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Lessons from the Rise and Demise of the Self-Declared Caliphate of the Islamic State in Syria and Iraq
IN A BROKEN DREAM: LESSONS FROM THE RISE AND DEMISE OF THE SELF-DECLARED CALIPHATE OF THE ISLAMIC STATE IN SYRIA AND IRAQ TAL MIMRAN* I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................77 II. THE PRINCIPLE OF SOVEREIGNTY AND THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ORDER.............................................79 III. THE CASE STUDYTHE ISLAMIC STATE BETWEEN 2014 AND 2017.......................................................................91 IV. THE DREAM OF THE CALIPHATE AND STATEHOOD................99 A. The Criteria for Statehood............................................100 1. Permanent Population............................................101 2. Defined Territory ....................................................102 3. Effective Government .............................................102 4. Capacity to Enter into Relations with Other States ............................................................103 B. What’s Recognition Got To Do with It? ........................103 V. FUNCTIONALISM, DETERRITORIALIZATION, AND THE ISLAMIC STATE IN THE AGE OF THE RISE OF NSAS............112 VI. CONCLUSION........................................................................127 I. INTRODUCTION The Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (Islamic State)1 is a terrorist organization that took over significant territories, in the context of the Syrian civil war,2 and declared itself a caliphate in June 2014.3 It transformed from a minor terrorist group into an alleged quasi-state, presenting capabilities and wealth like no * Doctorate -
The Context for Iraq's Reconstruction
The ReconstructionThe of Iraq after 2003 eginning in 2003, diverse and significant actors, both domestic and international, engaged MENA DEVELOPMENT REPORT Bin reconstruction activities in Iraq. The total budget committed to Iraq’s reconstruction was unprecedented among postconflict operations mobilized by the international community. Despite the vast sums of money spent, and the implementation of its many projects and programs, the donors and the Iraqi people view the reconstruction efforts in Iraq in a negative light. The Reconstruction of Iraq after 2003: Learning from Its Successes and Failures focuses on the period between 2003 and 2014—that is, after the United States–led invasion and overthrow of the Saddam Public Disclosure Authorized The Reconstruction Hussein regime, and before the sudden rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), also known as Daesh. This book assesses several dimensions of Iraq’s reconstruction. First, it considers the response of key international actors, such as the United Nations, the World Bank, the United States, of Iraq after 2003 and other bilateral donors—specifically, the European Union, Japan, and the United Kingdom—as well as nongovernmental organizations. Second, it analyzes the process and results of the reconstruction Learning from Its of key sectors (electricity, oil, education, and health), and the interventions geared to institution building and governance reform. Successes and Failures Pursuing effective reconstruction within the context of conflict and fra gility is a formidable challenge because of the uncertain, fluid, and complex environment. Based on the experience in Iraq, how can the international community support the effectiveness and durability of reconstruction? This book identifies lessons in seven areas and offers four recommendations for international and domestic actors and citizens engaged in recon struction activities. -
The Causes and Consequences of Terrorism in the 21St Century: the Iraqi Case
Research Publisher: Manuscript central Available Online at www.ijcrr.info International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review ISSN 0976 – 4852 https://doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr.v10i01.678 February, 2019|Volume 10|Issue 02| Section: Social Sciences The Causes and Consequences of Terrorism in the 21st Century: The Iraqi Case Amer Adil HADI Istanbul Aydin UniversitySocial science: MA Email id: [email protected] Corresponding Author: Amer Adil HADI Received: 2019-01-23; Accepted 2019-02-24, Publish Online 2019-02-25 Abstract: This thesis outlines main causes and consequences of terrorism in the world and specifically in Iraq. The hypothesis of the thesis is that terrorism is the phenomenon that created a lot of impacts in Iraq. Global terrorism in the 21st century has become one of the biggest domestic and international challenges for Iraq. It summarizes transformation of terrorism and the impacts that mark how it is evolved. Terrorism can backfire to a certain level in the political aims of terrorist factions and also reduce the willingness to make territorial and political concessions by targeted population. The evidence of terrorism effectiveness is somehow sparse. The nature of terrorism is being manifested clearly in our everyday life based on the number of victims it claims. The term “terrorism” stated since during the French Revolution in 1789, by the new region to consolidate its powers and intimidate all opponents. Most of the members of the regime were equally strong patriots of the old monarchy. The term was totally of a different connotation and was associated with the purpose of maintaining justice and democracy against the old order which was perceived to be tyrannical and corrupt. -
