United Nations Peace Operations Table of Contents

United Nations Peace Operations Table of contents

1 ] A year of complex challenges for UN peace operations 59 ] Marking the Blue Line: An ambitious UNIFIL effort for peace 19 ] Global Field Support Strategy goes into effect 62 ] Iraq in 2010: A real test for transition to democracy 21 ] Who are the UN peacekeepers? 65 ] UNAMA: Another tough year for Afghanistan 23 ] Five years of reforms addressing misconduct by UN peacekeeping personnel 67 ] UNMIT: Helping strengthen the foundation for future prosperity and stability in Timor-Leste 25 ] Marking 10 years of addressing the impact of war on women 70 ] UN mission prepares to withdraw from Nepal 27 ] United Nations Police: Growing presence and 71 ] Kosovo remains stable during time of political rule of law role change 30 ] Haiti begins long process of rebuilding 73 ] Committed to a lasting peace in Cyprus 33 ] Sudan: Pulling out the stops for the referendum Interviews > > > 36 ] Radio Miraya: Sudan referendum hits the airwaves 4 ] Alain Le Roy, the Under-Secretary-General 37 ] UNAMID: Striving to protect Darfur’s most vulnerable for Peacekeeping Operations 40 ] Côte d’Ivoire: A year of significant advances 10 ] Susana Malcorra, the Under-Secretary- followed by a lost opportunity General for Field Support 44 ] MONUC becomes MONUSCO, challenges remain 15 ] B. Lynn Pascoe, the Under-Secretary- 48 ] Improved security paves way for MINURCAT withdrawal General for Political Affairs 49 ] A busy year for preventive diplomacy in West Africa Peace operations facts and figures > > > 50 ] One Liberia – One UN: Forging ahead together 76 ] United Nations peacekeeping operations 51 ] Turning the tide on Somalia? 78 ] United Nations political and peacebuilding missions 53 ] The Middle East remains high on UN peace and security 80 ] Peacekeeping contributors agenda 81 ] Top 10 contributors of uniformed personnel 55 ] UNSCO: Supporting a two-State solution in the Middle East 81 ] Surge in uniformed UN peacekeeping personnel 57 ] UNSCOL: The Challenge of peacemaking in Lebanon from 1991-2010 Photo caption: Voters look for their names on registration lists outside a poll- 81 ] Top 10 providers of assessed financial contributions ing station at Zam Zam Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) Camp on the first day of Sudan’s national elections, Zam Zam, North Darfur, Sudan. 11 April 2010. (UN Photo/Albert Gonzalez Farran)

Cover photo: UN peacekeeper in Haiti. 17 September 2010. (UN Photo/Marco Dormino) A year of complex challenges for UN peace operations 2010 was in many ways a water- caught in the middle of a tense into two, the UN Mission in Sudan shed one for UN peace operations. stand-off in Côte d’Ivoire following (UNMIS) assisted and supported Several long-standing peacekeep- contested presidential elections. the national authorities in plan- ing missions, including in Liberia ning for and carrying out this criti- and Timor-Leste, took decisive While there may be a reduction cal poll. steps towards extending initial in the numbers of peacekeepers stability and security gains into in 2011, peacekeeping will be no Limited consent from the national longer-term peacebuilding, al- less crucial. And the political role authorities and differences within lowing UN peacekeepers to begin of the UN, through its political the international community re- to withdraw or to plan to do so. In field missions and special envoys garding strategy necessitated the other theatres of operations such conducting peacemaking, preven- downsizing and eventual closure as Chad, Darfur and the Democratic tative diplomacy and peacebuild- of the UN peacekeeping mission Republic of the Congo, political and ing, is bound to grow even more. in Chad and the Central African operational factors have made it Republic (MINURCAT). harder for the peacekeepers to live As Sudan prepared for the historic up to expectations. The year ended referendum that would decide if Despite continued insecurity in with thousands of peacekeepers the largest country in Africa splits the east, over 1,500 blue hel-

A peacekeeper with the African Union- United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) speaks to a resident of the Zam Zam Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) Camp near El Fasher, Darfur, Sudan. 10 February 2010. (UN Photo/Albert Gonzalez Farran)

YEAR IN REVIEW 2010 1 mets began to pull out of the Democratic Republic of the Congo as the operation transformed into a stabilization mission known as MONUSCO. And following the earthquake of 12 January 2010, the UN Mission in Haiti – itself horrifically affected by the tragedy –began the process of undertak- ing an entire new set of stabilization tasks.

After a decade of surge in demand for UN blue helmets, it appears that peacekeeping may now be headed towards a period of consolidation and even contraction. But the new environment promises to be complex, the tasks daunting and the work dangerous. Any reduction in numbers of peacekeepers in no way indicates that the challenges are diminishing.

To better service its operations, the UN Secretariat has been developing its global field support strategy, transforming recruitment processes and strengthening regional hubs to further systemize and econo- mize support to peace operations and political missions and to better cope with logistical challenges.

The African Union-United Nations Hybrid Opera- Yet peacekeeping continues to tion in Darfur (UNAMID) conducts road trip ex- confront a range of substantive ercise across North and West Darfur, Sudan. 23 challenges and issues. These in- June 2010. (UN Photo/Albert Gonzalez Farran) clude maintaining the consent of the parties to a peacekeeping operation; trying to keep peace when there is no peace to keep; upholding UN impartiality; and deciding when to use force within the scope of a mission’s means and mandate.

The fundamental requirement that peacekeeping must sustain international political support throughout the entire lifespan of the mission, and that it must accompany but not substitute for a vibrant and

2 UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS inclusive political process, also rity sectors and building the rule of UN political missions are operat- remain critical to success. law, protecting civilians, combat- ing in obvious hotspots such as ing sexual and gender-based vio- Afghanistan, Iraq and the Middle UN peacekeeping operations con- lence, assisting national elections, East, but also in areas that are tinue to deploy to inhospitable envi- promoting security of UN staff and not in the headlines but where ronments that are remote and dan- helping to nurture the often fragile the potential for conflict remains gerous with scant resources and seeds of peace. In the immediate constant, such as West Africa, considerable logistical challenges. aftermath of conflict, peacekeep- Central Asia and soon Central The numbers of peacekeepers on ers are increasingly peacebuilders. Africa. The UN’s 12 political mis- the ground may be shrinking, but sions range from small mediation both the expectations and the com- In a complementary develop- teams to large and multi-faceted plexity of mandates continue to ment, the UN Secretariat and field operations–all deployed with grow. While some missions retain Security Council have put new the belief that lasting political so- the traditional ceasefire support, emphasis on preventative diplo- lutions are the ultimate necessity observation and monitoring tasks, macy as a low-key, long-term for peace. today’s operations are increas- and cost-effective way to en- ingly called upon to perform a wide courage peace and stability. range of multi-dimensional and exceptionally sensitive tasks–such The UN Department of Political Af- A peacekeeper with the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) helps relocate a young resident from a as supporting peace processes, fairs has been expanding its pres- camp for people displaced in the January 2010 earthquake building sustainable institutions ence in the field, in the form of re- ahead of the arrival of tropical storm Tomas, Port-au-Prince, of governance, reforming secu- gionally-focused political offices. Haiti. 4 November 2010. (UN Photo/Logan Abassi)

YEAR IN REVIEW 2010 3 Alain Le Roy (left), the Under-Secretary- General for Peacekeeping Operations, is greeted by Ibrahim Gambari (right), the UN Peacekeeping Enters Joint Special Representative of the Af- rican Union-United Nations Hybrid Op- eration in Darfur (UNAMID) upon arrival Consolidation Phase in El Fasher, Sudan. 9 November 2010. (UN Photo/Albert Gonzalez Farran) Interview with Alain Le Roy, the Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations The number of United Na- Le Roy: Yes, I believe see a further drawdown in tions peacekeepers has peacekeeping has entered a 2012 in Timor-Leste and increased dramatically phase of consolidation after Liberia. Although I don’t over the past decade and nearly a decade of expan- anticipate any new opera- now more than 120,000 sion. The peak was in May tions in the months ahead, military, police and civil- 2010 when we reached we have just increased the ians serve worldwide un- 126,000 peacekeepers. strength of our mission in der the UN flag. Do you Côte d’Ivoire and our pres- think that the surge in UN Since then we have seen a ence in Sudan will need to peacekeeping has peaked slight decrease, mainly due be reviewed in light of the and that we have entered to the closure of MINURCAT referendum. However, any a phase of consolidation? at the end of 2010. We may reduction in terms of num-

4 UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS bers by no means indicates that do it – we cannot protect everyone peace and security – a landmark the challenges we are facing are from everything. But we know the text which recognized the role diminishing. At the same time, expectations are very high, espe- of women not just as victims of we are focusing more attention cially on our peacekeepers. We do conflict but also as peacemak- on the specific requirements and our utmost to meet these expec- ers. DPKO has worked hard with challenges related to the suc- tations and every day we protect, Member States to increase the cessful conduct and transitioning and in some cases save the lives number of women serving in the of peacekeeping operations. of, thousands if not millions of military and police components people at risk. We have developed of United Nations peacekeep- Several United Nations peace- strategies and tools in the Sudan, ing operations. Are you satisfied keeping missions now have the Congo, Haiti and elsewhere to with the progress made so far? mandates to ensure the protec- protect civilians, but it remains an tion of civilians. Nevertheless, ongoing and difficult task. Le Roy: We still do not have civilians continue to be preyed enough women in leadership posi- upon in countries such as the The rape of civilians as a tactic tions, or enough women involved Democratic Republic of the Con- of war hit the headlines once in peace negotiations as “peace- go (DRC), with a number of in- again in 2010, this time in the makers,” but we have made clear ternational media and watchdog Democratic Republic of the Con- progress. For example, three of organizations blaming the Unit- go. What more can United Na- our 15 peacekeeping operations ed Nations. Are there limits to tions peacekeeping do to fight are now under the leadership of what the UN can be expected to this scourge? How are DPKO and a woman – Ellen Margrethe Løj achieve in this area? What more the recently created post of the in Liberia, Ameera Haq in Timor- can the United Nations system, Special Representative on Sexu- Leste and Lisa Buttenheim in Cy- including the “blue helmets,” do? al Violence in Conflict cooperat- prus. Several of our deputy heads ing in response to this problem? of mission are also women. In ad- Le Roy: We currently have protec- dition, we have made progress in tion of civilians mandates in seven Le Roy: It is a horrendous fact terms of the number of women in of our operations. Nonetheless, that rape is still used as a tactic UN Police – almost nine per cent everywhere we are deployed, the of war. We see that in particular in worldwide. We plan to reach the expectation to protect civilians is the DRC. Again, we do our utmost level of 20 per cent women police there, even when we don’t have to try to fight this, by increasing by 2014. I am confident that we it in the mandate. It is our most patrols, giving satellite and cell will get there. important and perhaps most vis- phones to the local communi- ible task. Yet, it is also the most ties, and deploying what we call DPKO launched the “New Hori- difficult task to achieve. Protecting “community liaison officers.” And zon” initiative last year to help civilians in a country like the Dem- we try to have as many female the UN Secretariat and Member ocratic Republic of the Congo with police officers as possible to in- States shape a common agenda 60 million people, or in Darfur, teract with the local population and to strengthen the peace- where there are two and a half mil- and undertake preventive actions. keeping partnership. How would lion internally displaced persons, We interact closely with the newly you assess the progress made in or in Côte d’Ivoire where millions appointed Special Representative this area? of people are at risk these days is, on Sexual Violence in Conflict, of course, an extremely difficult Margot Wallström. We have very Le Roy: I decided to launch the challenge. The police in the US or good relations with her and her New Horizon initiative immediately European countries who have to staff and we are together trying to after my arrival as the head of the protect their people are also not develop the best answers to this Department of Peacekeeping Op- able to protect everyone from ev- terrible problem. erations in August 2008. The “Holy erything. We are asked to protect Book” of peacekeeping operations millions of people at risk, often in This year marked the tenth an- was, and still is, the Brahimi Re- very large areas with harsh ter- niversary of Security Council port. However, the Brahimi Report rain. Sometimes we are unable to resolution 1325 on women, was written in the year 2000 when

YEAR IN REVIEW 2010 5 Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon (front, only 20,000 peacekeepers issues like the protection serving elsewhere for the second from left) meets with Alain Le were deployed worldwide. of civilians, for example. UN, especially in Africa, Roy, the Under-Secretary-General for New questions and new On the question of “robust is relatively small. Do you Peacekeeping Operations, shortly before the Kabul International Conference on challenges have arisen in peacekeeping” there is still sense any movement in Afghanistan. 7 July 2010. (UN Photo/Eric the last 10 years. The main debate, but I think positions Europe to boost and diver- Kanalstein) reason for the New Horizon are converging. We have sify its deployments in the report, which we issued in also made progress on future? July 2009, was to shape planning and oversight. The a vision of what peace- first progress report was Le Roy: It is encouraging keeping is today and in the issued in October 2010 and that European countries coming years and to reach others will follow. are present in UNIFIL in a consensus among all Lebanon as troop contribu- stakeholders – the Security European countries have tors, and they are doing a Council, TCCs, PCCs, finan- for several years de- great job. UNIFIL is a ro- cial contributors and other ployed thousands of well- bust and capable force. I partners. I think we have equipped and well-trained wish we could have more achieved quite a lot and we troops to serve with the troops from European and are progressing on many UN Interim Force in Leba- other developed countries issues. We have a better non (UNIFIL). However, the in UN peacekeeping, es- common understanding of number of European troops pecially in Africa. We fully

6 UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS understand and appreciate that that they are needed at home. We people - whatever their ethnic these countries have heavy com- are not in an easy position at this and political affiliations - and to mitments in Afghanistan, Kosovo stage. We must widen the pool of try to reduce the number of civil- and elsewhere. But we think that countries that are able to provide ians being attacked. it is important - also as a politi- us these assets and we are try- cal signal - that they participate ing to do this by all means. The A shooting incident between the in greater numbers in UN peace- Secretary-General himself has Lebanese Armed Forces and the keeping, especially in Africa. raised the issue with many heads Israeli Defense Force in early of state and I am raising it at my August resulted in the deaths of Helicopters, especially tactical level. Some countries are helping several Lebanese and Israelis. helicopters, are an operational us, but this remains one of our Do you think that the presence requirement for UN peacekeep- bottlenecks. and actions of UNIFIL helped ing missions, especially in ar- prevent this incident from esca- eas where conflicts continue Presidential elections were fi- lating into a more serious con- to fester such as the DRC and nally held in Côte d’Ivoire after flict? More generally, how has Sudan. Despite the clear need, several years of delay. Did you UNIFIL helped maintain calm in few Member States are willing anticipate that the election re- the region? to contribute such assets to the sults would be ignored by one of UN. How does the United Nations the candidates? Le Roy: Yes, I consider that our cope with this shortfall and what presence in Lebanon has had a is DPKO doing to try to overcome Le Roy: It is always a risk that very positive effect. First, because this challenge? someone will not accept the re- of our presence, reinforced in sults. At the same time, in Côte 2006, the Lebanese Armed Forces Le Roy: That’s an enormous chal- d’Ivoire, the commitment from all have been well established south lenge. It is clear that when we parties to have an election was of the Litani River for the first time have a mandate to protect civil- clear and the outcome was un- in decades. That is a big achieve- ians over huge territories where ambiguous – 54 to 46 per cent. ment. Second, the number of inci- there is no real infrastructure This has been acknowledged by dents along the Blue Line between such as eastern DRC or Darfur, almost all observers, by the In- Israel and Lebanon has been re- the mobility and agility of the dependent Electoral Commission duced dramatically. With the sad force and the mission as a whole and certified by the Head of Mis- exception of the August incident, is a key factor. So helicopters, and sion YJ Choi. no one has been killed along the in particular tactical helicopters, Blue Line since 2006. That is a are key. We have been asking for It is very important that the UN great achievement due in no small 18 utility military transport heli- Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI) part to the presence of UNIFIL. As copters for Darfur for more than continues to play its impartial regards the August incident, our two years and have not yet re- role. The certification mandate presence helped prevent the inci- ceived a single one of them. We was given by the Security Coun- dent from escalating. have received some support from cil at the request of President Member States – for example we Gbagbo, President Ouattara, 2010 was a tremendously difficult received five tactical helicopters President Bédié and Mr. Soro in year for Haiti, which had to cope from Ethiopia for Darfur, and Rus- 2005 in the Pretoria Agreement. first with a devastating earth- sia also recently transferred mili- It was a direct request, and the quake and then a cholera epi- tary utility helicopters from our UN has played its role impartial- demic. The people of Haiti and the mission in Chad to South Sudan. ly. We checked the figures. And peacekeepers appeared to draw We also have tactical helicopters the figures are extremely clear. closer together in the aftermath from Ukraine in Liberia. But we We will implement our mandate of the earthquake, but suspicions need many more. We had signifi- which has been renewed unani- over the cause of the cholera cant numbers of helicopters from mously by the Security Council to epidemic seemed to erode this India, but New Delhi has decided support and to assist the Ivorian relationship – several anti-UN

YEAR IN REVIEW 2010 7 Alain Le Roy, the Under-Secretary- demonstrations were held. ment for the mission. After tive. In addition, the Secre- General for Peacekeeping Operations, How can the UN ensure the earthquake, everyone tary-General appointed an holds a press conference following acknowledged how the independent panel of some violent demonstrations over the con- that the relations between tested Ivorian presidential election, the mission and the people mission helped bring assis- of the best experts in the Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire. 29 December they are there to help grow tance to the people. world to assess the source 2010. (UN Photo/Basile Zoma) strong once again? of the outbreak of the epi- Unfortunately, the earth- demic in Haiti. This panel Le Roy: Before the earthquake was followed by the has started its work and quake and in its immediate outbreak of the cholera the results will be transpar- aftermath, the relationship epidemic and accusations ent. More and more reports between our mission and that UN peacekeepers had show that the outbreak may the Haitian people was very brought it to the country. have come from a com- good. In fact, the five years We have made it very clear, pletely different source. before the earthquake were since the first day, that we some of the best years want to be transparent. We The mandate of the United Haiti had experienced in conducted many tests of the Nations Mission in the decades in terms of eco- soldiers against whom the Central African Repub- nomic growth and stability. accusations were directed – lic and Chad (MINURCAT) This was a great achieve- all the tests came out nega- concluded in 2010. In

8 UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS hindsight, how successful was demic has also tested us. We will did not go well. But I must say MINURCAT in fulfilling its man- remain completely transparent on that I found the overall perfor- date to contribute to the protec- this issue. Second, we are being mance of peacekeepers in 2010 tion of civilians, promote the tested in Côte d’Ivoire. Our mission encouraging: we contributed to rule of law, and promote region- took a firm and principled stance. maintaining peace and protecting al peace? President Gbagbo requested the civilians in all these cases, avert- departure of our forces and the ing deeper crises with potentially Le Roy: Many people, includ- people loyal to him are instigating disastrous consequences for the ing the local authorities, praised the population – notably through civilian populations. Sometimes, the work that MINURCAT did in the national radio – to act against we could have done better, and we eastern Chad to ensure safety UNOCI personnel. Our peacekeep- remain committed to improving and security for the refugees and ers are very much tested to the our performance. However, every- the internally displaced persons, limit and they are taking big risks. one recognizes that - in all these promote rule of law and train the That is very worrying. The third challenging cases - the situation Chadian police – Détachement de place where we are being tested would have been much worse had Sécurité Intégré. Unfortunately, is in the Sudan. In Darfur, it is very peacekeepers not been there. I the mission had to close for politi- clear that UNAMID has to be ro- am proud of and grateful to all the cal reasons, but the mission has bust every day because there are men and women serving in peace- left its mark in Chad and we can be attacks against civilians on a reg- keeping, as well as to Member proud of what it did to protect the ular basis. In southern Sudan, the States for their unfailing support people in eastern Chad. referendum was held peacefully. during these trying times. The UN mission played a tremen- Looking ahead, what do you ex- dous role in achieving this. pect to be the main challenges and opportunities facing UN Three or six months ago, very few peacekeeping in 2011? What people could imagine having a keeps you up at night and what peaceful referendum and an out- gives you cause for hope? come accepted by everyone – by Khartoum and by Juba. That is Le Roy: We still face huge chal- very much to the credit of the mis- lenges. We have 15 operations and sion and especially, I would say, many of them face extremely dif- to one man, the Head of Mission, ficult challenges. You mentioned Haile Menkerios. He has played a Lebanon – as you know the politi- discreet but essential role. There cal situation in Lebanon is difficult, are still many things to be sorted especially due to reactions to the out – post-referendum issues and Special Tribunal. You mentioned state-building in southern Sudan. the Democratic Republic of the The assistance of the Department Congo – to protect so many civil- of Field Support made it possible ians where so many groups are for the referendum to take place attacking them in the most bru- all over the country, which covers tal way. That will remain a huge a huge terrain. I think we passed challenge for the coming years. the test in the Sudan. Let me mention three other situations where we are being tested In general, 2010 put us to the to the limit: Haiti, Côte d’Ivoire and test as almost never before – in the Sudan. In Haiti, we are facing Haiti, Cote d’Ivoire, the DRC, Dar- a political crisis, and we have to fur, southern Sudan, Lebanon and ensure security in the absence of elsewhere. Sometimes, peace- political stability. The cholera epi- keepers got blamed when things

YEAR IN REVIEW 2010 9 The Global Field Support strategy “will make us more agile, more effective and more efficient” Interview with Susana Malcorra, the Under-Secretary-General for Field Support

How will the Global Field Sup- port Strategy bring about im- provements to the functioning of UN peacekeeping missions and bring down costs?

Malcorra: The Global Field Sup- port Strategy (GFSS) is trying to build on the lessons learned from the most recent large deployments we’ve had in places such as Darfur and Chad. We are trying to come up with an approach that will help us be more agile and react faster and more efficiently to the new demands on the ground. This will help us deploy and re- deploy faster, as we are doing in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where we are establishing small mobile bases in hot-spots in the country.

The notion of the GFSS is attached to the idea of serving our missions better. It is based on four pillars.

One pillar is related to the “modularization” approach. This essentially has to do with creating a toolkit that will allow us to establish camps and, again, deploy and re-deploy faster and better, as well as in a more en- vironmentally friendly manner. But, also, hopefully in a manner that will help us bring down the overall cost of deployment. Susana Malcorra, the Under-Secretary-General for Field Support. (UN Photo)

10 UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS Ms. Susana Malcorra, Under-Secretary-General for Field Support, at the construction site of the new UN logistics base in Valencia, Spain. 23 April 2010. (UN Photo)

The second pillar on which we the mission area, have a lighter a mission. We will be going back to are working is shared resources. footprint, something which the Member States about the strategic Missions have historically been Brahimi report emphasized more framework model in this coming established and built individually, than 10 years ago. It will mean General Assembly session. with the full range of resources. less investment in serving our- It became increasingly obvious selves, because we will have less The fourth pillar is human re- as we approached an $8 billion people on the ground in the mis- sources, part of which has just operational budget that there sions’ theatre of operations. At been approved by the General As- are opportunities to share re- the same time, it will give us the sembly. It is a critical change to sources between missions. So, opportunity to have more of our the way that we support our staff we have two concepts that are staff established in family duty in the field. very important to me: one is the stations, which will help us ro- concept of the regional service tate our staff in different settings I believe that the GFSS will make centre, which will serve the mis- and will provide better career de- a big difference. It will make us sions in a given region with what velopment opportunities. more agile, more effective and we call back-office functions – more efficient. And it will enhance personnel, payroll, accounting – The third pillar is financial strength- the quality of the staff that we de- functions that are needed in the ening. This is very, very much in ploy in the field. missions but are not necessarily line with the modularization ap- required within mission theatre. proach. It will allow us to have a What role will the proposed re- This will give us the opportu- better use of resources and a bet- gional hubs play in this process nity to lower our presence in ter budget cycle when we establish and how many are foreseen?

