sign in sign up
<<
Home , 168 BC, 350 BC, Akanthos (Greece), Amphipolis, Ancient Furniture, Bolos (Thrace)

HESPERIA 75 (2006) , BEDS, AND Pages 21?-266 TABLES

Evidence for Furnished

Interiors in Hellenistic

ABSTRACT

This study presents the archaeological evidence for chairs, beds, and tables from excavated domestic and funerary contexts in Greece dating from the b.c. 4th to the 1st century The author's principal aim is to present and analyze the evidence for domestic furniture in its primary location, and to discuss issues related to the of interior organization space. Because tombs often preserve furniture and furnishings in good condition, the evidence they provide is as carefully examined well. Methodological issues concerning the limitations of textual and iconographie evidence and the state of publication of so-called minor are also objects addressed.

EVIDENCE AND METHODS

two In the last decades, the study of domestic complexes and household oikonomia has attracted a number of scholars who have turned their atten to tion household environments and daily life. Domestic architecture, the areas are identification of space, and the analysis of gendered all subjects of current One area that has been scholarship. considerably neglected, however, is the material record of furniture and furnishings found inside the house, to on as the study of which promises shed light issues such interior design, use household organization, and the of space.1

1. This article is the first of two covered in detail in a to greater separate Special thanks go the Athenian the author's doctoral in I am the Ecole drawing upon study (to appear Hesperia). Excavations, fran?aise thesis on the to domestic furniture and grateful the American School of d'Ath?nes, the Ecole suisse d'arch?o at en furnishings of Late Classical and Classical Studies for facili logie Gr?ce, and the individual research with a excavators in (Andrianou 2003). tating my postdoctoral for providing The concentrates on the to Elizabeth and the that present study fellowship, Simpson photographs illustrate this the Kevin Glowacki for on an are own. archaeological material, primarily suggestions study. All translations my this to current excavated objects from houses and earlier version of study, and the For issues in domestic stud tombs. The evidence for two reviewers for see epigraphical anonymous Hesperia ies, Kent 1990; Wallace-Hadrill comments furniture and furnishings from 4th their helpful and additional 1994; Ault 1994; Nevett 1999; Allison to b.c. sanctuaries will on matters. lst-century be bibliography Roman 1999; Cahill 2002.

? The American School of Classical Studies at Athens 220 DIMITRA ANDRIANOU

sense The term "furniture" is used in this study in the prevailing modern or of movable, useful, ornamental domestic objects. The term "furnishings" cover includes materials that furniture (e.g., bedding) and materials that on metaphorically "drape" the house interior (e.g., curtains). I focus here we three groups of objects?chairs, beds, and tables?for which have the most excavated material. on Gisela Richter, in her pioneering work the furniture and furnishings a of the , Etruscans, and Romans, presented wealth of visual and sources to literary related the domestic interiors of the Archaic and Classical men on periods.2 Women preparing for weddings, seated stools and playing women are a table games, flying bringing boxes, and only recur few of the images that in Classical Greek iconography. Furniture and are on furnishings often depicted in great detail Classical vases, funerary scenes. texts stelai, and wall paintings, in both indoor and outdoor Ancient us a and inscriptions of the Classical period provide with vocabulary of furniture types. The archaeological record of excavated houses, however, a set is still largely unknown and raises different of questions and meth at sources odological problems. A closer look the of information available for the study of furniture and furnishings will highlight the strengths and serve as a more weaknesses of each type of evidence and starting point for detailed discussion. to The geographical focus of the present study is restricted ancient to Greece proper, and its chronological focus the Late Classical and Hel to B.c. lenistic periods, from the 4th the 1st century For comparanda, however, reference ismade occasionally to furniture found in Asia Minor and .

Literary Evidence

sources Contemporary literary for the furniture of Late Classical and Hel are lenistic Greece extremely limited. Inscriptions concerning the sale of houses (mainly from 4th-century Olynthos andTenos) provide information about the purchase of the property itself, but remain largely silent about are the fate of the furniture within.3 Although houses (o?k?oci) explicitly to mentioned in these documents, there is very little reference specific no types of furniture sold or rented along with the houses, and absolutely a reference to furniture transacted separately. It is possible that creditor as who accepted portable items (e.g., furniture, woodwork, slaves) security for a debt would have insisted on immediate possession. This might have as prevented the debtor from including furniture part of the transaction. On the other hand, debtors sometimes took advantage of the portability are cases of furniture and furnishings; there known from legal speeches in was run which a house was put up as security and the debtor accused of ning off with the furniture.4 B.c. in 2. Richter 1966. Fifth-century philosophers occasionally mention furniture the 3. Robinson 1931, context of luxurious remarks. In 's Olynthos: living, making derogatory Repub no. pp. 51-53, 4; 1934, pp. 124-132, for identifies three common needs of the lic, example, (%peiai) nos. 3-7. Te?os: T?nos II, pp. 51-84. and In order for an individual: food, dwelling, clothing (PI. Resp. 369d). : Hatzopoulos 1988. some 4. Dem. 19.31. individual to satisfy these needs, degree of "cooperative interdepen 30.28; Lys. FURNISHED INTERIORS IN HELLENISTIC GREECE 221

a dence" is needed?in other words, "." Glaucon interrupts Socrates' a speech to say that this description would fit "city of pigs" (\)Covn?Xiq) (372d). When the philosopher asks him what ismissing, Glaucon replies, on "What is customary (amp vojui?exoci), since people must recline couches, are not to if they be uncomfortable, and dine from tables and have prepared dishes and sweetmeats, such as are now in use" (372d-e). Socrates observes a or that Glaucon is asking for "luxurious, feverish, inflamed polis" (tcoaiv xpixp?oav, 9A?Y|ia?vo\)oav). He admits that some will not be content with the simpler way of life that he advocates (o&Tn r\ ?iaixa o\)k ?^apKeaei), and that "couches (kaivoci) and tables (xpaTce?ai) and other furniture (oKe?ri) will have to be added thereto" (373a). Socrates continues with a a description of such luxurious city, where painters and embroiderers will a to have place, in order decorate the existing houses; they will require as more additional materials such gold and ivory and, finally, occupations will have to be added, such as dancers, musicians, artists, more servants, tutors, beauty-shop ladies, and physicians (373b). Ultimately, according to Socrates, this city will generate warfare. most sources The extensive epigraphical of information about furniture also date to the 5th century b.c., the so-called Attic Stelai, the accounts of the confiscated property of and his followers.5 Thought to be accounts the earliest of the Athenian officials called the poletai (sellers),6 they record the sales of personal and real property of those convicted of profaning the Eleusinian Mysteries and mutilating the Herms. The texts mention about 20 names, but it has been suggested that the property might to as as have belonged many 50 people.7 Together they provide evidence for domestic objects and land inAttica, Euboia, , , , and the .

In the surviving fragments of New Comedy and its chief 4th-century playwright, , furniture is mentioned almost exclusively in the context of the kitchen and the amusing cooks who prepare the dinners and set even the tables. Menander's implies that wealthy households borrowed furniture from neighbors; Getas, the servant, asks Knemon can a repeatedly if he borrow certain items in order to set up symposium to?? ?cvop?oiv (Men. Dys. 920-945). a b.c. from a Archestratos, mid-4th-century poet , produced tour a culinary of the Mediterranean in the Hedupatheia, work preserved was in 340 hexameters in the Deipnosophistai of Athenaios.8 It Athenaios, writing in the 2nd century A.D., who for the first time in literature pro a vided comprehensive collection of the evidence for eating and drinking, and unlike the earlier authors on whom his work was based, he did not a consider the sympotic lifestyle distraction from philosophy. In contrast to more Archestratos, Athenaios ismuch interested in the listing of dining paraphernalia and furniture than in the food itself. 5. no. PI. We two sources Agora XIX, p. 70, The literary most often used by scholars to reconstruct owe the name "Attic Stelai" to Pollux at furnished interiors thus fall the beginning and end of the period under (10.97,148). consideration: as noted, the detailed lists of furniture and in 6. A view is furnishings different expressed by the Attic Stelai date to the 5th while the of the Lewis (1966). century b.c., descriptions luxurious of in the work of the Athenaios 7. Lewis 1966, p. 182. settings symposia antiquarian a.d. 8.WilkinsandHilll994. belong to the 2nd century Despite the wealth of information about 222 DIMITRA ANDRIANOU

names the and materials of furniture and furnishings in both sources, they are not contemporary with the archaeological evidence discussed in the present study, and matching the Greek terms with the excavated objects is an problematic. Furthermore, the Attic Stelai record items from unknown number of houses owned by Alcibiades and his followers, and Athenaios us a once presents with compilation drawn from earlier texts and l?xica use available in his patron's library. For these reasons, the of these particular as names texts evidence for furniture and types requires caution.

ICONOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE

are Representations of furniture inHellenistic art largely limited to funerary stelai and wall paintings, especially those illustrating symposia.9 Scholars are have therefore turned to earlier representations of what usually labeled or vase "domestic scenes" "wedding scenes" in painting for additional on vases can evidence.10 Depictions red-figure be interpreted in many dif use ferent ways, however, and the of Classical Athenian iconography for the reconstruction of Hellenistic Macedonian interiors is not necessarily are appropriate. Ancient iconography relies upon topoi, conventions that rooted in tradition and do not always reflect contemporary reality. On the vase so other hand, the visual material from painting is rich that it cannot vase be disregarded. If nothing else, paintings clearly show the way that furniture was used, although with respect to the variety of furniture types and the richness of the materials employed, such representations cannot be as treated "photographs" of the houses of the elite. The various containers and different types of chairs depicted in "bridal" scenes, for instance, do were not necessarily represent pieces of furniture that customarily used by brides. A further question raised by these representations of furniture is an the accuracy of the depictions: certain artists may have had empirical knowledge of the craft of woodworking, while others did not.11 Therefore, to create a any attempt systematic typology of Late Classical and Hellenistic on furniture styles based iconography alone is inherently problematic, and or the result is bound to be incomplete incorrect.

Excavated Objects

a The archaeological remains of furniture and furnishings present different set state of problems, including the of publication of excavated domestic as as complexes and their dating, well the archaeological interpretation of on or site-formation processes. Scholars working urban household studies

not to a and the 9. This is suggest that K? 415: ARV2 868, 45; Rasmussen and emphasize the "ideal viewer" "visual cues" to a symposium always required furniture, Spivey 1991, p. 25, ?g. 6). appropriate concep in 10. For of furniture in tual area. Other involve but that furniture is usually shown depictions questions scenes vase see Richter 1966. The the and status of and depicting symposia. An example painting, gender givers a scene in which devoted to receivers in scenes where such of symposium the scholarship "wedding objects rest on on vases is extensive: as furniture hands: symposiasts , possibly images" see, e.g., change see, e.g., on is the 1997 108. the floor, red-figure kylix Oakley 1995, p. 73; Sabetai (with Humphreys 1995, p. to further Recent discus 11. on a attributed by Beazley theTarquinia bibliography). Simpson 2002, bilingual in vase vase Painter (Basel, Antikenmuseum sions of such themes painting by Andokides (Munich 2301). FURNISHED INTERIORS IN HELLENISTIC GREECE 223

in Greece draw most of their information from multivolume publications dealing with specific sites (Olynthos, D?los, Eretria, Halieis, Halos).12 our Such volumes have significantly increased archaeological knowledge areas of important where houses have been excavated. Although the main focus of these studies is architecture and pottery, most (but not all) of them also record movable objects other than pottery found inside the house.

Not all excavated objects appear in publications. A scholar is often faced with a select group of recorded finds.13 Vases of any kind, , are and recognizable metal objects usually given preferential treatment, in contrast to "smaller" and unidentifiable pieces of furniture. This incomplete presentation has introduced biases into the published record, since certain are categories of household objects grouped under the title "minor objects," a or label frequently used for small pieces of ivory, bronze, glass, , and one a that communicates qualitative judgment.14 are In this type of publication the "minor objects" usually presented in on catalogue form with information their materials and dimensions alone. are Stratigraphie location and dates rarely given. The disassociation of the rooms objects from their primary archaeological contexts (the where they were an no can found) has produced irreversible result: future scholar ask any further questions about the material, since most of the information as a rest is presented list of objects separate from the of the study. Close 12. II, IV,VIII, XII; D?los stratigraphie analysis of late-19th- and early-20th-century excavations is XVIII; Eretria VIII, X. For Halieis, see impossible, since early excavation techniques often included the removal Ault 1994; forHalos, Reinders 1988. of successive of earth over a to one or two houses in For a passes large area, up 13. discussion of the "scholarly at extent at a time at and For these reasons, it is often selection" of publication Olynthos, (as Olynthos ).15 see to an was on a room Cahill 1991, pp. 117-118. impossible tell whether artifact found the floor of 14. For recent to or some attempts remedy in other context, information essential for dating and analyzing see this situation, Cahill 1991 and 2002 can an small objects, which easily be trampled into earth floor. This issue (Olynthos); Ault 1994 (Halieis). is especially critical for Delos, where the chronological phases of house 15. Cahill 1991, p. 115 (Olynthos); destruction or and rehabitation are not Nevett 1999, p. 44 (Delos). habitation, abandonment, yet 16. remain in and the furniture are recorded as lists of movable Important questions clear, fragments simply to the habitation of Delos dur respect objects.16 ing the Hellenistic and Roman came periods. The formation processes of domestic floor assemblages to play The extent of the in the 2nd village a central role in the of domestic environments and 1st centuries b.c. is still unknown. archaeological analysis only after the mid-1960s. Vincent LaMotta andMichael Schiffer have Most of the houses mentioned in recently are to stressed the of natural and cultural formation and the this study dated the end of the importance processes of the 1st is on a 2nd/beginning century b.c., fact that what found the floor "cannot simply be interpreted priori but their abandonment, destruction, as tool-kits or 'household inventories' related to activities of the habitation or rehabitation after the attacks by Earlier studies were based on the that the in Mithridates in 88 b.c. and the stage."17 assumption variability pirate domestic floor was linked to the in human Athenodoros in 69 b.c. are not clear. assemblages directly variability are in activities. scholars have stressed the lack of "fossilized" strata These problems discussed length Subsequently, even in Bruneau 1968. (the " Premise")18 and have taken into account psychological 17. LaMotta and Schiffer or 1999, p. parameters for the preservation discarding of certain objects.19 20; see further discussion in Ault and For the reasons discussed above it is clear that we lack much informa Nevett 1999. tion about the main of excavated household a fact that must 18. Schiffer 1985. body objects, be in mind when we to calculate or 19. These include, for instance, what kept attempt compare sites, statistics, draw conclusions about the use of care Gould (1987, p. 149) has termed the domestic space. One should be very effect." two "nostalgia ful, especially when comparing material from different sites, for main 224 DIMITRA ANDRIANOU reasons: are every site has been excavated using different techniques, which not often mentioned in the final publications, and different cultural pro cesses a on have had major impact the number, location, and state of pres were ervation of household objects in ways that not always immediately understood by excavators.20 A further point, closely associated with cultural or processes, is the distinction between short-term (i.e., periodic seasonal) and long-term social life. As Lin Foxhall has pointed out, in domestic can environments "the aggregate of quotidian behaviours and activities be are most dramatically misinterpreted if their remains read amorphously as a a room long-term trend."21 As result, fixed functions and the gender or status of those who used the house cannot be easily deduced from the a distribution of artifacts. What remains is series of mixed messages spread on unevenly the ground. Because of these issues involving methodology and the preservation of can artifacts, this study offer only general conclusions regarding the amount a use rooms. of furniture and furnishings in house and the of individual rooms Elsewhere (as in nearly all the houses of , for example), and sometimes entire household units and their contents have remained as a virtually unharmed, frozen in time, and, result, their furniture iswell a studied.22 Greece offers quite different picture. In all cases, however, pat terns of artifact distribution do not necessarily correspond to the activities to as case assigned certain rooms, Penelope Allison has proven in the of Pompeian houses.23 Such patterns are, however, useful for characterizing the range of material found in different locations. This is partly because as were to easily movable objects, such furniture, moved around according need in the multifunctional rooms of ancient houses. we narrow our If focus to furniture and furnishings dated between the 4th and the 1st centuries b.c., we are faced with two further issues that af fect the material presented in this study. First, the furniture found in tombs outnumbers the furniture excavated in domestic contexts. This pattern a of preservation is result of the materials used in construction. Funerary to furniture is usually made of stone, and thus is likely be preserved. On the other hand, many of the materials used for domestic furniture, particularly are not wood, perishable and have survived. It should be stressed, therefore, our that grounds for comparison between funerary and domestic spaces are amount limited. It is impossible to know the of perishable furniture a used in daily life. Only few examples of nonperishable parts of furniture, as or rests such metal-sheathed legs appliqu?s for bed (fulcra), have been excavated from houses of the period. In addition, many sites with Hel a lenistic habitation were entirely rebuilt in later times, process leading to the reuse of Hellenistic material.24 seem Second, although it might likely that nonperishable furniture no to was looted and reused in later times, there is literary evidence sup

