crossing accused kidnapper in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, 20 December 2006. (Reuters Photo by Eduardo Munoz) point linking north and south, was re- post-electoral focus on ensuring security Haiti is the poorest country in the western opened thanks to a European Union throughout the country not only im- hemisphere,with low levels of literacy,high (EU)-funded road improvement proved individual safety, but also con- infant mortality rates and short life ex- scheme. By the end of the year, the tributed to the general sense of greater pectancy.Extreme poverty is a fertile breed- focus had shifted to Nicosia’s Ledra stability so essential to encouraging for- ing ground for criminal activities, which Street and renewed efforts to open a eign investment, fostering job creation means that security in Haiti cannot be sus- crossing in the heart of the old town. and re-establishing tourism. tained without also supporting social and In July, UNFICYP lent support to col- economic development in the poorest A significant step towards reforming and leagues and many others trapped in the neighbourhoods.The United Nations fam- devastating developments in neigh- strengthening Haiti’s security structure ily,which plays a significant role in this area was taken when the Government signed bouring Lebanon. UNFICYP helped of activity,completed numerous infrastruc- bring 1,222 evacuees to safety from the Haitian National Police Reform Plan ture projects and provided clean drinking on 8 August. This plan, which followed an Beirut and ports in southern Lebanon, water to more than 150,000 people in the including 392 UN staff and depend- extended review and consultation be- capital on a daily basis. tween Haitian police and political officials, ents. On two occasions, an UNFICYP with support from the United Nations, MINUSTAH’s focus also includes activities helicopter flew to Beirut carrying the lays out a clear and comprehensive outline to improve the poor human rights situa- Lebanese Prime Minister and senior of- for the development of a basic policing ca- tion; reorient the stalled disarmament, de- ficials between Cyprus and the 26 July pacity within Haiti, drawing on experi- mobilization and reintegration process; summit in Rome. ence in the country and internationally. and strengthen the democratic structures Assistance to the United Nations Interim of governance and the rule of law.However, Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) continued in Haitian and MINUSTAH officials also the mission’s successes in 2006 did not agreed in late August to an enhanced secu- August when the remains of Augustine come without a heavy price. Eleven peace- Bielonwu, a civilian UNIFIL staff member rity plan for the least secure areas of Port- keepers lost their lives in the course of the au-Prince. A series of joint Haitian police killed during an Israeli rocket attack on 17 year,including five from acts of violence. I and UN checkpoints were set up, several July in Tyre, were brought to Nicosia, MINUSTAH platoons were redeployed where a memorial service was held. from the outlying regions to the volatile Cyprus: Building bridges On 22 November, two landmines were shantytowns of Port-au-Prince to support between neighbours detonated in the buffer zone in a joint the increased tempo of operations, and the EU/UN ceremony to signify that Nicosia configuration of Formed Police Units (spe- The arrival of the new Special Repre- had become mine-free. In acknowledg- cially trained and heavily armed UN po- sentative of the Secretary-General ing the EU’s contribution, the SRSG lice) was adjusted. In December, (SRSG), Michael Møller, in January and noted that the de-mining effort had re- MINUSTAH and the HNP further in- the new Force Commander, Major- moved 2,810 mines from 25 minefields creased their pace of operations to counter General Rafael José Barni, in early and had cleared 1.8 million square me- the activities of armed criminal gangs, and March set the tone for the United Na- tres of land in the buffer zone since its especially the kidnapping of innocent civil- tions Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus launch in November 2004. I ians, including schoolchildren. (UNFICYP) in 2006.

UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS 24 UNAMI: Behind the scenes for a better Iraq

While the ongoing violence in Iraq assistance aimed at strengthening the mitted US$688 million and disbursed grabbed many newspaper headlines in capacity of the IECI in the logistical, fi- US$586 million of the total approved 2006, behind the scenes, the United Na- nancial and technical areas. UNAMI projects amounting to US$886 million. tions was working to promote stability also assisted the Council in establishing in the country. Although these activities the professional Independent High Another important initiative to promote could not – for security and other rea- Electoral Commission (IHEC). The economic and reconstruction efforts was sons – be widely publicized, they never- mission continued the coordination of the elaboration of the International theless contributed to the progress that international electoral support and the Compact with Iraq. The Compact is a was achieved against the grim backdrop implementation of electoral assistance project jointly chaired by the Govern- of the conflict. programmes financed through the In- ment and the UN to build a new partner- ternational Reconstruction Fund Facil- ship with the international community. Throughout 2006, the UN Assistance ity for Iraq. With the support of the World Bank, it Mission in Iraq (UNAMI) continued to will over the next five years bring to- support and assist the people and the UNAMI has long been working closely gether the international community and Government of Iraq with political and with Iraqi ministries, judicial institu- multilateral organizations to help Iraq economic efforts towards achieving a tions and civil society to promote the achieve its National Vision, according to peaceful, stable and prosperous Iraq in establishment of a strong human clearly defined priorities, benchmarks accordance with its mandate. rights protection system, including a and commitments. I national commission dedicated to the Following the successful conduct of the issue. The mission now issues a bi- general elections in December of 2005, monthly report on the human rights Afghanistan: Progress and UNAMI pursued its efforts to promote situation in the country. national dialogue and reconciliation growing security challenges through an inclusive, participatory and Over the past year, UN programmes, transparent political process that re- funds and agencies worked together, The inauguration in December 2005 of sponds to the legitimate interests and from both inside and outside Iraq’s bor- the new Afghan National Assembly needs of all Iraqis. To this end, the Spe- ders, to improve living conditions and marked the completion of a process of cial Representative of the Secretary- economic opportunities for all Iraqis. In political transition begun in 2001 and General for Iraq, Ashraf Jehangir Qazi, cooperation with Iraqi authorities, the which included the adoption of a new was in constant contact with Iraqi au- UN Country Team worked tirelessly to Constitution, and the holding of presi- thorities and leaders from all segments improve the quality of life in critical dential and parliamentary elections. of society, as well as with representatives areas such as health, education, water With the necessary Afghan structures in of countries from the region and the and sanitation. place, the country forged ahead on its wider international community. intended path towards peace, stability In a country with 1.7 million internally and development with the continued UNAMI supported the Council of displaced persons (IDPs) and from support of the United Nations Assis- Representatives in the preparations for which up to two million have fled to tance Mission in Afghanistan a constitutional review process and the neighbouring countries, the Country (UNAMA). Yet, at the same time, 2006 implementation of the Iraqi Constitu- Team also provided critical immediate marked the toughest year for tion. The mission assisted the Consti- assistance. UNAMI assisted with Afghanistan since 2001, with the chal- tutional Review Committee on strengthening the capacities of Iraqi lenges of nation-building set against an substantive and procedural aspects of ministries and institutions, and led the environment of worsening violence. the constitutional review process. coordination of UN humanitarian pro- Through a range of seminars, work- grammes and the financial assistance of Recognizing that Afghanistan continues shops and trainings, the mission pro- the international donor community. In to face enormous challenges in a num- moted dialogue aimed at building particular, the Iraq Trust Fund under ber of areas, the Government and its in- consensus behind the revision of the the Reconstruction Fund Facility, man- ternational partners gathered in Constitution. UNAMI also continued aged by the UN Development Group, London in January, where they agreed to coordinate donor assistance aimed provided donors with a mechanism for on a new framework for international at assisting the Council and the Gov- allocating resources towards priorities engagement beyond the completion of ernment of Iraq with issues related to identified jointly by the Iraqi Govern- the Bonn process. The Afghanistan the Constitution. ment and the UN. As the year drew to a Compact set out an ambitious, five-year close, 26 donors had pledged and de- agenda for sustained and prolonged en- During this period, UNAMI continued posited over US$1.1 billion to the Trust gagement in the country with a view to its support to the Independent Electoral Fund Facility. Meanwhile, the imple- consolidating democratic institutions, Commission of Iraq (IECI), providing menting UN agencies had legally com- curbing insecurity, controlling the ille-

