Report Eritrea: National Service
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ERI 2/2021 19 April 2021
PALAIS DES NATIONS • 1211 GENEVA 10, SWITZERLAND Mandates of the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention; the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Eritrea; the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions; the Special Rapporteur on the right to food; the Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living, and on the right to non- discrimination in this context; the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons; the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children; and the Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation REFERENCE: AL ERI 2/2021 19 April 2021 Excellency, We have the honour to address you in our capacity as Working Group on Arbitrary Detention; Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Eritrea; Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions; Special Rapporteur on the right to food; Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living, and on the right to non- discrimination in this context; Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons; Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children; and Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation, pursuant to Human Rights Council resolutions 42/22, 44/1, 44/5, 32/8, 43/14, 41/15, 44/4 and 42/5. In this connection, we would like to bring to the attention of your Excellency’s Government information we have received concerning allegations related to violations of human rights and international humanitarian law committed by the Eritrean Army in the Tigray region of Ethiopia, including deliberate attacks against civilians and summary executions, indiscriminate attacks, sexual and gender-based violence, arbitrary detention, destruction and looting of civilian property and displacement. -
Red Lines: Upheaval and Containment in the Horn of Africa
Red Lines: Upheaval and Containment in the Horn of Africa This is the final part in a series of three analysis features covering unrest in Sudan. The first in the series — Riders on the Storm — explored the dynamics and agendas which resulted in the Juba Peace Agreement. The second — Danse Macabre — examined the origins of the uprising in Sudan and its trajectory following the coup of April 2019. This final analysis situates Sudan’s current upheaval in the context of the Horn of Africa, and extends the scope of analysis to encompass conflict in Ethiopia and the region. Introduction Since 2018, the Horn of Africa has made headlines for a series of dramatic developments. Following years of protests in the restive Oromia region, a power transition took place in Ethiopia in April 2018.In December of that year, anti-government demonstrations began. This culminated in a coup in April 2019 which was greenlit by Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) (Gallopin, 2020). A dubious peace deal was reached in South Sudan in September of 2018 at the insistence of Sudan and Uganda, months after Saudi Arabia and the UAE brokered a peace agreement in Ethiopia and Eritrea in July (see Woldemariam, 2018; Watson, 2019). Events in the Horn have not proceeded entirely smoothly since these changes, despite initial optimism that a more pluralistic form of politics led by civilians would take root in Sudan and Ethiopia. Sudan’s military and paramilitary forces have cast an increasingly long shadow over the supposed transition underway in the country, while growing tensions between Ethiopia’s new administration and its former rulers — the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF) — led to fears of civil war, as disorder spread to several parts of the country (see International Crisis Group, 2020a). -
Update Briefing
Update Briefing Africa Briefing N°100 Nairobi/Brussels, 8 August 2014 Eritrea: Ending the Exodus? I. Overview The large emigration of youths is the clearest sign of extreme domestic discontent with Eritrean President Isaias Afwerki’s government. Social malaise is pervasive. An ever-growing number of young people have fled over the last decade, frustrated by open-ended national service – initiated in 1995 and expanded during the war with Ethiopia (1998-2000). Yet, this flight has resulted in neither reforms nor a via- ble movement to create an alternative to the current government. Once outside, the ties that bind émigrés to their birthplace are strong and lead them to give financial support to the very system they escaped, through the 2 per cent tax many pay the state as well as remittances sent home to family members. Asmara’s response to the exodus, though always focused on mitigating its effects so as to ensure regime survival, has evolved in recognition of its uses. After initial, sometimes brutal attempts to obstruct emigration, a symbiotic system has emerged that benefits a range of actors, including the state. The government ostensibly ac- cepts that educated, urbanised youths resistant to the individual sacrifices the state demands are less troublesome and more useful outside the country – particularly when they can continue to be taxed and provide a crucial social safety net for family members who stay home. Meanwhile, those who remain tend to be the more pliant rural peasant and pastoralist population. Yet, the exodus is not limited to urbanised and educated youth; migrants, including an increasing number of minors, now come from a wider cross-section of society. -