491-492. 20. Cahill, for example, describes 21. Foxhall 2000, pp. (triclinia), 56 (tablina), 58 (gardens), in his of As she notes further "a lot 84-85 99 also these problems study Olyn (p. 496), and (conclusions). See same thos (Cahill 1991, pp. 125-127). For of people doing the thing with Glowacki 2004, p. 9. variations over time looks on the 24. A is where processes that modify defacto refuse, slight good example , the most common refuse in like a trend." the Roman and cities were possibly ground Byzantine see 22. Mols on the domestic assemblages, Schiffer 1999, pp. 22,123-130. rebuilt with Hellenistic material same site 1985, pp. 26-29. 23. Allison 1994, pp. 54-55 (Chrysostomou 1999, p. 229). FURNISHED INTERIORS IN HELLENISTIC GREECE 225

> e c d o n / IA ^

Fiorina A A Pella Petres

Sindos <\-^^n# Lefkadia Thessaloniki

Vergina ,?? ^ Alneia

Th?ssa?onjk? PydnaH Olynthos

A Eretria _ Dion Athens. Tenos Aiani Dejos

GREECE

Figure 1.Map of principal sites this Furniture is not for mentioned in the text port assumption.25 mentioned, example, among the booty obtained from Greek sites in descriptions of Roman triumphs.26 Asian booty, by contrast, did include furniture.27 One might argue that literary accounts of triumphs are neither accurate nor detailed lists of

one obtained from the enemy, but the distinction between Greek and 25. Looting is of the processes objects that or Asian is If furniture was worth off from modify deplete defacto refuse booty significant. carrying Asia, (Schiffer 1985, pp. 28-29). then why not from Greece? 26. with war ob are Triumphs booty There two possible explanations for the absence of furniture from from are in tained Greece recorded the Greek described in accounts of Roman either there connection with the victories: booty triumphs: following was not much luxurious furniture inGreek sanctuaries or houses to attract the sack of and Euboia by the of Roman or the of in the Quinctius Flamininus in 198-194 b.c. eyes soldiers, sociopolitical reality the sack 2nd when most of the of Greece took was ( 32.16.17, 34.52.4-5); century b.c., plundering place, of Ambracia Fulvius Nobilior in by different from that of the 1st century b.c., the period of the Asian conquests. b.c. 187 (Livy 39.5.16); the victory of a nature Expensive furniture of private worth carrying off to Rome at b.c. might Aemilius Paullus in 168 have been associated by the Romans with personal luxury and hence better (Plut. Aem. 32-33; 45.33.5-6); the Livy received in 1st own tastes to final of at the century, when their had It defeat Macedonia Dion by begun change. is to estimate how much furniture have been on Metellus in 148 b.c. (Plin. HN34.64; impossible might display came or Justin 11.6,13); the sack of by when the Romans through Greece, whether Greek furniture was Mummius in 146 b.c. (Strabo 8.6.23 b.c. famous outside Greece during the last centuries [C 381]; Polyb. 39.2-3); and, finally, evidence for furniture used in food food pro the of various Greek sanctu Although preparation, looting and is often found the no cessing, weaving, storage, personal hygiene among aries by in 88-84 b.c., where is mentioned in the sources remains of Classical and Hellenistic houses inmainland I concen triumph Greece, trate on (Diod. Sic. 38.7; Plut. Sail. 12.3, 6; in this study the "traditional" types of furniture (chairs, beds, and Sail. Cat. 11.5-7; Paus. 10.21.6). tables), and discuss the problems associated with their reconstruction based 27. Livy 37.46.2-4 (190 b.c.); Plut. on the excavated material and literary evidence available.28 Representa Luc. 37.4-5 Mith. (74-66 b.c.), App. tions in are as of furniture other cited necessary. The principal sites 115-116 (66-61 b.c.). mentioned in the those inwestern Mace 28.1 will discuss furniture associated following discussion, especially a on are indicated in 1. In the text boldface numbers refer with weaving and storage in book donia, Figure below, Late Classical and to Hellenistic furniture. the catalogue of excavated material at the end of each section. The 226 DIMITRA ANDRIANOU

we most catalogue presents those objects for which have the published information; other pieces of furniture, those mentioned in excavation are reports only briefly and with limited accompanying information, cited can in the footnotes. Few of the domestic items presented here be securely a a associated with particular location within the house, problem that needs to be stressed because it affects the conclusions one may draw from the rest of the evidence.

SEATS

Literary Evidence

us a The Attic Stelai provide with variety of words for different types of seats: OCVOCKAIGI?,29?aOpOV,30 ?lCppO?,31OpaVl?lOV,32 Gp?VOC,33 TXpOGKAlVXpOV,34 K?IVTTIP,35and 87l?KAlVXpOV.36

Archaeological Evidence: Domestic

not us The archaeological record of excavated houses does help define we the terms encountered in the Attic Stelai: possess only two fragments of seats from domestic areas of Delos (1, 2, Figs. 2, 3).37 It is possible, were use however, that these originally intended for theatrical and that some sec they migrated at point from the nearby theater (an example of or ondary defacto refuse). Their form and the absence of other examples strengthens this view. no were no The fact that seat fragments found at Olynthos and other seats have been reported from houses in the rest of Greece is intriguing. One

29. IG I3421, line 209. For discus without arms or back. It is mentioned Pritchett 1956, pp. 229-230. Most, but not sion see Pritchett 1956, pp. 213-214. among the furniture of the bedroom all, of the passages cited suggest a mil. 3.424 Poll. 10.47. that a is an article of furniture This is word with many meanings: it and kXivttip a 32. IG V line 140. For for women. is part of "bed" in Poll. 6.9 and Ar. 421, discus see Eccl. 907; it is used for various types of sion Pritchett 1956, p. 217, with the 36. IG I3 422, lines 286-287; 425, line 17. For discussion see Pritchett "chairs"in IG IV 1379, line 4; 1421, meaning "bench." lines 97-99; 1415, line 26; 1425, lines 33. IG I3 422, lines 160,287. For a 1956, pp. 232-233. The l?xica offer can see two a comfortable armchair 206-207; 1460, lines 6-7; and it complete discussion Pritchett 1956, meanings: a with the " or or the headrest of a couch or also denote part of chair (usually the pp. 217-220, meaning couch, back), as inAth. 5.192f. It is difficult to of honor." The name is also attested in bed. Pritchett concludes, after review an on a vase that the word determine what is meant when this inscription (Richter 1966, ing the literary evidence, is listed in denotes an elbow- or headrest that word separately inscriptions. p. 8). was be fitted onto or from 30. IG I3422, line 160 (where it is 34. The word restored by Prit could removed a couches and beds. grouped with and diphros); chett in Stele VI, line 169 (= IG I3426, with 37. are 423, line 11 (where it is a few lines line 180), with the meaning "chair Fragments of "cultic thrones" away from beds); 425, fine 14 (where it a back." For discussion see Pritchett known from sacred Delian contexts, is with household 220. The term is otherwise the Letoon grouped articles). For 1956, p. including (Vallois 1929, see discussion Pritchett 1956, p. 215, known only from lexicographers, and pp. 213,217,222, figs. 21,23-25; D?los it is as a the difference in between it and theAskle where interpreted bench, seat, meaning XVIII, pp. 5-6, fig. 3) not a a or stool. and ?vaic?nai? is clear. pieion (fragments of with was a certain 31. IG I3 421, line 208; 422, lines 35. The word restored by Prit dedicatory inscription by to b.c.: 107,161,268,283. For discussion chett in Stele II, line 150 (= IG I3 422, Nikon, dated the 3rd century or see Pritchett 1956, pp. 215-217. The line 165), with the meaning "couch BCH50 [1926], p. 571; D?los XVIII, term to mean a a chair." For discussion see is usually taken "stool" reclining p. 6, fig. 4). FURNISHED INTERIORS IN HELLENISTIC GREECE 227