YEAR IN REVIEW 2006 25 gal drug trade, stimulating the economy, a Policy Action Group consisting of Tajik peacekeepers may enforcing the law, providing basic serv- Afghan security forces, their interna- soon join UN ranks ices to the Afghan people, and protect- tional counterparts, representatives of ing their human rights. countries with a significant troop pres- In 2006, the United Nations Tajikistan ence and UNAMA. Efforts on the diplo- Office of Peacebuilding (UNTOP) con- The Compact – viewed as a model for matic front were stepped up with tinued to undertake efforts to similar plans in places such as Timor- high-level talks between Afghanistan strengthen national mechanisms for Leste and Iraq – also established key and its neighbours, particularly Iran peacebuilding. One key element of benchmarks and timelines, as well as a and Pakistan, on issues including secu- these efforts was UNTOP’s National Joint Coordination and Monitoring rity, economic cooperation and Dialogue Project. It brings together Board co-chaired by the Afghan Gov- counter-terrorism. representatives of political parties, civil ernment and the UN. One of the Com- society, and local and central authori- pact’s first benchmarks was achieved Far from being deterred by the security ties in distinctive fora across the coun- within months, with the establishment challenges, the UN pressed ahead in try for dialogue on social and political of an appointments mechanism for sen- playing an important role in both the issues. Presidential elections held in ior Government officials. Reaffirming political and development spheres, November provided a welcome oppor- their commitment and support to the demonstrated by the opening of two tunity to link the project with key na- country, Afghanistan’s partners in Lon- new offices in the east and south-east. tional stakeholders in the sphere of don pledged some US$10.5 billion in UNAMA’s provincial offices in Kunar elections. In this regard the office facil- assistance over the next five years. They and Zabul are intended to facilitate the itated dialogue between political par- also welcomed the interim Afghanistan expansion of the UN’s reach in terms of ties and election administration National Development Strategy development and other fields, and con- authorities, provided guidance on legal (iANDS), whose structure mirrors the tribute to the stabilization of the coun- issues, and undertook efforts to coor- three pillars of the Compact: security, try. Their opening carried a message to dinate international technical assis- followed by governance, human rights Afghans that the UN will continue to tance prior to election day. At the polls, and the rule of law, and finally eco- help the Government improve the de- voting took place in a peaceful manner nomic and social development. livery of services, even in areas affected and without security related incidents. by the insurgency. 2006 saw a growing consensus that im- Another important activity for UNTOP provements in security will be essential The provision of humanitarian relief is was the establishment of the Peacekeep- if the promise of the Afghanistan Com- one of the many ways in which the UN ing Group under the Ministry of Inte- pact is to be realized. Of particular con- is assisting the Afghan population. In rior of Tajikistan. The objective of the cern was the steep increase in suicide 2006, a severe drought and armed con- Group is to prepare Tajik personnel to bombings, and attacks against schools flict in parts of the country left over 2 take part in UN peacekeeping opera- and Government officials, as witnessed million people in need of food and other tions. Thirty police officers from the by the assassination of a provincial Gov- assistance. To address the crisis, the Gov- Ministry of Interior received English ernor and a women’s affairs director. ernment and the UN appealed for nearly language training and participated in a US$120 million. The Government, with Addressing rising insecurity and coun- special course on peacekeeping. The support from designated ministries and tering the insurgency in southern first Tajik peacekeepers will be ready for UN agencies, was leading the response Afghanistan remained at the heart of international assignments as early as in as the year drew to a close. joint efforts by the Government and the summer of 2007. Initiated by UNTOP, international community throughout Afghanistan achieved much in 2006 with financial support from the the year, both through military and with a functioning National Assembly Swedish International Development non-military means. On the military and the confirmation of key Govern- Cooperation Agency (SIDA), the train- front, 2006 witnessed the expansion of ment positions, including the Attorney ing program under the Peacekeeping the NATO-led International Security General, and members of the Cabinet Group will enable Tajikistan to play a Assistance Force (ISAF) to the south and the Supreme Court. At the same more active role in the international and east of the country, thereby assum- time, it continued to grapple with chal- community and contribute to UN ing responsibility for security across the lenges such as corruption, opium pro- peace efforts worldwide. entirety of Afghanistan in conjunction duction, and the disbandment of illegal As part of implementing its peacebuild- with Afghan security forces. Some armed groups. Since 2002, when ing mandate and to raise public aware- 26,000 ISAF troops now assist the Gov- UNAMA was established, great gains ness, UNTOP carried out projects to ernment in providing security through- have been made. But the challenges for build national capacities in treaty re- out the country. the UN in one of the world’s most diffi- porting and to raise awareness about The gravity of the security situation also cult environments are still considerable human rights in Tajik society. The office led President Hamid Karzai to establish and the job is far from done. I conducted a wide range of activities in

UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS 26 these areas, including human rights ed- on the basis of direct dialogue and Although relief and humanitarian op- ucation for civil servants at the Ministry greater international involvement. The erations are not within its mandate, of Justice, seminars on introducing Abkhaz side enhanced its campaign for until recently, UNMOGIP was provid- human rights instruction in classrooms, recognition and insisted on the contin- ing logistical support to the various UN including development of a textbook, ued presence of the Commonwealth of agencies and programmes involved in for the Ministry of Education, and Independent States (CIS) peacekeeping earthquake relief efforts. On 8 October roundtables on the role of civil society force. Tensions surged in July around 2006, UNMOGIP marked the one-year in implementing human rights recom- the Georgian special operation in the anniversary of the earthquake with a mendations for non-governmental or- Georgian-controlled upper Kodori val- ceremony at its Rawalpindi headquar- ganizations (NGOs) in Tajikistan. ley with the stated aim to restore law ters to remember all those who lost their UNTOP and the Office of the High and order. The Abkhaz side saw it as a lives in the earthquake and to honour, Commissioner for Human Rights security threat and a gross violation of in particular, the UNMOGIP person- (OHCHR) also organized an interna- the Moscow Agreement, and refused nel and their families who perished. tional conference on the establishment dialogue prior to a resolution of the sit- of a human rights ombudsman in Tajik- uation there. Both Governments showed political will istan. Work continues on this initiative, to resolve outstanding issues via the which would raise the level of engage- UNOMIG took active steps to prevent Composite Dialogue between them and ment by Tajikistan with international further escalation through mediation, the implementation of Confidence- human rights treaty mechanisms and including support for a direct high- Building Measures (CBMs) and other boost awareness in Tajik society with re- level meeting between the parties. It political and economic measures. In- gard to human rights issues. I enhanced patrolling and established cluded among the CBMs are three new posts to monitor movements towards crossing points opened by Indian and the Kodori valley by both sides. The Pakistani authorities along the Line of Encouraging dialogue in mission also conducted two joint pa- Control. These crossing points have al- trols with the CIS peacekeeping force lowed civilians from both sides to see Georgia in the valley, which had been sus- family members, some for the very first pended since 2003. UNOMIG en- time. The Government of India has also The United Nations Observer Mission hanced efforts to promote transparency, in Georgia (UNOMIG) continued to held two roundtable conferences to including in relation to movements in which all parties to the conflict in In- monitor the 1994 Moscow Agreement the security zone. on a Ceasefire and Separation of Forces dian-administered Jammu and Kashmir and to facilitate dialogue and confi- The mission impressed on the Abkhaz were invited. dence-building between the Georgian and Georgian authorities the need to Unfortunately, relations between the and Abkhaz sides aimed at meaningful restore communications and dialogue, two Governments deteriorated some- negotiations on a comprehensive polit- including on economic rehabilitation what in the wake of the Mumbai train ical settlement in line with Security in the zone of conflict. It called upon bombings on 11 July. Following these Council resolutions. them to focus on the implementation events, all dialogue between the two of Security Council resolution 1716 Expectations of a new momentum rose countries ceased and was not resumed (2006) and to resolve issues that have after the February UN-chaired high- until their Presidents met at the Non- been an obstacle to progress in the level meeting of the Group of Friends Aligned Movement (NAM) conference peace process. I involving all parties to the conflict. UN- in Havana, Cuba, two months later. OMIG facilitated the resumption of the That meeting resulted in both leaders is- Coordinating Council of both sides – suing unofficial invitations to each other which had been suspended since 2001 – India and Pakistan continue to visit their respective countries and and the establishment of new mecha- peace process consolidated their intention to reinstate nisms for promoting stability and dia- diplomatic dialogue. logue on the ground. While the United Nations Military Ob- server Group in India and Pakistan Despite positive developments in 2006, UNOMIG’s efforts to promote dia- (UNMOGIP) continued to perform its the dispute over the status of Jammu logue were affected by differences be- mandate of “observing and reporting” and Kashmir remains unresolved. UN- tween the sides over political status and on the status of the ceasefire along the MOGIP will continue to carry out its existing formats. Amidst continuous Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir, mandate and support the efforts of both lack of progress on key issues, the the year 2006 was marked by the con- Governments to continue their dialogue Georgian side urged further interna- tinuing after-effects of the devastating and further the peace process. I tional support for its territorial in- earthquake that shook parts of India tegrity and the restructuring of the and Pakistan on 8 October 2005. peacekeeping and negotiation formats