Good Strategy, Bad Tactics: Limits, Challenges and Opportunities For
LIMITS, CHALLENGES, AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR MODERN COUNTERINSURGENCY by Natasha Schlenoff A thesis submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Global Security Studies Baltimore, Maryland August 2015 © 2015 Natasha Schlenoff All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT The overall goal of this thesis is to draw some conclusions about the kinds of strategies and tactics that those engaging in irregular warfare should employ. Given the increasing number of intrastate conflicts and future U.S. involvement in counterinsurgency, it is important for policy makers and strategists to be clear-eyed about viable ways to engage in irregular war. Thus, this paper’s analysis of previous counterinsurgency and stability operations, and estimate of the U.S. military’s institutional capacity to adapt to irregular warfare could serve as a useful guide for future force planning. The first and second chapters of this thesis examine divergent strategies in counterinsurgency and stability operations. Chapter One assesses whether indiscriminate force is strategically effective in national counterinsurgency campaigns. The findings of this chapter indicate that while indiscriminate force may be tactically effective in the near-term, indiscriminate force alone does not produce long-term success. Chapter Two assesses conditions for conflict and stability in Iraq, and why, despite similarly low levels of development and proximity to violence, some areas of Iraq are more stable than others. My research found the examined Shi’a and Kurdish communities in Iraq maintained stability as a result of ethnic homogenization and a capable local security force, rather than COIN and international development efforts. -
Department of Defense Office of the Secretary
Monday, May 16, 2005 Part LXII Department of Defense Office of the Secretary Base Closures and Realignments (BRAC); Notice VerDate jul<14>2003 10:07 May 13, 2005 Jkt 205001 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4717 Sfmt 4717 E:\FR\FM\16MYN2.SGM 16MYN2 28030 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 93 / Monday, May 16, 2005 / Notices DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE Headquarters U.S. Army Forces Budget/Funding, Contracting, Command (FORSCOM), and the Cataloging, Requisition Processing, Office of the Secretary Headquarters U.S. Army Reserve Customer Services, Item Management, Command (USARC) to Pope Air Force Stock Control, Weapon System Base Closures and Realignments Base, NC. Relocate the Headquarters 3rd Secondary Item Support, Requirements (BRAC) U.S. Army to Shaw Air Force Base, SC. Determination, Integrated Materiel AGENCY: Department of Defense. Relocate the Installation Management Management Technical Support ACTION: Notice of Recommended Base Agency Southeastern Region Inventory Control Point functions for Closures and Realignments. Headquarters and the U.S. Army Consumable Items to Defense Supply Network Enterprise Technology Center Columbus, OH, and reestablish SUMMARY: The Secretary of Defense is Command (NETCOM) Southeastern them as Defense Logistics Agency authorized to recommend military Region Headquarters to Fort Eustis, VA. Inventory Control Point functions; installations inside the United States for Relocate the Army Contracting Agency relocate the procurement management closure and realignment in accordance Southern Region Headquarters to Fort and related support functions for Depot with Section 2914(a) of the Defense Base Sam Houston. Level Reparables to Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, and designate them as Closure and Realignment Act of 1990, as Operational Army (IGPBS) amended (Pub. -
SURVIVAL of the WARZONE INTERPRETER -Behind the Untold Story
ALMA MATER STUDIORUM - UNIVERSITÀ di BOLOGNA SCUOLA DI LINGUE E LETTERATURE, TRADUZIONE E INTERPRETAZIONE SEDE DI FORLÌ CORSO di LAUREA IN MEDIAZIONE LINGUISTICA INTERCULTURALE (Classe L-12) ELABORATO FINALE SURVIVAL OF THE WARZONE INTERPRETER -Behind the untold story- CANDIDATO RELATORE Jessica Zagolin Antonietta Iacoviello Anno Accademico 2014/2015 Sessione seconda INDEX INTRODUCTION 1. ARE INTERPRETERS IN CONFLICT ZONES NEUTRAL? 1.1 Who are the interpreters in conflict zones? 1.1.1 The problem of neutrality 1.2 Relationship between the military and interpreters 1.3 Interpreters in their local communities: friends or enemies? 2. THE UNITED STATES SITUATION: PROTECTION OR INDIFFERENCE? 2.1 Special Immigrant Visa 2.2 The difficulties of the SIV process 2.2.1 Serious and ongoing threat 2.2.2 Faithful and valuable service 2.3 The reality 2.3.1 An alternative solution 3. PROJECTS TO SAVE THE LIVES OF THE INTERPRETERS 3.1 AIIC 3.2 InZone 3.3 IRAP 3.4 No One Left Behind CONCLUSION REFERENCES WEBSITES 1 INTRODUCTION Recently, an increasing number of people have been travelling for many reasons: some of them move in order to start a new life elsewhere, others to search a better economic future, for business reasons or because they are fleeing from the recent wars or from religious or political persecutions. With considerable cultural differences, many people are now living together, creating new multicultural societies where communication may be difficult or even impossible, with a consequent risk of misunderstanding during the interaction. In order to avoid this situation, the primary need is to eliminate linguistic and socio-cultural barriers and this can only be achieved with the help of interpreters. -