Figure 2. armchair (1).The ater Quarter, Delos. After D?los XVIII, pi. V:47; photo courtesy Ecole fran?aise d'Ath?nes, no. 1294

were may conclude that the vast majority of seats made of perishable materi seats als. The numbers, types, and sizes of perishable remain unknown. a Miniature seats form separate, related group of objects. Fragments two on of miniature seats have been found the of Stageira in not Macedonia (3,4, Fig. 4). Full reconstruction is possible. It is, however, very interesting to find miniature pieces of furniture in a domestic area, since miniature tables and seats had previously been found only in tombs, two especially those of the Archaic period.38 The fact that the miniatures are were from Stageira identical raises the possibility that they produced no reason not as in pairs. There is to regard them simulacra of seats used in the domestic environment.39 were more Benches probably common in everyday life than seats of any are other kind.40 On Delos benches found in the vestibules of temples and are in the monumental exedras, but not in houses.41 Possible exceptions the recently published ?nsula of the Bronzes and House of the Seals, dated to a the 2nd century B.c., where marble benches of simple, undecorated form have been reconstructed (Fig. 5).42 This, of course, does not preclude the use or of wooden benches chests for sitting in houses, although none has survived.43

38. For from were examples 6th-century examples have been found (Mols 1999, these benches found in their see Sindos, liv?o?, pp. 84, 95,118,141, pp. 52-55). original positions. (Another bench, in 241 the tombs of was 171,185, (from men, 41. D?los XVIII, pp. 12-14 with the House of the Lake, certainly women, and children). notes. found in situ: Llinas 1973, pp. 306 39.1 discuss the miniature furni 42. D?los XXXVIII, pp. 70-71, 309.) ture in detail in an article to in to note appear pl. 105:3 (house II in the ?nsula of the 43. It is interesting that the BABesch. at two recon on Bronzes: least benches figures of and Kore the 40. It be that n. east are may significant structed); p. 92, 36 (House of the pediment of the benches were more common than Seals: one bench with lion's feet and no seated on chests.

stools in Herculaneum, where actual back). It is not clear, however, whether 228 DIMITRA ANDRIANOU

Figure 3. Set of marble legs (2) from a seat or a bench. House of ,

Delos. After Marcad? 1953, p. 583, fig. 72; photo courtesy Ecole fran?aise d'Ath?nes, no. 19139

Figure 4.Miniature lead seats (3,4). Photos D. Andrianou Stageira.

Catalogue

Delos 1 Marble armchair Fig. 2 H. W. 0.77 m. in with curved and lions 1.30, Simple form, back, plain sides, feet. Found on the south of the courtyard in house C of insula II in theTheater Quarter (D?losXVIII, p. 6, pi. V:47).

2 Set of marble legs from a seat or bench Fig. 3 H. 0.33 m.The front of each support has been sculpted in the form of a lion's with an in in leg, indication of veins and muscles. Found bathroom C the House of Hermes, dated to the 2nd century b.c. (Marcad? 1953, p. 583, fig. 72). It was next to the wall. probably placed

Stageira (Chalkidiki) 3 Lead miniature model of a seat Fig. 4, left P. dim. of seat 0.043 x 0.043 m; weight 30 g.The seat is represented as plaited; bosses on the horizontal and vertical frame of the back decora probably represent tive nails. Found on the east side of the north hill and outside the east per?bolos of the acropolis (Sismanidis 1999, p. 472, fig. 10). The excavator (pers. comm.) FURNISHED INTERIORS IN HELLENISTIC GREECE 220,

5. Reconstructed bench, Figure ?nsula of the Bronzes, house II,

Delos. After D?los XXXVIII, pi. 105:3; courtesy Ecole fran?aise d'Ath?nes

believes that the area be either domestic or a that such may workshop produced miniatures. It is not from a certainly tomb.44

4 Lead miniature model of a seat Fig. 4, right P. dim of seat 0.04 x 0.04 m; weight 40 g. Identical to 3 in shape and decora tion, and found in the same area (Sismanidis 1998, p. 390, fig. 11).

Archaeological Evidence: Funerary

The of seats from contexts are more encour preserved examples funerary aging. Stools without backs, usually of silver or iron, have been found in early Roman tombs of .45 Such stools are apparently called ?icppoi was a in the literary sources.46 A predecessor of these diphroi found in 4th at century tomb Stavroupolis inThessaloniki (5, Fig. 6); with its silver foil to to term covering, it appears correspond the ?pyopOTto'u? ?icppo? found in inscriptions.47

44.1 would like to thank the excava been on the mound at Mikri in dead, which had placed Doxipara-Zoni Kostas for which date to the late 1 st tor, Sismanidis, discussing earth that covered the pit, included Thrace, these two miniature seats with me and bronze the remains 2nd a.d. and glass, vessels, of eady century (Triantafyllos for me the to a which the were of giving permission study cloth with offerings Terzopoulou 2005, pp. 4-6). Diphroi them A similar miniature silver this kind are common in Roman thoroughly. covered, and the diphros. The very seat found in an tomb at ends of the axones of the are burials in Thrace and See now unpublished diphros Bulgaria. a will be published inAndri decorated with bronze lion's heads, Delemen 2006, p. 258, for pair of b. b.c. monolithic marble anou, forthcoming, together with bronze discs bearing 4th-century 45. Roman from Macedo examples Medusa heads in relief. (2)A second diphroi from southeastern Thrace. nia include the The re is 46. The word is taken to following. (1) diphros of unknown material very usually mains of a silver found in a the excavation mean a "stool" without arms or back. As diphros pit briefly reported from of area in n. grave in the of Abelakia Oresti A at Spilaio Evrou (Triantafyl Pritchett (1956, p. 215, 24) rightly ada. The to the main los The comes it is sometimes used grave belongs 1999, p. 626). diphros notes, however, by burial of a tumulus and is dated to the a a ancient authors as a term for from pit with cremation burial dated general or seat. end of the 1st the beginning of the to the 2nd century a.d. (3) Two iron any kind of 2nd a.d. are the century (Triantafyllos 1998, diphroi among offerings found 47./Gil21394, line 14. The for the pp. 352-353). offerings in cremation pits B and C of the 230 DIMITRA ANDRIANOU

are were Built diphroi found inMacedonia and used in tombs either a or as for the placement of vessel containing the ashes of the deceased at tables for the placement of offerings. The built diphros in the tomb Ayios Athanasios inMacedonia (6) has the form of a cube and was found in a chamber furnished with two beds. are Marble thrones part of the funerary furniture of three Macedonian one tombs48 at (8-10) and tomb at Eretria (ll).49 The bones of the were a was a deceased usually kept in box that placed either in cavity inside the seat of the throne or on top of it. Such thrones, which are found exclu were sively in tombs, might have indicated high status, but not restricted art attest to members of royalty: literary evidence and representations in use the of thrones by nonroyals.50 On the other hand, although the palace is the obvious area inwhich one would expect to find a throne, excavations of Macedonian palatial structures have not yet produced any throne frag ments.51 The lack of any evidence of thrones from the palatial structures of mean were Pella and Vergina does not, of course, that the latter devoid of none so such royal symbols, but rather that has far been discovered. use was a custom It has been suggested that the of funerary thrones to specific female burials.52 Apart from Macedonian tombs, evidence for this custom is provided by funerary stelai and reliefs53 and by the inscriptions