Response to Eritrea: Initial REPORT
A Submission on the Initial Report of the Government of Eritrea (1999 -2016) To the African Commission for Human and Peoples Rights (ACHPR) 62nd Ordinary Session 25 April – 9 May 2018 By: Human Rights Concern – Eritrea (HRCE) [email protected] http://hrc-eritrea.org Table of Content Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Map of Eritrea ....................................................................................................................................... 6 Glossary............................................................................................................................................... 7 A. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 8 B. Background............................................................................................................................... 10 C. Rule of Law - Legal and Institutional Drive for Development - Establishing Political base 11 Transition of Provisional Government of Eritrea (PGE) .......................................................................... 11 EPLF/PFDJ 3rd Congress 1994; G15 Dissidents (2001) ............................................................................. 13 PGE, Constitution, National Assembly Elections....................................................................................... 16 1997 Ratified Constitution -
Year in Review 2006
UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS YEAR IN REVIEW 2006 New challenges, New horizons asdf United Nations TABLE OF CONTENTS p. 1 More UN peacekeepers called into action, even as conflicts continue p. 2 2006: A year of hope for the Congolese people p. 4 UN helps Lebanon recover, as Europe returns to peacekeeping p. 7 Other UN peace operations in the Middle East p. 8 UN pursues peace in Darfur p. 10 UNMIS helps to cement peace between North and South p. 11 BONUCA: Peacekeeping to follow dialogue p. 12 Timor-Leste: Hard lessons in peacekeeping p. 14 Sierra Leone: Sustaining the hard-won peace p. 15 Peacebuilding architecture takes shape p. 16 Côte d'Ivoire: Transition to peace extended by another year p. 18 Wanted: Female peacekeepers p. 19 Kosovo: Keeping the momentum p. 20 New DDR tools to "turn swords into ploughshares" p. 20 Fighting sexual exploitation and abuse p. 21 SHIRBRIG: Ready to deploy p. 22 Nepal: Peacemaking bears fruit p. 23 Haiti: Progress against all odds p. 24 Cyprus: Building bridges between neighbours p. 25 UNAMI: Behind the scenes for a better Iraq p. 25 Afghanistan: Progress and growing security challenges p. 26 Tajik peacekeepers may soon join UN ranks p. 27 Encouraging dialogue in Georgia p. 27 India and Pakistan continue peace process p. 28 Somalia: Will peacekeepers return? p. 30 UNMIL: Rising optimism as Liberia solidifies peace p. 31 UNMEE: The stalemate continues p. 31 Deadlock in Western Sahara p. 32 Public information: Getting the message out p. 34 Interview with the Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, Jean-Marie Guéhenno p. -
A/HRC/47/21 General Assembly
United Nations A/HRC/47/21 General Assembly Distr.: General 12 May 2021 Original: English Human Rights Council Forty-seventh session 21 June–9 July 2021 Agenda item 2 Annual report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and reports of the Office of the High Commissioner and the Secretary-General Situation of human rights in Eritrea Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Eritrea, Mohamed Abdelsalam Babiker* Summary The present report is submitted pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution 44/1, in which the Council extended the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Eritrea and requested the mandate holder to present a report on the implementation of the mandate to the Council at its forty-seventh session. The report is based upon the observations of the Special Rapporteur and information gathered from a variety of other sources. In the report, the Special Rapporteur provides an overview of the human rights concerns in Eritrea, and outlines recent developments and some of the human rights challenges in the country, including incommunicado detention, arbitrary arrest and detention, inhumane prison conditions, indefinite national/military service, lack of freedom of expression, opinion, association, religious belief and movement, lack of the rule of law and the serious human rights violations in the Tigray region of Ethiopia committed by Eritrean troops. In the light of the five benchmarks for progress set out in the report of his predecessor, 1 the Special Rapporteur addresses a number of recommendations to the Government of Eritrea and to the international community with a view to improving the situation of human rights in the country. -
Country of Origin Information Report Eritrea June 2010
COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION REPORT ERITREA 8 JUNE 2010 UK Border Agency COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION SERVICE ERITREA 8 JUNE 2010 Contents Preface Paragraphs Background Information 1. GEOGRAPHY ......................................................................................... 1.01 Maps .............................................................................................. 1.06 2. ECONOMY ............................................................................................. 2.01 3. HISTORY ............................................................................................... 3.01 Independence and Transitional Government 1991-1993 .......... 3.02 The People’s Front for Democracy and Justice and constitutional developments 1994-2001 .................................... 3.04 Border conflict with Ethiopia 1998-2000 .................................... 3.07 Border tensions with neighbouring countries, 2005-2009 ....... 3.09 Domestic political developments from September 2001 to August 2009 .................................................................................. 3.15 4. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS (DECEMBER 2009 - JUNE 2010) ...................... 4.01 Useful sources for further information...................................... 4.05 5. CONSTITUTION ...................................................................................... 5.01 6. POLITICAL SYSTEM ................................................................................ 6.01 Human Rights 7. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... -
Country Information and Guidance Eritrea: National (Incl. Military) Service
Country Information and Guidance Eritrea: National (incl. Military) Service Version 2.0e September 2015 Preface This document provides country of origin information (COI) and guidance to Home Office decision makers on handling particular types of protection and human rights claims. This includes whether claims are likely to justify the granting of asylum, humanitarian protection or discretionary leave and whether – in the event of a claim being refused – it is likely to be certifiable as ‘clearly unfounded’ under s94 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002. Decision makers must consider claims on an individual basis, taking into account the case specific facts and all relevant evidence, including: the guidance contained with this document; the available COI; any applicable caselaw; and the Home Office casework guidance in relation to relevant policies. Country Information The COI within this document has been compiled from a wide range of external information sources (usually) published in English. Consideration has been given to the relevance, reliability, accuracy, objectivity, currency, transparency and traceability of the information and wherever possible attempts have been made to corroborate the information used across independent sources, to ensure accuracy. All sources cited have been referenced in footnotes. It has been researched and presented with reference to the Common EU [European Union] Guidelines for Processing Country of Origin Information (COI), dated April 2008, and the European Asylum Support Office’s research guidelines, Country of Origin Information report methodology, dated July 2012. Feedback Our goal is to continuously improve the guidance and information we provide. Therefore, if you would like to comment on this document, please e-mail us. -
The Movement for Eritrean People's Sovereignty (EPS
19 March 2021 Joint Statement The Movement for Eritrean People’s Sovereignty (EPS) and One Nation Eritrea Resolving the Conflict in Ethiopia’s Tigray Region War, like all man-made disasters, is avoidable. It is not inevitable that political contest for power within a state escalates into violent conflict. War is the outcome of the “failure of human wisdom” and the triumph of one-upmanship. As a general rule, it is preferable and much less costly, measured in terms of loss of human life, destruction of property and lost opportunity for development, to resolve issues of political contestation by peaceful means. It is only after the exhaustion of all peaceful means in obedience of the rule of law that war becomes justifiable as a measure of last resort in self-defence and in the defence of liberty. Viewed in a historical context and assessed against this criterion, it is difficult to justify triggering the war in the Tigray Regional State of Ethiopia, with its devastating consequences, including the immense suffering of the people of Tigray. Keenly aware of the death and destruction that war causes, the Movement for Eritrean People’s Sovereignty (EPS) has, right at the outset, issued a Statement (link) calling on the federal government of Ethiopia and the regional government of Tigray to give primacy to the interest of the people and resolve their differences by peaceful means. The Statement urged the international community, regional organisations and neighbouring states to use their good offices to help bring about a cessation of hostilities and contribute to a durable resolution of the outstanding issues in accordance with the rule of law. -
Africa Government Defence Anti-Corruption Index