YEAR IN REVIEW 2006 27 Somalia: Will peacekeepers return?

Somalia’s fortunes swung like a pendu- weeks and the Intergovernmental Au- February also saw a dramatic shift in So- lum through 2006. thority for Development (IGAD) and malia’s complicated clan-based balance of the African Union (AU) were indicating power with the emergence of the Alliance A horrible drought followed by equally that an African peace support mission for the Restoration of Peace and Counter- bad flooding provided a desperate hu- could be on the ground in Somalia to fill Terrorism (ARPCT). It comprised Mo- manitarian backdrop to the collapse of this security vacuum by late January gadishu’s warlords with the stated goal of discredited warlords in Mogadishu in 2007. The Security Council granted a combatting the UIC’s influence in the May; the rise and expansion of the waiver for the operation with the passage city.Alliance members claimed the courts Union of Islamic Courts (UIC) to of resolution 1725 on 6 December. were harbouring Al-Qaeda operatives some of the major population centres and other foreign combatants and sup- in the south central regions of the Captive throughout, to this political and porting terrorism. ARPCT fighters and country in the latter half of the year; to military rollercoaster, was a civilian pop- gunmen loyal to the courts engaged in the recapture of the same territories by ulation in acute distress. Relief deliveries fierce battles in the capital. Intense indis- a militarily weak Transitional Federal to populations dislocated were compli- criminate fire in urban areas killed hun- Government (TFG) backed by cated by acute insecurity and remoteness. dreds and displaced thousands. By May, Ethiopian troops in December 2006 the Courts had routed the warlords and and January 2007. The political year for Somalia opened on a promising note however with the January established their authority in central and As this magazine went to press, the TFG signing of the Aden Declaration brokered southern Somalia. A sense of law and was consolidating its hold on the coun- by Yemen to end differences between Pres- order returned to Mogadishu for the first try with the help of its allies and parlia- ident Abdullahi Yusuf and the Speaker of time in 15 years. mentary approval for martial law. The the Transitional Federal Parliament (TFP), By contrast, the TFG barely held control UN was preparing to return staff who Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Adan.With the sign- of Baidoa, an uncomfortable fact starkly had withdrawn from Somalia for secu- ing of the Declaration, the TFG and the illustrated by the assassination of Abdal- rity reasons in October. Ethiopia’s Prime TFP relocated to Baidoa, 140 miles north- lah Deerow Isaaq, Somalia’s Minister for Minister, Meles Zenawi, was promising west of Mogadishu in February and held Constitutional Affairs as he left a mosque to withdraw his forces within a few its first session soon after.

A street in Mogadishu, Somalia, after 16 years of civil war, 18 January 2007. (UNPOS Photo by Ian Steele)

UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS 28 in the city in July, and by an unsuccessful sion (IGASOM). The Courts vowed to car bombing attempt on the life of Pres- fight any foreign troops opposing them ident Yusuf outside the Parliament build- on Somali soil, and they declared jihad ing on 18 September. The previous day, against Ethiopian forces which they al- an Italian Catholic nun was assassinated leged were already inside the country in Mogadishu. In June, a Swedish cam- protecting the TFG. The Government al- eraman and journalist was killed by an leged that the Courts were receiving out- unknown assailant while filming a rally side military support. Numerous reports in Mogadishu. These incidents and a and sightings during the year confirmed number of threats forced the UN to cur- heavy external military support for both tail and then withdraw all international sides. The international community re- staff from Somalia in October. peatedly expressed fears that Somalia was at risk of becoming host to a proxy As tensions increased, the pace of diplo- war between Ethiopia and , with macy quickened.With the support of the the strong likelihood that the entire re- UN, the League of Arab States (LAS) ini- gion could become embroiled. tiated a round of dialogue between the TFG and UIC in Khartoum on 22 June. Meanwhile, the LAS, IGAD and others in After attending the talks, the Special Rep- the international community, tried un- resentative of the Secretary-General for successfully to draw a positive result from Somalia, François Lonsény Fall, travelled a third round of talks in Khartoum in to Baidoa and Mogadishu in July for sep- October. The talks were postponed when arate meetings with the President, Prime the parties refused to meet face-to-face. Minister and Speaker and with the Chairman of the UIC, Sheikh Sharif After the postponement of Khartoum Sheikh Ahmed. Ambassador Fall ob- III, the Speaker led a delegation of about tained commitments from both sides to 20 members of Parliament to Mo- Somali children near Villa Somalia in Mogadishu, continue the dialogue. A second Khar- gadishu in October to encourage the 18 January 2007. (UNPOS Photo by Ian Steele) toum round followed on 2 September. UIC to resume the dialogue in Khar- toum. Although he achieved a seven- After their surprisingly quick overthrow point agreement with the UIC, it was the UIC. The military build-up came to of the warlords who had ruled Mo- unacceptable to the TFG which main- a head on 24 December when skirmishes gadishu by fear for some 15 years, the tained his initiative did not have the threatened the Government seat in Courts continued to expand the terri- prior blessing of the President and Prime Baidoa and provoked the full force of the tory under their control, often without Minister, and had been pursued without TFG and its Ethiopian support. As a re- firing a shot. Soon after Khartoum II, consulting the TFP as a whole. sult, the Courts militia retreated to Mo- the Courts took control of the strategi- gadishu where they made only a brief cally important port city of Kismayo and As a stand-off between heavily armed forces of the Transitional Federal Insti- stand before emptying their arsenals into the town of Burhakaba just 60 kilome- the open arms of the general population tres south of Baidoa. By late October, tutions (TFI) and UIC developed out- side Baidoa and other strategic locations, and retreating once more to the south- their forces had flanked Baidoa, cut off ern port city of Kismayo, which fell soon its fuel supply and seized control of eight the Special Representative of the Secre- tary-General led an international peace after with scarcely a shot fired. UIC rem- of the country’s 18 administrative dis- nants retreated once more to the south- tricts. Its supporters were also reported delegation to Baidoa in November. The mission urged the President and the ern tip of Somalia, in a dense forest near to be active in the northern territories of Ras Kamboni, where they continued to ‘Puntland’ and ‘Somaliland’. Speaker to bridge their differences, help maintain the unity of the TFI and up- resist the TFG and Ethiopian forces. Ambassador Fall briefed the Security hold the Transitional Federal Charter as The fighting appeared to have subsided Council five times during the year and a framework for peace in Somalia. Am- at the beginning of 2007, leading many undertook multiple missions into So- bassador Fall received their assurance on observers to wonder if the Courts militia malia, within the region and beyond, to all counts, but the ominous build-up of had simply melted into the general pop- encourage continued support for the defensive and offensive forces in and ulace with plans and the capacity to peace process. around Baidoa continued. mount an insurgency. In January, an The AU and IGAD continued to ask the After the rout of warlord militias in Mo- African Union assessment mission to Security Council for a waiver on the gadishu, there were frequent reports of Somalia recommended that AU peace- arms embargo to facilitate the deploy- foreign forces and military equipment in keepers should deploy to Somalia for six ment of the foreign peace support mis- Somalia in support of both the TFG and months before handing over to a UN peace operation. I