48. "Macedonian tomb" I mean division into two and the arm are in By levels, (1876, pi. 13) later date and thus a a rests to a seat built chamber tomb roofed with all point the base of royal disassociated from the function of this an earthen or a room the barrel vault and covered by of " (Heuzey and Daumet of palace. The bases and the in or areas 216: en are also a matter of tumulus, found Macedonia 1876, p. "l'esp?ce de tribune, pillar controversy since associates where Macedonian influence may have marbre accompagn?e de piliers votifs, Heuzey them with For this defi voit contre mur the while been particularly strong. que l'on adoss? le de la exedra, Saatsoglou-Paliadeli see m?me to or more monu nition and additional bibliography salle. La forme du soubassement, assigns them "one sa en not to the Miller 1993, p. 1. For the numbering division deux degr?s, le bras sail ments, but necessarily related of Macedonian tombs I fol sont se and Daumet the have lants qui y m?nag?s, pr?teraient exedra" (Heuzey 1876, As ce ? lowed Sismanidis 1997. various mieux, ? qu'il semble, la base d'un pp. 190-191; Saatsoglou-Paliadeli I to ou to systems exist, have tried avoid si?ge royale d'une statue"). This 2001, p. 204). Iwould like thank M. and D. Diamantourou confusion by indicating other features description, although later repeated by Hatzopoulos or names with me in of the tombs other by which Rhomaios (1955, p. 144) andAndroni for discussing this issue are they known. (1961, pp. 16-17), is controversial, detail. were or 49. Such thrones found in Ver and it is doubtful whether Rhomaios 52. Heuzey and Daumet 1876, seen gina I, VI, and VIII, possibly Vergina Andronikos had actually the p. 263; Pantermalis 1972; Andronikos For at III (of wood), and Eretria. further remains. When excavation the palace 1989, pp. 375-379 ("Tomb of Eury on was details the Macedonian examples, begun again in 1938, the marble dike"). see were Kurtz and Boardman Sismanidis 1997, pp. 198-199 and steps already missing, along with 53. 1971, n. see 540. For Eretria Vollmoeller the marble threshold that Heuzey p. 277; Dentzer 1982, pp. 123-125, at entrance to throne 1901, pp. 345-354, pis. XIII, XIV. found in situ the the figs. 536-538, 565 (on vases). A room and with turned decorated with 50. E.g., Air.Anab. 7.4.7, referring circular (Heuzey Daumet legs to s at is on a Alexander wedding Susa, where 1876, p. 190; Saatsoglou-Paliadeli depicted 4th-century were in in the of a the brides and grooms seated 2001, pp. 203-204). Recent research funerary stele found atelier on in in the Italians on thrones. Such thrones also appear the area, undertaken 1998, has sculptor Agora of the on Classical and Hellenis established that what remains is with frequently currently Delos. The deceased depicted a construction her feet crossed on a footstool and a tic funerary stelai and reliefs (Richter is noncanonical of the of to man in front of her: see D?los 1966, figs. 71-73,114). foundation the exedra, belonging standing 51. In 1876 Heuzey reported that a later intervention of the Late Helle XVIII, p. 10, no. 5c, fig. 9, pi. VL54; he seen "remains of a marble exedra nistic Bizard and Roussel no. 73 had period (Saatsoglou-Paliadeli 1907, p. 468, next to For seats see accompanied by votive pillars 2001, p. 204). If this is so, then the (inscription). simpler room D?los nos. the wall" in the circular (tholos) exedra, the small rectangular bases, and XVIII, p. 10, 5d and e; Rous at and he con the ornate seen no. of the palace Vergina, richly decorated pillar sel and Hatzfeld 1909, p. 511, 30 cluded that "the form of the base, its and drawn by Heuzey and Daumet (inscription). FURNISHED INTERIORS IN HELLENISTIC GREECE 231

Figure 6. Silver diphros (5). Stavrou . After polis, Rhomiopou lou 1989, pi. 56:0

on a b.c. the beds and thrones of 4th-century tomb at Eretria.54 Whether custom was or more this local widespread inGreece cannot be determined without further excavation and study.55

Catalogue

Stavroupolisy Thessaloniki two a 5 Parts of legs and four transverse beams of diphros(?) Fig. 6 x x m Dim. 0.55 0.55 0.45 m; L. of beams 0.34 each. The wooden parts, which have decomposed, were covered with silver foil. Found in a tomb dated to the 4th before the foundation of the century b.c., city by (Rhomiopoulou 1989, p. 215, no. 22, pi. 56:5; Besios 1995, p. 246).

Ayios Athanasiosy Thessaloniki 6 Built diphros H. 1 m. Built in the form of a cube set on a base in the corner of the tomb chamber, and coated with white stucco, inwhich the legs and the seat of the diphros are rendered in relief. Found in theMacedonian tomb discovered by Petsas (1969, p. 399), dated by Gossel (1980, p. 84, n. 446) to the second half of the 3rd cen tury b.c. and byMiller (1970, p. 109) to the beginning of the same century. No photograph published.

a 7 Remains of wooden diphros(?) Traces of the of a of made of legs piece furniture perishable materials, placed in the northwest corner of the tomb chamber. Found in the Macedonian tomb of 54. Vollmoeller 1901, pp. 345-354, pis. XIII, XIV. The beds in the tomb Ayios Athanasios III, dated to the last quarter of the 4th century b.c. (Tsimbidou were inscribed with male names and Avloniti 2005, p. 105). the thrones with female names. 55. Andronikos, who suggested this of Vergina scheme gender differentiation 8 Marble throne on based the furniture accompanying H. W. 1.18 m. Set on a The four a burial, already noted (1993, p. 150) 2.01, rectangular podium. legs, rectangular in relief decoration. The two armrests are the problems raised by the tomb in section, carry supported by sphinxes. the "Bella The left side is decorated with two a Tumulus." See also Paspalas attacking deer, and the high back 2005, p. 88. with a painting of and in a . A marble footstool with 232 DIMITRA ANDRIANOU relief and painted decoration was placed in front. Found in tomb VIII at Vergina ("Tomb of Eurydike") and dated by the excavators to 340 b.c. (Andronikos 1989, p. 375; 1988, pp. 82-83).

9 Marble throne

The unique characteristic of this throne is the fact that it has no back; instead, a representation of a backrest has been painted on the wall behind it.The artist painted the sections of the "back" of the throne inwhite (possibly in imitation of was a marble) and the spaces between them in red. In front of the throne footstool, also the of two feet on its surface. presumably of marble, with impressions upper Found in tomb VI atVergina ("BellaTumulus") and dated to the beginning of the b.c. 3rd century (Andronikos 1984, pp. 36-37).

10 Marble throne

H. 1.98 m. The back of the throne is divided into nine rectangular parts, in of the arms rest on A marble foot arranged horizontally groups three; sphinxes. stool bears a painting of two griffins attacking a deer. Found in tomb I atVergina ("Rhomaios's Tomb"), dated to the beginning of the 3rd century b.c. (Rhomaios 1951, p. 40, fig. 18;Andronikos 1984, pp. 32-33; Sismanidis 1997, pp. 171-174).

Eretria 11 Three marble thrones

Dim. throne A: 0.80 x 0.80 x 0.65 m; throne B: 0.93 x 0.76 x 0.45 m; throne C: 1.00 x 0.75 x 0.45 m. Throne A has four flat feet; the back is not preserved. throne is with and The This decorated double volutes, palmettes, acanthus leaves. names of two women are on the lower B bears a inscribed taenia. Throne painting of a female figure standing between two animals, a panther to her right and a to her left. Under the painted decoration a female name is inscribed. Throne C has a form of a box with lions feet. The seat of the throne, made of a thin marble slab, imitates the lid of a box. On the front of the throne, below two rosettes in a name is inscribed. Under the there are two wreaths in relief, female inscription relief, in one of which the same name is inscribed a second time. The excavator has that the tomb have to three Found in suggested may belonged generations. a b.c. Vollmoeller 4th-century chamber tomb (Kourouniotis 1899, pp. 222-234; 1901, pp. 347-364, pis. XIILb [throne A], XIILa [throne C], XIV [throne B]).