YEAR IN REVIEW 2010 11 Susana Malcorra, the Under-Secretary-General for Field Support, speaks at a town hall meeting with the staff of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), El-Fasher, Darfur, Sudan. 19 October 2009. (UN Photo/Olivier Chassot)

Malcorra: We have for the time to do that with resources shared as we speak. In the meantime, the being one regional service centre among the missions in the region, General Assembly gave us much in Entebbe, Uganda. We chose En- which will enable us to generate more latitude with resources on tebbe because nearly 50 per cent economies of scale. We do not how we manage the strategic de- of operations are located around have plans yet for a second or a ployment stocks and the peace- the area. The Entebbe centre sup- third centre. That will come as keeping reserve fund. This was ports the peacekeeping mission we move. We first want to try this a show of trust by the Member in the Democratic Republic of the in Entebbe and we will see what States. They also asked us to es- Congo, the two missions in the comes after. tablish the global service centre in Sudan, as well as the UN Sup- Brindisi to serve all field missions. port Office for AMISOM (UNSOA) Are Member States fully backing We are now coming back with a and some of the special political the global strategy including the more developed concept in this missions in the region. We foresee regional hubs? next round of discussions. that service centre being utilized for back office functions. Again, Malcorra: The strategy was en- The UN has been trying very hard we are speaking about transac- dorsed by Member States. They to stamp out sexual exploitation tional functions - such as account- asked us to come back on the fi- and abuse and other misconduct ing, payroll, personnel and admin- nancial framework issue. In fact, by its peacekeepers in recent istrative functions - that need to we did say that we wanted their years. What progress has been be performed for a mission, but initial endorsement and that we made in this regard and do you don’t need to be performed within would come back with a detailed have any new plans under con- the mission area. We are going model. We are building that model sideration?

12 UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS Malcorra: First of all, this is egy. Modularization will look at from mission to mission, or from a matter of very, very serious the size of the camp that needs to a mission to the Headquarters in concern for us. You never make be built and at having each one of New York, Geneva or wherever. So enough progress until you can say those parts being designed having the overhaul has been, in my view, that you have zero cases. As the a very “green” approach in mind. very important for staff. I also Secretary-General always states, This will help us have a much bet- have news to say that the overall we have a zero tolerance policy. ter impact on the ground. Some- vacancy rate has been reduced. We are not there yet, but I think times when I look at what we We have improved by several per we have made progress. We now leave behind it isn’t so pretty. We centage points – around five per show quarterly statistics on the need to work on that. It will also cent. That is still far from what we web on how we are tracking the help us be less dependent on fuel want, or what is ideal. We hope different type of allegations; and, for example, which is always a that some of the recent develop- we can track those figures. That in very weak link for our missions. ments with the General Assembly, itself is progress, because it dem- The heavy dependency on fuel in which the package for our staff onstrates transparency. means that the safety and secu- has been enhanced and harmo- rity of our own missions, as well nized with the rest of the system, We have also started to receive as our ability to deliver on the will help us make it more attrac- more feedback from Member mandates can be sometimes at tive for people to work in the field. States’ diplomatic missions in risk. So we are working on that. New York regarding what steps Anything we can do – renewable What more can be done to im- they have taken back in their home energy, solar panels, treatment of prove the welfare and living countries regarding the allega- water and waste – is included in conditions of UN personnel tions. So, we have started to see our modularization approach. serving in often dangerous and that the loop is starting to close. I difficult environments far away think this is a cultural change that Some UN peacekeeping mis- from their homes and families? takes a lot of time and investment. sions are having problems filling We are starting to see the payback staff vacancies in crucial posts Malcorra: First of all, safety and on that investment. in a timely manner. What steps security of staff is of paramount are being taken to make prog- importance for us, and we put Are we satisfied? We are not. We ress on the recruitment front? high priority on any matter related are working hard to keep this is- to safety and security. Again, part sue at the top of our priorities, and Malcorra: First of all, the system of the design of the new camps at the top of the troop and police has been overhauled starting in brings this into consideration, to contributing countries’ priorities. mid-2009, when the General As- make them much more self-con- We will continue to work closely sembly took the decision that our tained and much more secure. We with them. mission staff once and for all will are also taking into consideration not be second-class citizens, but things like gender in our designs. The concept of “greening” the will be part of the global Secre- One thing I always take into con- blue-helmets has been talked tariat. As part of this initiative, sideration is ablutions and bath- about a lot in recent years – from we had to change the process. rooms when I visit camps. I re- relying more on renewable and As people are aware, we now alized that most of the time they sustainable energy to having a have field central review boards have been designed with a solid smaller environmental footprint (FCRBs) that review the selec- engineering approach, but not and improving waste manage- tion of our staff. This created a necessarily taking into account ment and sanitation systems. As bottleneck at the beginning and the user’s perspective. It is not “greening” has both environmen- it has really been a difficult pro- very appealing for a woman to tal and safety imperatives, what cess to go through. But, I can say have to walk 250 meters in the new proposals are in the pipeline? that, by now, almost 3,000 people middle of the night to get to the have already been cleared by the bathroom. We are now taking Malcorra: The answer to this FCRBs. This means that people these things into closer consid- question goes hand-in-hand with who have been certified as part of eration – gender, greening, safety the Global Field Support Strat- the global Secretariat can move and security – to help make

YEAR IN REVIEW 2010 13 places, which in themselves are do what they require, and address at different moments and being very difficult, a little bit more at- what is common to both. ready to be creative while keeping tractive. We can add to that all the to the principles of our rules and proposals that have been consid- For the first time DFS has been regulations and managing our re- ered and approved by the General asked to provide logistical sup- sources properly. Assembly, like the harmonization port for a non-UN peacekeeping of family duty stations, harmo- mission – the African Union Mis- Looking ahead, what new initia- nization of conditions of service sion in Somalia (AMISOM). How tives are likely going to come to and the payment of rest and recu- has this relationship worked? the fore in 2011? peration travel. All of these things should help add a financial incen- Malcorra: The Security Council es- Malcorra: First of all, this is a year tive for people to move into places tablished the United Nations Sup- to cement initiatives – you can’t that are difficult, but that, on the port Office for AMISOM (UNSOA) to always be thinking about new other hand, are very attractive be- deliver a logistics capacity support initiatives. The Global Field Sup- cause those are the places where package to AMISOM. As such, UN- port Strategy was approved by the you can really make an important SOA is a mission that only has a Member States only six months difference. support component. It is the equiva- ago. I know everyone assumes it lent to the support component with- is already done and finished, but Although DFS is part of the “UN in a UN peacekeeping mission, but it has only just started. It is a five- peacekeeping family” it also this one serves the military and po- year project and we are only six provides support to the organi- litical components of an AU mission, months into it. We still have to go zation’s political missions. How while the mission reports directly back to Member States to finalize is that role different? to me. The director of support, who the Global Service Centre and the normally reports to the Head of Mis- financial framework. And we need Malcorra: In certain ways it is sion, reports to me while he serves to prove that what has already different, and in other ways it is the African Union mission. been approved has started to re- pretty much the same. It is differ- ally deliver results. So, it is a time ent because the number of staff This is another example of us be- to pause, to work, to be focused you require in those missions ing a service organization. Yes, we on delivering results: that would most of the time is much lower in have a different customer – in this be my theme now. We need to be numbers, but you need very pre- case the African Union. Of course, very, very attuned to the chang- cise profiles. I always say that the this has been quite a challenge ing demands coming from the peacekeeping missions are sort for many reasons. First, because ground. We have crisis after crisis of a “wholesale” operation, and we are serving a non-UN organi- after crisis. While we foresee new the special political missions are zation; second, because we are challenges coming, such as the sort of a “boutique” operation. One serving this non-UN organization developments in the Sudan as well needs to make sure that process- in a very harsh environment like as the challenges from the upcom- es that have been thought of to Mogadishu. In UNSOA, we are put- ing elections in the Democratic serve large operations are adapt- ting together different tools using Republic of the Congo, these will ed to these very specific needs. If local contractors as much as pos- again pose many big demands on you miss the profile in one post sible to help us set up the qual- logistics, on personnel, on technol- in a special political mission, you ity controls for our services and ogy, and on communications. We have probably missed the boat. to help us enhance the ability of will also have to discuss a lot with You don’t have another post to fill AMISOM to deliver on its mandate. Member States about financial re- with that profile. There are needs I think it has been a very interest- sources. So, it is a time to pause, that are unique. But in my view, ing exercise. I hear from our col- to work, to deliver on results and to the Department of Field Support leagues in the African Union that be very mindful of how we manage needs to have a “customer ser- they are satisfied overall. And I Member States’ resources to prove vice” orientation. We need to react think it is proof of the United Na- to them that they have the right re- to the needs of our customers and tions adapting to different needs turn on their investment.

14 UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS UN increasing use of preventive diplomacy Interview with B. Lynn Pascoe, the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs

Since March 2007, B. Lynn of overseeing UN political Pascoe: When Secretary- Pascoe has headed the De- missions, and the ongoing General Ban Ki-moon took partment of Political Affairs, strengthening of his Depart- office, which was before the which currently oversees 11 ment. global financial crisis, he field-based political mis- made it clear that UN peace- sions and peacebuilding In the context of the global keeping had been stretched to offices in Africa, Asia and economic downturn and the limit in terms of financial the Middle East. These op- strains on UN peacekeep- and personnel resources. He erations are delivering on ing, the international com- also noted that most conflicts a broad range of activities munity is showing renewed around the world are in es- and mandates, from conflict interest in the use of presence political and therefore prevention to mediation and ventive diplomacy as a the UN needed to engage peacebuilding. They are part cost-effective option for re- more in diplomatic efforts to of a continuum of UN peace sponding to brewing politi- solve political problems be- operations working in dif- cal crises. Do you foresee fore they escalate into vio- ferent stages of the conflict an increase in demand for lent conflict. The Secretary- cycle. In the interview below, mediation efforts and spe- General did not believe in the B. Lynn Pascoe, the Under- B. Lynn Pascoe reflects on cial political missions? How idea of sharp lines between Secretary-General for Politi- cal Affairs, visits African Union the role of preventive diplo- is this being approached the Department of Peace- mission headquarters in Mog- macy in resolving disputes, within the Security Council keeping Operations (DPKO), adishu, Somalia. 1 September the operational challenges and in the field? the Department of Political 2010. (UN Photo)

YEAR IN REVIEW 2010 15 B. Lynn Pascoe, the Under- Affairs (DPA) and other parts of Pascoe: The call for more of an organization, the United Na- Secretary-General for Political the United Nations system. He emphasis on preventive diplo- tions and countries that support Affairs, visits returning war felt on the contrary that to be macy comes from many regions. Guinea. At a regional level, UN- refugees in Sri Lanka. 16 June 2010. (UN Photo) more effective on the ground we In January 2010, the Secretary- OWA is also supporting regional needed to enhance cooperation. General convened a meeting initiatives to reduce the threats One of the first steps taken was with 14 different regional and posed by drug trafficking and to transform DPA into a more sub-regional organizations to organized crime and to build field-oriented department. This identify our respective strengths government capacities. We are has proven to be the correct ap- and weaknesses and look at planning to inaugurate in Janu- proach. It is important for the UN ways of reinforcing our mutual ary 2011 a similar regional po- to continue to sharpen the tool cooperation. There is no place litical office for Central Africa, of conflict prevention in order where this has proven more based in Libreville, Gabon. to avoid having so many con- critical in resolving disputes flicts reach the point at which than in Africa. In Guinea, the Another area where DPA has peacekeeping is required. We United Nations Office for West been deeply involved is So- have advanced considerably in Africa (UNOWA), which is based malia. In 2010, DPA supported strengthening our peacemaking in Dakar, has been working very efforts to establish a broader- capacities, including our ability closely with the Economic Com- based Government and to de- to dispatch special envoys and mission of West African States velop a comprehensive strategy mediators quickly when political (ECOWAS) and the African Union to break the cycle of violence. crises erupt. (AU) throughout the crisis that We have had some success in followed the death of longtime the sense that a much stronger There is a widely shared view President Lansana Conte. We field operation is now in place, among Member States that have helped Guinea move from the African Union Mission in preventive diplomacy is criti- a very critical period to long- Somalia (AMISOM). Through cal in stemming conflict in delayed democratic elections, the UN Support Office to Africa. Can you outline the run-off elections and the inau- AMISOM (UNSOA), the Depart- efforts that have been made guration of the new President ment of Field Support has been to enhance cooperation with at the end of December 2010. providing logistics support to regional and sub-regional or- This is a great triumph for the the mission, which resulted in ganizations in this area? combined efforts of the regional significant improvement in the

16 UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS living and working conditions of its In Jerusalem, the Office of the contribute to political stability. personnel. Furthermore, the Afri- United Nations Special Coordina- However, they can sometimes be can Union’s request to add 4,000 tor for the Middle East Peace Pro- the spark that sets off significant additional troops to AMISOM was cess (UNSCO) has been working problems, as has been the case authorized by the Security Council with the parties to the peace pro- in Côte d’Ivoire. Our role is to help in December. Major efforts have cess on a wide range of issues re- ensure that electoral processes also been made to combat piracy lated to the humanitarian situation are handled correctly on the tech- off the coast of Somalia and to and the development challenges nical side, as well as on the politi- strengthen regional judicial sys- facing the Occupied Palestinian cal side. tems to prosecute suspects. A Territories. new United Nations Trust Fund, During the Security Council overseen by a 10-nation board DPA also continues to support a Summit held in September 2010, that I chair, was established in major field mission in Iraq, UN- the Secretary-General called for April 2010 to support projects to AMI, which has been assisting the a more flexible UN architecture help Somalia counter maritime authorities in the holding of par- of response to conflicts. In par- piracy. liamentary elections and in build- ticular, he stressed the need to ing political cohesion. move beyond the idea of a lin- In Burundi, Sierra Leone, Guinea ear sequence of peacemaking, Bissau and the Central African Re- In Latin America, the International peacekeeping and peacebuilding public, the UN’s integrated peace- Commission Against Impunity in and to use these instruments in building offices have continued to Guatemala (CICIG), an innovative a more integrated fashion. Will collaborate with the Peacebuilding independent body established with this require a fundamental re- Commission, as well as with UN DPA’s support, has continued to form of current UN structures? agencies, funds and programmes investigate illegal security groups toward building sustainable peace and to help Guatemalan authori- Pascoe: There has already been in societies shattered by civil wars. ties in prosecuting criminal orga- great progress among the vari- nizations and fighting impunity. ous UN departments and agencies Where else have DPA’s activi- in making their cooperation more ties been felt most significantly Over the past year, the UN Region- effective and averting turf fight- in 2010? al Centre for Preventive Diplomacy ing and bureaucratic competition. in Central Asia, based in Turkmen- But it remains a tricky proposition Pascoe: In Nepal, UNMIN - whose istan, has been particularly ac- to bring all of the UN’s assets to- mandate is set to come to an end tive in responding to the crisis in gether to address political, devel- in January 2011 - has been work- Kyrgyzstan. In close cooperation opment and humanitarian issues ing with the key political leaders with the Organization for Security in a way that can put a country on to encourage an action plan for and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the path not only of democratic the integration and rehabilitation among others, the Secretary-Gen- progress, but also of economic of former Maoist combatants. The eral’s Special Representative has development for its people. mission was successful in assist- played a valuable role in keeping ing Nepalese authorities in orga- the transition process on track. We are constantly working with nizing historic elections for a Con- In countries around the world DPKO, the Peacebuilding Com- stituent Assembly and in helping where there are no UN field mis- mission, UNDP, as well as other maintain the peace by monitor- sions, DPA may be engaged in UN agencies on finding the right ing the management of arms and preventive diplomacy or in offering combination to develop an ef- armed personnel. political backstopping to UN Resi- fective peacebuilding strategy. dent and Humanitarian Coordina- Studies have shown that political In Lebanon, the UN Special Co- tors in fulfilling their mandates. issues such as poor governance ordinator has been cooperating are a root cause of most con- closely with UNIFIL and the gov- Finally, another important func- flicts. Most of the countries that ernments of the region to try to tion of DPA is to provide electoral rank at the bottom of the UNDP make progress in critical areas in assistance through its Electoral Human Development Index have a volatile environment. Assistance Division. Elections can experienced violent conflicts that

YEAR IN REVIEW 2010 17 B. Lynn Pascoe, the Under- have contributed to their im- ing simultaneously its key func- notch senior political officers to Secretary-General for Political poverishment. tions of servicing both the Sec- strengthen the department’s re- Affairs, visits UN arms moni- retariat and the field. There was gional divisions. tors in Nepal. 11 March 2010. (UN Photo) We are also trying to ensure some questioning as to whether that we work closely with in- our main focus should be our Much emphasis is also being ternational financial institutions work here at Headquarters. made on staff training to de- as well as donors around the velop their mediation skills and world. Time and again, we’ve One of my first initiatives was ensure that DPA has the best seen how efforts to resolve to emphasize the importance repository of information and conflicts will fail if the main of being active in the field. The resources on mediation. UN outside actors – international second problem was serious peacemaking capacities have and regional organizations and understaffing. The shortage of been also greatly enhanced Member States – work in dif- personnel was so critical that with the establishment of a ferent directions. when one or two people were Mediation Support Unit. Pre- sent out on mission from a re- ventive diplomacy is one of the What have been the main oper- gional desk, there was virtually oldest jobs of the United Na- ational and political challenges nobody left at Headquarters to tions, but one that had fallen of the ongoing strengthening cover the country. We have be- somewhat into disrepair. To- process of DPA and how do you gun to reverse this chronic prob- day, we are working to make see the way forward? lem. In 2008, the General As- sure that the UN is capable of sembly approved 50 additional responding quickly to conflicts Pascoe: The first problem I posts. This has been invaluable and making a difference on the faced was that the department as we recruited a diverse group ground. was having trouble in perform- of junior professionals and top-

18 UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS Global Field Support Strategy goes into effect “The line between disorder and order lies in logistics…” - Sun Tzu

“My logisticians are a humorless lot ... they know if my campaign fails, they are the first ones I will slay.” - Alexander the Great The responsibility for providing lo- command of the African Union in ments of the strategy were ap- gistical and administrative support Somalia. proved by the General Assembly to the more than 120,000 United in June 2010. Nations personnel currently serv- On the civilian side, the tools that ing in peace operations around the human rights officer relies on The strategy is designed to im- the world is borne by the men and daily to conduct her work, the ve- prove the effectiveness of sup- women of the Department of Field hicle in which she will reach vic- port, especially in ensuring a Support, or DFS, created in 2007 tims of abuse and the computer more rapid deployment of opera- in response to a surge in demand she will use to write her report, tions through access to increased for blue helmets. will have been supplied and kept funding for mission start-up and operational by the Department. expansion, as well as by using the The scale of the Department’s task concept of “modularization” – pre- is impressive by any measure: the Similarly, in some of the larger defined elements of logistical sup- United Nations is now the second peacekeeping missions, the De- port that can be rapidly deployed largest strategic mover of troops partment equips and maintains to the field. after the U.S. military and does it extensive radio broadcasting net- at a fraction of the cost. works that are the most effective The strategy will also maximize way of getting vital public informa- efficiencies. For instance, by con- With an annual budget of close tion to isolated communities, for centrating certain administrative to $8 billion, the Department re- example, Radio Miraya’s voter in- functions in “service centres”, it cruits and manages more than formation programming in advance will promote economies of scale, 6,000 international civilian staff; of the referendum on Southern in particular in areas with the deploys and maintains over 4,000 Sudan, or information campaigns highest cost, such as air trans- vehicles in field operations; and is broadcast on Radio Okapi in the port. This approach includes the responsible for managing a fleet Democratic Republic of the Congo re-profiling of the United Nations of more than 250 fixed and rota- on issues such as the disarma- logistics base in Brindisi, Italy, as ry-wing aircraft used to transport ment, demobilization and re-inte- the global service centre, and us- personnel and equipment to and gration of former combatants. ing the existing support base in from some of the most inhospi- Entebbe, Uganda, as a shared re- table and dangerous places on The challenges of providing sup- gional service centre for missions earth. port on this scale and in such var- in the region. ied and challenging environments On any one day, the Department led the Department in 2010 to de- And, in line with the General As- will be involved in choreographing velop and launch its Global Field sembly resolution approving the the rotation of troops and deliver- Support Strategy – a five-year strategy, any savings will not ing vital equipment and supplies project to transform the delivery adversely affect the operational for military contingents around of support services to United Na- needs of missions, including cru- the world, such as the rations for tions field missions by making cially, the safety and security of all uniformed peacekeeping per- them more innovative, flexible personnel. In fact, the strategy sonnel, including those under the and accountable. The main ele- will bring increased benefits to

YEAR IN REVIEW 2010 19 Helicopters of the United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) sit on the tarmac in Juba before departure to distribute ballots and voting material to remote poll locations in southern Sudan. 6 April 2010. (UN Photo/Tim McKulka)

mission personnel by providing the Department of Field Support (UNAMA) to develop long-term more predictable and secure ac- has: solutions to their operational commodation and greater strate- challenges and security threats. gic workforce planning. • helped the African Union support its forces in Somalia by creating The Global Field Support Strategy The strategy makes particular a sustainable supply route for is already dramatically transform- sense, bearing in mind that lo- essential resources from Mom- ing the way United Nations peace gistical and administrative sup- basa on the Kenyan coast to operations are launched and sus- port to peacekeeping operations Mogadishu; tained, making the process more – including in the areas of finance, efficient, while ensuring that the budget, logistics and personnel – • worked with the Government endeavour has a lighter overall is not just a technical matter of of Sudan to secure the safe footprint through the consolida- supplying goods and services. As and steady passage of person- tion and streamlining of existing UN missions operate in increas- nel and physical resources to assets and processes. As a result, ingly difficult environments, sup- facilitate the full deployment of the United Nations is able to more port has also become what plan- UNAMID; rapidly and effectively serve com- ners call ‘a strategic enabler’ for munities emerging from conflict, implementing mandates. For ex- • worked with the missions in giving the prospects of long-term ample, since its creation in 2007, Iraq (UNAMI) and Afghanistan peace a boost.

20 UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS Who are the UN peacekeepers? More than 120,000 military, police Peacekeepers deploy by sea, land mission by a national police ser- and civilian personnel serve in UN and air – either through commer- vice, usually six to 12 months, re- peace operations providing essen- cial arrangements or by the con- ceiving salary and allowance from tial security and support to mil- tributing Member State’s military, their government. lions of people on four continents. and both must be coordinated by the UN. Interested police can find the re- All personnel serving on UN quirements and obligations for peace operations join their re- The initial deployment of military service on the UN Police Website spective missions through a va- capability to a mission area is just (http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/ riety of means. Military troops, the start, because each peace- sites/police/index.shtml) and should which make up the bulk of peace keeping force must be main- contact their national authorities operations, and Formed Police tained and often adapted over to learn how they could be sent to Units are deployed by govern- time to suit prevailing conditions a mission. ments who have answered the within the mission area. Peace- call of the Security Council to keepers in formed units usually The United Nations employs over keep peace in a country on the serve from six to 12 months at 6,000 internationally-recruited Council’s agenda. Military ob- a time, but individuals may con- civilian staff to work in peace servers and liaison officers, as tinue to serve in the mission area operations in a wide variety of well as police and corrections of- for a number of years. occupations such human rights, ficers are seconded on an individ- political or civil affairs, public in- ual basis by national authorities. Enabling the continuous rotation of formation, security, engineering, fresh troops can be a demanding management and logistics sup- All UN Member States are invited business. The UN must also main- port. Civilian staff of peace opera- to contribute troops. However in tain the detailed records of service tions are recruited individually and recent years, the majority of UN on peacekeeping missions, which competitively by the mission. (UN “blue helmets” come from South covers the award of medals and Volunteers, who make a substan- Asia and Africa. In 2010, the top other forms of recognition, as tial contribution to peace opera- five troop contributing countries well as less welcome occurrences tions, apply and are selected and were Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, such as death or injury of troops in deployed through the UNV office Nigeria and Egypt. the line of duty. located in Bonn, Germany.)