YEAR IN REVIEW 2006 29 UNMIL: Rising optimism as Liberia solidifies peace

Throughout 2006, Liberia made tangi- date, which is aimed at finding a lasting its recruitment and training of an addi- ble progress in consolidating peace, re- solution for national unity and reconcil- tional 1,400 personnel to create a new viving the economy and rebuilding iation. Emergency jobs have been cre- 3,500-strong law enforcement institu- national institutions through a joint ef- ated for ex-combatants and unemployed tion by 2007. In the area of economic re- fort with its international partners. youth. In terms of anti-corruption vitalization and infrastructure, UNMIL measures, the Government began elim- and other UN agencies, including the Led by President Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf, inating ghost and corrupt staff from its World Bank and the United Nations De- who became Africa’s first female elected payroll to “right-size” civil administra- velopment Programme (UNDP), head of State in the 2005 presidential tion. It also implemented an anti-graft worked to create nearly 20,000 tempo- election, Liberia now has a functioning mechanism in fiscal management and rary jobs for skilled and unskilled Government that pursues an ambitious brought under review any illegal or un- labourers in public works, such as road development agenda in the four strategic favourable concession agreements on rehabilitation and drainage clean-up, in areas of peace and security, economic natural resources. response to the Government’s call for growth, infrastructure development, and emergency employment. governance and the rule of law. Since The President’s leadership and commit- President Johnson-Sirleaf assumed of- ment have garnered significant support For the restoration of State authority fice in January 2006, her Government from humanitarian and development throughout the country, UNMIL assisted took a number of initiatives to help the partners. The United Nations Mission in the Government in taking control of the nation recover from years of war. Liberia (UNMIL), in addition to keeping Guthrie Rubber Plantation, which had the country secure, has been a major co- been occupied previously by ex-combat- The restructuring of the national army ordinator of the international commu- ants who were tapping rubber illegally and police is well under way. Some parts nity’s assistance, supplying a framework and destabilising the plantation commu- of the capital Monrovia now have run- for the Government’s development nity. Along with other international ac- ning water and electricity for the first agenda and leading the provision of tech- tors, UNMIL also helped draft the new time in more than a decade. Revenue nical assistance and logistical support. Forestry Reform Law, which articulates collection has noticeably increased. The the Government’s responsibility to man- Truth and Reconciliation Commission On security reform, UNMIL assisted the age forestry resources more sustainably. has begun to carry out its two-year man- Liberian National Police in intensifying

Former Liberian President Charles Taylor exits a UN helicopter upon arrival in Freetown, Sierra Leone, where he was held by a UN-backed Special Court on multiple charges of war crimes, crimes against humanity and other serious violations of international humanitarian law, March 29, 2006. (UN Photo)

UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS 30 The passage of the law in September tion of the border. All three resolutions with continuing deadlock in the search paved the way for the permanent lifting went unheeded by the two parties. for a lasting political solution to the of UN sanctions on timber trade. long-standing conflict. However, the situation in the Temporary For Liberia’s decentralization effort, Security Zone (TSZ) and adjacent areas Marked by the mission’s focus on fair- UNMIL and UN agencies initiated the turned volatile and tense in mid-October, ness, firmness and impartiality, the Gov- formation of a County Support Team in when approximately 2,000 troops of the ernment of Morocco and the Frente each of the 15 counties to strengthen the Eritrean , along with tanks, Polisario have generally allowed MIN- capacity of local authorities in administer- artillery and air defence equipment, en- URSO to assist them in maintaining the ing social services and implementing tered the TSZ in Sector West.The author- ceasefire. However, their positions re- community development activities. On ities in Asmara later explained that the main far apart and all recent efforts by the humanitarian front, UNMIL coordi- troops were inducted in the area to assist the Secretary-General and his Personal nated with the Office of the High Com- with crop harvesting and other develop- Envoy, Peter van Walsum, to initiate di- missioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the ment projects in the buffer zone. The in- rect negotiations between them have (WFP) to com- ternational community welcomed been unsuccessful. plete the resettlement of all 314,000 inter- assurances from Addis Ababa that nally displaced persons (IDPs) before the Ethiopia would not respond “in kind” to Meanwhile, MINURSO has undergone rainy season began. what it considered a “provocative act”. significant change allowing it to improve its organizational structure and Despite significant progress made so far, It was, indeed, a difficult year for UNMEE, strengthen its operational output. By Liberia still faces daunting challenges. The which had to forge ahead with its mandate closing the two sector headquarters in country still relies heavily on the UN’s obligations and keep watch over these try- late 2005, it became possible to reinforce 15,000-strong force to maintain security, ing developments in spite of a significant the nine team sites with more UN mili- three years after the signing of the Com- reduction in troop levels down to 2,300 tary observers to carry out the mission’s prehensive Peace Accord in Accra, Ghana, troops, including 230 military observers. first night operations. Additional day pa- which ended 14 years of civil conflict. This situation was exacerbated by restric- trols have brought the increase to 30-40 Hundreds of thousands of refugees are yet tions by the Eritrean authorities, includ- per cent compared to earlier years. to come home from neighbouring coun- ing a continued flight ban on the mission’s tries. Basic needs in the areas of health care helicopters imposed in October 2005 The introduction of night operations in and education have not been met. Many which greatly curtailed UNMEE’s capacity areas heavily infested with unexploded towns and villages remain isolated due to to monitor the TSZ. The adverse impact ordnance (UXO) led to the creation of deplorable road conditions. The real chal- of the flight ban also rippled across other a Mine Action Centre (MAC). Aimed at lenges of consolidating peace are just be- operations of the mission, such as the improving the safety of the mission and ginning to emerge, and UNMIL is public information office. the populations living in – and return- ing to – its area of operation and re- determined to help Liberia succeed. I UNMEE provided humanitarian assis- sponsibility, the MAC has organized tance to communities in its area of re- mine risk education in the refugee sponsibility. The mission was particularly camps in Tindouf, Algeria. It is also in UNMEE: The stalemate active in the domains of de-mining, road cooperation with the United Nations continues maintenance, water supply, technical and Development Programme (UNDP) financial support for community initia- and the Mauritanian authorities to fa- Notwithstanding multiple efforts, in- tives, the promotion and protection of cilitate mine clearance activities along cluding diplomatic initiatives launched human rights, and creating public aware- the border of Western Sahara with by third parties such as the United States ness about the HIV/AIDS scourge. Mauritania and to pursue regional and the Ethiopia-Eritrea Boundary mine-awareness programmes. Commission (EEBC) to break the im- The impasse in the peace process has been passe, 2006 began and wound up with frustrating to the local populace in both MINURSO´s support for the Confi- Ethiopia and Eritrea still at a stalemate countries, but with its humanitarian out- dence-Building Measures (CBM) pro- on the demarcation of the border. reach, UNMEE continues to show them gramme of the Office of the High the human face of peacekeeping. I Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) In 2006, the Security Council passed continued with some interruptions three resolutions – 1661, 1681, and 1710 during the year. The CBM flights bring – on the United Nations Mission in Deadlock in Western Sahara families together from the refugee Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE), reiterat- camps in Tindouf and the Moroccan- ing its long-standing call for Eritrea to Politically, 2006 proved to be another controlled part of Western Sahara, end its restrictions on the mission and for frustratingly “uneventful” year for the some of whom have not seen each Ethiopia to take immediate, concrete and United Nations Mission for the Referen- other for almost 30 years. I unconditional steps to enable demarca- dum in Western Sahara (MINURSO),