BEDS AND COUCHES

As far as we know, there is no difference in form or construction between furniture used for sleeping and that used for eating. Greeks reclined dur on same ing meals and probably slept the pieces of furniture after meals. no to There is explicit evidence indicate that, of the beds mentioned one was or as below, any particular type used for sleeping feasting alone, in case lectus Whether of the of the Roman and grabat(ul)us.56 wood, straw, or marble, all beds were used as couches during feasts. For simplicity, how ever, I translate the Greek term KAivn, as well as its derivatives and syn onyms, as "bed" (rather than "bed/couch") throughout the following discus 56.Mols 1999, p. 127. sion. The items that served as children's beds or probably (baskets mangers) 57. For excavated children's beds were made of materials and are not in perishable generally represented from Herculaneum, see Mols 1999, excavations.57 pp. 43-44. FURNISHED INTERIORS IN HELLENISTIC GREECE 233

Literary Evidence

evidence for beds is rich. Terms for beds TJie literary particularly range from the Homeric X?%o? and ??pvioc to the Classical KA?vn,58 k?,w?8iov,59 KATvxfjp,60k?iv??, oK?ja7toi)?,61Kpoc??ocxoc, x?cjie-uva,62 ?oKOcvxri?,63oxi?oioac ?i; i)Ar|?,64 and fiji?KAivov.65 Unique is the type of bed with tables that out could be pulled from beneath it.66We also hear of beds with turned two legs decorated with sphinxes (kaivoci aqnyyo-xooec)67 and beds with risers (apxpiK?(paAoi).68The latter type is still unknown in the archaeologi cal record, with the possible exception of the recently published bed from Macedonian tomb III at Ayios Athanasios (22). Terms for parts of beds are also known: x? ?vrj?axov (the bedstead), o? x?voi (interlacings), and o? Tio?e? (legs). In the written testimonia wood common is the most material for the frame and the legs.69 Decorations are of precious materials sometimes mentioned: x?voi %?5uvn?70 (tortoise shell interlacings), ?pyup07to'u? ka?vt]71 (a bed with silver feet), ?-xapyopoi or TTO?e?72(gilt silver feet), ka?voci %pi)oa? GcpiyyOTXoSe?73(gold beds with more feet decorated with sphinxes). Gold and silver couches appear often sources as in the of the , used by figures such Alexander are and II; in earlier periods such costly couches offerings listed never in temple inventories, domestic items (with the exception of the property of Alcibiades in the Attic Stelai). sources Literary and epigraphical often mention "Chian" and "Mile were are sian" beds.74 These beds probably renowned, since they frequently

as in the Attic Stelai 58. E.g., Hdt. 6.139,9.16; IG 112 62.Mentioned inAttic Stelai ?|axpiK?(pata)c 1315, line 9. The word appears in the (IG I3 421, line 204) with the adjective (IG I3 421, line 206), and Pollux (10.36) Attic Stelai: IG I3 421, lines 202,206; napaKoXkoq (veneered or tessellated). mentions the word ?jjxpiKv?ipocAAo?. The l?xica of and Photios 422, lines 7,104,281-282,284-286, Theophrastos (Hist.pl. 4.3.4,5.7.6) Hesychios 292,295-296; 423, line 6; 425, lines 18, uses the word for the ornaments at define ajicpiKecpa^oc as "a bed that has 107; 426, lines 33-34. tached to chests, footstools, and th? an anaklintron or anaklisis at either Ar. 916. first four let which is bed is end." 59. Lys. The like, possibly why this ters the are in so in the stelai. 69. and olive wood are men of word also preserved expensive Maple 63. In it tioned in Od. and Poll. 10.35. theAttic Stelai (IG I3 423, line 7). Lexiphanes 6, signi 23.195 a 60. IG P 422, line 165. This term is fies a poor bed, in Anth. Pal. 7.634, 70. Poll. 10.35. found in Poll. 10.32 along with k^iv?? bier. 71.Ath.6.255e. are and K^iv?cpiov, but it is uncertain 64. In Ath. 4.138f these rough 72. IG P 343, lines 15-16; 344, to or couches of wood whether they refer couches loung (x)hr\) serving guests line 31; 346, line 66 (Parthenon inven at a festival. In Men. 420 ing chairs. Dys. only tories). 61. IG I3 423, line 8; 425, line 11; the word ori?ac appears, denoting 73. Ath. 5.197a. Poll. 10.35. The scholiast on Ar. Nub a mattress or bed of straw, rushes, or 74. Kritias fr. B2 (West); Ath. 1.28b, leaves carried outside for a celebration 254 gives the Attic equivalent Kpa??a 11.486e (Chian andMilesian beds); in a cave. are also mentioned to?, which also appears in Poll. 10.35. They by Attic Stelai: IG I3 421, lines 202,206; as at Eustathius (ad 77.16.608) states that it is Poseidonios votive offerings the 422, line 295 (Milesian beds); Parthe an it as a of on Delos non inventories and Milesian Attic word and defines "cheap sanctuary Kynthe (D?los (Chian near no. and low bed that is the ground." XI, p. 120; ID?los 1937, 1894; beds): IG I3 343, line 13; 344, line 28; At the of Plato's D?onna no. lines line beginning 1934, p. 383, 10). 345, 45-46; 351, 13; 357, (310c), Socrates is seated on a ck?u 65. IG XI147B, line 14: a half-sized lines 66-67; IG II21425, line 277 (Mi or a accounts Tiovj?. In Xen.An. 6.1.4 soldiers dine couch part of couch. lesian beds). In the Parthenon on As 66. ID?los lines Milesian beds in the accounts of while reclining them. Pritchett 1403BbII, 29-30, appear term 33-34: the b.c. occur concludes (1956, p. 231), the pos t)7i?o7tacTa Tpa7t??ux. year 434/4 and regularly a 67. 5.197a. For see sibly denoted low, humbler bed, of Ath. thereafter. further discussion also 68. One "Milesian" bed is described a. light weight, used by soldiers. Andrianou, forthcoming, 234 DIMITRA ANDRIANOU

cited in temple inventories and in the Attic Stelai. A "Milesian bed," ac to cording Caroline Ransom, had rectangular legs and engravings and was distinguished in the 5th century for its elegance and richness.75 She name an believes that the indicates Asiatic origin. It is, however, impossi to ble say with any degree of certainty whether these adjectives refer to or the location of the beds' production, to their style, to the origin of their artists. are Similarly, the "Delian beds" that appear inmodern scholarship not or explicitly mentioned in any of the ancient sources, either literary texts on a inscriptions. The assumption is based passage of Pliny (HN 33.144) in which he mentions the "Delian pattern" (Deliaca specie) of the ban a queting couches owned by certain Carvilius Pollio. The vague phrase as a on Deliaca specie has been interpreted evidence of bed factory the no island,76 although there is, thus far, other textual evidence to support it. The passage is nevertheless significant in that it illustrates the way in names which certain geographically defined styles lend their to manufac tured products. to What Pliny is clearly referring in this passage is the bronze used for the feet and or the head- footrests (fulcra) of dining couches.77 Since no sources are on of copper yet attested Delos, the meaning of the phrase not "Delian bronze" is entirely straightforward, but Pliny is probably to on or referring objects either manufactured the island imported and assembled there.78 Carvilius Pollio, according to Pliny, was the first person own were to silver-plated banqueting couches, but those couches not of mean not the "Delian pattern," by which he may that they did conform to the fine style and appearance of the bronze-plated beds that customarily on name furnished the houses the island. Thus, the "Delian" might denote the local manufacture of furniture parts, the importation and assembly of on or a on pieces Delos, general trend in the style of furniture the island, was regardless of where it made. we What actually know of bed manufacturers and bed workshops is limited to a few sources: Plato selects the maker of couches as an illustra a was a tion of "typical craftsman" and suggests that couch making trade a distinct from chair making; while true workshop with 20 couch makers a belonged to ' father, who had stock of couch timbers and as one ivory, possibly for their decoration.79 Workshops such the owned by Demosthenes' father may have existed in many Greek cities. Plato a names gives variety of for bed makers (ka?votcoio?, K?ivoupyoi, x?Kxove?, KAivorcriYo?),80 and specialized technicians who made parts of beds (fulcra, as feet, frames) possibly existed well.