The Department of Peacekeep- UN peace operations also field In 2010, both the Department of ing Operations works to field and some 14,700 police officers. Field Support and the UN Secre- maintain more than 100,000 mili- These UN police are seconded or tariat put into place the sweeping tary peacekeepers and their equip- loaned by their governments for human resources reforms ap- ment in missions around the world, six -18 month periods as experts proved by the UN General Assem- all of whom serve the cause of on mission. Their salaries are paid bly in 2009 [http://www.unrol.org/ peace every day of every year. by their national police service files/A-RES-63-250.pdf], integrat- and they are given a subsistence ing the field and Headquarters Identifying, pledging and deploy- allowance from the United Na- into one global workforce. These ing military individuals, formed tions. (Without a national police changes simplified contractual ar- units and hardware (ranging from force, the US government out- rangements of UN staff, aligned armoured personnel carriers to sources the internal recruitment the pay and allowances of staff helicopters and ships) is a complex and nomination process to private in the field with those of the UN business. The peacekeeper must, contractors.) Formed Police Units Secretariat and standardized the above all, retain the UN’s impartial- are dedicated contingents of some recruitment process for both field ity and uphold its core values. 140 officers contributed to a UN and Headquarters.

YEAR IN REVIEW 2010 21 The United Nations Stabiliza- New procedures for civilian apply electronically and once National staff make up the tion Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) staff mean that recruitment screened as meeting the aca- largest portion of civilian staff, staff aid in the delivery of elec- with 17,000 currently em- toral material to the island of La is increasingly decentralized demic and work experience Gonâve off the coast of Port-au- with missions making se- requirements for the job, un- ployed in UN peace operations. Prince, Haiti. 19 November 2010. lections from global rosters dergo written tests and then National staff are recruited lo- (UN Photo/Logan Abassi) maintained by the Department interviews by expert panels. cally within the host country of Field Support at Headquar- Successful candidates are and play an important role in ters. Generic job openings placed on pre-approved ros- supporting UN peace opera- for positions in peacekeep- ters, from which peacekeep- tions, thereby contributing to ing operations are listed on ing operations can select can- reconciliation, recovery and the UN Careers Portal (www. didates for vacant positions reconstruction efforts. careers.un.org). The UN is without further additional aiming to keep rosters fresh administrative steps. Male by periodically posting new candidates remain on the job openings based on need roster for two years, while fe- as identified through work- male candidates remain three force planning. Candidates years.

22 UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS Five years of reforms addressing misconduct by UN Peacekeeping personnel For the United Nations Depart- The Conduct and Discipline Unit port–commissioned in 2005 as a ments of Peacekeeping Operations (CDU) at Headquarters, and its “comprehensive strategy to elimi- and Field Support (DPKO and DFS), Conduct and Discipline Teams nate future sexual exploitation and 2010 marked the five-year an- (CDTs), currently deployed in 14 abuse in UN peacekeeping opera- niversary of the establishment of peacekeeping and special political tions,” and thanks to the commit- effective mechanisms to address missions, were created in Novem- ment of Member States, the UN misconduct involving peacekeep- ber 2005 in response to serious has put into place significant mea- ing personnel and to continue to allegations of sexual exploitation sures, including the following: strive towards the goals of “zero and abuse involving peacekeep- tolerance and zero impunity.” ing personnel. Up until that time, • The General Assembly endorsed there was no single institutional the UN comprehensive strategy “We have built a foundation ca- means available to the UN to sys- to address sexual exploitation pability to the point where the UN tematically and comprehensively and abuse through prevention, can be proud of what it has ac- address misconduct committed enforcement and remedial ac- complished,” DFS Assistant Sec- by all categories of peacekeeping tion. This translated at the field retary-General Anthony Banbury personnel. level into specific preventative said. “Creating this foundation and measures, pre-deployment and this professionalism is quite an Following up on the recommen- induction briefings on the UN achievement.” dations of the “Prince Zeid” re- Code of Conduct, including man-

United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI) organizes activities with the local population in Guiberoua to raise awareness of sexual exploitation and abuse. 18 June 2010. (UN Photo/Basile Zoma)

YEAR IN REVIEW 2010 23 Sexual exploitation and abuse datory training on sexual ex- the primary responsibility officials and experts on mis- training in the Mehaires Team- ploitation and abuse, and the of national governments to sion” to address the exten- site of the United Nations Mis- establishment of complaint conduct investigations and sion of national jurisdiction by sion for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO), reception and tracking mech- reaffirms their exclusive ju- Member States to cover crimi- Western Sahara. 17 June 2010. anisms to handle allegations risdiction for taking subse- nal misconduct of UN officials (UN Photo/Martine Perret) of misconduct. Investigations quent disciplinary or other or experts on mission. are conducted into all report- punitive actions. ed allegations, thus allowing • The establishment of the UN the disciplinary processes of • The General Assembly ap- and NGO Task Force on Pro- the UN or Member States to proved the Comprehensive tection from Sexual Exploita- proceed using more substan- Strategy on Assistance and tion and Abuse contributed to tive information. DFS main- Support to Victims of Sex- enhanced partnerships be- tains a dedicated database ual Exploitation and Abuse, tween approximately 30 UN to ensure that prior offenders which calls for medical treat- and non-UN entities working are not re-hired. ment, counselling, social on the issue. support, legal services and • A revised model Memoran- material care to complain- Serious allegations of miscon- dum of Understanding be- ants, victims and children duct are still being reported tween troop contributing born as a result of sexual ex- and remain a fundamental con- countries and the UN now ploitation and abuse. cern. But the UN and Member includes specific provisions States are now equipped with on misconduct and the pre- • The General Assembly also the mechanisms to take action vention of sexual exploita- adopted a resolution on the if and when such misconduct tion and abuse. It establishes “criminal accountability of UN occurs. 24 UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS Marking 10 years of addressing the Impact of War on Women October 2010 marked the 10th rial Open Debate of the Secu- mentation of the resolution over anniversary of the landmark Se- rity Council on 26 October. In the the next 10 years, in line with curity Council resolution 1325 weeks prior to the Open Debate, expectations of Member States. (2000) on women and peace and Member States, UN entities and The anniversary also provided an security, the first resolution spe- civil society partners organized a opportunity for the UN to set out cifically to address the impact series of events to assess prog- a set of global indicators to track of war on women. The resolu- ress and gaps in implementation progress. tion stressed women’s potential of the resolution. contributions to conflict reso- The Department of Peacekeeping lution and prevention, with the The anniversary offered an op- Operations has made significant objective of promoting women’s portunity to highlight the syner- investments over the past de- Staff members of the Af- participation and leadership in gies among the various efforts to cade to operationalize Security rican Union-United Na- tions Hybrid Operation in peacemaking, peacekeeping and advance the concerns of women Council resolution 1325, which Darfur (UNAMID) march peacebuilding. in the peace and security fields. has changed the business of alongside Sudanese At the global level, planning for peacekeeping. Yet, while there women for the annual The commemoration provided an the commemoration inspired the has been progress in some ar- campaign of “16 Days opportunity to reaffirm the com- launch of a UN system-wide ef- eas, gaps remain, and the over- of Activism against Gen- der-Based Violence” in mitment of Secretary-General fort to review progress, iden- all assessment of the impact of El Fasher, North Darfur, Ban Ki-moon to the implementa- tify persistent gaps and work 1325 thus far is modest. Posi- Sudan. 25 November tion of resolution 1325 and was towards a strategy that will tives steps include the adoption 2010. (UN Photo/Albert formally marked by a Ministe- guide efforts to achieve imple- of gender-sensitive policies and Gonzalez Farran)

YEAR IN REVIEW 2010 25 A UN police officer from the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT) and her Timorese counterpart interview a victim of domestic violence in Dili, Timor-Leste. 9 August 2010. (UN Photo/Martine Perret)

guidance, deployment of gender were women, while the numbers cerns and priorities for peace with advisers and focal points in all of female military personnel stood senior UN leadership. DPKO missions, increased par- at three per cent and police, nine ticipation of women in electoral per cent. Conflict continued to In January 2011, DPKO will launch and constitutional processes in a target women: in 2010, reports an impact study on implementa- number of countries, and contri- of terrible mass rapes emanated tion of resolution 1325 in peace- bution to the establishment of in- from the eastern Democratic Re- keeping, looking at women in stitutional mechanisms to support public of the Congo where UN peace negotiations, women in the gender mainstreaming. peacekeepers continue to try and political process, legal and judi- suppress a brutal but enduring cial reform, protection of women Sustaining support to local wom- conflict. in disarmament, demobilisation en’s participation in post-conflict and reintegration and in secu- processes has attained mixed re- To mark the 10th anniversary of rity sector reform, and sexual and sults. Participation in peace nego- 1325, DPKO, the Department of Po- gender-based violence. tiations remains low. Increasing litical Affairs, UNDP and UN Wom- the number of women peacekeep- en organized a series of Open Days This study should inform future ers remains a challenge. for Women, Peace and Security in activities by DPKO. Otherwise, the the field, followed by a Global Open Department plans to continue to As of late 2010, three of 17 chiefs Day event at Headquarters, during emphasize the leadership role of of mission (Special Representa- which women from 27 conflict-af- governments and women in post- tives of the Secretary-General) fected countries shared their con- conflict countries to implement

26 UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS resolution 1325, with the UN lend- components on missions to en- tection to civilians, including from ing its support to enhance capaci- sure mainstreaming of gender sexual violence, especially through ties of local institutions in post- within peacekeeping. It is hoped the development of scenario- conflict countries to do so. It will that partnership with UN Women based training modules on sexual also reach out to other UN entities will also enhance women’s par- violence and protection of civilians. to support impact and sustainabil- ticipation in peace processes This includes support to national ity of the resolution and undertake from the peacekeeping phase to authorities and local communities the systematic use of indicators to the peacebuilding and develop- to help them strengthen the rule of monitor progress. ment phases. law and to emphasize their leadership role in protecting women and The creation in 2010 of UN Wom- Likewise, the new Office of the girls from sexual violence and in en – merging the four parts of Special Representative on Sexual redressing violations. the UN system that focused ex- Violence in Conflict will coordinate clusively on gender equality and with peacekeeping operations to Significant steps were taken in women’s empowerment – should better protect women and girls who 2010 to improve the position of strengthen coordination among are victimized during conflict and in women in peace processes. Work- various entities working in post- post-conflict countries. DPKO and ing towards full realization of conflict environments. DPKO and DFS continue to support training resolution 1325 will be a priority the Department of Field Support and guidance to peacekeepers to for peacekeeping during the next will continue to maintain gender enhance their ability to deliver pro- decade. United Nations Police: Growing presence and rule of law role The first deployment UN Police today In many post-conflict environ- On a bright day in August 1960, in Half a century later, the role of UN ments, armed groups fill the void Leopoldville, Congo, (now Kinshasa Police in promoting peace and se- when rule of law has disappeared. in the Democratic Republic of the curity in field missions around the UN Police are deployed to assist Congo), a unit of Ghanaian police world has grown enormously. In with demilitarization and the pro- with steel blue helmets hanging December 2010, some 14,000 UN fessionalization of policing. In other on their backs, tasselled fezzes on Police were deployed in 12 peace- countries, host-state police ser- their heads, pleated khaki shorts keeping operations and five special vices are functioning but may need and knee-high socks, wooden clubs political missions. The Department reform, training and gaining or re- and wicker shields, disembarked at of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) gaining the trust of the population. an airfield to take up their duties as was authorized to deploy more than part of the United Nations Mission in 17,600 UN Police officers in 2011. To better respond to crises, DPKO the Congo (ONUC). has 41 specialized police officers UN Police are called upon to pro- and five judicial affairs and cor- The UN Secretary-General, Dag vide expert assistance, conduct rections officers ready to deploy Hammarskjöld, had requested po- operational assessments, train within a week to any country in lice as part of this peacekeeping and develop host-state policing the world. Based at the UN Logis- mission to help the newly indepen- capacity, develop and review tech- tics Base in Brindisi, Italy, these dent Congo Government train and nical guidance, and assist domes- teams can help startup new mis- develop its national police service. tic police services with strategic sions or reinforce existing opera- The Ghanaians, along with a Nige- planning. They often hit the ground tions, and are hired according to rian police detachment, remained at critical moments in post-con- their expertise to assist any UN in and around Leopoldville until the flict environments when law and entity or Member State with spe- mission was withdrawn in 1964. order is in disarray. cific challenges.

YEAR IN REVIEW 2010 27 A Ghanaian police officer from the United Nations Mission in the Congo (ONUC) stands guard on a street in Leopoldville, Congo, representation of national and (now Kinshasa in the Democratic linguistic groups increased; prog- Republic of the Congo). 7 August ress was made toward the UN 1960. (UN Photo) Global Effort goal of a 20 per cent female UN Police force by 2014, and some headway was made in recruiting senior personnel.

The UN Police Division is working hard to implement Security Council resolution 1325 (2000), which calls on DPKO to increase the number of women working in peacekeeping. When the Po- lice Division’s “Global Effort” was launched in 2009, only eight per cent of the 11,000 UN Police deployed were female officers. By the end of 2010, with an increase of 3,000 new officers, female officers are now at 10 per cent. This Global Effort is targeting not only UN Police, but also national police services. The Police Division is working with governments Another growth area for UN Po- Selection and recruitment to identify obstacles that deter women from joining law enforce- lice is Formed Police Units (FPU), The UN Police Division develops ment agencies, and in turn is ask- which now make up almost half of guidance, procedures, expertise ing governments to send to the UN the UN Police deployed. National and partnerships in order to effec- the same proportion of male and contingents of 120-160 armed po- tively equip, lead and guide mis- female officers as are represented lice officers undertake crowd con- sion police services. It is also re- in their national services. trol and provide security on rota- sponsible for overall recruitment tions of six to 12 months. Their of police officers. numbers have doubled over 10 “By empowering women to become law enforcers and guardians years, from two units to 64 FPUs The turnover and rotation of police of public security we are not only in December 2010 on duty in six officers is constant, and in order making police services more ef- UN peacekeeping operations. to ensure a continuous stream of fective and representative, but we high-quality officers with the re- are also changing the role model: UN Police officers have been in- quired experience, the Police Divi- women are also seen as protec- creasingly mandated to support sion has enhanced its recruitment tors and not only as victims. This the reform, restructuring and re- capacity, in coordination with has a huge impact in many coun- building of the national police and police contributing countries and tries around the world,” said UN other law enforcement agencies field missions. DPKO has been ad- Police Adviser Ann-Marie Orler. to ensure democratic policing. dressing the specialization gaps Some Security Council mandates that often arise in UN missions, Standardized identity task UN Police with developing the imbalance in national and lin- a host-state police service: this guistic groups deployed, the gen- UN Police, by the nature of their kind of institution building is a der imbalance and the difficulties tasks, must be recognized as long-term process, difficult to in recruiting senior personnel. police officers working under a address without sufficient atten- UN mandate. In some peace option, resources, time and sus- In 2010, vacancy rates were re- erations (Kosovo and Timor-Leste tainability. duced from 30 to 18.5 per cent; most recently), UN Police have

28 UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS had executive authority for law is also on the UN Counter-Terror- ponents, as well as a unit de- Secretary-General Ban enforcement and public order. ism Implementation Task Force voted to security sector reform. Ki-moon greets Haitian and is leading a harmonization National Police who are being assisted by Over the years, a number of of international approaches to In 2011, the division will aim to UN Police from the UN identifying symbols have been police roles in peacekeeping. become more effective through Stabilization Mission in used in UN missions on ve- UN Police also work with vari- enhanced selection and recruit- Haiti (MINUSTAH) in pro- hicles, uniforms and offices. In ous partners including INTERPOL ment, the development of a viding security to a dis- 2010, the Police Division with and the UN Office for Drugs and strategic framework, strength- placed persons camp in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. 14 the UN Department of Public Crime (UNODC) to augment na- ened partnerships, refined March 2010. (UN Photo/ Information created a standard tional capacities to combat orga- training, guidelines and proce- Sophia Paris) identity for UN Police. Following nized crime. dures, and by achieving greater a broad study of shields, colours gender parity. and symbols, a design was cho- The UN has learned that long- sen (see the back cover). term peace and development Addressing and building capac- following conflict depend upon ity in the entire rule of law sec- Working together on restoring the three pillars of rule tor has become the standard restoring the rule of law of law, namely the police, judi- approach of the UN. The need to Today’s post-conflict policing ciary and corrections processes. build professional and account- challenges require close collab- able national police services, oration between UN Police and Since 2007, the DPKO Office of begun 50 years ago in Kinshasa, other actors on the ground, nota- Rule of Law and Security Institu- remains an overarching goal of bly regional organizations, such tions (OROLSI) has combined an UN Police deployments, under- as the African Union and Euro- office of Police Advisor with judi- taken with the motto “profes- pean Union. The Police Division cial affairs and corrections com- sional service – lasting impact.”

YEAR IN REVIEW 2010 29 Haiti begins long process of rebuilding As Haiti struggles to recover from Ban Ki-moon dispatched Assis- Despite the daunting task, by Sep- the devastating earthquake that tant Secretary-General Edmond tember approximately 4 million claimed the lives of more than Mulet to act as his Special Repre- Haitians had received food as- 230,000 people and left 1.3 mil- sentative alongside a small team sistance and more than 200,000 lion homeless, the United Nations from the New York Headquar- had benefited from cash-for- Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MI- ters to support critical functions work programmes. In temporary NUSTAH) has made extraordinary and the MINUSTAH staff on the shelters and spontaneous settle- efforts to respond to the post- ground. ments, around 1.5 million inter- earthquake humanitarian emer- nally displaced persons (IDPs) gency and address key priorities The Mission’s strength of 9,000 were provided with basic health of recovery and stabilization. uniformed personnel was swiftly care, educational support, water reinforced with an additional and sanitation facilities, while MI- The scale of the destruction 1,500 police officers and 2,000 NUSTAH and the Haitian National caused by the 7.0 magnitude troops in line with resolution 1908 Police provided security, paying earthquake was unprecedented. (2010), unanimously adopted by particular attention to the most It devastated the Government, the Security Council. vulnerable. killing an estimated one-third of Haiti’s public sector employees In an outpouring of sympathy and The international community’s and destroying schools, hospitals, solidarity with the people of Haiti, enduring commitment to Haiti government buildings, courts and a multitude of aid agencies, NGOs was also highlighted at a donors police facilities. The streets of and individuals mobilized world- conference convened at the end of Port-au-Prince, particularly the wide to support the humanitarian March in New York. Pledges went downtown area, were filled with effort. At the height of the emer- well beyond expectations, total- debris and twisted metal from gency phase, up to 150 flights ling $10.5 billion – $6.2 billion for collapsed buildings. The coastal were landing each day at the Port- 2010 and 2011, and a further $4.3 towns of Léogâne and Jacmel au-Prince airport. billion for 2012 and beyond. To were also severely affected. channel support and oversee me- The immediate response focused dium- and long-term reconstruc- The United Nations suffered the on life-saving medical assistance, tion efforts, former U.S. President biggest single loss of life in its food and safe water delivery and Bill Clinton, who has served as the history when 102 of its personnel the provision of shelter to earth- United Nations Special Envoy for were killed: 97 were MINUSTAH quake victims. UN agencies, to- Haiti since 2009, was asked by the personnel, including the mission’s gether with bilateral partners, Haitian Government to co-chair senior leadership. Most of them worked tirelessly in a very chal- with Haitian Prime Minister Jean- perished in the collapse of their lenging operating environment to Max Bellerive a new body, the In- headquarters in Port-au-Prince. meet the most pressing needs. terim Haiti Recovery Commission.

In the wake of the disaster, a The impact of the earthquake was “Has the reconstruction process massive emergency relief opera- compounded by the profound vul- been as quick and as far-reach- tion was launched by the UN with nerability of Haitian society that ing as many of us had hoped? No, assistance from several Member had existed before 12 January, not when so many Haitians re- States. The United States and with 56 per cent of the population main homeless, hungry and un- Canada deployed about 20,000 living in extreme poverty, wide- employed,” wrote the co-chairs troops in the most severely af- spread chronic malnutrition, and in an op-ed published in June. fected areas. Secretary-General a 70 per cent unemployment rate. “Has progress been made? Un-

30 UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS equivocally, yes. But we must epidemic quickly spread to all might have brought the disease Brazilian peacekeepers from do better.” the country’s 10 departments, to Haiti caused violent protests MINUSTAH distribute water killing over 2,000 people in less against the mission in several and food in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. 22 January 2010. Meanwhile, international funds than two months. cities. However, repeated envi- (UN Photo/Marco Dormino) promised for 2010 for recon- ronmental tests on water sam- struction, including debt relief, A coordinated response strategy ples taken in and around the continue to come in. The sepa- to support Haiti’s Public Health contingent’s camp all proved rate UN humanitarian appeal Ministry was launched by MI- negative. The Secretary-Gener- for $1.5 billion in 2010 received NUSTAH and the UN agencies, al, believing that fair questions more than $1 billion as of mid- focusing on operating treatment and legitimate concerns de- December. clinics and providing medicines, mand the best answer that sci- clean water and improved sani- ence can provide, called for the Ten months after the earth- tation throughout the country. creation of a fully independent quake, as preparations for key The Secretary-General issued international scientific panel to presidential and parliamentary an international appeal for investigate the source of the elections were in full gear, Haiti funds to battle the epidemic. cholera epidemic. was battered by yet another deadly disaster. The first case of The suggestion that MINUS- Under these adverse circum- a virulent cholera outbreak was TAH peacekeepers based in stances, Haitians went to poll- confirmed in late October. The the central town of Mirebalais ing stations on 28 November to

YEAR IN REVIEW 2010 31 Members of MINUSTAH’s Argentinian elect a new president and a battalion treat a wounded boy outside 99-member parliament, and to a makeshift medical clinic in Grand Saline, Haiti. 28 October 2010. renew one-third of their sen- (UN Photo/Sophia Paris) ate. Widespread allegations of vote-rigging emerged shortly after the Provisional Electoral Council announced that one of the presidential front-runners, popular musician Michel Mar- telly, had failed by a thin margin to secure sufficient votes to run in the second round. Following the announcement of the provisional first-round results, thousands of angry protesters took to the streets, erected barricades of burning tires, set ablaze the headquarters of the ruling party and paralyzed the capital and several other cities for three consecutive days to demand a cancellation of the polls.

Expressing concern about allegations of fraud, the Security Council unanimously called on all political actors to work through the electoral process to ensure that the will of the Haitian people was reflected in the election outcome.

A second round of the presidential election was scheduled to take place in mid- January. Whoever emerges as the winner will face the tremendous task of accel- erating the rebuilding of the nation, containing the cholera epidemic, finding long- term housing solutions for the earthquake victims, and creating critically needed job opportunities for the Haitian people.

