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Faults Identified Using the Aerial Photo Analysis Were Ground Truthed, Then new study area fault map. Schumacher and Saller (2008) measured strike and dip on over 230 structural features in the area. Refernece Appendix 3. A rose diagram of the faults and fractures in the Cypress Creek watershed is included as Figure 23. The measured faults and fractures trend 45–60° (the major strike of the BFZ) or are conjugate features offset by 60°(105–120°). A study was performed by to delineate critical karst regions within Hays County as part of the Hays County Habitat Conservation Plan (www.hayscountyhcp.com). Figure 24 shows all geologic outcrops that may contain caves and karst features and also delineates areas with known caves and karst features. A number of the mapped karst features occur within the Cypress Creek/Jacob‘s Well study area (Figure 24). 8.0 Occurrence and Flow of Groundwater Figure 23. Structure Measurements—Rose Diagram 8.1 Precipitation The amount of annual precipitation has varied greatly since the USGS gauging station was installed in Jacob‘s Well in April 2005. Since then, there have been two drought periods, April 2005–February 2007 and September 2007–June 2008. As measured by NOAA in Wimberley (Table 3), the average monthly rainfall during the two drought events was 2.1‖ and 1.4‖, respectively. The period March 2007 through August 2007 was significantly wetter, with average monthly rain fall exceeding 7.3‖. Over the entire period of record as measured in Austin, TX since 1856, average annual rainfall is 33.57‖, or an average of 2.8‖ per month. 8.2 Hydrostratigraphy of the Cypress Creek Area Within the Cypress Creek area the principal Figure 24. Cypress Creek/Jacob‘s Well Study Area Karst aquifer that provides groundwater to the area‘s Features (from Hays County Habitat Conservation Plan) residents is the Trinity aquifer. The Trinity aquifer is composed of the Trinity Group Faults identified using the aerial photo analysis geologic units described in Section 7 with the were ground truthed, then incorporated into a hydrostratigraphy shown in Figure 14. As it‘s 24 name suggests, this aquifer is divided into three particularly in the Woodcreek area along Dry hydrostratigraphic units, the Upper, Middle, and Cypress Creek, the Lower Glen Rose has faults, Lower Trinity (Figure 13). The Trinity Aquifers fractures and karst features which allow for behave as a more or less semi-confined or leaky rapid and significant recharge of precipitation aquifer system (Muller, 1990; Muller and runoff. The many direct pathways to the McCoy, 1987). Each of these aquifers has a subsurface enhance local recharge and limit the distinct hydrostatic pressure head (water level). amount of runoff into dry Cypress Creek. The Lower Trinity Aquifer has the lowest hydrostatic head while the Middle and Upper The Hammett Shale is a confining layer, Trinity aquifers have respectively higher heads. separating the Middle Trinity aquifer from the This arrangement of water-levels can be Lower Trinity aquifer. The Lower Trinity interpreted to mean that groundwater moves aquifer consists of the Sligo and Hosston downward at a slow rate through the low- formations. permeability strata (aquitards) to the aquifers below, while being able to move laterally at The geologic units that make up the Lower higher rates (Muller, 1990; Muller and McCoy, Trinity aquifer do not occur at the surface in the 1987). study area. Water in the Lower Trinity is under artesian pressure meaning that water-levels in The Upper Trinity Aquifer consists of the Upper the Lower Trinity rise above the upper contact Glen Rose formation. Where present, the aquifer with the confining Hammett Shale in wells. can yield small amounts of water to wells. Under predevelopment water level conditions Ranch, wind mills, and historical hand dug wells the groundwater gradient is downward from the were often completed in the Upper Trinity. The Middle Trinity to the Lower Trinity. However, Upper Glen Rose contains relatively shallow, in areas where heavy pumping occurs in the locally perched water in many areas of the Middle Trinity, and the head is reduced below county. The Upper Glen Rose gives rise to the that of the Lower Trinity, the hydraulic gradient ―dripping springs‖ (despite what the granite could be reversed so leakage would move marker at the springs says) after which the City upward from the Lower to the Middle Trinity. of Dripping Springs is named. These aquifers This means it is particularly important for wells are limited in aerial extent. The Upper Glen that penetrate through the Middle to the Lower Rose produces water to the southeast in the Trinity must be properly completed to minimize Balcones Fault Zone. the man-induced leakage between aquifers. Recharge to the Upper Trinity Aquifer is from On a regional basis, there is very little recharge direct precipitation in areas where the aquifer is from precipitation on a surface outcrop because