75. Ransom 1905, p. 54, n. 5. 79. PI. Resp. 596b-597b; Dem. 76. E.g., by Faust (1994, pp. 577, 27.10, 30. On the materials used for 600). couches, see Ransom 1905, p. 39. Plin. HN 80. PI. 597. 77. Cf. 34.9 (Deliaco aeris). Resp. See also Dem. Poll. 78. Delian objects of bronze (ves 27.9,24,29-30, 35, 37; 7.111, in are 159. For an earlier use of the word sels particular) also mentioned Cicero: Deliaca ex aere T8KTC0V see Raubitschek by supellex (carpenter), (Verr.2.34). 1949, p. 231, no. 196. FURNISHED INTERIORS IN HELLENISTIC GREECE 235

Archaeological Evidence: Domestic

on The excavation of houses Delos has produced only fragments that might as a be attributed to beds, such set of bell-shaped hollow "tubes" of bronze to secure ex that might have belonged bed legs (12, Fig. 7).81 The only a comes ample of bronze bed leg from the House of the Seals (13, Fig. 8).82 are Beds also mentioned in the inventories of sanctuaries and the inscrip or tions of hestiatoria, dining areas.83 One part of the bed that often survives and is recovered in excavations arm- or two is thefulcrum, the headrest.84 The beds depicted in red-figure vase b.c. was paintings of the 5th century clearly show that the fulcrum an independent component.85 The backs of these fulcra, in both the 5th century prototypes and later bronze beds, consisted of wooden railings. was Helmut Kyrieleis suggests that wood used almost exclusively for Greek on beds until at least the middle of the 4th century b.c., based the paucity of references to metal furniture in contemporary literary sources.86 There are as many literary references to gold and silver couches,87 but, Kyrieleis one source points out, only mentions such metals in connection with Greek furniture before the Hellenistic period.88 The txtwatfulcra from Hellenistic Greece range in date from the 3rd to the 1st century b.c. or On Delos, the quarter of Skardhana has yielded fragments of two three on no fulcra from beds dated archaeological grounds earlier than the second b.c. so secure quarter of the 1st century (14).89This is far the only evidence a context of beds in Delian other than the parts of legs mentioned above. at In the excavations Pella three entire fulcra have been discovered (15-17). Two of them were found in domestic areas and are dated between the end of the 3rd century b.c. and the end of the 1st. The third was found a near a in 1983 in building complex small temple, north of the agora and

81. D?los are XVIII, pp. 2-3, figs. 1,2, reconstructions of Greek bed legs of Kynthios); Roussel 1916, 51. Their based either on Roman bed or no. 18 pis. IV:43, V:50, heights legs p. 204, 216, line (an Egyptian from 0.03 to 0.10 m. The small on vases. range representations sanctuary). dimensions of these 82. D?los 84. For a treatment of fragments puzzled XXXVIII, p. 91, pi. 42:4; thorough the who also that Siebert Traces see excavators, suggest 1976, p. 813, figs. 24,25. fulcra, Faust 1989; for earlier spec come from small benches of wood were found attached to the see they might imens, also Greifenhagen 1930; and footstools rather than beds. A foot. For reconstructed Hellenistic beds Hill 1963; Barr-Sharrar 1987; Kyrieleis bronze with elaborate decora plaque outside the geographical scope of this 1969. of Roman was also see an tion, probably date, study, Faust 1994 (from theMahdia 85. On oinochoe by the Eretria found in it have served as a a Delos; may shipwreck);Wiegand 1904, pp. 378 Painter and Lucanian krater (Kyriel a or as the a headrest for bed back of 383 (from ). eis 1969, p. 129, nos. 1, 6). chair 83. From sanctuaries in (D?losXVIII, p. 4, pi. V:48). Athens: 86. Kyrieleis 1969, p. 141. There is general confusion regarding IG I3 343, lines 12,13,15-16; from 87. Hdt. 9.80-82 and 1.50; Arr. a the distinction between the back of Delos: ID?los 1417BII, lines 74-75; Anab. 6.29.5-6; Dem. 24.129; Ath. chair and the arm- or headrest of a 1412a, line 27; IG XI 287B, line 20; 5.197a-b, 6.255e. since extant was bed, very few and securely 161B, line 22. A K?aoia also 88. Kyrieleis (1969, pp. 141-142) a identified fragments have been pub offered to Roman in the Establish refers to Thuc. 3.68.3: Kai to?? aAAot? . . . lished and discussed: see, for example, ment of the Poseidoniastes (Picard xoc?ko? Kai oi?npo?, K^iva? Kara the opposing interpretations of the 1936, p. 195). From hestiatoria in OK?t)aoaVT??. word ?vcxK?toi? in theAttic Stelai sanctuaries: IG XI154A, line 4; 161A, 89. Siebert 1973, pp. 559-561; see see on (IG I3 421, line 209; for discussion line 114 (Artemision); 144A, line 68 also Barr-Sharrar 1987, p. 26, the Pritchett Most line 33 1956, pp. 213-214). (Asklepieion); 165, (Sanctuary suggested date. 236 DIMITRA ANDRIANOU

south of the acropolis, together with other bronze implements that may suggest a hestiatorion.90 on Finally, five clay objects found the northwest side of the south insula as at Pella have been interpreted by the excavators molds for bronze fittings, to possibly forfulcra (18, Fig. 9).91 A detailed study led the conclusion that are to they molds used produce bronze objects in the "lost wax" technique.92 are never area Since these molds intact, and thus used, the in which they were as area a found has been interpreted the storage of metalworking shop. on an Fulcra often had ivory ornaments their frames.93 The head of a was ivory wearing wreath found in the Athenian Agora in 1957, in a b.c. cistern abandoned by the first half of the 2nd century (19, Fig. 10).94 concave & Its lower edge would fit the frame of fulcrum panel. The absence of stone beds from houses maybe the result of poor pres reuse or or ervation and of nonperishable materials, of the fact that wood were more common. other perishable materials We often read of planked or beds (k??vou gocvi?coxoci)95 and beds repaired manufactured for certain sanctuaries.96 are areas While traces of domestic beds lacking, public dining ( are a source men toria) usually good for comparanda. Three examples maybe rooms were tioned. Two with stucco sins for the placement of beds unearthed a to in the circular structure at Pella (Kanali area), building dating the begin b.c. as a ning of the 3rd century and interpreted hestiatorion.97 Fragments a are of beds, each cut from single large block, preserved in the at late-4th-century abaton of the Asklepieion Corinth.98 Finally, in the at recently excavated building complex (north of modern Naousa), was rooms as a glass decoration from beds found in the that served hestia to b.c. torion?9 The building is dated the second half of the 4th century This is the only known evidence of wooden beds decorated with glass from a context. nonfunerary a room The number of couches in domestic varies in the literary sources. rooms and archaeological Pollux records with three, five, and ten couches (Poll. 1.79). Athenaios records dining rooms with three, four, a room seven, and nine couches (Ath. 1.47e-f ). records dining of an 30 couches, indication of luxury (Plut.Mor. 679b). References to luxuri