32 UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS Sudan: Pulling out the stops for the referendum On the first day of registra- am very happy this day has dum Commission (SSRC) an- tion for southern Sudan’s come,” he said. “This is my nounced that more than 3.93 self-determination referen- soil, and I will be voting for million people had registered dum, Lometa Robert stood in the sake of my family.” both in Sudan and in out-of- a queue of about 25 people country voting centres, and at the Juba University cam- Nearly all of the 2,797 reg- on 9 January, voting began in pus waiting for his chance istration centres scattered the historic referendum that to sign up for the long- across Sudan opened on the would decide the fate of Af- awaited vote. Mr. Robert has morning of 15 November rica’s largest country. spent most of his 56 years 2010, as scheduled. A mas- in Uganda where his family sive campaign of logistical “Thanks to their efforts, the fled during Sudan’s first civil support and technical advice many skeptics who never war, but in 2007 he moved mounted by the United Na- thought that southern Su- to Juba to teach mechanical tions Mission in Sudan (UN- dan would be ready to hold engineering at the university. MIS) and the UN Development its referendum by next Sun- He always believed he would Programme (UNDP) played a day were proven wrong,” the one day have an opportunity vital role in meeting the time- mission’s Regional Coordina- to cast a ballot on the future tables of the referendum cal- tor for Southern Sudan, David Polling staff with the National Elec- of southern Sudan, and the endar. Gressly, told a press confer- tions Commission tape a sign outside a station in Khartoum, Sudan, slow pace of registration ence in the peacekeeping on the first day of the country’s gen- that morning did nothing to On 8 January 2011, the mission’s regional headquar- eral elections. 11 April 2010. dampen his high spirits. “I Southern Sudan Referen- ters in Juba on 6 January. (UN Photo/Mohamed Siddig)

YEAR IN REVIEW 2010 33 Voter registration materials Unfortunately, a second ref- tion of voters on an extremely event for a long time and now are loaded onto a helicopter erendum to decide the destiny tight timeline in a politically is the time.” from the UN Mission in Sudan of the Abyei Area was not held sensitive environment. (UNMIS) in Torit, Sudan, for delivery to the country’s remote as planned amid an ongoing Over the past year, the peace- counties. 8 November 2010. dispute between the National A clock tower erected at a keeping mission had been (UN Photo/Tim McKulka) Congress Party (NCP) and Juba roundabout read “0 working at full capacity to as- the Sudan People’s Liberation days, 0 hours and 0 minutes” sist national authorities in en- Movement (SPLM) over voter just before 8 a.m. when bal- suring the referendum would eligibility requirements and loting was scheduled to be- be held on time and peacefully. other issues. gin. Among the voters who In the aftermath of last April’s trekked long distances to cast historic general election in Su- Touring polling sites on the a ballot was 71-year-old for- dan, the peacekeeping mission first of seven days scheduled mer soldier William Anei Yom and UNDP merged their elec- for voting in the referendum on Akot, who walked three miles toral support teams to create southern Sudan, the UN Special to vote in Aweil, Northern the United Nations Integrated Representative of the Secre- Bahr el Ghazal State. Referendum and Electoral Di- tary-General (SRSG) in Sudan, vision (UNIRED). The new divi- Haile Menkerios, praised the “Today I consider myself sion was designed to support work of the SSRC and its Juba- one of the luckiest persons the Sudanese commission in based bureau for the smooth on earth,” he told an UNMIS charge of setting policy and functioning of the polling, as information officer. “I have adopting rules and procedures well as the successful registra- been waiting to see today’s for the referendum.

34 UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS Unforeseen delays dogged the gaged the parties in close consul- on 15 November. But the support process from the outset. The nine- tation with the Secretary-General. operation didn’t end there. An ad- member SSRC was appointed by ditional 1.4 million registration presidential decree in July 2010, Hundreds of UN Volunteers des- cards had to be shipped to reg- but internal disagreements over ignated for deployment at county- istration centres when supplies the naming of the panel’s secre- level referendum support bases soon ran out, reflecting the high tary-general prevented the body landed in Sudan beginning in Oc- turnout of eligible voters in the from meeting officially until mid- tober, along with office furniture, southern region’s urban centers. September. The SSRC didn’t final- computers, motorcycles, gen- ize a timetable for the referendum erators and other support equip- Turnout for registration was low in the south until 20 October, giv- ment, delivered by UNIRED to in the country’s 15 northern states ing UNIRED 25 days to distribute the Referendum Bureau in Juba. where many people displaced referendum books and kits, ban- By late October, UNIRED had from the south during the civil ners and other related materials shipped 200,000 kilogrammes of conflict resided, including hun- to registration centres throughout registration materials on 96 UN- dreds of thousands in internally the country. MIS flights around the south and displaced persons (IDP) camps. more than 9,400 kilogrammes to The same was true in the eight But the support operation for the northern Sudan. UNIRED donated foreign countries where southern referendum had already begun 20 new Toyota Land Cruisers to Sudanese expatriates could cast months before then. UN Police the Juba-based Referendum Bu- ballots in January. advisers started offering three- reau in November. day referendum security training But the Herculean undertak- courses to Southern Sudan Police At first blush, the logistical chal- ing yielded rewarding results in Service personnel in July, and by lenge posed by the referendum southern Sudan, where thousands the end of November more than process figured to be considerably of IDPs streamed back from the 17,000 policemen and policewom- less daunting than that faced in north in the days before the polling en had completed the training. the run-up to the April 2010 gen- began. “People have very high ex- eral election. Instead of 12 sepa- pectations about the referendum,” In September, UN Secretary- rate ballots with multiple candi- said Gressly. “They are very ex- General Ban Ki-moon appointed a dates for elected office, eligible cited about finally getting a chance three-member panel on Sudan in southern Sudanese voters would to decide their own destiny.” response to a joint request from be issued a single ballot offering a the NCP and the SPLM, deciding simple choice between continued Visiting a polling station, SRSG that the panel would monitor and unity with the rest of the country Menkerios said he doubted that assess the self-determination ref- or separation. the handful of armed clashes in erendum processes for southern Unity State and the Abyei region Sudan and the Abyei Area, includ- But where UNMIS and UNDP had just before the voting would have ing the political and security situa- months to prepare for the voter an adverse impact on the overall tion on the ground. registration exercise of late 2009 referendum process. and the actual balloting the fol- The panel, chaired by former lowing April, the countdown to the “The UN will continue to monitor Tanzanian president Benjamin start of registration for the south- the process and will try to help Mkapa, reports directly to the UN ern Sudan referendum was mea- where necessary, especially in as- Secretary-General and is com- sured in weeks. sisting the police in the provision pletely independent of UNMIS, the of security,” he said. peacekeeping mission. Since their Nearly 5.3 million registration appointment, Mr. Mkapa and his cards had been distributed to the fellow panelists, Antonio Monteiro 2,632 registration centres across of Portugal and Bhojraj Pokharel southern Sudan and over 300,000 of Nepal, conducted a number of to 165 centres in the north when working visits to Sudan and en- voter registration commenced

YEAR IN REVIEW 2010 35 Radio Miraya: Sudan referendum hits the airwaves

Journalists from Radio Miraya, As the leading regional “Referendum Talk is a live “Through our correspondents run jointly by the UN Mission in broadcaster in southern Su- one-hour show where we and travelling teams of jour- Sudan and Fondation Hirondelle, dan, the peacekeeping radio give the Southern Sudan Ref- nalists, Miraya has given hold village debates and host live broadcasts with voters during the station Miraya FM played a erendum Commission (SSRC) Sudanese in all parts of the referendum registration period, major role in voter education the opportunity to tell the South the opportunity to join Pachong, Sudan. 20 November and information dissemina- listeners what stage of the the discussion about the 2010. (UN Photo/Tim McKulka) tion about the 2011 referen- referendum process we are referendum, and the conse- dum for the region. in and what has been done,” quences of both separation said Celia Koh, Senior Ra- and unity,” said Chief of Radio Prior to the start of referen- dio Coordinator. Listeners Quade Hermann. dum voter registration on 15 could text and call in their November, Miraya produced questions on this interactive “Referendum Diary,” a 30-min- and aired a series of public Thursday show. ute roundup of all weekly ref- service announcements on erendum news activities, also the 2009 Southern Sudan and The pre-recorded “Village aired every Saturday. The di- Abyei Referendum Acts, the Debates” programme takes ary, which is part of the special voter registration process and the Miraya microphone to referendum section at the mi- voter rights in Arabic, English the grassroots and airs every rayafm.org website, received and 10 local languages. Mi- Saturday aiming for visits to an impressive number of hits, raya created four special ref- all 10 of the southern Sudan Ms. Koh said. erendum programmes. states.

36 UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS The last of the four programmes, “People trust Miraya, and it is be- respondents to share their expe- “Referendum Watch,” started air- cause we work hard at upholding riences with its young reporters. ing in December, hosting experts our journalistic principles of main- The station has also been training who discuss post-referendum po- taining fair and balanced coverage state radio journalists in the area. litical, historical and economic is- of these sensitive issues,” Ms. sues from the differing viewpoints Hermann said. After the vote, the Miraya edi- of unity and separation. tors monitored the referendum The reporters underwent intensive reports. “The (reporters) still need Capacity building preparatory training that started in fine tuning. We are coaching them To ensure objective and profes- August. In the first phase, Miraya and taking corrective measures sional coverage by its reporters, invited experts to discuss refer- and we will continue to do this,” Miraya developed a Referenda enda and popular consultation law Mr. Singh said. and Popular Consultations Charter and the history of the peace pro- published in English and Arabic. cess. SSRC members were also Miraya is a UN radio station run in asked to describe the commis- partnership with the Swiss-based According to Miraya Editor-in- sion’s role. Fondation Hirondelle. It was es- Chief Jean-Claude Labrecque, the tablished to support implementa- charter governs the station’s cov- “The second aspect of our training tion of the 2005 Comprehensive erage of the referendum process was to help our journalists pre- Peace Agreement and broadcasts from campaigns to post-referen- pare to report,” said the station’s throughout southern Sudan. dum issues depending on the out- training chief, Christopher Singh. come of the 9 January 2011 poll. To that end, Miraya invited sea- Radio Miraya: soned, Sudan-based foreign cor- Sudan referendum UNAMID: Striving to protect hits the airwaves Darfur’s most vulnerable As dawn breaks, the Formed Po- UN Security Council with making the safety and security of UNAMID lice Unit (FPU) has been up for “full use of its mandate and capa- personnel. On too many occasions, more than an hour. A quick break- bilities, giving priority in decisions peacekeepers were hampered in fast is followed by a compre- about the use of available capacity their efforts to respond as effec- hensive briefing and equipment and resources to the protection of tively as they would have liked to inspection. A radio check by the civilians across Darfur.” While this incidents that resulted in civilian team leader begins the patrol. remains at the heart of UNAMID’s casualties or humanitarian aid be- mandate, it proved to be among its ing prevented from reaching those This is just one of approximately greatest challenges in 2010. most in need. Over the course of 200 patrols that will be conducted the year more than 1,300 civilians today by the African Union - United Operating in a region the size of lost their lives to violence. Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur Spain and with limited resources, (UNAMID). The aim is to provide the world’s largest current peace- Efforts on the political front con- protection to the people, especial- keeping operation continued to tinued throughout 2010. In Octo- ly those most vulnerable. face significant barriers to its work ber, the Joint Mediation Support throughout the year. Among these Team, with UNAMID’s facilitation, Although the primary responsibil- were movement restrictions, the re-convened talks between the ity of protecting civilians lies with obstruction of humanitarian ac- Government of Sudan and the Lib- the Government of the Sudan, cess, an unstable security situa- eration and Justice Movement, a UNAMID has been tasked by the tion on the ground and threats to relatively recently formed rebel

YEAR IN REVIEW 2010 37 UNAMID peacekeepers patrol group, in Doha, Qatar, aimed first. More than 300 participants Nyala, South Darfur. The vio- the Kalma Camp for internally at reaching agreement among representing communities and lence in late July resulted in displaced persons (IDP) in participants. In a separate se- constituencies from across the 35 dead, many injured, and Nyala, South Darfur, Sudan. 11 August 2010. (UN Photo/Albert ries of initiatives throughout region attended the meeting. In the displacement of roughly Gonzalez Farran) 2010, UNAMID’s Joint Special addition to being the first op- 25,000 IDPs, many of which Representative (JSR), Ibrahim portunity for Darfuri refugees subsequently returned. The Gambari, together with the in Chad to meet with civil so- humanitarian community and Joint Chief Mediator, Djibrill ciety, the conference provided UNAMID encountered initial Bassolé, maintained constant a forum to discuss the priority difficulties in accessing the engagement with the leaders issues to be addressed in any camp. Fearing reprisals from of both the Justice and Equal- peace accord and agree on po- opposing factions and possible ity Movement (JEM) and the sitions of consensus that could mistreatment by the govern- Sudan Liberation Army - Abdul help lead all parties to reach a ment, five community lead- Wahid (SLA-AW), in order to final agreement. ers sought protection in the facilitate an inclusive process. mission’s nearby community Unfortunately, the construc- policing centre. The unrest in At the same time, recognizing tive atmosphere at the confer- Kalma was followed by similar the importance of civil society’s ence was followed by violent incidents in Hamadiya camp, role in securing a sustainable clashes between supporters near Zalingei, resulting in at peace in Darfur, the AU-UN Me- and opponents of civil soci- least a dozen fatalities. The diation along with its partners, ety involvement in the peace violence in Kalma underscored the State of Qatar and UNA- talks, in the largest internally the highly politicized environ- MID, hosted the Second Civil displaced people (IDP) camp in ment in many camps, particu- Society Conference in Doha in Africa – the Kalma IDP camp, larly around the issue of sup- July, seven months after the located on the outskirts of port to the Doha process.

38 UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS Elsewhere, the security situa- attacks and abductions. In result of hostile action. Two tion in Darfur remained volatile April, four South African po- Egyptian military peacekeep- throughout the year, with levels lice advisers, two men and ers were killed and three in- of violence substantially higher two women, were kidnapped in jured in an ambush near Edd than in 2009. This was largely Nyala, and kept in captivity for al Fursan, South Darfur, in attributable not only to inter- 16 days. In July, a Russian pilot May. The following month, communal clashes, but also to was reported missing after his three Rwandan peacekeep- fighting between the Sudanese helicopter landed in an undes- ers were killed and one seri- Armed Forces (SAF) and SLA- ignated area in South Darfur. ously injured when gunmen AW in Jebel Marra, with JEM He was later found alive and attacked a team site in Nertiti, in Jebel Moon and with SLA/ returned within days. West Darfur, in June. MM in certain areas in North/ South Darfur. From late Octo- The following month, two Jor- JSR Gambari called on the ber, UNAMID observed a build- danian police officers were Sudanese authorities to do up of SAF and JEM in South and abducted, again in Nyala, more to prevent such attacks North Darfur, with confronta- and freed three days later. In against UNAMID and humani- tions reported in these areas, early October, a UNAMID in- tarian personnel and to bring as well as in Southern Kordo- ternational staff member was those responsible to justice UNAMID patrol escorts wom- fan, further undermining ini- kidnapped from his residence – attacks directed against en farming and collecting tiatives aimed at the peaceful in El Fasher, North Darfur but peacekeepers and humani- firewood in rural areas outside resolution of the Darfur crisis. was later released. tarian workers can constitute Zam Zam IDP camp, El Fash- er, North Darfur, Sudan. 21 serious violations of interna- November 2010. (UN Photo/ Throughout the year, UNAMID Tragically, UNAMID saw the tional humanitarian law. Albert Gonzalez Farran) suffered a number of armed loss of five of its staff as a

YEAR IN REVIEW 2010 39 From its inception, the mission number of UNAMID police officers main priorities in the year ahead has experienced unusually dif- stands at more than 2,800, or 75 for UNAMID. The mission will con- ficult force generation and de- per cent of the mandated strength, tinue to support efforts to address ployment constraints. As the year and 14 out of 19 FPUs planned for the root causes of the conflict in closed, UNAMID had deployed Darfur are now on the ground. Darfur, namely the political and over 17,200 military peacekeep- socio-economic marginalization of ers, representing almost 90 per The protection of civilians and pur- the region and power and wealth cent of its authorized force and suing an inclusive and comprehen- sharing, while doing all it can to an increase of nearly 2,000 troops sive peace agreement between the improve security arrangements over the previous year. The current parties to the conflict will be the and facilitate returns. Côte d’Ivoire: A year of significant advances followed by a lost opportunity Ivorians had every reason to hope The election result was certified widespread admiration. The voter for a successful resolution of the by the head of the UN Opera- turnout of about 85 per cent was eight-year crisis in their country tion in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI), Y.J. unprecedented in the country’s as successive milestones were Choi, the UN Secretary-General’s 50-year history as an independent passed in 2010, but an electoral Special Representative to the nation. There had been relatively process that appeared set to be- West African nation, based on an little violence and the IEC had come an example to Africa and extensive exercise that included been credited with running a fairly the world was suddenly thrown the verification by mission staff of clean poll. Congratulating the Ivo- off course by a new, unprecedent- tally sheets from the some 20,000 rian people and the candidates for ed crisis. As the year drew to an polling stations. the conduct of the election, Y.J. end, the West African nation found Choi commented just after the poll itself with a president who was However, Côte d’Ivoire’s Consti- that “the Ivorian people have risen elected with a clear margin fol- tutional Court, headed by a close to the challenge with great suc- lowing broadly democratic polls, associate of the incumbent, invali- cess, demonstrating to the world and a de facto ruler, who refused dated the election result in most their political maturity and their to accept the will of the people of the North, which Ouattara had determination to end the crisis.” and relinquish power. carried by a landslide, proclaimed Gbagbo the victor and swore him The October 31 poll had crowned The new crisis erupted just after in on the following day. The Ouat- untiring efforts by UNOCI to keep the second round of Côte d’Ivoire’s tara camp held an inauguration the polls on track. The mission first presidential polls since 2000. ceremony of its own at a local had provided logistical and techni- The Independent Electoral Com- hotel transformed into his govern- cal assistance to the IEC through- mission (IEC) announced on 2 ment’s headquarters, and protect- out the electoral process, chipping December 2010 that candidate ed by UNOCI troops. in on the financial front as well, ei- Alassane Ouattara had won the 28 ther by directly providing such as- November election, polling 54.1 Just weeks before, the conduct sistance or by helping to mobilize per cent of the vote against 45.9 of the first round of the election, it internationally. Whenever the per cent for the incumbent Lau- originally scheduled in 2005 and process appeared to falter, the UN rent Gbagbo. postponed six times, had earned was there to bolster it.

40 UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS Côte d’Ivoire’s electoral pro- The UN Security Council man- terial to remote areas, to air- Journalists from the nation- cess was widely seen as a key dated UNOCI to support the im- lifting and shipping equipment al and international press step forward to end the cri- plementation of the Ouagadou- from Europe. UNOCI conducted swarm to cover presidential election in Abidjan, Côte sis that erupted in September gou Political Agreement (OPA) awareness-raising sessions d’Ivoire. 31 October 2010. 2002, when an attack against and, following a request by for civil society and communi- (UN Photo/Basile Zoma) military targets in Abidjan de- the parties to the Ivorian peace ties throughout the country on veloped into a rebellion that process in 2005, it gave Special the need for a peaceful elector- partitioned the country, with Representative Choi the task of al environment, and organized the insurgents controlling certifying the various stages of training sessions for media on most of the centre, north and the electoral process, includ- professional coverage of elec- west, and governmental forces ing presidential and legislative tions and their role supporting in the south, separated by a elections. social cohesion. It also used zone of confidence policed by seminars, workshops and oth- the impartial forces – UNOCI In 2010, the election momen- er training activities to increase and the French Licorne Force. tum was accelerated, and a the population’s awareness An agreement concluded on 4 number of achievements were of human rights. The mission March 2007 in Ouagadougou, registered. A credible voters’ helped transport election- between then President Gbag- list was established and duly related materials and staff by bo and the Forces Nouvelles certified by Special Represen- air, road and boat throughout and facilitated by President tative Choi; 11.5 million people the country and contributed to Blaise Compaoré of Burkina received identity and voters’ providing security throughout Faso, paved the way for the lift- cards; and elections were held. the electoral process. ing of the buffer zone, national reunification, the redeployment In each of these operations, the The first round of the poll of state officials in the north UN played a major role, from confounded any doomsayers and the electoral process. transporting personnel and ma- who may have expected it to

YEAR IN REVIEW 2010 41 People injured during protest marches following the November presidential run-off election arrive at UNOCI headquarters in Abidjan, where they received free medical treatment. 16 December 2010. (UN Photo/ Basile Zoma)

be marred by unrest. A violence- Licorne to leave Côte d’Ivoire, por- Security forces supported by free campaign was followed by traying their struggle as a patriotic unidentified masked civilians an orderly, peaceful election on combat against an international cracked down heavily on Ouat- 30 October. UNOCI continued to community disdainful of national tara’s supporters as they sought provide technical, logistical and institutions and bent on undermin- to demonstrate in favour of the other support through to the ing its sovereignty, limiting access elected president. UNOCI’s Human November runoff, the result of to state TV and radio to groups and Rights Division confirmed that which was subsequently certified individuals supportive of its posi- at least 173 persons were killed by Mr. Choi, but rejected by the tion and cutting off foreign news in the post-election violence, Constitutional Council. channels. The UN mission’s radio prompting calls from the mission station, ONUCI FM, found itself as well as UN Secretary-General As the international community obliged to shift from frequency Ban Ki-Moon for an end to the vio- refused to accept the election vic- to frequency as attempts were lence against the population. tory granted to Mr. Gbagbo by the made to scramble its broadcasts, Constitutional Council, he, how- while Ivorians were deprived for On 20 December, the Security ever, continued to refuse to accept days on end of the use of mobile Council, acting under Chapter VII of the results proclaimed by the IEC phone messaging, in an apparent the UN Charter, adopted resolution and certified by SRSG Choi. His bid to stymie any attempts by the 1962, condemning in the stron- camp went into laager formation, elected government to mobilize its gest possible terms the attempts calling for UNOCI and the Force supporters. to usurp the will of the people and

42 UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS undermine the integrity of the elec- As the Economic Community of Francis Deng, the Special Adviser toral process; renewing the UNOCI West African States (ECOWAS), of the Secretary-General on the mandate until 30 June 2011; and the sub-regional grouping to Prevention of Genocide, and Ed- urging all the Ivorian parties and which Côte d’Ivoire belongs, con- ward Luck, the Special Adviser stakeholders to respect the will tinued efforts to persuade Presi- focusing on the responsibility to of the people and the election out- dent Gbagbo to step down in late protect, expressed concern over come. In a press statement after December, the situation on the continuing reports of serious hu- its meeting, the Council reiterated ground remained a cause of con- man rights violations by support- its deep concern at the continued cern for the UN mission, which ers of Mr. Gbagbo, and by forces violence, including armed attacks relocated non-essential staff to under his control, as well as the against UNOCI, and warned all The Gambia in early December. use of inflammatory speech to in- those responsible that they would Some of the remaining staff were cite hatred and violence, dissemi- be brought to justice. threatened and had to be relo- nated by state and other media. cated from areas in the west and Addressing the General Assembly centre-west; UNOCI vehicles were “Given the history of internal con- on 21 December, the Secretary- systematically blocked by secu- flict in Côte d’Ivoire, such actions General accused forces loyal to rity forces and armed civilians are highly irresponsible,” Mr. Mr. Gbagbo of trying to blockade in Abidjan and some parts of the Deng and Mr. Luck said in a joint UNOCI and said the situation could centre, centre-west and South- statement. become critical within days. He west of the country. In the Yopou- said the tactics included abduc- gon neighbourhood of Abidjan, a The UN mission in Côte d’Ivoire tions and killings and the propa- peacekeeper suffered a machete has pledged not to be deterred gation of hate speech through the wound on 28 December when his by these challenges, repeat- state broadcasting corporation. The convoy was surrounded by a mob, edly stressing its determination Secretary-General added the inten- who burned one of their three ve- to implement its mandate in the tion of Mr. Gbagbo was to suffocate hicles. Over the state broadcaster, service of the Ivorian people and the government of President-elect RTI, Mr. Gbagbo called for the UN peace. Ouattara. “We cannot allow this,” to leave as broadcasts became in- said the Secretary-General. creasingly hostile. Choi Young-Jin, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Côte d’Ivoire, visits people injured during a political protest in Abidjan. They received free medical treatment at the UNOCI headquarters in Abidjan. 16 December 2010. (UN Photo/ Basile Zoma)

YEAR IN REVIEW 2010 43 A parade is held in the Place du Cinquante- naire, in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), to celebrate the country’s 50 years of independence. 30 June 2010. (UN Photo/Evan Schneider)