Afghan Opiate Trade 2009.Indb
ADDICTION, CRIME AND INSURGENCY The transnational threat of Afghan opium UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Vienna ADDICTION, CRIME AND INSURGENCY The transnational threat of Afghan opium Copyright © United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), October 2009 Acknowledgements This report was prepared by the UNODC Studies and Threat Analysis Section (STAS), in the framework of the UNODC Trends Monitoring and Analysis Programme/Afghan Opiate Trade sub-Programme, and with the collaboration of the UNODC Country Office in Afghanistan and the UNODC Regional Office for Central Asia. UNODC field offices for East Asia and the Pacific, the Middle East and North Africa, Pakistan, the Russian Federation, Southern Africa, South Asia and South Eastern Europe also provided feedback and support. A number of UNODC colleagues gave valuable inputs and comments, including, in particular, Thomas Pietschmann (Statistics and Surveys Section) who reviewed all the opiate statistics and flow estimates presented in this report. UNODC is grateful to the national and international institutions which shared their knowledge and data with the report team, including, in particular, the Anti Narcotics Force of Pakistan, the Afghan Border Police, the Counter Narcotics Police of Afghanistan and the World Customs Organization. Thanks also go to the staff of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan and of the United Nations Department of Safety and Security, Afghanistan. Report Team Research and report preparation: Hakan Demirbüken (Lead researcher, Afghan -
Measuring Army Deployments to Iraq and Afghanistan
CHILDREN AND FAMILIES The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and EDUCATION AND THE ARTS decisionmaking through research and analysis. ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE This electronic document was made available from www.rand.org as a public service INFRASTRUCTURE AND of the RAND Corporation. TRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS Skip all front matter: Jump to Page 16 NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY Support RAND SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Purchase this document TERRORISM AND Browse Reports & Bookstore HOMELAND SECURITY Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore the RAND Corporation View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non- commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND electronic documents to a non-RAND website is prohibited. RAND electronic documents are protected under copyright law. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see RAND Permissions. This report is part of the RAND Corporation research report series. RAND reports present research findings and objective analysis that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND reports undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity. C O R P O R A T I O N Measuring Army Deployments to Iraq and Afghanistan Dave Baiocchi SUMMarY ■ How many soldiers have served in Key findings Iraq and Afghanistan? What has the troop mix looked • The Army has provided the bulk of U.S. -
Regional Report on Out-Of-School Children
ALL IN SCHOOL MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA OUT-OF-SCHOOL CHILDREN INITIATIVE REGIONAL REPORT ON OUT-OF-SCHOOL CHILDREN OCTOBER 2014 ALL IN SCHOOL MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA OUT-OF-SCHOOL CHILDREN INITIATIVE REGIONAL REPORT ON OUT-OF-SCHOOL CHILDREN OCTOBER 2014 © 2015 UNICEF MENA Regional Office Cover photos, left to right © UNICEF/NYHQ2013-1418/Noorani © UNICEF/ITAL2010-0069/Lombardi © UNICEF/NYHQ2011-2520/Arfa Preface In the last decade, the countries of the Middle East and North Africa have invested considerable resources and political capital to bring more children into the classroom. Most impressively, out-of-school rates for primary school children have plummeted, often by as much as half, bringing hope and new opportunity to millions. But in recent years, progress has stalled. 4.3 million primary-aged children and 2.9 million lower secondary-aged children are still not in school. If we include one year of pre-primary education – the foundation on which a child’s future learning is built – a staggering 12.3 million children across 20 countries are being left behind. Who are these children? Broadly speaking, they are the poorest, the girls, those who live in rural areas and those from minority communities. They are the millions of children whose lives have been torn apart and whose schools have been destroyed by conflict. And they are the large number of lower secondary-aged children, mostly boys, who drop out every year. What keeps them out of school? Sometimes it’s poverty and poor infrastructure – families can’t afford to send their children to school, or the schools are too far away, or of low quality, with badly trained teachers, poor learning outcomes and miserable, even dangerous, environments. -