exposed at the surface (Figure 13). Within the very little of this aquifer crops out anywhere study area, the Upper Glen Rose contains layers (Ashworth et al, 2001). The primary means of of competent clay and marl that inhibit surficial recharge to the Lower Trinity is by leakage from recharge and restricts the downward migration overlying and underlying aquifers (Ashworth et to the Middle and Lower Trinity Aquifers. al, 2001). Ashworth (1983) notes that the primary source of Lower Trinity recharge is The Middle Trinity Aquifer, consisting of the from leakage in updip areas north and west of Lower Glen Rose, Hensel, and Cow Creek the District where the Hammett Shale is thin or formations, directly underlies the Upper Trinity absent. Where the Hammett is present and Aquifer. The Middle Trinity Aquifer is the faulted some recharge/leakage across the primary aquifer in the study area for residential Hammett shale probably occurs (Ashworth, and public water supply wells. In most areas, the 1983). Tritium studies of well water from the calcarenite and dolomitic facies of the Hensel Lower Trinity across the Hill Country indicate Formation act as a semi-confining layer over the that there is not ‗recent water‘ (‗recent water‘ Cow Creek formation (Figure 25. Jacob‘s Well has not been exposed to the atmosphere since Cross Section). Where exposed on the surface, 1952) in the Lower Trinity (Ashworth et al, 25 Figure 25. Jacob‘s Well Structural Cross Section Figure 26. Alignment of Jacob‘s Well (from Gary, 2007) 26 2001; USGS, 1997). Surficial ‗recharge to‘ or well spacing control, the Middle Trinity aquifer ‗discharge from‘ the aquifer may occur in the is becoming stressed and unable to meet the northern tip of Hays County where the demands of the development. As a result, drillers Pedernales River has incised to a point where it are completing an increasing number of wells in runs across the Lower Trinity. Other than this the Lower Trinity aquifer. As a result, the stretch of the Pedernales River, the Lower HTGCD is initiating a study of water levels and Trinity is not exposed at the surface within the usage in the Lower Trinity aquifer to gain a District. better understanding of this important resource. Future research topics include: Within the study area the role of faulting related • Inventory of Lower Trinity wells and to discharge from the Lower Trinity is not construction methods; clearly understood. In some cases faults • Evaluation of water-level changes over probably act as barriers and in other areas they time; act as preferential flow pathways. Ongoing • Water quality and changes over time; research work conducted by the University of • Age dating the Lower Trinity water to Texas may shed some light on the contribution better understand rates of recharge; of Lower Trinity waters to flows at Jacob‘s • The dynamic vertical and lateral Well. hydraulic relationship to other aquifers; • Hydraulic significance of faults and the With increased use of the groundwater due to Balcones Fault Zone; and population growth in the area and inadequate • Integrity of the Hammet Shale as an aquitard. 27 9.0 Hydrostratigraphy of Jacob’s Well the Dry Cypress/Byrum Well. Interpreted channel sands contain water at several locations in the The northwest – southeast profile of Jacob’s Well Hosston. Cross section A-A’ intersects section B- depicts the subsurface stratigraphy and karstic B’ at the Dry Cypress/Byrum Well. nature of the well as extrapolated from interpreted geophysical logs in nearby well The opening of Jacob’s Well in the bed of locations (Figure 25). Particularly useful were Cypress Creek occurs in the Lower Glen Rose the Aqua Texas Well No. 23 and South Golf unit of the Middle Trinity Aquifer. The nearly Course wells (see cross section B-B’) and vertical shaft of Jacob’s Well probably follows a observations and videos from cave divers (Figure former fracture or joint set that has been enlarged 22). by solution. Approximately 70 feet below the mouth of the spring is the contact between the At Jacob’s Well, the Lower Glen Rose formation Lower Glen Rose and Hensel Member. There are is identified in the subsurface and in surface two large caverns at the contact. At 100 feet is outcrop by an upper and a lower rudistid the contact between the Hensel and Cow Creek. reef/mound buildup (Figure 27). Reef-core and The passageway (“A” tunnel) becomes roughly skeletal–detrital reef margin facies provide parallel to the horizontal bedding and continues porous and permeable zones for local, shallow several thousand feet in a paleokarst zone of the aquifers. The upper reef is an excellent aquifer in Cow Creek. Several smaller tunnels branch off the Wimberley Valley fault block. The Hensel the main shaft. The “B” and “C” tunnels intersect formation, (mudstone, dolomite and siltstone) the “A” tunnel 350 feet and 3,600 feet, acts as a confining unit to the Cow Creek and as a respectively from the mouth of the well.
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