MONUC becomes MONUSCO, challenges remain

The year 2010 saw the 50th anni- The Under-Secretary-General for With this in mind, in May the UN versary of the Democratic Repub- Peacekeeping Operations, Alain Le Security Council adopted resolu- lic of the Congo’s (DRC) indepen- Roy, visited the DRC in March with tion 1925, extending MONUC’s dence on 30 June, the date when, a DPKO-led technical assessment mandate until the end of June coincidentally, the mandate of the mission. The Security Council then and permitting a reduction of up United Nations Organization Mis- sent a delegation to the DRC in to 2,000 in the mission’s 19,815 sion in the DRC (MONUC) expired. May so that its members could uniformed personnel in areas This historic moment was an oc- engage directly with the DRC Gov- where security has improved. In casion for the country’s leader- ernment and civil society. view of the new phase that has ship and the international com- been reached in the country, the munity to assess progress in the DRC President Joseph Kabila Council also changed the name DRC and chart a new course for told both visiting UN parties that of the UN peacekeeping mission the future. the security situation had sig- from MONUC to MONUSCO (with nificantly improved over the past the ‘S’ signifying ‘stabilization’), While there were serious causes decade; out of 11 provinces only effective 1 July, with a one-year for concern, including fighting in three – North and South Kivu mandate. eastern DRC and widespread hu- and Orientale Province – could man rights abuses, most of the be considered “hotspots”. Given The Council stressed the need to country was free of armed con- those conditions, President Kabila protect civilians under imminent flict, at peace with its neighbours called for a downsizing of the UN threat of physical violence. It and was actively participating in peacekeeping mission, but not a called for the mission to use “all regional institutions. hasty withdrawal. means to fulfil this mandate,” and

44 UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS to support the Government operation’s new name, “this is Last year marked a change in its stabilization and peace not a new mission,” but rather in United Nations support consolidation efforts. a reflection of the Council’s for operations by the Congo- recognition of the new phase lese Army. The new approach Within weeks, the first troops, which the DRC has entered. He was adopted in response to a group of Senegalese blue also emphasized the impor- concerns that arose in 2009, helmets, departed the coun- tance of protecting civilians. when MONUC supported Kimia try. The following month, at II, an operation launched by the invitation of President Joint operations con- the national army (FARDC) Kabila, the Secretary-General ducted in Eastern DRC against the mainly Rwandan attended the 50th anniversary While most of the DRC has en- Hutu rebel group, the FDLR, in celebrations in Kinshasa and joyed peace in recent years, in eastern DRC. At that time, UN a ceremony marking the re- the eastern part of the country, peacekeepers supported the naming of the peacekeeping particularly the Kivus, conflict operation with helicopter lifts, mission. The occasion saw continues, with the civilian fuel, rations and in some cir- the handover of the mission population suffering atroci- cumstances, firepower. In all, Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon leadership from Secretary- ties and abuse. DRC Govern- some 16,000 DRC troops received UN support under Kimia (right), Roger Meece (centre), General’s outgoing Special ment forces conducted mili- the Special Representative for Representative, Mr. Alan Doss, tary operations against armed II. But ill-disciplined Congolese the Democratic Republic of the a veteran UN official with wide groups. In some instances, soldiers, many of them former Congo and Head of MONUSCO, peacekeeping experience, to these operations were sup- combatants of armed groups and Alan Doss (left), the Special Representative of the Secretary- Roger A. Meece, a former US ported by UN blue helmets, rapidly integrated into the na- ambassador to the DRC. tional force, committed human General and Head of MONUC at when joint planning and other unveiling of MONUSCO plaque at conditions set out by the Secu- rights violations and crimes MONUC/MONUSCO headquar- The Secretary-General stressed rity Council were met. including massacres and rapes ters in Kinshasa. 30 June 2010. that despite the peacekeeping against the very civilians they (UN Photo/Evan Schneider)

YEAR IN REVIEW 2010 45 Margot Wallström, the Special were supposed to protect. MO- curity Council also instructed hold territory liberated from Representative of the Secre- NUC elaborated a policy aimed MONUC to intercede with the FDLR control, and help restore tary-General on Sexual Violence at ensuring its support did not command of the DRC armed State authority in these zones. in Conflict, visits the village of MONUC’s (and later MONUS- Kampala in Walikale territory, go to commanders and troops forces if elements of an army North Kivu, Democratic Repub- responsible for such violations. unit receiving MONUC’s sup- CO’s) support for Amani Leo lic of the Congo. 2 October 2010. port were suspected of com- was limited to battalions that (UN Photo/Myriam Asmani) In light of the Kimia II expe- mitting grave violations of such were pre-screened and des- rience, the Security Council laws, and to withdraw support ignated to carry out specific instructed MONUC to strictly if the violations persisted. strike operations. This reduced condition its support to the A joint operational directive for the number of troops eligible DRC armed forces-led military a new campaign – Operation to receive support in the Kivus operations against foreign and Amani Leo – was concluded to around 1,600. A system was Congolese armed groups on between the FARDC and MO- put in place to monitor opera- the army’s compliance with NUC in December 2009. The tions and support. international humanitarian, new operation’s principal ob- human rights and refugee law jectives were to protect civil- “Joint planning is essential to and on effective joint planning ians, clear strategic areas of map out the areas of risk and of these operations. The Se- foreign and armed groups, determine the most effective

46 UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS organization and deployment of failings on the part of MONUSCO MONUC launches late year our forces,” MONUC’s then-force forces, which the report says did preventive operations commander, Lieutenant-General not receive any specific training in In December, MONUSCO deployed Babacar Gaye, said. MONUC would the protection of civilians. troops under operation Rudia Um- provide rations and other essen- brella as a preventive measure tial support to units carrying out The report listed a number of rec- in Orientale Province ahead of targeted operations only if they ommendations for both the Con- the end-of-year holiday season, were jointly planned with MONUC golese authorities and MONUSCO which had in the past seen in- and conducted in accordance with to try prevent such situations from creased attacks by the infamous international human rights, hu- arising. It urged humanitarian Ugandan Lord’s Resistance Army manitarian and refugee law. agencies to provide the Congo- (LRA), which had committed lese authorities with medical as- atrocities against civilians, includ- The atrocities in Walikale sistance and psychological care ing children. While MONUSCO was stepping for all the victims, and the inter- up its efforts to protect civilians, national community to support This was another example of the a grim reminder of the difficulty efforts to bring to justice those mission’s campaign to bring great- of this task and the limits to the responsible for the crimes. er security to the DRC. Although mission’s capacity became glar- 2010 was yet another challeng- ingly apparent when a series of In the wake of the Walikale atroci- ing year for the country’s people, attacks occurred in 13 villages ties, the Secretary-General dis- it also saw progress in a number in Walikale territory. The attacks, patched Atul Khare, Assistant Sec- of areas. Learning from painful which took place mostly at night, retary-General for Peacekeeping experience, MONUSCO strength- were carried out between 30 July Operations, and Margot Wallström, ened its conditionality policy for and 2 August by around 200 mem- his Special Representative on Sex- supporting FARDC military opera- bers of three armed groups – the ual Violence in Conflict, to the re- tions, sharpened its focus on pro- Democratic Forces for the Lib- gion. As a result of their missions, tecting civilians, and undertook eration of Rwanda (FDLR), the Maï new measures were taken to cor- more preventive deployments and Maï Cheka, and elements close to rect deficiencies in MONUSCO’s operations to deny armed groups Colonel Emmanuel Nsengiyumva, patrolling practices and interaction liberty of movement. The DRC was an army deserter who once had with communities, and steps were in dire need of help in establish- been involved with the rebel Na- implemented to provide people in ing the rule of law and legitimate tional Congress for the Defence of the most vulnerable communi- State authority, particularly in ar- the People (CNDP). ties with the tools to sound the eas of armed conflict. Protection alarm and contact peacekeepers. of civilians remained at the core By September, a United Nations MONUSCO later launched Opera- of MONUSCO’s mandate, but the human rights team that had been tion “Shop Window” to enhance mission has also been helping the dispatched to the area confirmed the protection of civilians in the DRC to achieve more long-term that slightly more than 300 civil- affected areas and to reassure solutions to the crimes committed ians were raped over the four-day the population. In a joint opera- against the population by support- period, noting that the final num- tion with the DRC authorities, the ing State authorities through joint ber of victims might grow higher. mission secured the arrest of two investigative teams, prosecution alleged ringleaders of the mass support cells and strengthening The report pointed to serious rapes. MONUSCO also supported penal institutions. Ultimately, the shortcomings in the preparedness the DRC authorities in conducting goal of the United Nations re- and response of the local detach- investigations aimed at identify- mains to help the DRC consolidate ments of the Congolese army and ing perpetrators still at large and peace, rebuild its institutions and police. It also noted that their fail- bringing them to justice, while promote sustainable development ure to prevent or stop the attacks providing security for witnesses that benefits all its people. was compounded by subsequent and assistance to survivors.

YEAR IN REVIEW 2010 47 Improved security paves way for MINURCAT withdrawal Throughout 2010, the overall se- withdrawal of MINURCAT. In Jan- Throughout 2010, MINURCAT con- curity situation in Chad and the uary 2010, Chad informed the UN tinued to provide technical sup- Central African Republic – where of its plan to assume all respon- port and mentoring to 158 non- UN peacekeepers have been de- sibilities regarding the protection professional justices of the peace ployed since 2007 – was relatively of humanitarians and civilians in and their assistants. The Mission calm. The number of reported in- refugee camps and internally dis- also worked towards the volun- cidents relating to the safety and placed persons sites by using its tary return of IDPs in secure and security of refugees, displaced own security forces and the UN- sustainable conditions through persons and humanitarian per- trained Détachement de Sécurité support for local conflict resolu- sonnel decreased significantly in Intégré (DIS). As part of that plan, tion committees to help defuse comparison with previous years. the Government reiterated its local tensions and promote rec- commitment to assuming full re- onciliation. UNHCR reported that Some 262,000 Sudanese refu- sponsibility for the sustainability some 48,000 IDPs had returned gees in 12 camps, 68,000 refu- of DIS both logistically and mate- to their villages of origin (17,000 gees from the Central African rially, and to reinforcing the per- in Assoungha and 18,000 in Koko, Republic and 168,000 internally sonnel and equipment of DIS. The Ouaddaï region; 10,000 in and displaced persons (IDPs) at 38 Security Council concurred with around Kerfi and 3,000 in Mou- sites received assistance from Chad’s plan and requested that deina, Dar Sila region). humanitarian organizations. In MINURCAT draw down its military addition, assistance was provided presence in two phases ending on In preparation for the assumption to 48,000 returnees and an esti- 15 October 2010. of human rights responsibilities by mated 150,000 members of the national counterparts, MINURCAT, host Chadian population. The initial mandated reduction and together with regional delegates reconfiguration of the MINURCAT of the Ministry of Human Rights The yearly wet season brought force was achieved in July 2010, and Promotion of Liberties and unusually heavy rains, causing and the force’s strength stabilized local human rights organizations, flooding and destroying property. at 2,159 personnel. The sector divi- conducted field visits to refugee Assessing the full impact of the sions within the area of operations and IDP camps, towns and vil- floods was difficult. An estimated were reconfigured to one force lages, and monitored visits to de- 144,000 people in Chad were seri- headquarters at Abéché and three tention facilities in eastern Chad. ously affected, and 15 people died sectors: two in eastern Chad and The mission continued to provide as a result of the floods. one in the Central African Republic. training and mentoring to national On 15 October, the MINURCAT force prison officials on international The Governments of Chad and the ceased to be fully operational and standards of prison management Sudan signed an agreement in began withdrawing. Nevertheless, and administration. MINURCAT N’Djamena on 15 January 2010, the security situation in the north- advisers were co-located with to normalize their relations. They eastern Central African Republic national counterparts in the Pris- agreed to work towards disarm- continued to suffer from inter- ons Directorate in N’Djamena to ing rebel groups and deployed a ethnic conflict, banditry and cross- help enhance its human resources joint border force of 3,000 troops border criminality. In anticipation management, planning and bud- to stop cross-border movements of the Mission’s withdrawal, the getary capacities. of armed elements and their crim- Government of the Central African inal activities. Republic expressed concern about The protection of civilians in east- the security situation in the Vakaga ern Chad consisted of more than The agreement between Chad and and the Haute-Kotto prefectures in assuring the physical security of Sudan paved the way for a gradual the north-east of the country. refugees, the displaced and hu-

48 UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS manitarian workers and the pro- and the creation of socio-eco- MINURCAT worked with partners vision of logistical support and nomic incentives for the safe and to ensure the continuation of these hard-wall structures for DIS. In- voluntary return of the displaced tasks, the Government’s commit- tercommunity dialogue, the en- are mutually interdependent re- ment to seeing them to fruition hancement of local governance quirements for the protection of will be critical. structures, including justice and civilians, and depend ultimately prisons, respect for human rights on the Government of Chad. While A busy year for preventive diplomacy in West Africa The December election and inau- Representative of the Secretary- weight than the three combined. It guration, two years after a military General (SRSG) Said Djinnit, has is the case of one plus one plus coup, of a civilian president in the had its hands full during the past one equals 10.” West African nation of Guinea, year responding to tense elections marked a positive culmination to in a number of countries and frag- In another hat, Djinnit is chairman an intense year of UN preventive ile political transitions. of the Cameroon-Nigeria Mixed diplomacy aimed at keeping the Commission set up at the request country’s democratic transition on During the past year, Djinnit shut- of those two countries to facilitate track and avoiding violence. tled repeatedly to Guinea to per- the implementation the ruling by suade all the key players to abide the International Court of Justice The Secretary-General hailed UN by the Ouagadougou Agreement of on a territorial dispute that in- efforts, and the Deputy Secretary- 15 January 2010, which sought to cludes the Bakassi Peninsula. General Asha Rose Migiro trav- end the transition to new leader- elled to Guinea to attend the 22 ship following the December 2008 In December he hosted a meeting December inauguration of Presi- coup. He has also been active of the two countries’ UN Country dent Alpha Condé. The peace- in Togo and Niger where coups Teams to launch coordinated de- ful election and acceptance of and elections have sparked ten- velopment efforts and confidence results stood out as a positive sions that could have been fur- building initiatives to help commu- example in a region still striving ther inflamed had not the mission nities affected by the settlement. to consolidate hard-won peace weighed in. and democratic progress against Also in December, UNOWA along a resurgence of coups and other As part of the UN Department with the UN Office on Drugs and emerging threats. of Political Affairs’ emphasis on Crime launched a multi-agency preventative diplomacy, Djin- programme to help curb drug UN diplomatic efforts on Guinea nit teamed up with fellow envoys trafficking and organized crime and other states in the region from the Economic Community of in West Africa, a hub for cocaine were led by the Dakar-based Unit- West African States (ECOWAS) and trafficking from Latin America to ed Nations Office for West Africa the African Union (AU) to address Europe. ECOWAS is a key partner (UNOWA). Its presence is demon- the challenges in those States. in that regional effort involving 16 strating the value of a UN political countries. mission on the ground, working “Conflict prevention requires with States and regional bodies to proximity, knowledge, commit- “The fight against drug traffick- prevent and manage crises while ment and presence,” Djinnit told ing and organized crime is an also tackling longer-term chal- DPA’s Politically Speaking. “The essential pillar for any conflict lenges. From preventing cross- voice of ECOWAS has weight as prevention and peacebuilding ac- border crime to mediating political does that of the AU and UN. But tivity strategy in West Africa,” said crises, UNOWA headed by Special the common voice has even more SRSG Djinnit.

YEAR IN REVIEW 2010 49 A Pakistani peacekeeper with UNMIL teaches young Liberians to sew as part of a job training programme offered by the Pakistani contingent, Tubmanburg, Liberia. 27 May 2010. (UN Photo/Staton Winter)

One Liberia – One UN: Forging ahead together

In 2010, “forging ahead” was the tive in Liberia, which will enable initiative also foresees gradual key phrase for Liberia, nurturing the government, the UN family and handover of relevant tasks from seven years of unbroken peace all international partners to tread a the mission to the Government of since the civil conflict ended in common path, set common goals Liberia, as well as to the UN agen- 2003. That spirit resonated in and deliver joint programmes cies, programmes and funds. As President Johnson Sirleaf’s ad- more effectively and efficiently. Liberia endeavors to consolidate dress during the 26 July Inde- Since 2007, eight countries have the gains it has made in the peace pendence Day celebrations, as piloted the “Delivering as One” process, the initiative could be- she exhorted Liberians to “utilize initiative, and results from these come a central component of the diversity to enhance national unity countries have all been positive country’s planning and coordina- and harmony.” in leading to a better UN-Govern- tion of development activities. ment relationship, greater national During the past year, the UN Mis- ownership, improved planning ca- There is wide recognition in Liberia sion in Liberia (UNMIL), together pacity and enhanced oversight, as that most of the national security with the entire UN family, forged well as more effective cooperation and rule of law institutions, which ahead to consolidate peace and between UN agencies and devel- are now fully operational (with the security across the nation. opment partners. exception of the Armed Forces of Liberia), are critical to maintaining 2010 was marked by the launch of In view of the eventual withdrawal peace and security, and without the “UN Delivering as One” initia- of UNMIL, the “Delivering as One” which further peace consolida-

50 UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS tion and economic development clearly set out the need for priori- allow the controlled drawdown cannot be achieved. The UN works tizing rule of law, security sector of the military and police compo- with the Government to ensure ac- reform and national reconciliation, nents of the mission, in concert cess to justice for every Liberian. as the key pillars of peace, secu- with the growing capacity of the It helps to train judges and pros- rity and sustainable development. Liberian law enforcement agen- ecutors, to build courts, and to cies. However, even after the reduce unacceptably high pre-trial UNMIL has been widely regarded peacekeeping mission comes to detention levels. as a model peacekeeping mission an end, the UN family will remain that amply represents the princi- on the ground to support the gov- As for law enforcement, a pro- ples and added value of UN peace ernment’s development and gov- fessional police presence across operations in a post-conflict set- ernance agenda. the country remained the overrid- ting. With this success also comes ing goal. In recent years, the gov- the challenge of ensuring that In retrospect, 2010 was a year of ernment, with support from UN- Liberia’s security agencies are enhanced cooperation between MIL and international partners, capable of assuming full respon- the Government of Liberia and the has made enormous progress in sibility for security in the country United Nations family as they con- building the Liberia National Po- by the time UNMIL leaves Liberia. tinued to consolidate peace and lice. Yet more needs to be done, To achieve this, the Government security in the country, while at as effective policing will be vital of Liberia and UNMIL established the same time proceeding apace to the peaceful conduct of the a joint transition planning group with planning for the transition 2011 elections. tasked to prepare the ground for a and the delegation of relevant gradual transfer of responsibilities responsibilities to the Govern- The key remaining challenges from UNMIL to the relevant gov- ment. This pivotal commitment is facing the security and justice ernment authorities. particularly essential for ensuring systems will also be addressed that Liberia’s second democratic through work with the UN Peace- While UNMIL was expected to elections in 2011 are conducted building Commission (PBC). In retain its current strength until peacefully and credibly and it sets forging a relationship with the after the 2011 Presidential elec- the stage for sustainable peace PBC, the Government of Liberia tions, planning is necessary to and development in the country. Turning the tide on Somalia? The news headlines from Soma- community is strengthening,” ob- named in July 2010 to head the lia appeared bleak in 2010, but served the Under-Secretary-Gen- United Nations Political Office for United Nations officials leading eral for Political Affairs, B. Lynn Somalia, known as UNPOS, based a renewed effort to turn the tide Pascoe, following his September in Nairobi. in that country say they see the 2010 visit to the war-torn capital beginnings of a unified strategy of Mogadishu. UNPOS spearheaded nego- taking shape. For Somalis, the in- tiations leading to the 2008 Dji- creased international effort offers The visit by the UN’s top political bouti agreement through which a fighting chance to build a stable official to Somalia and other states Somalia’s current Transitional government in their country for in the Horn of Africa was indica- Federal Government (TFG) was the first time in decades. tive of a heightened determination established under the moderate under UN Secretary-General Ban Islamist leadership of President “Is this is a huge challenge? Yes. Ki-moon to help stabilize Somalia. Sheikh Sharif Ahmed. A wide seg- Is it going to be difficult? Yes. But Pascoe was joined by the Secre- ment of clans and political groups what strikes me is how the piec- tary-General’s Special Represen- were included, however the gov- es are coming into place and the tative for Somalia, Dr. Augustine ernment has strained to consoli- political will in the international P. Mahiga, a Tanzanian diplomat date its authority.

YEAR IN REVIEW 2010 51 With the transitional period ap- Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon ies, alternative energy, transport, proaching its conclusion, the Unit- has considered it a priority to do infrastructure and banking. The ed Nations has been urging the more for Somalia, saying that no companies taking part ranged TFG to overcome internal divisions country can be abandoned to law- from a Saudi firm importing So- and focus on delivering tangible lessness and chaos. He hosted mali livestock to a Somali tuna- services to the people. Among the major international conferences canning company. next steps on the transitional cal- on Somalia in Brussels and Istan- endar are wide-ranging consulta- bul, and a high-level meeting on Somalis have never stopped do- tions on a draft constitution. the margins of the UN General As- ing business amid the strife. De- sembly in September. The events spite nearly two decades without The security situation has re- helped to shine a spotlight on the a stable central government, there mained a major problem. The Al country, improve international co- were an estimated 1.5 million mo- Shabab insurgency increased its ordination and shore up political bile phone accounts in the country reach, launching suicide bomb- and financial commitments to help in 2010. The diaspora sends over ings in the capital while imposing Somalia in its time of need. $1 billion in remittances every year. a harsh regime in areas it controls, including amputations and Concerns about the country be- While reaching out to the diaspo- stonings, and banning television coming a haven for terrorism have ra, SRSG Mahiga also proposed to and music. Even as efforts con- combined with dramatic incidents increase UNPOS’ physical pres- tinued to develop, professional of piracy off the Somali coast to ence on the ground, including in security forces loyal to the TFG, increase the depth of internation- Mogadishu, as security condi- an 8,000-strong AU peacekeeping al concern. tions permit. force, AMISOM, has provided the critical measure of stability for the The UN has hosted regular inter- As of late 2010, more than 60 in- embattled government national meetings on Somali pi- ternational UN staff were based racy, monitored and reported on inside Somalia, along with nearly In considering its alternatives in trends, and established an anti- 800 national staff working for Somalia, the UN Security Council piracy trust fund managed by the various UN agencies, deliver- opted for a cautious approach to Department of Political Affairs. ing humanitarian assistance and the deployment of blue helmets. The fund has been used to finance implementing recovery and de- Instead, for the first time, assessed projects to build capacities around velopment programmes to some 2 funds from the UN budget are be- the region to prosecute piracy million people in need of humani- ing used to help finance the opera- suspects. The Secretary-General tarian assistance. tions of a regional force. The aid to also appointed a senior French AMISOM, ranging from equipment diplomat and jurist, Jack Lang, to The UN logistical support provided and logistics to the management advise on how to further strength- by UNSOA has included a sea- of public information, is being pro- en criminal prosecutions. based supply chain from Mom- vided through the Department of basa to AMISOM peacekeepers in Field Support and its Nairobi-based The Istanbul meeting, co-chaired Mogadishu, bringing in everything mission known as UNSOA. with the Government of Turkey in from rations to construction ma- May 2010, underscored the im- terial on a monthly basis. UNSOA Regional and international resolve portance not only of political and also provides medical evacuation to defeat the insurgents hardened military measures, but also of as well as aviation services for the after Al Shabab claimed respon- rebuilding Somalia’s shattered deployment and rotation of troops sibility for two deadly suicide economy. Dozens of business rep- from Burundi and Uganda, and bombings targeting football fans resentatives were in attendance, the transportation of contingent watching the World Cup final in from within the country, from the equipment and supplies. the Ugandan capital, Kampala, in Somali diaspora and from the in- July. Uganda and Burundi have ternational community. UNPOS As the end of the year approached, been the major troop-contributing had identified certain prospective the Security Council called for a 50 countries to AMISOM. areas, including livestock, fisher- per cent increase in the number of