Change in Iraqi Politics: from Ethnic-Sectarian Lines to Centralization Question
Change in Iraqi Politics: From Ethnic-Sectarian Lines to Centralization Question Serhat ERKMEN* Abstract After the invasion of Iraq, politics in Iraq was rebuilt in accordance with ethnic and religious lines and the political alliances have been reshaped over these lines. However, the withdrawal of US troops and internal dif- ferences of Iraqi parties triggered new political balances which cannot be limited into only ethnic and sectarian bases. Today, because of the political and strategic effects of Arab Spring and internal power strug- gles among the main Iraqi political groupings Iraq has entered in a new phase in politics which centralization issue will be the focus. Keywords: Iraqi politics, centralization, Arab Spring and Iraq, With- drawal of US troops Özet *SC**4 0B- 4 * ' 0 0 - C*=*=@ * *4 * ***0*40' * C *C =S4***S*- C 0 **0 ****B' C'* **0 *=4* =@ * * Assos. Prof. Ahi Evran University, Department of International Relations, and Middle East Advisor of ORSAM Serhat Erkmen, Change in Iraqi Politics: From Ethnic-Sectarian Lines to Centralization Question, Ortadoğu Etütleri, Volume 4, No 1, July 2012, pp.143-164. Serhat Erkmen According to the author, there are two main reasons that explain the change in the political balances and policy making in Iraq. The first reason is that the United States have started to lose gradually their role both in military and political aspects in Iraq after 2010. Decrease in military power of the US in Iraq in a way that cannot be compared with previous years (even though all the combat troops have retreated, it will not be considered as a complete withdrawal since there are still American troops in Iraq under the name of military advisors) has cre- ated great impacts both in the fields of security and the fields of policy and this phenomenon has enlarged the maneuver room of the Iraqi political parties. -
The Experience of Second- Generation Iraqi Kurd
‘HOME’ AND ‘RETURN’ – THE EXPERIENCE OF SECOND- GENERATION IRAQI KURD RETERNEES TO KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT (KRG) Juan Ameen University of East London September 2018 1 Abstract! This research focuses on the experiences of migrants who have ‘returned’ to the Kurdish regions of Iraq from neighbouring countries and Europe. It addresses key issues in the field of Refugee Studies, including concepts of return, understandings of home and negotiations of identity and belonging among second generation Iraqi Kurdish returnees. Scholars and researchers have often used these terms loosely and sometimes interchangeably: critical analysis informed by this research suggests that they are related but are also distinct and specific. The second-generation Iraqi Kurds taking part in the study belong to the generation of migrants who were born in diaspora countries or moved to diaspora in their early childhood from the region of Iraqi Kurdistan. These second-generation migrants have a different understanding of ‘home’ to their parents. Their upbringing in diaspora countries and transnational links to ‘homeland’ create a tension between their constructions of ‘home’ and ‘belonging’. The empirical data for this study is based upon an in-depth qualitative study of the experiences of 20 Iraqi Kurd returnees in Kurdistan, most of whom were neither born nor grew up in the KRG region, and had little or no previous experience of their ‘homeland’. Interview themes involved home, transnational ties and attachments, identity and belonging. I propose that second-generation migrants are motivated to ‘return’ because of a strong sense of belonging and a need for identity in relation to a familial and/or ancestral ‘home’. -
Central Eurasia 2006
CENTRAL EURASIA 2006 Analytical ANNUAL CA&CC Press® SWEDEN 2007 1 CENTRAL EURASIAFOUNDED 2006 AND PUBLISHED AnalyticalBY Annual INSTITUTE INSTITUTE O OR CENTRAL ASIAN AND STRATEGIC STUDIES O CAUCASIAN STUDIES THE CAUCASUS Registration number: 620720-0459 Registration number: M-770 State Administration for Ministry of Justice of Patents and Registration of Sweden Azerbaijan Republic PUBLISHING HOUSE CA&CC Press®. SWEDEN Registration number: 556699-5964 S c i e n t i f i c E d i t o r i a l B o a r d Eldar ISMAILOV C h a i r m a n Tel./fax: (994-12) 497 12 22 E-mail: [email protected] Murad ESENOV D e p u t y C h a i r m a n Tel./fax: (46) 920 62016 E-mail: [email protected] Jannatkhan EYVAZOV E x e c u t i v e S e c r e t a ry Tel./fax: (994-12) 499 11 73 E-mail: [email protected] Abbas MALEKI Doctor, Director General, International Institute for Caspian Studies (Iran) Ainura ELEBAEVA Doctor of Philosophy, professor, director of the Research Institute of Ethnology, International University of Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz Republic) Ariel COHEN Doctor, leading analyst, The Heritage Foundation, U.S.A. (U.S.A.) Vitaly NAUMKIN Doctor of History, professor, Director, Center for Strategic and International Studies of RF (Russian Federation) 2 Vladimer PAPAVA Doctor of Economics, professor, Senior Fellow, Georgian Foundation for Strategic and International Studies (Georgia), Fulbright Fellow, Central Asia-Caucasus Institute, The Nitze School-SAIS, Johns Hopkins University (U.S.) S.