YEAR IN REVIEW 2006 31 Public information: Getting the message out

“I am worried you are too popular and lapsed in a post-conflict situation, or if Radio Okapi, (named after an animal re- the station will collapse because of its the airwaves are dominated by a single sembling a both a zebra and giraffe) has popularity. Everywhere I go I hear Mi- or very few voices. The intent is not to become an institution: it is ranked the raya…” (Comment from a listener of displace indigenous media, but to help most popular station in the DRC with the Miraya in build local capacity. Most producers and close to 50 million listeners. Juba, southern Sudan) reporters are local talent. Linking all parts of a huge country not Launched in June, 2006, Radio Miraya In the Sudan, the UN believed that otherwise sewn together by roads, river, (Arabic for mirror) quickly grew popu- only radio could reach the far-flung airwaves or political unity, and broad- lar and effective in explaining the peace populations of the world’s tenth largest casting in five languages, Okapi has lit- process and the UN’s role in the Sudan. country. However, UNMIS has yet to erally enabled the people of the DRC to receive authorization from the Govern- know about each other, each other’s The fifth UN radio station to be operat- ment in Khartoum to broadcast and it music and the political process that led ing on behalf of current UN peace oper- operates in South Sudan with the OK to nation-wide elections this year. ations in 2006, Miraya’s has been a of the Government of Southern Sudan. Broadcasting on FM and short-wave via fraught birth. Miraya has also been preparing weekly 54 transmitters, Okapi’s coverage before Before a peace operation is deployed, programmes for broadcast in Darfur elections reached 80 per cent of the DPKO and DPI usually conduct as- on local stations. country. Electoral observers cited its contributions to a fair electoral process. sessment missions to determine the Miraya offers a chance for public dia- media landscape and the best means of logue on the peace process and other All heads of departments are Con- reaching the local population to help local issues. It operates 24/7, has ex- golese, and the station is training its them understand and support the panded to four other locations outside journalists with the hope that they can peace process and the UN’s mandate Juba and features an outstanding collec- take over the station with the end of the and presence. tion of regional music in addition to re- peacekeeping mission. liable news broadcasts. UN radio stations are considered a far- Both Miraya and Okapi are joint ven- reaching and cost-effective option if the In the Democratic Republic of the tures between the United Nations and communications infrastructure has col- Congo, another peacekeeping station, a Swiss NGO, Fondation Hirondelle. Donations (from the Dutch, Swiss, UK and US Governments, for example) are also crucial. In Côte d’Ivoire, Radio ONUCI broad- casts over a frequency allocated by the state broadcaster Radio-TV Ivoirienne (RTI), covering at least 50 per cent of the population, with 90 per cent of those within range listening to its news broad- casts. While RTI has changed manage- ment twice during the political upheavals between the camps of the President, the Prime Minister and oppo- sition forces in the north, ONUCI-FM has been able to broadcast without in- terference. The UN hopes that listeners notice the difference between straight talk and information and the highly po- litical and sometimes hate-filled lan- guage in other media. The Fondation Hirondelle is also help- ing the transition of a former peacekeep- Imitation of SRSG William Lacy Swing by Congolese artist Mira Mikaza, Kinshasa, DRC, ing station, Radio UNAMSIL (now “UN 12 December 2006. (MONUC Photo by Myriam Asmani) Radio” in Sierra Leone) to become a public access broadcaster. Credited in a

UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS 32 2005 opinion survey by 94 percent of the respondents as a good source of infor- mation, the station is now faced with how to maintain its profile and capacity with fewer resources. The same survey group from City Col- lege of New York/Yale University found that 95 per cent of the Liberian popula- tion surveyed gave UNMIL Radio equally high marks. The UN radio sta- tion in Liberia is the only station to cover most of the country and has set stan- dards that many local stations are keen to emulate. With its varied mix of styles, formats and language, (including talk-shows and en- tertainment 24/7) the station reaches sev- eral audiences, with programming that ranges from serious discussion on political issues and live coverage of key events to light entertainment, spiced with messag- ing on current affairs and the develop- A billboard from UNOCI’s peace campaign in Côte d’Ivoire entitled “La Route de la Paix”, ment, political and social agenda. courtesy of Outhouse Communications. Interactive discussions go on not only across Liberia, but with refugees in Ghana, Sierra Leone, Guinea, and Nigeria. Serb minority in Kosovo targeting some political administration especially in 250,000 Kosovo Serb IDPs elsewhere in the countryside, with a household How to keep these stations alive, main- Serbia. “Danas y Sutra’s” audience of name and an appeal that cut across tain as credible a voice as possible, man- nearly one million indicates that far more class, gender and tribe. age the assets, pay staff and contribute to people than the target audience find the the overall media scene in the country are programming compelling. In Côte d’Ivoire, ONUCI’s public infor- questions for UN peace operations as mation office capitalized on the Ivorian missions draw to a close. Timorese man- Broadcast media grew rapidly in 2006, team’s participation in the 2006 World agers, for example, did not have the re- particularly as technology enabled dis- Cup – “les Eléphants” had players from sources or capacity to continue the radio semination of video by satellite from both sides of the north-south conflict – they inherited from UN peacekeepers the field to UN headquarters and from to create a campaign for peace called “La two years ago, and its work suffered. there to hundreds of broadcasters via Route de la Paix,” linking sports, unity, the Department of Public Informa- peace and progress in images and mes- In missions where local media are active tion’s UNIFEED system. Most UN sages replicated from billboards to san- and diverse, UN public information field missions now have their own dals and set to music by reggae artist components produce radio and TV pro- websites. But each mission is different Alpha Blondy. gramming to be aired by local broad- and in more low-tech regions, public casters. In Burundi, the peacekeeping information staff seek out other means Unsolicited works on peace by musi- mission produced daily radio program- of communication. cians and artists can be the ultimate ming and scores of TV features for local form of communication, as well as a broadcasters during its two-year pres- In Liberia, UNMIL has joined with co- good sign of local acceptance. ence that ended on 31 December. The median and national icon George Tamba, alias Georgio Butini, to com- Congolese rap artist Mira Mikaza had a mission also trained young people in big hit in Kinshasa recently with his journalism, and some of its own public municate on the peace process in the language of the grassroots. As his jokes music video “Koko Souing,” which he information staff went on to start pro- performs in the persona of William Lacy duction companies. leave his audiences in stitches, he em- beds messages on issues such as sexual Swing, the Special Representative of the From Kosovo, UNMIK TV produces a exploitation and abuse, gender-based Secretary-General for the DRC. Accord- programme for Serb displaced persons violence, disarmament, HIV/AIDS, ing to the chorus, “quand Koko Souing broadcast over Serbia’s commercial “TV human rights and reconciliation. Post- entre en jeu, personne ne va tirer”, or Pink.”The show,“Danas y Sutra”(“Today conflict Liberia has also relied on Bu- “when Grandpa Swing gets involved, no- and Tomorrow”) carries news about the tini to mobilize support for the new body's gonna shoot...” I