52 UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS AMISOM troops, raising the num- “generously and promptly” to en- provide UN logistical support to ber to 12,000. In a unanimous vote able the force to fulfil a mandate the enlarged AMISOM, while con- on 22 December, the Council ad- that ranges from restoring peace tinuing his good offices for foster- opted resolution 1964 extending to helping the TFG develop nation- ing reconciliation in the country. AMISOM until 30 September 2011 al security and police forces. The Council reiterated its intent, and calling on Member States mentioned in past resolutions, to and international organizations to Resolution 1964 also asked the set up a UN peacekeeping opera- contribute funds and equipment Secretary-General to continue to tion when conditions permit. The Middle East remains high on UN peace and security agenda In the absence of a comprehen- The United Nations Special Coor- cupied Palestinian territory (oPt), in sive overall settlement and amid dinator Office for the Middle East support of the Palestinian Authority the unstable security environ- (UNSCO), with offices in Jerusa- and the Palestinian people. ment and precarious humanitar- lem, Ramallah and Gaza, leads the ian situation in the Middle East, UN system in all political and diplo- In Lebanon, while the massive de- the United Nations continued to matic efforts related to the Middle ployment of blue-helmeted peace- be heavily involved in the re- East peace process. UNSCO also keepers as part of the UN Interim gion on several fronts: political, coordinates the humanitarian and Force (UNIFIL) may be the most peacekeeping, developmental and developmental work of UN agen- visible aspect of the UN presence humanitarian. cies and programmes in the oc- in the south, the UN Special Coor-

Druze pilgrims walk past a UN Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) military police checkpoint in Syria. 12 September 2010. (UN Photo/Arnold Felfer)

YEAR IN REVIEW 2010 53 The explosive ordnance dis- dinator for Lebanon (UNSCOL), It was set up in 1948 to monitor Middle East – the UN Disen- posal unit of the UN Disen- based in Beirut, coordinates ceasefires, supervise armistice gagement Force (UNDOF) – gagement Observer Force political efforts, as well as the agreements, prevent isolated which was established in 1974 (UNDOF)’s Philippine Bat- talion uncovers an anti-tank developmental and humanitar- incidents from escalating and on the Golan Heights to main- mine in Syria. 9 June 2010. ian work of more than 20 UN assist other UN peacekeeping tain the ceasefire, supervise the (UN Photo/Arnold Felfer) agencies and organizations in operations in the region to fulfill disengagement of Israeli and that country. their respective mandates. Syrian forces and oversee the areas of separation and limita- Meanwhile, the UN Truce Super- UNTSO military observers tion, as provided in the Agree- vision Organization (UNTSO) – work with UNIFIL in southern ment on Disengagement. the first-ever UN peacekeeping Lebanon and assist yet another operation – remain in operation. peacekeeping operation in the

54 UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS UNSCO: Supporting a two-State solution in the Middle East As the only international peace tionally ready for statehood at any government to spur this process, mission based on the ground in point in the near future. he drew on the inputs of UNSCO as Jerusalem, Ramallah and Gaza, part of a collective Quartet effort the Office of the United Nations UNSCO continued to promote fur- to bring about an improvement Special Coordinator for the Middle ther Israeli measures to provide to the lives of the inhabitants of East Peace Process (UNSCO), un- access for the Palestinian Author- Gaza. Since then, there has been der the leadership of Robert Serry, ity to areas of the West Bank that some easing of import restrictions was at the centre of an interlinking are under Israeli control. There and the approval of more projects. set of developments during 2010. has been a widely acknowledged improvement in security on the Although fundamental elements The mission prioritized the need ground thanks to the PA’s efforts. of the closure remained in place, to close the gap between develop- Further Israeli-PA security co- the Government of Israel decided ments on the ground and the as- ordination must be a priority so towards the end of the year to pirations of the political process. that neither Palestinian militants permit the expansion of exports In parallel, it was also actively nor extremist Israeli settlers are from the Gaza strip, which was engaged with the parties, the able to commit act of violence a significant step in the right di- Quartet and the Security Council in that harm civilians and undermine rection. Approved reconstruction pushing for resumed and compre- prospects for peace. Equally im- projects involving what Israel hensive political negotiations. portant will be a further easing characterizes as “dual use” mate- of movement restrictions in the rial totalled approximately $100 Partnering closely with the Pal- West Bank that builds on progress million in 2010. These include estinian Authority (PA) has been made to date. housing, schools, waste-water an organizing theme for the UN’s treatment and health facilities. political and development work. The other key UNSCO and UN- Such assistance will not only have Prime Minister Salam Fayyad’s wide priority has been to improve a direct positive impact on the state-building programme made conditions in Gaza where the sub- lives of many Gazans, but should significant gains in 2010. Special sistence of over 80 per cent of also have an economic multiplier Coordinator Serry pledged further inhabitants, roughly 1.5 million effect, helping the relief efforts in support of the UN system for com- Palestinians, still depends on hu- the whole of the Gaza Strip. pleting institutional preparations manitarian aid. Special Coordina- for statehood by August 2011. tor Serry has worked intensively Priorities for 2011 must be prog- with the Israeli government to ress in the movement of persons Under UNSCO’s auspices, the UN secure approvals of UN construc- and the provision of construction agencies, funds and programmes tion projects and an easing of the materials to the private sector. operating in the occupied Pal- Israeli closure, cognizant of Israeli Pushing for further steps from all estinian territory have further security concerns. A first break- parties regarding Gaza to imple- strengthened internal coordina- through was achieved with the ment Security Council resolution tion and their combined support visit of the Secretary-General in 1860, passed at the end of the for this agenda. The significance March, and some of the projects Israel-Gaza war of 2008-2009, of the state-building agenda was approved at that time were com- remains a key objective of UNSCO acknowledged in New York in pleted before the end of the year. in the year ahead. September, when both the Quartet and the group of donors of the Ad A revision of Israel’s blockade pol- This also places significant re- Hoc Liaison Committee noted the icy was undertaken in May of this sponsibilities on the de facto au- World Bank assessment that the year. As Quartet Envoy Tony Blair thorities in Gaza to refrain from Palestinian Authority was institu- worked closely with the Israeli and prevent attacks into Israel. At-

YEAR IN REVIEW 2010 55 Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon (left) and Robert H. Serry (right), the Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process and Mr. Ban’s Personal Representative to the Palestine Liberation Organization and the Palestinian Authority, observe the progress on a UN-funded housing project at Khan Younis in Gaza. 21 March 2010. (UN Photo/Mark Garten)

tacks continued, albeit at reduced that the gains to date will be sus- Nations, but did not deter the levels in 2010, as did Israeli strikes tainable and more fundamental leaders from continuing. How- and incursions, underlining the breakthroughs can be achieved. In ever, when Israel’s settlement continued fragility of the situation. this regard, 2010 was a frustrat- restraint expired in 26 September It is critically important that efforts ing year. PA President Mahmoud 2010, talks broke down. continue to reunite Gaza with the Abbas and Israeli Prime Minister West Bank within a legitimate Pal- Benjamin Netanyahu declared UNSCO has drawn international estinian, regional and international their readiness to negotiate a two- attention to the continuing damage framework. UNSCO has continued State solution, but talks remained that settlement activity causes to to use its contacts to urge all par- bedeviled by disputes over illegal confidence in the political process ties in this direction. Israeli settlement construction. and to the very viability of a two- State solution. This also pertains Despite these modest improve- After several months of proximity to East Jerusalem, where ten- ments on the ground, the lack talks, the two sides finally began sions arise from unilateral actions of political progress was the direct negotiations on 2 Septem- that undermine trust. When US paramount challenge of 2010. ber in a summit in Washington, efforts to secure renewed settle- As Special Coordinator Serry un- aiming to complete a framework ment restraint were not success- derscored in his briefings to the agreement in a year. A Hamas ful, the process suffered a serious Security Council, it is only if im- attack on settlers near Hebron setback and direct negotiations provements on the ground are shortly before the leaders’ meet- could not be restarted. tied to a serious political horizon ing was condemned by the United

56 UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS By December, the US had begun the Arab League, will be essential Palestinian political negotiation. He a process of indirect consulta- for the credibility of the process. also briefed them on UN efforts in tions with the parties on the core Gaza, underlining UN support for a issues. Special Coordinator Serry The urgency of progress on the comprehensive approach to Middle stressed to the Security Coun- peace process has been under- East peace as envisaged in Securi- cil the need for the international scored by a tense regional envi- ty Council resolutions and the Arab community to shift strategy given ronment during 2010. There was Peace Initiative. His ability to share the impasse in the political pro- no progress in efforts to promote assessments with a wider range of cess. He signaled that more sub- dialogue between Israel and Syria regional interlocutors remains a stantive third party mediation is during this period. Nonetheless, key asset for the mission. required if the goals set for 2011 the Special Coordinator continued – a framework peace agreement his engagement with the govern- After a year of political impasse, and the realization of Palestinian ments of the region. He has sought it is vital that 2011 be a year of readiness for statehood – are to their support for Palestinian state- genuine breakthrough in the Mid- be met. An urgent focus on the el- building efforts and Palestinian dle East peace process. Ensuring ements of a negotiated two-State reconciliation, and discussed ways that the UN is actively and effec- end-game, together with close in which the Quartet and the United tively engaged in bringing this Quartet consultation and effective Nations could play their full roles about will be a key challenge for engagement with the parties and in sponsoring a substantive Israeli- UNSCO. UNSCOL: The Challenge of Peacemaking in Lebanon As 2010 drew to a close in Leba- parliamentary opposition raised of the UN family, and is also the non, the usual bustle of New questions over the legitimacy of senior-most UN official following Year’s and religious celebrations the international legal body, as up on Security Council resolution created a festive atmosphere and well as Lebanon’s financial sup- 1701 (2006). Providing the good the semblance of normalcy. But port for it. offices of the Secretary-General this was a year of renewed po- to help overcome tension and political polarization and rising ten- In this context, UNSCOL, the Of- litical stalemate, he has carried sion in the small Mediterranean fice of Special Coordinator for similar messages to meetings country, slowing or paralyzing Lebanon Michael Williams, was with a wide array of representa- the work of state institutions for engaged in ongoing contacts with tives of the various sides across months. Two political camps, the all sides to help calm the tension. Lebanon’s political spectrum over 14 March coalition headed by “I have been concerned by the po- the last months of 2010. Prime Minister Saad Hariri and litical deadlock that has prevailed the 8 March alliance that includes in the country. I continue to hope Williams recently completed two Hizbullah, took diverging views of and call on all sides to engage years in Lebanon as UN Special the Special Tribunal for Lebanon, in open dialogue and to use the Coordinator and Special Represen- established by UN Security Coun- regular institutions of the state tative in 2010. During that period, cil resolution 1757 in 2007 to try to resolve any differences, irre- the country moved from prolonged those behind the 2005 assassi- spective of how sensitive. There political deadlock to a period of nation of former Prime Minister can be no alternative to this,” stability and progress following Rafik Hariri. While Saad Hariri, said Williams, following a meet- the formation of a national unity the son of the assassinated for- ing with Prime Minister Hariri in government in December 2009 – mer prime minister, and his al- early December. Williams repre- only to fall back into another phase lies continued to express staunch sents the UN Secretary-General of stalemate and crisis. support for the Tribunal, the in Lebanon, coordinates the work

YEAR IN REVIEW 2010 57 In addition to his focus on help- up these discussions with meet- and based on the principle that ing maintain Lebanon’s security ings with Lebanon’s top leaders peace and security can only hold and stability, Williams has also to brief them on the anticipated if accompanied by development been concerned with how the po- Israeli withdrawal. and respect for human rights. litical stalemate in Lebanon may affect the implementation of Se- To ensure the full implementation Over the past year, UNSCOL tried curity Council resolution 1701, of resolution 1701, the UN Spe- to enhance the coherence and the resolution that put an end to cial Coordinator, who is based coordination of the overlapping 33 days of violent warfare be- in Beirut, frequently traveled to areas of UN engagement in Leba- tween Israel and Hizbullah in July Israel, but also visited Lebanon’s non. One of these areas is work and August 2006. That resolution other neighbour, Syria, as well as to improve the conditions of some brought about the longest pe- other relevant countries in the re- 400,000 Palestinian refugees liv- riod of calm and stability in south gion, including Turkey and Egypt. ing in 12 official refugee camps in Lebanon and along the Blue Line In Lebanon, Williams regularly the country. “I was very pleased to separating Lebanon and Israel in visited areas outside Beirut to hear that in the New Year, in 2011, decades. But a clash between the better understand the country’s the Palestinian people will be able Lebanese Army and the Israel De- diverse political landscape and to return to the camp,” Special fense Forces on the border point the challenges that confront its Coordinator Williams said after a of Adaysseh in August 2010, leav- population. visit to the Nahr al-Bared refu- ing four killed on both sides of the gee camp in northern Lebanon. Blue Line, served as a reminder Lebanon may be a small country The camp had been devastated in that despite the calm, the situa- in size, but its geographic location heavy fighting between the Leba- tion remained fragile and could at the heart of the volatile Middle nese army and an armed terror- deteriorate quickly. As the UN East, its open political system and ist group in May 2007. Since then, keeps reminding all parties, more dynamics that frequently serve as the UN has spearheaded the effort efforts need to be exerted to move an indicator of the broader region- to ensure the camp’s reconstruc- towards a longer-term ceasefire, al political climate, have long ex- tion and the return of the refugees as envisaged in the resolution. posed it to extensive international to their homes. attention and diplomacy. And the In this regard, UNSCOL, the po- UN’s work here is far from limited Lebanon faces a range of chal- litical and peacemaking branch to peacekeeping and peacemak- lenges in the spheres of politics, of the UN in Lebanon, works ing: Lebanon’s relations with the security, and socio-economic de- closely with the United Nations UN run long and deep. The country velopment, as well as full respect Interim Force in Lebanon (UNI- was among the founding mem- of universal human rights. In light FIL), with some 12,000 troops the bers of the United Nations in 1945 of such challenges, the UN Spe- UN’s third-largest peacekeep- and through its representative in cial Coordinator has frequently ing mission. In late 2010, Special San Francisco and then New York, emphasized that open dialogue Coordinator Williams and UNIFIL played a prominent role in the is the only way to move forward, Force Commander Gen. Alberto drafting of key foundational docu- and safeguarding and utilizing the Asarta Cuevas traveled together ments. Beirut quickly became the institutions of the state is the only to Israel after a decision by the seat of several UN offices and to- guarantee for stability and securi- Israeli security cabinet to accept, day hosts 24 different agencies. ty. “I hope 2011 will offer all Leb- in principle, a new UN proposal to These cover the entire spectrum anese such stability and security,” achieve the withdrawal of Israeli of political, peacekeeping, socio- he says. In order to do its part, military forces from the northern economic, humanitarian and hu- the UN continues to stand ready part of Ghajar, a village straddling man rights issues and invest over to assist the government and the the Blue Line and whose northern $250 million annually in their ac- people of Lebanon to meet the half falls in Lebanese territory. tivities in the country. The work challenges they face. Williams and Asarta then followed of the agencies is complimentary

58 UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS Blue barrels mark the Line of Withdrawal (Blue Line) of Israeli forces from Lebanon, Rumaysh, South Lebanon. 7 October 2010. (UNIFIL Photo/Pasqual Gorriz)

Marking the Blue Line: An ambitious UNIFIL effort for peace

After careful GPS measurement two countries. The effort is ambi- the withdrawal of Israeli forces of map coordinates, the Lebanese tious and the work is painstaking, from southern Lebanon. Army soldier delivers two blows but the rewards for peace may be with a lump hammer to embed a well worth it. The sole purpose of the Blue Line metal stake in the soil. is to verify the Israeli withdrawal The process recently overseen by without any prejudice to future Then he sprays the rod in red paint UNIFIL on the Blue Line near the border agreements between all to define it as the marker of the village of Blida in southern Leba- concerned. Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF). non will have to be repeated hun- Next to it, another stake is painted dreds of times on both the Leba- But the Blue Line is also as com- United Nations blue and the one of nese and Israeli sides before the plex as many other issues in the the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) is job is done. Middle East, entangled in history painted yellow. The point agreed and in today’s political realities. to will be where a blue barrel will The Blue Line, sometimes con- Both Lebanon and Israel in the be erected, defining the Blue Line fused as an international border, year 2000 confirmed to the UN at that location. is in fact the Line of Withdrawal Secretary-General that identify- of Israeli forces from south- ing the Blue Line was the sole re- Visibly marking the Blue Line, ern Lebanon drawn by the UN in sponsibility of the United Nations which separates Lebanon from 2000. Following the 2006 hostili- and undertook to respect the line Israel, is a task undertaken by ties, the UN Security Council, by in its entirety, despite their reser- the UN Interim Force in Lebanon its resolution 1701, tasked UNI- vations on some points. (UNIFIL) in coordination with the FIL, among other things, to verify

YEAR IN REVIEW 2010 59 The Blue Line remains the only ref- cuted with precision and with the between two rocks painted blue by erence point for ensuring that there full agreement of both Lebanon cartographers, defined by mark- is no violation by any side. This is and Israel. ings on an open field or by the mean important element of the ces- dian line of a river bed. sation of hostilities and the related The Blue Line was determined obligations that both the parties on the map by UN cartographers The likelihood of inadvertent vio- have taken upon themselves. based on 1923 Anglo-French maps lations of the Blue Line by civil- when the powers drew borders in ians, particularly shepherds, is In 2007, a year after the last con- the Middle East and the 1949 Ar- high given the difficulty in identify- flict, UNIFIL undertook to visibly mistice between Lebanon and Is- ing it. Hence the need for visible mark the Blue Line. The purpose rael. Over the decades, markers marking on the ground. is to establish a clear, common on the ground disappeared due to understanding of the line and to environmental factors and maps The Blue Line runs through rough, mitigate the scope for possible went missing. Then came the inhospitable mountain terrain in friction, as happened on 3 August modern technology of the Global places, abuts roads and houses 2010, when exchange of fire be- Positioning System. in other locations and, in one case tween the Lebanese and Israeli at the village of Ghajar in the east, armies left three dead in Lebanon On the ground, at many points the slices right through it. Israel has and one in Israel. Blue Line is invisible, and some- built a fence south of the Blue times complex. For example, at Line, referred to as the Technical The effort continues today, with the Sheikh Abbad Hill near the Fence. In places the two are adja- many months remaining before village of Houla, the fence cuts cent and in other places this Israeli the job is done. For UNIFIL, vis- through the tomb of an historic high-security fence runs up to a ibly marking the Blue Line is a cleric revered by both Muslims and few hundred metres away from technical task that must be exe- Jews. Elsewhere, it is a crow’s fly the Blue Line.

700000E 710000E 720000E 730000E 740000E 750000E 760000E SPAIN MP INDONESIA MALAYSIA i an 3 000 SPAIN t 77-4-4 3 000 700 N MTF ITALY i 700 N L 4-23 GERMANY - 3 vessels CHINA 77-3-3 HHaratarat aall HHartart (2 patrol boats & 1 supply ship) HasbayyaHasbayya GREECE - 1 vessel INDIA SShwayyahwayya (1 patrol boat) 44-2-2 44-23-23 ITALY - 1 vessel 7-2 (1 frigate) MarjayounMarjayoun HebbariyeHebbariye IbilIbil 44-1-1 TURKEY - 1 vessel 4-7A (1 patrol boats) asas SaqySaqy KafrKafr HammamHammam LEBANON ShabaShaba MMediterraneanediterranean 44-14-14 ZZawtarawtar AAll KKhiyamhiyam 44-13-13 44-7C-7C aashsh KafrKafr ShubaShuba SSeaea AAll QQulayahulayah 44-30-30 3 000 SSharqiyatharqiyat 3 000 690 N EL SALVADOR HaltaHalta 690 N tan 4-31 HQ UNIFIL TTayrayr Li i 99-66-66 44-34-34 SYRIAN BBastraastra l 9-2 SECTOR a FFalsayhalsayh s LOG DENMARK s Arab SShabrihahabriha ShhurShhur KafrKafr A TuraTura FRANCE QRF INDONESIA EAST l- 4-28 a Republic KOREA KilaKila i ITALY d 22-5-5 BarishBarish FRANCE QRF 7-1 99-15-15 Metulla a MarrakahMarrakah W MMajdalajdal SShamshams AtAt TayyabahTayyabah 9-64 Al Ghajar ITALY ITALY 9-109-10 MMughrughr SShabahaba Sur 2-1 9-1 QQabrikhaabrikha (Tyre) YYahunahun AddaissehAddaisseh INDONESIA (-) TTayrayr KafrKafr Tulin MMisgavisgav AAmm SSECTORE C T O R WWESTE S T 99-63-63 Dan JJwayyawayya ZibnaZibna DDuninunin Khirbat MMarkabaarkaba KKefarefar GGil'adiil'adi Mas'adah 3680000N INDIA & INDONESIA ArAr RashidiyahRashidiyah Majdal 3680000N AAynyn BBalal Silm HHaGosherimaGosherim Dafna ITALY (-) TURKEY Silm MMARAR CIMIC QanaQana MMargaliyyotargaliyyot 2-4 DDayrayr 88-33-33 MP TANZANIA QanunQanun MALAYSIA HoulaHoula QQiryatiryat SShemonahemona 88-31-31 88-32-32 CHINA ShaqraShaqra 88-32A-32A MManaraanara HQ OGL AlAl 6-43 TTibninibnin QulaylahQulaylah 66-5-5 ITALY ITALY 6-406-40 6-16 BBrashitrashit 88-30-30 NEPAL AAll MMansuriansuri 55-10-10 KafraKafra Haris 22-2-2 FRANCE UNIFIL 1-261-26 ITALY MaysMays alal JabalJabal ZibqinZibqin 88-34-34 22-31-31 MajdalMajdal ZunZun YYataratar Deployment Al Bayyadah 2-3 SLOVENIA Rshaf BELGIUM 3670000N BlidaBlida ShamaShama 6-446-44 PORTUGAL BaytBayt LifLif AtAt TiriTiri YYiftahiftah August 2010 55-66-66 22-45-45 AAynataynata 8-36 TayrTayr HarfaHarfa 22-46-46 GHANA AAytarunytarun ShihinShihin DDibilibil Ramot Naqoura AAlmalma 55-21-21 RamyahRamyah 9-10 UNIFIL position 3-1 1-0A HHININ Naftali aashsh SShabhab 1-21 55-42-42 OGL patrol base OOPP YarinYarin AAytayta aashsh SShaabhaab RRASAS 66-52-52 1-32A LLABAB 1-31 ZZaritarit Marwahin 55-20-20 YarunYarun Operational boundary Shomera Avivim Dishon Rosh HHanitaanita SShetulahetula RRmeichmeich Yesud Inter-battalion boundary HaNiqra Adamit Yir'on Hamaala Yara Even 5-22 66-50-50 Shelomi Eilon Menahem Baram Alma 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 km NahariyyaNahariyya Dovev Sede 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 mi The boundaries and names shown and the Fassut Rihaniya designations used on this map do not imply Eliezer * Located outside of sector official endorsement or acceptance by the ISRAEL United Nations. 700000E 710000E 720000E 730000E 740000E 750000E 760000E

Map No. 4144 Rev. 25E UNITED NATIONS Department of Field Support August 2010 (Colour) Cartographic Section 60 UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS Lebanese soldier uses GPS to verify coordinates of a Blue Line barrel to mark the Line of Withdrawal of Israeli forces from Lebanon, Rumaysh, South Lebanon. 7 October 2010. (UNIFIL Photo/Pasqual Gorriz)

Minefields and the sensitivity of UNIFIL engineers are called in to By the end of November 2010, some locations tend to slow down build it, with the location later veri- 72 blue barrels had been built on the process of visible marking. fied by the parties. If the discrep- agreed locations, 25 of them still ancy is more than 50 centimetres requiring final confirmation from In addition, UNIFIL discusses “then we’re back basically to the the Lebanese and Israeli sides. marking with the parties and drawing board,” says John Molloy, makes sure the sides are satis- the UNIFIL Political Affairs Officer The task ahead is monumental. fied. Then UNIFIL goes with teams in charge of the task. Molloy said there are 198 coor- from each country to do mea- dinates along the Blue Line’s 118 surements on the ground based The next point to place a blue bar- kilometres (about 73.3 miles). on GPS coordinates provided by rel will have to be within the line UNIFIL. This can only be done af- of sight of another blue barrel. “There will be many, many more ter UNIFIL demining teams clear barrels when we finish … ap- pathways for the teams to reach It is painstaking work by a group of proximately 469 is what we feel the designated location. officers from UNIFIL and the LAF on we need to create an inter-visible the Lebanese side and UNIFIL and line,” he added. UNIFIL does its own measure- the IDF on the Israeli side. Hundreds ments. If the measurements of the of people are involved in the effort: According to Molloy, the parties Lebanese, UNIFIL and Israeli sides mapping people from UNIFIL, LAF are interested in the visible mark- match or are within 50 centimetres and IDF, as well as demining teams ing, and that is what matters: (about 19.7 inches) of each other, and construction engineers from a Blue Barrel point is marked and UNIFIL, according to Molloy. “When there’s a will, there’s a way.”