Defence & Security REGIONAL RESULTS AFRICA GOVERNMENT DEFENCE ANTI-CORRUPTION INDEX 2015 G AUTHORS: Tehmina Abbas, Eva Anderson, Katherine Dixon, Hilary Hurd, Gavin Raymond CONTRIBUTORS: Tobias Bock, Emily Knowles, Hiruy Gossaye, Dr. Dalia Ghanem-Yazbeck, Aviva Zimbris, Daniel Agbiboa, Jessica Russell, Ana Maria Rocha, Dawit Mesfin, Xavier Lhote, Anna Schiller, Timothy Othieno, Elise Dufief, Michel Girodo, Carolina Rocha da Silva, Jennifer Philippa Eggert, Blessing-Miles Tend, Martha Molfetas, Elsabe van Vuuren, Jamie Hitchen, John Stupart, Sarah Covington. Some contributors have chosen to remain anonymous. CONTRIBUTING TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL CHAPTERS: Ghana, Tunisia and South Africa. Some contributing Transparency International chapters have chosen to remain anonymous. DESIGN: Ivo Jongejan, SVI Design, Rational International © 2016 Transparency International UK. All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in parts is permitted, providing that full credit is given to Transparency International UK (TI-UK) and provided that any such reproduction, in whole or in parts, is not sold or incorporated in works that are sold. Written permission must be sought from Transparency International UK if any such reproduction would adapt or modify the original content. Published January 2016 ISBN: 978-1-910778-07-4 Printed on 100% recycled paper. Every effort has been made to verify the accuracy of the information contained in this report. All information was believed to be correct as of November 2015. Nevertheless, Transparency International UK cannot accept responsibility for the consequences of its use for other purposes or in other contexts. Transparency International UK’s registered UK charity number is 1112842. THANKS This publication was made possible thanks to the generous support from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. -
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada Page 1 of 4
Responses to Information Requests - Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada Page 1 of 4 Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada Home > Research Program > Responses to Information Requests Responses to Information Requests Responses to Information Requests (RIR) respond to focused Requests for Information that are submitted to the Research Directorate in the course of the refugee protection determination process. The database contains a seven- year archive of English and French RIRs. Earlier RIRs may be found on the UNHCR's Refworld website. Please note that some RIRs have attachments which are not electronically accessible. To obtain a PDF copy of an RIR attachment, please email the Knowledge and Information Management Unit. 12 July 2016 ERI105580.E Eritrea: Information on military structure, including ranks; reason and process for advancement among ranks and transferring between areas, particularly to the Sudan border area; information on the logistics unit and the unit responsible for patrolling the Sudan border area, including duties, ranking officers, unit names and training provided (2009-2016) Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Ottawa 1. Structure Sources indicate that the Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) is divided into the Eritrean Ground Forces (or the Eritrean Army), the Eritrean Navy, and the Eritrean Air Force (US 16 June 2016; UN 5 June 2015, para. 282). Sources further note that the Eritrean Army constitutes the main component of the EDF (ibid.; Warner 2013, 700) and is the most developed "because of its role in waging the country's continuous border wars with [its] former (and current) adversary Ethiopia" (ibid.). According to sources, the EDF's smallest organizational structure is called mäsri (also spelled mäsri or mesre), which is composed of approximately 10 soldiers each (UN 5 June 2015, para. -
2021.06.21-22. HRC 47. ID on the Annual Report of the HC (Geneva
Item 2: Interactive dialogue on the annual report of the High Commissioner (21-22 June 2021) Contents Presentation of the report by the High Commissioner ................................................................................................ 1 Interactive Dialogue: Statements by States ................................................................................................................ 4 Interactive Dialogue: Statements by Non-Governmental Organisations .................................................................... 20 Interactive Dialogue: Questions to the High Commissioner ....................................................................................... 23 Interactive Dialogue: High Commissioner’s Final Remarks ........................................................................................ 24 Photo Credit: Michelle Bachelet, High Commissioner for Human Rights, 47th Session of the Human Rights Council, 22 June 2021. UN Photo by Violaine Martin. Retrieved from UN flickr. Presentation of the report1 by the High Commissioner Addressing the Council on the occasion of its 15th anniversary, Ms. Michelle Bachelet, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, referred to the Secretary-General's Call to Action on Human Rights, and echoed his words about the need for a New Social Contract, underpinned by a New Global Deal of solidarity. She then updated the Council on the analysis and work of her Office to give effect to these initiatives, mentioning, in particular, the force of partnerships across the United