YEAR IN REVIEW 2006 33 Interview with the Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, Jean-Marie Guéhenno

such as Darfur, Chad or even Lebanon – tional community is not over with the a risky direction for peacekeeping? elections. On the contrary, the next chal- lenge is to keep that engagement vital and JMG: There is a risk. Often the interna- dynamic, and to ensure that it continues tional community focuses only on the to address the evolving situation. material and materiel sides – will we find the troops, the resources, etc. Those are YiR: This year there were demonstra- valid questions because as we reach the tions demanding UN peacekeepers in present levels of some 85,000 troops and Darfur. How would UN peacekeepers police, it gets harder and harder to get help in Darfur? troops and to get the capacities, enablers, force multipliers we need to ensure their JMG: Enormous expectations are placed efficiency. But the other concern men- on the UN. That’s the dilemma of peace- tioned less often, but as important, is keeping. The more successful we are, the when there are so many peacekeeping more expectations we build. We must operations, will there be enough inter- not forget the preconditions for success- national engagement and diplomatic at- ful UN peacekeeping: for peace to come tention to each situation? With so many back to Darfur, there has to be a political deployments at one time, the danger of process of reconciliation. That political this “political overstretch” will also need process has to be underpinned by a solid, to be watched carefully. robust military force able to carry out its mandate and to deter potential spoilers. YiR: What were the major achievements But it would be a mistake to think that Jean-Marie Guéhenno, Under-Secretary- of peacekeeping during the past year? force alone can address the challenges of General for Peacekeeping Operations, stud- Darfur. In Darfur we are working in ies a map during a flight from Beirut to JMG: It was a welcome change to see partnership with the African Union. We Naquoura, Lebanon, 29 August 2006. thousands of European troops deploy- have developed a hybrid operation, to (UN Photo by Mark Garten) ing extremely quickly in Lebanon this join forces with the AU. It’s a good illus- summer and a good illustration that the tration of the productive interaction be- combination of UN assistance – which tween Africa and the UN. Year in Review: As we enter 2007, why has been considerably strengthened this unprecedented demand for UN –and political will can lead to very rapid YiR: You have for the past couple of peacekeepers? deployment. Will that mean that we will years pointed to the managerial chal- now see systematically much more lenges of operating so many missions. USG Guéhenno: A number of conflicts troops from developed countries in How can the UN meet these challenges are coming to an end. That’s the positive peacekeeping? It’s too early to tell. in 2007? side of this surge. You don’t deploy peacekeepers without a prospect for The greatest success of the year was what JMG: The comparative advantage of the peace. So in that sense the enormous happened in the DRC – to have the UN is to combine all our political, mili- growth of peacekeeping is a welcome largest and most complex elections ever tary, police and development resources to sign. At the same time, turning to UN in the history of the UN, in a country support the missions in an integrated peacekeepers should not be the only an- with no infrastructure, which had not manner. That’s what makes the strength swer. One has to continue to carefully as- had a free election in more than 40 years. of UN multidimensional operations, and sess whether a given situation is really To organize an election that has been this kind of integrated support is also what best addressed by a UN peacekeeping widely recognized by international ob- missions expect of headquarters. We are operation. It would jeopardize all the servers as free and fair in a country that engaged in a multi-year programme to progress made in peacekeeping if the les- just a few years ago was devastated by war transform peacekeeping – “Peace Opera- sons of the 1990s were forgotten, if – just with several foreign armies occupying it: tions 2010”– and we believe that the surge because peacekeeping has enjoyed a that is something of historic proportions has confirmed the need to continue with string of successes – it is again seen as the which can be a strategic turning point for our reform process. We’re looking at the universal solution. That’s not the case. a big part of Africa, if not for the whole restructuring of headquarters that would continent. But all that needs to be con- promote integration of peace operations YiR: Isn’t the demand for UN peace- solidated. There is still a State that needs to strengthen our oversight; have more re- keepers in places where there is ongoing to be rebuilt. So the partnership between sources at headquarters to make sure mis- fighting or no real peace agreement – the Congolese people and the interna- sions have a solid, comprehensive

UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS 34 response attuned to the needs of the field; ments in West and Central Africa, it’s Africa. We have the unresolved issues in while concurrently examining and re- been a strategic shift. In West Africa, we Sudan, but certainly the fact that the evaluating the sometimes outdated rules have one big question mark, which is conflict between North and South and regulations that govern peacekeeping. how Côte d’Ivoire will turn out. But Sudan has ended is a positive develop- What we are seeing in peace operations is when you see Liberia, Sierra Leone… ment. But the continuing violence in the transformation of an organization cre- They are fragile, but with major im- Darfur can have a negative impact be- ated to run conferences into a field-driven provements. Combined with the DRC yond Darfur. You see the unresolved is- organization. So structures and regula- and Burundi, you have a major part of sues in Somalia, the absence of tions have to be adapted to be supportive the African continent over which many resolution between Ethiopia and Er- of the needs of the field, and preserving people despaired just a few years ago, itrea, which – some years ago – was cel- the unity of command is fundamental and now there are hopeful signs. Noth- ebrated as a success story, while DRC strength of UN peacekeeping. ing is guaranteed and it needs continued was seen as a hopeless situation. There’s attention, but certainly it’s in much bet- a remarkable reversal of perceptions: YiR: What surprised you in the past ter shape, with much better prospects the picture of Africa at the end of 2006 year? today than three years ago. is quite different from what one would JMG: When I look at the big African pic- That has to be nuanced by all the big have anticipated in 2003. I ture, when one sees the positive develop- questions that arise with the Horn of

UN political missions: Addressing the roots of conflict

So often at the root of armed conflicts political systems and democratic institu- peace strategies in West Africa and the around the world are political issues re- tions for preventing conflict – or avoid- Great Lakes Region; and to accompany quiring political solutions. Guided by that ing its recurrence. the peacebuilding process in countries principle, UN political missions were pres- such as Guinea-Bissau. ent in nearly a dozen countries during With important current exceptions in 2006, making important contributions to Afghanistan, Timor-Leste and Sierra The United Nations Peacebuilding conflict prevention, peacemaking and Leone, most UN political missions today Support Office in Guinea-Bissau (UNOGBIS), deployed in the after- post-conflict peacebuilding. are overseen and supported by the De- partment of Political Affairs (DPA), the math of a crippling civil war in the late- Political missions occupy an important lead UN department for peacemaking 1990s, has continued its effort to help place, therefore, in a spectrum of UN and preventive diplomacy. the West African nation cast off a legacy peace operations that also encompasses of violent conflict and establish a stable With the support of Member States, its well-known peacekeeping operations. civilian democracy. DPA took important strides forward in Some work with mandates to help pre- 2006 in outfitting itself to better support Among its activities during the past year, vent and contain tensions within soci- the work of political missions, as well as the United Nations Office in West eties before they lead to violent conflict. other diplomatic envoys of the Secre- Africa (UNOWA),based in Dakar, Sene- In other cases conflicts are already un- tary-General, based in the field. The year gal, continued its support to the resolu- derway, and the role of the UN mission saw the establishment within DPA, for tion of the long-standing border conflict is to foster dialogue and compromise be- example, of a new Mediation Support between Nigeria and Cameroon. An im- tween rival parties. Still other missions Capacity created to strengthen the good portant step forward was taken in Au- are active in the peacebuilding phase, offices functions of the Secretary-General. gust of 2006 with the long-awaited lending UN support to national pro- DPA also launched a new and compre- withdrawal of Nigerian troops from the grammes of political and institutional hensive public website on peacemaking, disputed Bakassi peninsula. reform that will be critical to ensure en- www.un.org/peacemaker, which places during peace. an array of peacemaking tools, informa- The work of the Office of the Special Representative for the Great Lakes Re- Though each situation is unique, politi- tion and advice at the service of peace envoys and their staff. gion culminated in December of 2006 cal missions are distinguished by their at the Second Summit of the Interna- largely civilian character, and frequently The strategic presence of UN political tional Conference on the Great Lakes include mandates to employ the “good missions around the globe and the wide Region. Leaders from 11 countries offices”of the Secretary-General towards range of situations covered by their activ- signed a Pact on Security, Stability and bridging political differences that under- ities are illustrated in many articles of this Development, which has received praise lie conflict. A focus on governance is an- magazine. In Africa alone, political mis- for its potential to help bring lasting other common denominator, given the sions were active in several conflict-prone peace to a region that has seen some of acknowledged importance of inclusive areas, working to encourage regional the world’s bloodiest wars. I