YEAR IN REVIEW 2010 61 A voter in Kirkuk searches for the location of her polling station on the day of Iraq’s parliamentary elections. 7 March 2010. (UN Photo/Rick Bajornas)

Iraq in 2010: A real test for transition to democracy

For Iraq, the year 2010 was constituting a true test for the The election was also a significant marked by significant achieve- country’s transition. step towards the IHEC becoming ments in building a democratic a sustainable, independent, and state, however many challenges UNAMI’s electoral assistance professional institution that may remain. On 7 March, Iraq held its team, working closely with other serve as a regional role model. second parliamentary election UN agencies and international To support that goal, nearly $25 relatively successfully. The elec- partners, supported the March million for a UNDP/UNOPS insti- tion was followed by a lengthy 2010 parliamentary elections by tutional development project was series of negotiations between providing technical assistance and approved on September 30 by the the Iraqi political blocs on the strengthening the capacity of Iraqi UN Development Group Iraq Trust formation of the government that elections officials to organize and Fund Steering Committee as the culminated in the re-election of conduct the election, continuing last programming allocation of the the President and Parliament a role it has played since the first Fund’s resources. Speaker by the Council of Rep- post-war elections and referen- resentatives on 12 November, dum in 2005. Following the 7 March election, followed by the appointment of Iraqi politicians entered into eight a broadly representative cabinet Organized and led by Iraq’s In- months of negotiations on the and confirmation of the Prime dependent High Electoral Com- formation of the government Minister on 21 December. Over mission (IHEC), the election had a amidst internal and international much of the year, delays in the turnout estimated at 62 per cent, concerns over the repercussions formation of the government had and was hailed by the international of the political crisis on the secu- affected all aspects of life in Iraq, community as a landmark event. rity situation in the country.

62 UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS “This is a real test for Iraq’s tran- on 21 December, the Council of ereignty. He called on all Iraqi sition to democracy and the com- Representatives confirmed the parties to work hand in hand, in mitment of Iraqi leaders to adhere appointment of a broadly rep- the spirit of national unity. to the country’s Constitution”, resentative cabinet under Prime said Special Representative of the Minister al-Maliki. At the same time, the security Secretary-General for Iraq (SRSG) situation remained volatile as tar- Ad Melkert, who had consistently These developments were hailed geted and indiscriminate terrorist called on the country’s leaders to worldwide. UN Secretary-Gen- attacks continued throughout the form a new Government through eral Ban Ki-moon welcomed this year, including attacks against an inclusive process. “major step forward in Iraq’s newly-elected members of parlia- democratic progress,” urging that ment, government officials, media Following extensive talks be- prompt attention be given to na- workers, and minority, ethnic and tween Iraqi political blocs, the tional reconciliation, reconstruc- religious groups. Iraqi Parliament convened on 12 tion and long-term stability. He November, re-elected Jalal Tala- also called on Iraqi leaders “to Despite the challenging security bani as President of the Republic continue demonstrating the same environment, UNAMI continued to of Iraq and elected the Parliament spirit of partnership in moving deliver on its mandate for the sev- Speaker (from the Iraqiya List), as swiftly to conclude the formation enth year by extending support to well as his two deputies (from the of a new government.” the government and people of Iraq Sadrist Trend and the Kurdistan in all areas stipulated by relevant Alliance). President Talabani then SRSG Melkert commended the Security Council resolutions, in- announced that he would task Iraqi parties for their efforts at cluding political facilitation, elec- Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki (as reaching agreement on a suc- toral and constitutional support, leader of the largest bloc) with cessful transition between elected human rights, humanitarian and forming the Government, and governments under full Iraqi sov- development assistance, and the

A street view in Baghdad on the day of Iraqi parliamentary elections. 7 March 2010. (UN Photo/Rick Bajornas)

YEAR IN REVIEW 2010 63 resolution of outstanding issues of hydrocarbon legislation, rela- of Internally Displaced Persons between Iraq and its neighbours. tions among federal, regional and (IDPs), Walter Kaelin, undertook provincial governments, the con- a 10-day visit to Iraq to raise the Intensified political stitutional review process, and profile of issues faced by IDP facilitation strengthening institutions of gov- communities in the country. UNAMI’s leadership remained fo- ernance and rule of law. cused on facilitating political dia- UNAMI and partners also assisted logue and national reconciliation. UNAMI remained engaged with the Iraqi Government with drafting Prior to the election, the SRSG’s helping Iraq fulfill its obligations its first national submission to the mediation efforts helped Iraqi under the Security Council’s Chap- Human Rights Universal Periodic leaders reach agreements on key ter VII resolutions in order to as- Review (UPR) and trained civil so- issues such as amendments to the sist with the removal of sanctions. ciety representatives on how to electoral law. On 15 December, those efforts produce reports to treaty bodies. were validated when the Security As the post-election crisis intensi- Council adopted three historic res- UNAMI and representatives from fied, SRSG Melkert engaged exten- olutions, returning control of min- the Ministries of Defence, Justice sively with all Iraqi political blocs, eral exports to the Government of and Interior and the US Embassy urging them to work together in Iraq, formally ending the residual further agreed to establish a na- the spirit of national dialogue and activities of the Oil-for-Food Pro- tional steering committee to mon- reconciliation to form an inclusive gramme, and lifting restrictions on itor human rights, particularly in representational government. programmes for the development Iraqi prisons. UNAMI and UNICEF of nuclear energy (contained in are also co-chairing a Monitoring Restarting the stalled dialogue resolutions 1956, 1957 and 1958, and Reporting Mechanism Country between the Arabs and Kurds in and Presidential Statement S/ Task Force on the protection of the Ninewa governorate of Iraq’s PRST/27). The Secretary-General children in conflict. Kurdistan region was also at the hailed the decision as a major step heart of the SRSG’s efforts to end toward restoring Iraq’s standing Integrated Priorities the boycott of the Ninewa Fra- within the community of nations. The mission and the UN Country ternal List, a coalition of seven Team continued to address the Kurdish parties, to the provincial Regarding the situation between four priorities identified in 2009 council of Ninewa. Hosted by the Iraq and Kuwait, the Security by the United Nations in Iraq: dis- SRSG, these talks between the Council welcomed, in its presi- puted internal boundaries; social Hadba (Sunni Arab party) and the dential statement, the progress safety nets; conducting a national Ninewa Fraternal List sought to made by the Governments of Iraq census and civil registration; and address the situation of detainees, and Kuwait towards the resolution water resource management. the rights of minorities and secu- of outstanding issues between These issues require an integrated rity arrangements in the province. them, and encouraged further co- and holistic approach by the UN UNAMI facilitated the formation of operation. It also called on Iraq to system in Iraq which recognizes a committee on missing persons quickly fulfill its remaining obliga- that development and political and and detainees, and another for tions under the relevant Chapter human stability are interlinked. the protection of minorities with a VII resolutions pertaining to the view to enabling the return of the situation between Iraq and Kuwait. UN humanitarian and recovery Fraternal List to the provincial ad- work continued to focus on administration and the council. Human rights dressing the impact of drought; The promotion of human rights re- mine action; protection of internally With government formation domi- mains a UNAMI priority as the mis- displaced persons, refugees and nating the political agenda, UN- sion continued to monitor and re- returnees; and supporting social AMI continued to assist Iraqis in port on developments and provide safety nets. However, the lack of resolving a number of political advice to the Iraqi Government. access and security, combined with and constitutional challenges, in- insufficient humanitarian funding, cluding those related to disputed The Representative of the Sec- continued to hinder the ability of areas, revenue-sharing, adoption retary-General on Human Rights humanitarian organizations to ef-

64 UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS fectively assess and respond and Humanitarian Coordinator the launch of the UN Develop- to unmet needs. The increased Christine McNab, continued to ment Assistance Framework presence of UNAMI staff in the advocate on these issues, as 2011-2014 for Iraq. With Iraq’s hubs around the country played well as to ensure information National Development Plan, a critical role in monitoring the sharing between the UN system the UNDAF will support Iraq’s humanitarian situation and co- and government counterparts. efforts to realize the Millen- ordinating with partners. The nium Development Goals. Office of Development and Hu- On 11 May, a significant bench- manitarian Support, under Dep- mark in Iraq’s development uty SRSG, Resident Coordinator planning was reached, with UNAMA: Another tough year for Afghanistan Secretary-General Ban Ki- moon (left) and Staffan de Mis- If 2010 started out as a “make resentative of the Secretary- reason to hope that efforts to tura, his Special Representative it or break it” year for Afghani- General Staffan de Mistura, initiate dialogue for a peace for Afghanistan, are greeted by stan, the situation at the end who took up his post in March. settlement might take hold in children as they make their way of the year was less clear cut: Violence and fighting spread to 2011. to the Afghan Foreign Ministry where they attended the Kabul “Things have not quite been many parts of the country that International Conference on made, but nor are they bro- were previously peaceful. But It was another very tough year Afghanistan. 19 July 2010. (UN ken,” assessed Special Rep- at the same time, there was for Afghan communities. The Photo by Eric Kanalstein)

YEAR IN REVIEW 2010 65 mid-year human rights report by forts to initiate political dialogue; ority programmes aimed at better the United Nations Mission in Af- encouragement and practical sup- governance and development de- ghanistan (UNAMA) documented a port for regional cooperation with livery to the Afghan people. rise in civilian casualties to 3,268, Afghanistan’s neighbours towards including 1,271 deaths, in six sustainable peace; and contribut- Support by UNAMA and UNDP- months. The report indicated that ing to more coherent international ELECT to Afghanistan’s indepen- women and children are increas- aid and development support. Hu- dent electoral institutions was a ingly bearing the brunt of the war. man rights protection and promot- major focus of 2010. In the coun- And figures towards the year’s end ing equality of Afghan women re- try’s second parliamentary elec- were likely to show a continua- main at the core of UNAMA’s work, tions, held under extreme secu- tion of this escalation. Local gov- as well as its integrated approach rity conditions, these institutions ernment officials and aid workers with UN Country Team members were widely regarded as having were targeted by insurgents in dis- who continue to deliver urgently achieved significantly higher stan- tricts across the country, with inse- needed humanitarian as well as dards than in the 2009 elections. curity rated as the biggest problem development support to commu- While widespread irregularities by a majority of Afghans in a recent nities. A 2010 UNDP report placed and fraud were reported on elec- national survey. UN humanitarian Afghanistan at the bottom of the tion day, the electoral authorities agencies, together with Afghan and Human Development Index in Asia. worked hard to detect and dis- other international organizations, qualify fraud – ultimately throwing struggled to deliver much-needed “Afghan leadership” was the out 1.3 million cast ballots. support to people amidst the vio- theme that ran through all political lence in rural communities, where as well as key development policy As SRSG de Mistura noted in the poverty has been exacerbated by work of the year. The president lead-up to the ballot, “just the 30 years of conflict. and government led the way in fact that these elections are tak- establishing the architecture for ing place and so many candidates UNAMA itself faced a daunting chal- inclusive efforts toward dialogue are exposing their own faces, their lenge at the start of 2010. Practical- aimed at ending the conflict. Fol- own names, and their own cam- ly, the mission faced reassessing lowing the London Conference in paigns, and hopefully many Af- how to live and operate in increas- January, President Karzai con- ghans will go and vote for them, ingly tight security conditions fol- vened a 1,600-member Consulta- is something that Afghanistan lowing the fatal attack on UN work- tive Peace Jirga in June, which set should be proud of.” ers at the Bakhtar Guest House in the parameters for dialogue with Kabul in late 2009. Politically, the the Taliban. The 70-member High The year 2011 will begin with some mission reassessed how to ensure Peace Council was established in tough questions: will the politi- that the UN could play a construc- September, in accordance with the cal efforts of 2010 prove to be the tive and useful role in a very com- Jirga’s recommendations. Afghan foundation from which inclusive dia- plex conflict situation in assisting civil society also held meetings logue can emerge? Can progress be Afghans achieve what they most supported by UNAMA aimed at en- achieved toward a peace settlement urgently demanded: peace. suring its voice is heard in efforts between Afghans? How will the to define a peace settlement. NATO-led transition towards Afghan Following the departure of the for- responsibility for security work in mer chief of mission Kai Eide in UNAMA established the Salaam the provinces? Will the human rights March 2010, after two years of dis- Support Group in October follow- and humanitarian toll of the conflict tinguished service, SRSG de Mistu- ing a request for UN assistance to be stemmed? UNAMA is positioned ra wasted no time in addressing the Afghan efforts to seek avenues to to play an active role in supporting pressing need to refocus the mis- peace. Afghan-led initiatives toward peace sion following a tumultuous 2009. in 2011, at the same time continuing He shaped what became known At the historic Kabul Conference the UN family’s longstanding role in as the “3+1” priorities for UNAMA: in June, co-chaired by Secretary- defending the Afghan people’s hu- support to national parliamentary General Ban Ki-moon, foreign min- man rights and supporting their hu- elections, working with the UNDP- isters from more than 40 countries manitarian needs. ELECT team; support to Afghan ef- endorsed the government’s 23 pri-

66 UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS UNMIT: Helping strengthen the foundation for future prosperity and stability in Timor-Leste In 2010, the security and political to build on recent gains and ensure Stability is an essential factor for on- situation in Timor-Leste was stable, the future prosperity and stability of going peacebuilding in Timor-Leste. allowing state institutions the space Timor-Leste. UNMIT police and the Policia Na- to increasingly focus on the coun- cional de Timor-Leste (PNTL) have try’s longer-term challenges, while Many plans, strategies and insti- contributed much toward the current the United Nations Integrated Mis- tutions have been developed with security and stability of the country, sion in Timor-Leste (UNMIT) turned a longer-term focus, including and good cooperation with the inter- to capacity-building as its core work the Anti-Corruption Commission, national security forces of Australia for the coming year. the Justice Sector Strategic Plan and New Zealand, also deployed for Timor-Leste and a package of in the country, continues. Indeed, Briefing the UN Security Council on national security laws. However, since 2006, the mission has been 19 October, Ms. Ameerah Haq, the implementation in furtherance actively supporting the efforts of the Special Representative of the Sec- of these critical initial steps and Timorese authorities to develop the retary-General and Head of UNMIT, sustaining momentum in efforts PNTL into a sustainable, accountable observed that the political discourse to address systemic, institutional and professional police service. in the country had generally moved and political fragilities are among past the dramatic events of 2006, to the challenges currently faced by In many peacekeeping operations, forward-looking discussions on how Timor-Leste. UN police have a monitoring, train-

A UN police officer from the Maritime Policing Unit of UNMIT gives tips to his Timorese colleagues, Dili, Timor-Leste. 15 January 2010. (UN Photo/Marine Perret)

YEAR IN REVIEW 2010 67 A Chinese UN police officer with UNMIT visits an orphanage managed by nuns in the Timorese capital of Dili. 24 February 2010. (UN Photo/Martine Perret)

ing or supporting role in relationship as the most challenging. The re- man rights, rule of law, and gender to national police: Since 2006, UNMIT sumption process is expected to be awareness. police have also been entrusted with completed in all districts and units interim executive policing responsi- in 2011, assuming that the mutually The government and UNMIT are work- bilities in Timor-Leste. The UN Po- agreed criteria for handover are met. ing in close cooperation on strategies lice Commissioner, in exercising his to meet the post-resumption chal- duties and with full respect for the However, the resumption of respon- lenges of continued PNTL capacity- sovereignty of Timor-Leste, works in sibilities by the PNTL does not mean building and institutional strength- close coordination and consultation the full withdrawal of the UNMIT po- ening, with a new agreement being with the PNTL General Commander. lice, which remain in all 13 districts negotiated to cover these aspects. and continue to support the further In 2009, the UN began transferring training, capacity-building, institu- While the PNTL’s performance contin- primary policing responsibilities to tional development and strengthen- ued to show improvement, challenges the PNTL, which continued through ing of the PNTL. Throughout 2010, remain, including the institutionaliza- 2010. As of December 2010, the UNMIT provided training to the PNTL tion of effective disciplinary mecha- PNTL had resumed primary policing in human rights, including on as- nisms, command and control struc- responsibilities in 10 of the country’s pects such as the use of force and tures, weapons control mechanisms 13 districts without any significant observation of human rights during and planning processes, as well as change in the security situation in arrest, detention, and investigation. the provision of adequate logistical those districts. The resumption of UNMIT and international partners support. In almost every district, the primary policing responsibilities was also provided training to members PNTL continued to face serious logis- pending in only three districts and six of the Timorese armed forces, tical shortages, resulting in its contin- PNTL units, with Dili District, home Falintil-Forças de Defesa de Timor- ued dependence on UNMIT police for of the country’s capital, remaining Leste (F-FDTL), in the areas of hu- the conduct of daily duties.

68 UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS UNMIT’s human rights team con- mestic violence on 3 May 2010. The Ongoing projects of the United tinued to monitor and report al- UN Development Fund for Women Nations Development Programme leged ill-treatment by members of (UNIFEM) provided support to the and International Organization for the security forces. The number of government in drafting the legisla- Migration continue to support the reported human rights violations tion and worked specifically with sustainable return of former inter- by the PNTL and F-FDTL remained members of the Women’s Parlia- nally displaced persons (IDPs). The stable, while some improvement mentary Caucus on various aspects government, with World Food Pro- in accountability was noted with of the issue, including the need to gramme support, has established a the increased implementation of raise public awareness. multi-agency food security assess- internal disciplinary measures for ment system to help improve di- members of the security forces, in UN system partners in Timor- saster preparedness and response. particular the PNTL. Leste, including UNIFEM, have provided support to the Timorese The expectation of UN Member Gender-based and domestic vio- authorities and other stakehold- States and the Government of lence are among the most pressing ers on a range of measures to ad- Timor-Leste is that UNMIT will issues which UNPOL and PNTL have dress gender-based violence. The begin to draw down during the to address, in collaboration with national campaign to end violence second half of 2012. Preliminary the justice system and the broader against women continues, with key planning, in consultation with the population. They are widespread, national leaders as promoters and government, has already begun for yet perpetrators are rarely punished advocates. a smooth transition. This includes through the formal justice system. identifying tasks that need to con- The Vulnerable Persons Unit of the The humanitarian situation has tinue and by which actors, follow- PNTL continues to investigate gen- stabilized considerably since 2006, ing the end of UNMIT’s mandate, der-based and domestic violence such that, in 2010, the UN discon- as this young country continues on cases. The National Parliament tinued the position of the Humani- its road to sustainable peace and passed a long-awaited law on do- tarian Coordinator in Timor-Leste. development.

A UN police officer from the Philippines and his Timorese National Po- lice counterpart on joint night patrol in Dili, Timor-Leste. 2 August 2010. (UN Photo/Martine Perret)

YEAR IN REVIEW 2010 69 UN mission prepares to withdraw from Nepal Despite positive developments in As UNMIN prepared to withdraw fire that brought Nepal’s 10-year Nepal’s peace process in 2010, the from Nepal on 15 January 2011 in conflict to a close in 2005. The 30- year was marked by political deadline with an agreement between day discharge process, completed lock and missed deadlines in the the parties and at the request of on 8 February 2010, followed an implementation of commitments the government, United Nations agreement on an action plan for made in the 2006 Comprehensive officials pledged continued UN rehabilitation that was signed the Peace Agreement (CPA). With the support for the process after the previous year by the UCPN (Mao- United Nations Mission in Nepal mission’s departure. ist), the government and the United (UNMIN) supporting the monitor- Nations. In November, the Security ing of the Maoist army and the Ne- The year began with a positive step Council Working Group on Children pal army, the government and the in the peace process when the Mao- and Armed Conflict conducted a Unified Communist Party of Nepal ist army discharged the 4,008 indi- week-long visit to Nepal to assess (UCPN)-Maoist continued to dis- viduals who had been disqualified progress in implementation of the cuss the modalities for the integra- in a United Nations-led verification action plan. tion of Maoist army personnel into process. Three-quarters were dis- the security forces or their reha- qualified because they joined the The peace process suffered a blow bilitation into society. Consensus, Maoist army as minors, while the on 20 March with the death of the however, remained elusive. others had joined after the cease- Nepali Congress party president,

Maoist army personnel wave goodbye to their former colleagues discharged from a Maoist Cantonment Site in Western Nepal. February 2010. (UN Photo/Chandra Shekhar Karki)

70 UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS G.P. Koirala. The five-time prime stantial progress in the peace the supervision and control of minister – a towering figure in process, uncertainty prevailed in the Maoist army. But substantial Nepali politics – had played a key the days ahead of a Council ses- progress had not been made by role in convincing the political sion on Nepal on 15 September early December when UN Under- parties to accept the Maoists as when the mandate was due to Secretary-General for Political Af- a negotiating partner in 2005. He expire. On 13 September, UCPN- fairs B. Lynn Pascoe visited Nepal continued to be a voice in support M Chairman Pushpa Kumal Dahal for the third time in 2010 to assess of the process until his death. “Prachanda” and Prime Minis- progress in the peace process and ter Madhav Kumar Nepal signed the arrangements to conclude UN- In May, a week-long general strike an agreement to request a final MIN’s mandate. called by the Maoists to demand four-month extension for UNMIN, the resignation of the government and to “basically complete” the On 9 December, the Security paralyzed much of the country. The remaining tasks of the peace pro- Council underlined the need for Constituent Assembly then failed cess by 14 January 2011. In line the Nepalese Government and all to meet its two-year deadline to with the request, Security Council political parties to take advantage draft a new constitution in accor- resolution 1939 explicitly stated of the United Nations mission’s dance with the CPA. On the dead- that UNMIN would leave Nepal af- last weeks in Nepal to work in a line, 28 May, the parties agreed to ter the termination of its mandate spirit of compromise to ensure extend the body for an additional on 15 January 2011. progress on outstanding issues year, preventing a collapse of the in the peace process. Toward the peace process but without resolv- In the run-up to the mid-Sep- end of the year, the parties had yet ing their differences. tember Council session and the to agree on a work plan for inte- days that followed, the parties gration and rehabilitation of Mao- Throughout the year, the parties forged consensus on a number ist army personnel or supervisory also came to late agreements of procedural agreements. On 16 arrangements to help facilitate to request extensions to UN- September, the special committee UNMIN’s orderly departure from MIN’s mandate. With the Security for the supervision, integration Nepal. Council increasingly unwilling to and rehabilitation of Maoist army extend the mission without sub- personnel adopted guidelines for Kosovo remains stable during time of political change In 2010, the 11th year of the United on 22 July, held that the declara- of dialogue between the parties as Nations Interim Administration in tion was not a breach of interna- a factor promoting peace, security Kosovo (UNMIK), the situation in tional law. and stability in the context of the Kosovo remained largely stable, European perspective for the re- although political developments On 9 September, the General As- gion and reaffirmed the readiness provided new challenges for local sembly adopted a resolution spon- of the United Nations to contribute and international institutions. sored jointly by the 27 Member to this effort in close coordination States of the European Union (EU) with the European Union. The much-anticipated advisory and Serbia that highlighted the opinion by the International Court readiness of the EU to facilitate a On 27 September, Kosovo’s Presi- of Justice (ICJ) on the legality of process of dialogue between Bel- dent Fatmir Sejdiu stepped down Kosovo’s 2008 unilateral declara- grade and Pristina. The Secretary- after the Constitutional Court ruled tion of independence, announced General reiterated the importance that he had breached the Kosovo

YEAR IN REVIEW 2010 71 constitution by having simultane- lated to Kosovo’s status would Kosovo reappeared in the interna- ously held the posts of President otherwise impede this participa- tional spotlight in December when, of Kosovo and head of a political tion. While the Kosovo authorities responding to a report by its chief party. On 18 October, the govern- have been less than enthusiastic investigator, the Council of Europe ment coalition collapsed, and on 2 about utilising UNMIK’s facilita- called for a series of international November, the Kosovo Assembly tion role, giving rise to concerns and national investigations into supported a no-confidence motion that Kosovo might choose not to evidence of disappearances, or- against the government of Prime participate in some fora, overall, gan trafficking, corruption and col- Minister Hashim Thaçi. Early gen- there has been recognition of the lusion between organised crimi- eral elections were scheduled for value of regional cooperation and nal groups and political circles in 12 December. a reasonably pragmatic approach. Kosovo. In this respect, UNMIK continued The Mission continued to focus on to provide its assistance and to And earlier, in July, an appeals promoting security, stability and propose practical ways to over- panel at the UN’s International respect for human rights in Kosovo come political obstacles. Criminal Tribunal for the for- through engagement with all commer Yugoslavia (ICTY), based in munities and with the authorities A number of relatively low-level The Hague, ordered the former in Pristina and Belgrade, as well inter-ethnic incidents in northern prime minister of Kosovo, Ra- as with regional and international Kosovo highlighted the potential mush Haradinaj, to be retried on actors. In 2010, UNMIK’s work in for instability and the urgent need war crimes charges, due to the assisting Kosovo’s under-repre- to address issues that continue alleged intimidation of witnesses sented communities continued to contribute to friction between at his initial trial held two years to serve as a means of defusing the communities. UNMIK’s key earlier. tensions and resolving practical challenge in northern Kosovo re- problems. In a coordinated action mained engaging with and medi- As of December 2010, 72 of 192 with UNHCR, Mercy Corps Inter- ating between the communities, United Nations Member States national, and the Roma and other as well as serving as a bridge had recognized Kosovo as an in- residents of the Česmin Lug Camp, between northern Kosovo and the dependent state. This includes 22 located in northern Mitrovica, UN- Pristina authorities. In this regard, out of 27 Member States of the MIK finally closed and sealed off 2010 witnessed positive devel- European Union and 24 out of 28 the insalubrious camp, and its for- opments arising from UNMIK’s Member States of NATO. However, mer residents were relocated to facilitation activities in north- a majority of UN Security Council newly constructed homes funded ern Kosovo. For example, in the Member States at present do not by USAID in the Roma Mahalla, northern Mitrovica suburb of Kroi recognize Kosovo. or to Osterode Camp to await the i Vitakut/Brdjani, where in 2009 construction of additional homes the Kosovo-Serb and Kosovo- UNMIK continues to implement its funded by the EU. Albanian communities repeatedly mandate in a status-neutral man- clashed over returns and recon- ner and operate under Security Another key aspect of UNMIK’s struction, there were relatively Council resolution 1244 (1999), work in 2010 was continuing fa- few incidents in 2010, and numer- alongside the European Union cilitation of participation by the ous houses and buildings were Rule of Law Mission (EULEX), de- Kosovo institutions in regional being built by both communities ployed in December 2008 and op- multilateral mechanisms, where and families intending to return to erating under the overall authority differences among members re- their homes. of the United Nations.

72 UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS Committed to a lasting peace in Cyprus

The beginning and end of assuming office. The occa- the United Nations. In a clear Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon 2010 in Cyprus were marked sion served as a much-needed demonstration of their com- (centre) meets with Dimitris by joint encounters between boost to the talks, which have mitment to reach a compre- Christofias (left), the Greek Cy- priot leader, and Derviş Eroğlu, UN Secretary-General Ban been underway for just over hensive solution to the long- the Turkish Cypriot leader at the Ki-moon and the leaders of two years. standing Cyprus problem, the UN Headquarters in New York. the island’s two main com- leaders met over 30 times in 18 November 2010. (UN Photo/ munities, largely seen as an The renewed efforts to reunify the course of 2010. However, Paulo Filgueiras) expression of the Secretary- the island began in Septem- a lack of evident progress General’s personal support for ber 2008 when the leaders of in the talks summoned the the Cypriot-led talks to reunify the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Secretary-General’s personal the divided country and an Cypriot communities launched involvement once again, this effort to urge the leaders to the negotiation process with time in a meeting with the achieve concrete advances in the Secretary-General’s Spe- Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cy- the ongoing discussions. cial Adviser Alexander Downer priot leaders at UN Headquar- serving as the chief negotiator ters in November. The Secretary-General paid and head of Mr. Ban’s Good Of- a three-day visit to the island fices Mission. Since then, the Following the November meet- between 31 January and 2 two leaders have met over 90 ing, Secretary-General Ban an- February 2010, his first since times under the auspices of nounced that the leaders had

YEAR IN REVIEW 2010 73 agreed to intensify their contacts in the following weeks in order to establish a practical plan for overcoming the major remaining points of dis- agreement. “The peace talks on Cyprus were losing momentum and needed a boost if the two sides are to reach a settlement while there is still the time and the political opportunity to do so,” he stated. The Secretary-General and the leaders decided to meet again at the end of January 2011 in Geneva.

In April 2010, Dervis Eroglu was elected as the new leader of the Turkish Cypriot community, replacing Mehmet Ali Talat, who had served as the Turkish Cypriot side’s chief interlocutor in the direct talks with Greek Cypriot leader Demetris Christofias since the current round of negotiations began.

On the UN front, 2010 also saw a change in leadership when Lisa M. Buttenheim took over as head of mission from Tayé-Brook Zerihoun in June. Serving as the Secre- tary-General’s Special Rep- resentative for Cyprus and the UNFICYP Chief of Mission, as well as Deputy to the Spe- cial Advisor of the Secretary-

Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon (centre) attends the inauguration ceremony for the second phase of the Ledra-Lokmaci Street stabilization work in Nicosia, Cyprus. The crossing was opened in April 2008 following an agreement by the Greek and Turk- ish Cypriot leaders. 1 February 2010. (UN Photo/Eskinder Debebe)

74 UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS General, Ms. Buttenheim brings to surpassed the 25,000-landmines- crime-related matters. The JCR, a the job a wealth of experience in cleared-and-destroyed mark in round-the-clock-operation run by peacekeeping and political affairs. late October, taking a major step Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot towards a mine-free buffer zone law enforcement experts along- Among the milestones achieved and ultimately a mine-free Cy- side UNFICYP police officers, enduring the year was the opening prus. Since late 2004, teams of ables police forces on either side by the two leaders of the Limnitis/ deminers associated with the of the divide to share information Yesilirmak crossing point on 14 UN Mine Action Centre in Cyprus on thefts, murders, drug offences October in the north-west of the have been working to rid the and human trafficking, among island, linking its two communi- 180-kilometres-long (about 112 other things. ties and thus providing a boost miles) buffer zone of landmines to the ongoing negotiations and originally laid during the outbreak The year 2010 added a few more marking the end of a long wait of violence in 1974. “Reaching pages to the UN’s 46-year history for residents in the region. The this milestone is another impor- in Cyprus: UNFICYP, the Good Of- opening of the crossing point, the tant step forward in our activities fices Mission, UNDP and other seventh such access road linking serving the two communities and UN agencies and programmes the two sides, was the culmina- will hopefully serve as a prelude continued to support reconcili- tion of more than two years of to a successful and satisfactory ation and promote peace on the concerted efforts by the leaders follow-on phase as we move to- island. As the Secretary-General and now drastically cuts travel wards our stated goal of a mine- and his team on the ground have time across the region and allows free buffer zone and, eventually, repeatedly said, “a solution is for a more direct route for travel- we hope, a mine-free Cyprus,” within reach” and it lies in the ers to Nicosia. Secretary-General said Ms. Buttenheim. hands of the two communities and Ban said the opening would serve their leaders. The United Nations to “help strengthen the climate Adding to these significant events stands ready to assist both sides of trust and goodwill necessary was the opening in July of the in their efforts to find a solution for the negotiations to achieve a Joint Communication Room (JCR), and achieve a common future of mutually-acceptable and lasting a bi-communal initiative sup- prosperity and lasting peace. settlement as soon as possible.” ported by UNFICYP, which aims at facilitating the exchange of infor- Another high point in 2010 was mation between the island’s two reached by UN deminers, who main communities on crimes and

YEAR IN REVIEW 2010 75 UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS

As of 31 December 2010 Peacekeeping operations since 1948………………...... ………64 Current peacekeeping operations……………………...... …...... …..15 Current peace operations directed and supported by the Dept.of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO)……...... …….16

PERSONNEL Uniformed personnel (81,792 troops, 14,318 police and 2,201 military observers) ...... 98,311 * Countries contributing uniformed personnel ...... 115 International civilian personnel...... 5,798 * Local civilian personnel ...... 14,192 * UNV Volunteers...... 2,626 * Total number of personnel serving in 15 peacekeeping operations ...... 120,927 Total number of personnel serving in 16 DPKO-led peace operations ...... 123,001 ** Total number of fatalities in peace operations since 1948 ...... 2,850 ***

FINANCIAL ASPECTS Approved resources for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011...... About US$7.26 billion Estimated total cost of operations from 1948 to 30 June 2010...... About US$69 billion Outstanding contributions to peacekeeping...... About US$2.46 billion

* Numbers include 15 peacekeeping operations only. Statistics for UNAMA, a special political mission directed and supported by DPKO, can be found at http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/documents/ppbm.pdf ** This figure includes the total number of uniformed and civilian personnel serving in 15 peacekeeping operations and one DPKO-led special political mission – UNAMA *** Includes fatalities for all UN peace operations asdf76 UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS CURRENT PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS

UNTSo Since May 1948 UNOCI Since April 2004 United Nations Truce Supervision Organization United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire Strength: military observer 149; international civilian 88; local civilian 127; Strength: military observer 186; troop 7,569; police 1,316; total personnel 364 international civilian 389 ; local civilian 737; UN volunteer 267; Fatalities: 50 total personnel 10,464 Appropriation 2010-11: $60.70 million Fatalities: 71 Approved budget 07/10–06/11: $485.08 million UNMOGIP Since January 1949 United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan MINUSTAh Since June 2004 Strength: military observer 44; international civilian 24; local civilian 48; United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti total personnel 116 Strength: troop 8,744; police 3,240; international civilian 510; Fatalities: 11 local civilian 1,214; UN volunteer 234; total personnel 13,942 Appropriation 2010-11: $16.15 million Fatalities: 159 Commitment authority 07/10–12/10: $380.00 million UNFICYP Since March 1964 United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus UNMIS Since March 2005 Strength: troop 854; police 68; international civilian 39; local civilian 114; United Nations Mission in the Sudan total personnel 1,075 Strength: military observer 480; troop 9,300; police 636; international civilian 966; Fatalities: 180 local civilian 2,837; UN volunteer 489; total personnel 14,708 Approved budget 07/10–06/11: $58.16million Fatalities: 55 Approved budget 07/10–06/11: $938.00 million UNDOF Since June 1974 United Nations Disengagement Observer Force UNMIT Since August 2006 Strength: troop 1,045; international civilian 41; local civilian 103; United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste total personnel 1,189 Strength: military observer 35; police 1,482; international civilian 372; Fatalities: 43 local civilian 894; UN volunteer 173; total personnel 2,956 Approved budget 07/10–06/11: $47.81 million Fatalities: 9 Approved budget 07/10–06/11 $206.31 million UNIFIL Since March 1978 United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon UNAMID Since July 2007 Strength: troop 11,961 international civilian 337; local civilian 659; African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur total personnel 12,957 Current strength: military observer 247; troop 17,220; police 4,977; international Fatalities: 290 civilian 1,101; local civilian 2,775; UN volunteer 473; total personnel 26,793 Approved budget 07/10–06/11: $518.71 million Authorized strength: military observer 240; troop 19,315; police 6,432; international civilian 1,579; local civilian 3,455; UN volunteer 548 MINURSo Since April 1991 Fatalities: 79 United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara Approved budget 07/10–06/11 $1,808.13 million Strength: military observer 207; troop 29; police 6; international civilian 99; local civilian 164; UN volunteer 19; total personnel 524 MINURCAt Since September 2007 Fatalities: 15 United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad Approved budget 07/10–06/11: $60.04 million Current strength: troop 3; international civilian 277; local civilian 504; UN volunteer 123; total personnel 907 UNMIk Since June 1999 Fatalities: 7 United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo Commitment authority 07/10–12/10 $215.00 million Strength: military observer 8; police 8; international civilian 146; local civilian 232; UN volunteer 28; total personnel 422 Mission ended in 2010: Fatalities: 54 Approved budget 07/10–06/11: $47.87 million MONUC November 1999 – 30 June 2010 United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo MONUSco Since July 2010 United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the MINURCAT September 2007 – 31 December 2010 Democratic Republic of the Congo United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad Strength: military observer 714; troop 17,129; police 1,262; international civilian 964; local civilian 2,805; UN volunteer 599; total personnel 23,473 Fatalities: 8 Approved budget 07/10–06/11: $1,369.00 million

UNMIL Since September 2003 NOTE: UNTSO and UNMOGIP are funded from the United Nations regular biennial budget. United Nations Mission in Liberia Costs to the United Nations of the other current operations are financed from their own Strength: military observer 131; troop 7,938; police 1,323; separate accounts on the basis of legally binding assessments on all Member States. For international civilian 445; local civilian 979; UN volunteer 221; these missions, budget figures are for one year (07/10–06/11) unless otherwise speci- total personnel 11,037 fied. For information on United Nations political missions, see DPI/2166/Rev.91/Corr.1 also Fatalities: 151 available on the web at http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/documents/ppbm.pdf Approved budget 07/10–06/11: $524.05 million

YEAR IN REVIEW 2010 77 UNITED NATIONS POLITICAL AND PEACEBUILDING MISSIONS

As of 31 December 2010

NUMBER OF MISSIONS ...... 12

PERSONNEL Uniformed personnel...... 343 International civilian personnel ...... 1,099 Local civilian personnel ...... 2,716 UNV Volunteers ...... 128 Total number of personnel serving in political and peacebuilding missions ...... 4,286

For information on United Nations peacekeeping operations, see DPI/1634 Rev.116/Corr.1 or visit the United Nations website at http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/documents/bnote010101.pdf asdf78 UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS CURRENT POLITICAL AND PEACEBUILDING MISSIONS

UNPOS Since 15 April 1995 UNAMI Since 14 August 2003 United Nations Political Office for Somalia United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq Special Representative of the Secretary-General: Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Iraq: Augustine Mahiga (Tanzania) Ad Melkert (Netherlands) Strength: international civilian 47; local civilian 11 Authorized strength: 1,014 (463 international, 551 local) Current strength (staff based in Iraq, Jordan and Kuwait): UNOGBIS Since 3 March 1999 international civilian 350; local civilian 463; troop 222; United Nations Peacebuilding Support Office in military observer 13 Guinea-Bissau Representative of the Secretary-General: UNIPSIL Since 1 October 2008 Joseph Mutaboba (Rwanda) United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Strength: international civilian 55; local civilian 39; Sierra Leone military adviser 1 Executive Representative of the Secretary-General: Michael von der Schulenburg (Germany) UNSCO Since 1 October 1999 Strength: international civilian 33; local civilian 32; Office of the United Nations Special Coordinator for UNV volunteer 6 the Middle East Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process BINUB Since 1 January 2007 and Personal Representative of the Secretary-General to United Nations Integrated Office in Burundi the Palestine Liberation Organization and the Executive Representative of the Secretary-General: Palestinian Authority: Robert H. Serry (Netherlands) Charles Petrie (United Kingdom/France) Strength: international civilian 29; local civilian 29 Strength: international civilian 95; local civilian 244; military observer 4; UNV volunteer 43 BINUCA Since 1 January 2010 United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in the UNMIN Since 23 January 2007 Central African Republic United Nations Mission in Nepal Representative of the Secretary-General: Special Representative of the Secretary-General: Sahle-Work Zewde (Ethiopia) Karin Landgren (Sweden) Strength: international civilian 39; local civilian 125; Strength: international civilian 52; local civilian 54; military observer 72; UNV volunteer 19 military adviser 5; police 6; UNV volunteer 4 UNRCCA Since 10 December 2007 UNScol Since 16 February 2007 United Nations Regional Centre for Preventive Office of the United Nations Special Coordinator for Lebanon Diplomacy for Central Asia (Formerly known as Office of the Personal Representa- Special Representative of the Secretary-General: tive of the Secretary-General for Southern Lebanon) Miroslav Jenča (Slovakia) Special Coordinator for Lebanon: Strength: international civilian 7; local civilian 13 Michael C. Williams (United Kingdom) Strength: international civilian 18; local civilian 58 Missions ended in 2010: UNOWA Since 29 November 2001 BINUB 1 January 2007 – 31 December 2010 Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary- United Nations Mission in Burundi General for West Africa It was succeeded by BNUB (the United Nations Office in Special Representative of the Secretary-General: Burundi) on 1 January 2011 Said Djinnit (Algeria) Strength: international civilian 15; local civilian 10; * Political or peacebuilding mission directed and supported by the military adviser 4 Department of Peacekeeping Operations. All other political and peacebuilding missions are directed by the Department of Political UNAMA* Since 28 March 2002 Affairs. For information on political and peacebuilding missions, visit United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan the United Nations website at http://www.un.org/Depts/dpa/ Special Representative of the Secretary-General: Staffan de Mistura (Sweden) Strength: international civilian 359; local civilian 1,643; military observer 12; police 4; UNV volunteer 56

YEAR IN REVIEW 2010 79 peacekeeping contributors (Police, Military Experts on Mission and Troops as of 31 December 2010)

No. Country Police MEM Troops Total No. Country Police MEM Troops Total 1 Algeria 5 5 58 Kenya 29 31 803 863 2 Argentina 40 6 978 1,024 59 Kyrgyzstan 10 9 19 3 Australia 75 25 9 109 60 Lithuania 2 2 4 Austria 11 382 393 61 Lesotho 1 1 5 Bangladesh 1,862 91 8,449 10,402 62 Madagascar 53 53 6 Belgium 11 124 135 63 Malawi 32 23 3 58 7 Benin 114 28 877 1,019 64 Malaysia 281 54 828 1,163 8 Bolivia 30 208 238 65 Mali 90 27 2 119 9 Bosnia and Herzegovina 20 5 25 66 Moldova 8 8 10 Brazil 25 46 2,196 2,267 67 Mongolia 8 223 231 11 Brunei 19 19 68 Montenegro 2 2 4 12 Bulgaria 2 2 69 Morocco 6 1,551 1,557 13 Burkina Faso 216 23 799 1,038 70 Mozambique 1 1 14 Burundi 81 7 2 90 71 Namibia 64 19 5 88 15 Cambodia 4 269 273 72 Nepal 886 54 3,491 4,431 16 Cameroon 110 8 118 73 Netherlands 19 24 3 46 17 Canada 142 35 21 198 74 New Zealand 9 12 1 22 18 Central African Republic 45 45 75 Niger 137 23 386 546 19 Chad 80 3 1 84 76 Nigeria 877 76 4,888 5,841 20 Chile 15 5 516 536 77 Norway 29 30 6 65 21 China 92 56 1,891 2,039 78 Pakistan 947 111 9,594 10,652 22 Colombia 33 33 79 Palau 1 1 23 Côte D’Ivoire 152 152 80 Paraguay 36 148 184 24 Croatia 12 16 104 132 81 Peru 23 373 396 25 Cyprus 2 2 82 Phillipines 280 22 624 926 26 Czech Republic 5 4 9 83 Poland 3 12 15 27 Denmark 23 152 175 84 Portugal 195 4 146 345 28 Djibouti 40 2 42 85 Qatar 3 3 29 DR Congo 27 27 86 Republic of Korea 4 24 605 633 30 Ecuador 11 68 79 87 Romania 43 48 91 31 Egypt 230 105 5,074 5,409 88 Russia 37 79 142 258 32 El Salvador 40 12 52 104 89 Rwanda 298 20 3,492 3,810 33 Estonia 1 1 90 Samoa 15 15 34 Ethiopia 10 23 2,268 2,301 91 Senegal 782 42 1,534 2,358 35 Fiji 49 7 222 278 92 Serbia 10 9 18 37 36 Finland 2 20 3 25 93 Sierra Leone 157 16 139 312 37 France 95 20 1,425 1,540 94 Singapore 21 2 23 38 FYR of Macedonia 1 1 95 Slovakia 2 198 200 39 Gambia 228 6 200 434 96 Slovenia 2 14 16 40 Germany 16 26 240 282 97 South Africa 154 28 2,005 2,187 41 Ghana 337 54 2,575 2,966 98 Spain 37 4 1,073 1,114 42 Greece 4 48 52 99 Sri Lanka 92 14 1,109 1,215 43 Grenada 3 3 100 Sweden 33 21 3 57 44 Guatemala 21 301 322 101 Switzerland 8 20 28 45 Guinea 70 17 87 102 Tajikistan 12 12 46 Guinea-Bissau 7 7 103 Tanzania 154 30 966 1,150 47 Honduras 12 12 104 Thailand 35 14 421 470 48 Hungary 7 81 88 105 Togo 176 15 516 707 49 India 1,057 84 7,550 8,691 106 Tunisia 35 4 39 50 Indonesia 154 33 1,608 1,795 107 Turkey 160 475 635 51 Iran 2 2 108 Uganda 167 13 1 181 52 Ireland 18 20 9 47 109 Ukraine 64 28 277 369 53 Italy 15 20 1,706 1,741 110 United Kingdom 7 275 282 54 Jamaica 30 30 111 United States of America 61 13 13 87 55 Japan 8 258 266 112 Uruguay 11 54 2,388 2,453 56 Jordan 1,902 59 2,016 3,977 113 Yemen 150 64 9 223 57 Kazakhstan 7 7 114 Zambia 131 45 553 729 115 Zimbabwe 108 19 2 129 POLICE MEM TROOP 14,322 2,302 82,014 Grand total in PKO 98,638 80 Totals Top 10 Providers of assessed financial contributions to UN peacekeeping operations (2010-2012)

United States 27.17% Japan 12.53% United Kingdom 8.16% Germany 8.02% Top 10 contributors of uniformed personnel to France UN peacekeeping operations (2010 Averages) 7.56% Italy Pakistan - 10,707 (10.7%) 5.00% China 3.94% Bangladesh - 10,615 (10.6%) Canada 3.21% Spain 3.18% India - 8,805 (8.8%) Republic of Korea 2.26% Others - 40,336 (40.2%)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Nigeria - 5,815 (5.8%) Percentage of assesed contributions Egypt - 5,426 (5.4%)

Nepal - 5,044 (5.0%) Jordan - 3,746 (3.73%) Uruguay - 2,521 (2.5%) Rwanda - 3,679 (3.67%) Ghana - 3,638 (3.6%)

Surge in uniformed UN peacekeeping personnel from 1991 to 2010

120,000 Mar 2010: 101,939 (MONUC, UNAMID, UNIFIL) 100,000 Jul 1993: 78,444 Oct 2006: 80,976 (Largest missions: UNPROFOR, UNOSOM, UNTAC) (MONUC, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNIFIL) 80,000 Dec 2010: 99,245 (UNAMID, MONUSCO, MINUSTAH) 60,000 Nov 2001: 47,778 (UNAMSIL, UNTAET) 40,000

20,000

0 1991-Jan 1992-Jan 1993-Jan 1994-Jan 1995-Jan 1996-Jan 1997-Jan 1998-Jan 1999-Jan 2000-Jan 2001-Jan 2002-Jan 2003-Jan 2004-Jan 2005-Jan 2006-Jan 2007-Jan 2008-Jan 2009-Jan 2010-Jan 2011-Jan United Nations Police, by the nature of their tasks, must be recognized as police officers working under a UN mandate. Over the years, a number of identifying symbols have been used in UN missions on vehicles, uniforms and offices. In 2010, DPKO’s Police Division with the UN Department of Public Information created a new standard identity for UN Police. Following a broad study of shields, colours and symbols, this design depicted below was chosen and approved for use by police in all UN field operations.

USD 10 Produced by the Peace and Security Section of the ISBN 978-92-1-101238-5 United Nations Department of Public Information

For information on UN peacekeeping visit: http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/

Printed at the United Nations, New York DPI/2568—10-64513—March 2011—8,000