YEAR IN REVIEW 2006 35 UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS

As of 31 December 2006

Peacekeeping operations since 1948 ...... 61 Current peacekeeping operations ...... 16 Current peace operations directed and supported by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) ...... 18

PERSONNEL Uniformed personnel (68,923 troops, 8,675 police and 2,496 miltary observers) ...... 80,094 Countries contributing uniformed personnel ...... 114 International civilian personnel ...... 4,555 Local civilian personnel ...... 10,300 UN Volunteers ...... 1,951* Total number of personnel serving in 16 peacekeeping operations ...... 96,900** Total number of personnel serving in 18 DPKO-led peace operations ...... 101,642*** Total number of fatalities in peace operations since 1948 ...... 2,322 FINANCIAL ASPECTS Approved resources for the period from 1 July 2006 to 30 June 2007...... About US$5.28 billion Estimated total cost of operations from 1948 to 30 June 2006...... About US$41.54 billion Outstanding contributions to peacekeeping ...... About US$1.90 billion * Numbers include 16 peacekeeping operations only. Statistics for two special political and/or peacebuilding missions – UNAMA and UNIOSIL – directed and supported by DPKO can be found at http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/ppmb.pdf ** This figure includes the total number of military and civilian personnel serving in 16 peacekeeping operations and two DPKO-led special political and/or peacebuilding missions – UNAMA and UNIOSIL. *** Includes fatalities for all UN peace operations.

UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS 36 CURRENT PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS

UNTSO Since May 1948 MONUC Since November 1999 United Nations Truce Supervision Organization United Nations Organization Mission in the Strength: military observer 150; international civilian 101; local Democratic Republic of the Congo civilian 120; total personnel 371 Strength: military observer 734; troop 16,487; police 1,075; inter- Fatalities: 48 national civilian 919; local civilian 2,092; UN volunteer 665; total Appropriation 2006: $29.96 million personnel 21,972 UNMOGIP Since January 1949 Fatalities: 98 United Nations Military Observer Group in India Approved budget 07/06–06/07: $1,094.25 million and Pakistan UNMEE Since July 2000 Strength: military observer 41; international civilian 23; local United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea civilian 49; total personnel 113 Strength: military observer 222; troop 2,063; international civilian Fatalities: 11 149; local civilian 194; UN volunteer 65; total personnel 2,693 Appropriation 2006: $7.92 million Fatalities: 17 UNFICYP Since March 1964 Approved budget 07/06–06/07: $137.39 million United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus UNMIL Since September 2003 Strength: troop 853; police 64; international civilian 37; local United Nations Mission in Liberia civilian 104; total personnel 1,058 Strength: military observer 188; troop 13,613; police 1,097; inter- Fatalities: 176 national civilian 504; local civilian 941; UN volunteer 263; total Approved budget 07/06–06/07: $46.27million personnel 16,606 UNDOF Since June 1974 Fatalities: 87 United Nations Disengagement Observer Force Approved budget 07/06–06/07: $714.88 million Strength: troop 1,048; international civilian 39; local civilian UNOCI Since April 2004 107; total personnel 1,194 United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire Fatalities: 42 Strength: military observer 190; troop 7,847; police 992; interna- Approved budget 07/06–06/07: $39.86 million tional civilian 358 ; local civilian 526; UN volunteer 209; total UNIFIL Since March 1978 personnel 10,122 United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon Fatalities: 27 Strength: troop 11,563 international civilian 118; local civilian Approved budget 07/06–06/07: $472.89 million 304; total personnel 11,985 MINUSTAH Since June 2004 Fatalities: 258 United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti Approved budget 07/06–03/07: $350.87 million* Strength: troop 6,684; police 1,692; international civilian 432; local MINURSO Since April 1991 civilian 642; UN volunteer 191; total personnel 9,641 United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Fatalities: 13 Western Sahara Approved budget 07/06–06/07: $489.21 million Strength: military observer 183; troop 31; police 4; international ONUB June 2004 – December 2006 civilian 101; local civilian 138; UN volunteer 22; total personnel 479 United Nations Operation in Burundi Fatalities: 14 Current strength: international civilian 242; local civilian 308; Approved budget 07/06–06/07: $45.94 million UN volunteer 98; total personnel 648 UNOMIG Since August 1993 Fatalities: 24 United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia Approved budget 07/06–06/07 $128.54 million Strength: military observer 127; police 12; international civilian 98; UNMIS Since March 2005 local civilian 181; UN volunteer 1, total personnel 419 United Nations Mission in the Sudan Fatalities: 11 Current strength: military observer 592; troop 8,734; police 680; Approved budget 07/06–06/07: $33.38 million international civilian 799; local civilian 2,234; UN volunteer 185; UNMIK Since June 1999 total personnel 13,224 United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Fatalities: 16 Kosovo Approved budget 07/06–06/07: $1,079.53 million Strength: military observer 37; police 1,960; international civilian UNMIT Since August 2006 506; local civilian 2,040; UN volunteer 152; total personnel 4,695 United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste Fatalities: 46 Current strength: military observer 32; police 1,099; interna- Approved budget 07/06–06/07: $217.96 million tional civilian 129; local civilian 320; UN volunteer 100; total personnel 1,680 Fatalities: 1 * Commitment authority for 1 July 2006 to 31 March 2007. Approved budget 08/06–03/07 $170.22 million** ** Commitment authority for 25 August to 31 March 2007. *** Includes requirements for the support account for peacekeeping operations and the UN Logistics Base in Brindisi (Italy).

NOTE: UNTSO and UNMOGIP are funded from the United Nations regular biennial budget. Costs to the United Nations of the other current operations are financed from their own separate accounts on the basis of legally binding assessments on all Member States. For these missions, budget figures are for one year (07/06-06/07) unless otherwise specified. For information on United Nations political missions, see DPI/2166/Rev.42 also available on the web at http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/ppbm.pdf.

YEAR IN REVIEW 2006 37 UNITED NATIONS POLITICAL AND PEACEBUILDING MISSIONS

As of 31 December 2006

NUMBER OF MISSIONS ...... 11

PERSONNEL Uniformed personnel ...... 263 International civilian personnel ...... 614 Local civilian personnel ...... 1,511 UN Volunteers ...... 67 Total number of personnel serving in political and peacebuilding missions ...... 2,455

For information on United Nations peacekeeping operations, see DPI/1634 Rev.67 or visit the United Nations website at http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/index.asp

UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS 38 CURRENT POLITICAL AND PEACEBUILDING MISSIONS

UNPOS Since 15 April 1995 Office of the Since 4 August 2000 United Nations Political Office for Somalia Personal Representative of the Secretary-General Special Representative of the Secretary-General and for Lebanon Head of UNPOS: Francois Lonseny Fall (Guinea) Personal Representative of the Secretary-General: Geir Strength: international civilian 17; local civilian 9 O. Pedersen (Norway) Strength: international civilian 6; local civilian 6 Office of the Special Since 19 December 1997 Representative of the Secretary-General for the UNOWA Since 29 November 2001 Great Lakes Region Office of the Special Representative of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General: Secretary-General for West Africa Ibrahima Fall (Senegal) Special Representative of the Secretary-General: Ahme- Strength: international civilian 9; local civilian 7 dou Ould-Abdallah (Mauritania) Strength: international civilian 7; local civilian 9 UNOGBIS Since 3 March 1999 United Nations Peacebuilding Support Office in UNAMA* Since 28 March 2002 Guinea-Bissau United Nations Assistance Mission in Representative of the Secretary-General and Head of Afghanistan UNOGBIS: Shola Omoregie (Nigeria) Special Representative of the Secretary-General: Tom Strength: international civilian 9; military adviser 2; po- Koenigs (Germany) lice adviser 1; local civilian 10; UN volunteer 1 Strength: international civilian 206; local civilian 848; military observer 11; police 3; UN volunteer 34 UNSCO Since 1 October 1999 Office of the United Nations Special Coordinator UNAMI Since 14 August 2003 for the Middle East United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Iraq: and Personal Representative of the Secretary-General to Ashraf Jehangir Qazi (Pakistan) the Palestine Liberation Organization and the Palestinian Authorized strenght: 938 (406 international, 532 local) Authority: Alvaro de Soto (Peru) Current strength (staff based in Iraq, Jordan and Strength: international civilian 27; local civilian 23 Kuwait): international civilian 228; local civilian 352; troop 223; military observer 11 BONUCA Since 15 February 2000 United Nations Peacebuilding Office in the UNIOSIL* Since 1 January 2006 Central African Republic United Nations Integrated Office in Sierra Leone Representative of the Secretary-General and Head of Executive Representative for UNIOSIL: Victor da Silva BONUCA: Lamine Cissé (Senegal) Angelo (Portugal) Strength: international civilian 26; military advisers 5; Strength: international civilian 71; local civilian 176; police 6; local civilian 51; UN volunteer 3 military observers 9; police 17; UN volunteer 29

UNTOP Since 1 June 2000 United Nations Tajikistan Office of Peacebuilding Mission completed in 2006: Representative of the Secretary-General for Tajikistan: Vladimir Sotirov (Bulgaria) UNOTIL May 2005 – August 2006 Strength: international civilian 8; police adviser 1; United Nations Office in Timor-Leste local civilian 20

* Political or peacebuilding mission directed and supported by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations. All other political and peace- building missions are directed by the Department of Political Affairs. For information on political and peacebuilding missions, visit the United Nations website at http://www.un.org/Depts/dpa/prev_dip/fst_prev_dip.htm

YEAR IN REVIEW 2006 39 PEACEKEEPING CONTRIBUTORS (Military observers, police, and troops as of 31 December 2006)

No. Country Police Milob Troops Total No. Country Police Milob Troops Total 1. Albania 2 2 58. Luxemburg 2 2 2. Algeria 13 13 59. FYR of Macedonia 1 1 3. Argentina 40 7 852 899 60. Madagascar 14 14 4. Australia 63 23 9 95 61. Malawi 19 33 112 164 5. Austria 28 14 380 422 62. Malaysia 210 59 128 397 6. Bangladesh 787 105 8,789 9,681 63. Mali 44 39 83 7. Belgium 15 375 390 64. Mauritius 2 2 8. Benin 70 34 1,179 1,283 65. Moldova 8 1 9 9. Bolivia 31 419 450 66. Mongolia 14 250 264 10. Bosnia and Herzegovina 13 12 25 67. Montenegro 2 2 11. Botswana 5 5 68. Morocco 5 1,545 1,550 12. Brazil 8 27 1,217 1,252 69. Mozambique 2 2 13. Bulgaria 59 8 67 70. Namibia 7 19 616 642 14. Burkina Faso 104 19 123 71. Nepal 493 45 2,069 2,607 15. Cambodia 15 136 151 72. Netherlands 19 23 163 205 16. Cameroon 150 150 73. New Zealand 25 15 1 41 17. Canada 85 32 15 132 74. Niger 149 23 382 554 18. Central African Republic 14 14 75. Nigeria 365 80 1,963 2,408 19. Chad 15 3 18 76. Norway 34 35 143 212 20. Chile 10 6 499 515 77. Pakistan 512 124 9,231 9,867 21. China 180 67 1,419 1,666 78. Paraguay 37 35 72 22. Columbia 2 2 79. Peru 24 207 231 23. Côte d’Ivoire 1 1 80. Philippines 325 13 327 665 24. Croatia 12 21 13 46 81. Poland 128 23 660 811 25. Czech Republic 16 14 30 82. Portugal 208 6 146 360 26. Denmark 26 52 85 163 83. Qatar 35 35 27. Djibouti 39 39 84. Republic ofKorea 5 26 1 32 28. Dominican Republic 4 4 85. Romania 203 53 256 29. Ecuador 24 68 92 86. Russia 77 91 123 291 30. Egypt 39 77 818 934 87. Rwanda 64 15 261 340 31. El Salvador 26 16 42 88. Samoa 50 50 32. 2 2 89. Senegal 467 35 1,379 1,881 33. Ethiopia 21 1,592 1,613 90. Serbia 7 7 6 20 34. Fiji 37 9 223 269 91. Sierra Leone 2 2 35. Finland 5 25 209 239 92. Singapore 21 2 23 36. France 150 33 1.805 1,988 93. Slovakia 2 292 294 37. Gabon 6 6 94. Slovenia 15 2 11 28 38. Gambia 82 10 1 93 95. South Africa 33 1,057 1,090 39. Germany 182 45 916 1,143 96. Spain 69 7 1,277 1,353 40. Ghana 100 63 2,531 2,694 97. Sri Lanka 80 4 958 1,042 41. Greece 10 13 227 250 98. Sweden 66 24 73 164 42. Grenada 1 1 99. Switzerland 11 19 30 43. Guatemala 22 211 233 100. Thailand 31 15 46 44. Guinea 117 21 138 101. Timor-Leste 9 9 45. Honduras 12 12 102. Togo 10 8 320 338 46. Hungary 5 15 88 108 103. 37 467 504 47. India 361 83 9,039 9,483 104. Turkey 242 5 513 760 48. Indonesia 33 1,025 1,058 105. Uganda 40 14 2 56 49. Iran 3 3 106. Ukraine 230 34 301 565 50. Ireland 18 24 489 531 107. United Kingdom 69 14 275 358 51. Italy 30 17 2,415 2,462 108. United Rep. of Tanzania 2 18 6 26 52. Jamaica 13 13 109. United States of America 298 17 9 324 53. Japan 31 31 110.. Uruguay 14 67 2,505 2,586 54. Jordan 894 70 2,856 3,820 111. Vanuatu 26 26 55. 64 62 1,009 1,135 112. Yemen 22 24 46 56. Kyrgyzstan 8 15 23 113. Zambia 56 57 352 465 57. 6 6 114. Zimbabwe 84 17 2 103 POLICE UNMO TROOP Totals 8,695 2,527 69,146 Grand total in PKO 80,368

UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS 40 FACTS AND FIGURES

Top 10 uniformed personnel contributors Pakistan - 9,867

As of 31 December 2006 Bangladesh - 9,681

Others - 32,772

India - 9,483

Jordan - 3,820

France - 1,988 Ghana - 2,694 Nepal - 2,607 Nigeria - 2,408 Uruguay - 2,586 Italy - 2,462 Surge in uniformed UN peacekeeping personnel from 1991 to 2006

100,000

July 1993: 78,444 December 2006: 80,368 (Largest missions: UNPROFOR, (MONUC, UNMIL, UNOSOM, UNTAC) UNMIS, UNIFIL) 80,000

60,000 November 2001: 47,778 (UNAMSIL, UNTAET)

40,000

20,000

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For more information on United Nations peace operations, visit the United Nations website at http://www.un.org/peace/

Produced by the Peace and Security Section of the United Nations Department of Public Information DPI/2446 – February 2007 – 12M