90. Lilimbaki-Akamati 1986, 1957). The ornament, which is dated to (Roussel 1916, pp. 77 and 98, n. 20); the end of the 3rd the of Zeus where pis. 52-54; Barr-Sharrar 1987, p. 76, century b.c., sanctuary Kynthios, no. C171 bis. a with an 14 were depicts satyr's head ivy gar beds manufactured by Patro in the kles in b.c. in 178 b.c. 91. Lilimbaki-Akamati 1999, land profile. The lower edge of 250 and repaired was once pp. 193-194, figs. 1-4. plaque is curved and attached (D?losXI, p. 75-76; IG XI287A, to the a 92. The technique is fully described fulcrum with single nail. Its line 115; ID?los 443Bb, lines 142,162); inMattusch 1988, pp. 16-22,219. resemblance to the ornament from and the beds used for the Nn^icxpu^ molds see Mattusch Athens is For similar 1977, striking. ?a^ta (Sokolowski 1935, p. 382; Vallois ID?los are p. 389, pi. 104:e-h. 95. E.g., 1408d, lines 7-8; 1931, pp. 280-281). Other repairs 93. Hill 1963, pis. 78, 79. 1412a, line 46. mentioned in IG XI144A, line 65; 94. 46:c. 96. from Delos Thompson 1958, p. 159, pi. Examples include 199A, line 27; 287A, line 70 (250 b.c.). ornament a A similar ivory from ful the sanctuary of -Hekate, 97. Lilimbaki-Akamati 1998a, crum was are found in the Greek colony of where twenty beds mentioned in p. 109, fig. 2. one 98. 14:4. Mirmekion (Mirmeki) in the Crimean of the inscriptions (ID?los 1400, Corinth XIV, pp. 51-57, pi. peninsula (Daux 1958, p. 352, fig. line 16); theHieropioion (IGXI147B, 99. Allamani, Koukouvou, and 3;Michalowski and Gaydovkeivitch lines 13-14); in the Serapeia A and B Psarsa 2004, p. 574. FURNISHED INTERIORS IN HELLENISTIC GREECE 237

Figure 7. Bronze bell-shaped hollow "tubes" (12), possibly from bed legs. Delos. After D?los XVIII, pi. V:50, 51; photo courtesy Ecole fran?aise d'Ath?nes, no. 1311

Figure 8. Bronze bed foot (13), dur excavation and after ing cleaning. House of the Seals, Delos. After Siebert 1976, p. 814, figs. 24,25

rooms ously decorated and spacious in terms of the numbers of couches can are not that they accommodate infrequent in literature, especially in none sources the Hellenistic period,100 but of the refers to such opulence inGreece, with two notable exceptions: Diodorus's account of Alexander's tent at Dion (Diod. Sic. 17.16.4; Ath.12.538c) and Karanos's wedding banquet inMacedonia (Ath. 4.128c-130d).

100. Ath. on the built Demetrios Poli see E.g., 204d-209e, siege engines by furniture, McCartney 1934. For of the the that barge Ptolemy Philopator and orketes. For idea the couches comparison, the andrones of the houses in furnished boat of of Syracuse; mentioned these passages represent at Pella could fit 13-19 beds (Makaro Diod. Sic. 20.91.1-4, on the lavish units of measurement rather than actual nas and Giouri 1989). DIMITRA ANDRIANOU

Figure 9. Clay molds, possibly for a bronzefulcra (18), and (bottom) modern stucco of a reproduction clay mold. Pella. After Lilimbaki-Akamati

1999, pp. 193-194, figs. 1-4 FURNISHED INTERIORS IN HELLENISTIC GREECE 239

Catalogue

Delos 12 Bell-shaped hollow "tubes" of bronze Fig. 7 ca. m. as bed feet H. 0.03-0.10; Diam. 0.055 Fragmentary, but interpreted (D?losXVIII, p. 2, inv. B 1258, pi. V-.50-51).

13 Bronze bed foot Fig. 8 of wood are to have been found attached to the bed foot. Traces reported Found in the House of the Seals (D?losXXXVIII, p. 91, pi. 42:4; Siebert 1976, p. 814, figs. 24,25). The proposed chronology by Siebert for the excavated houses the insula within the 2nd the remains of of Skardhana falls century b.c., although of habitation extend well into the Imperial period.

14 of two or three bronze Fragments fulcra The fragments represent the busts of two Silenoi (H. 0.68 and 0.43 m) and the head of amule (H. 0.28 m). It has been suggested by Siebert that one Silenos the to ont and to a second and mule belong fulcrum the other Silenos fulcrum, same Found in and on both decorated by the artist. the quarter of Skardhana dated not earlier than the second of the 1st b.c. archaeological grounds quarter century (Siebert 1973, pp. 559-561; Barr-Sharrar 1987, p. 26).

Pella 15 Bronze fulcrum H. 0.085 m (bust). Bears the head of amule and a bust of Dionysos holding a to an was with them is not kantharos. According Oikonomos, eagle that found of the same but could be reconstructed on one of the lower beams part fulcrum, of the bed. Found in a house destroyed during the Roman conquest of 168 b.c. (Oikonomos 1914, pp. 141-143, figs. 7,8; 1926; Barr-Sharrar 1987, p. 53, no. C82, and p. 20, n. 18). The mule and the bust of Dionysos are dated by Faust (1989, nos. to pp. 41-42, 16, 88) the 2nd-lst century b.c., and by Barr-Sharrar (1987, no. to b.c. p. 53, C82) the first quarter of the 2nd century

16 Bronze fulcrum H. 0.085 m (bust). Decorated with a bust of Dionysos of the Lykeios type, reclining and holding a kantharos in his left hand. Found in the north house of insula III (Makaronas 1963, p. 209, pi. 237:a, b; Barr-Sharrar 1987, p. 52, no. to ca. b.c. C80). Dated by Barr-Sharrar 210-200

17 Bronze fulcrum H. 0.075 m Decorated with a a or (bust). nude male bust wearing garland of laurel leaves. Found in a near a small north building complex temple of the and south of the with other bronze agora acropolis, along implements sug gesting a dining area, possibly a hestiatorion (Lilimbaki-Akamati 1986, pis. 52-54; Barr-Sharrar no. C171 Dated to the 1987, p. 76, bis). by Barr-Sharrar last quarter or b.c. of the 3rd century the first quarter of the 2nd century

18 Five molds 9 101.1 would like to thank the exca clay Fig. H. Diam. 0.067-0.085 m. Found on the northwest side of vator, Maria Lilimbaki-Akamati, for 0.13-0.14; (base) the south insula and the excavators as molds for bronze providing photographs of the molds interpreted by fittings, and additional information about them. possibly ioxfulcra (Lilimbaki-Akamati 1998b; 1999, pp. 193-194, figs. 1-4).101 240 DIMITRA ANDRIANOU

Figure 10. Ivoryfulcrum attachment (19). Athens. After Hill 1963, pi. 78:b; photo courtesy Agora Excavations

Athens 19 Ivory head of awreathed satyr Fis;. 10 H. m. in a * 0.10 Found cistern in the Athenian Agora and believed to be ful crum attachment (Thompson 1958, p. 159; Hill 1963, pi. 78:b). The cistern was abandoned by the first half of the 2nd century b.c.

Archaeological Evidence: Funerary

A recent, comprehensive study by Kostas Sismanidis has presented the beds and structures bed-shaped (sarcophagi, cists, and rectangular bases) from Macedonian tombs.102 According to Sismanidis, 48 beds were un in covered 35 Macedonian tombs, the largest group of furniture preserved. stone Seventeen of the tombs had beds with painted or relief decoration or no at decoration all; five tombs had wooden beds; eight tombs had a sarcophagi-beds;103 and five tombs had structure commonly interpreted as the for a are base wooden bed.104 These numbers growing rapidly with the discovery of additional furnished tombs. Beds and structures bed-shaped have been found in the principal chambers ofMacedonian tombs. From the material studied by Sismanidis it is apparent that the number of chambers inside a tomb is unrelated to the number of beds and that the positioning of the beds does not recall the for a arrangement symposium.105

102. Sismanidis 1997. on Recently constructed of large stones, empty 105. Sismanidis 1997, pp. 183-184. excavated beds or of beds not the interior and undecorated on the See Delemen 2006 an parts for example of included in that are discussed set on the rather a study exterior, tomb's floor sympotic arrangement of furniture below (20-40). than into or below it (Sismanidis 1997, in a chamber tomb in southeastern 103. The term sarkophagoi-klinai p. 154). Thrace. is structures used for long, rectangular 104. Sismanidis 1997, pp. 181-182. FURNISHED INTERIORS IN HELLENISTIC GREECE 241

are or Funerary beds either of stone wood. Sismanidis believes that more common wooden beds may have been than the numbers actually found inMacedonian tombs would suggest.106 In general, traces of wooden beds are common or inside cist pit graves.107 InMacedonian tombs, however, the choice of material is also closely connected to the funerary rites: stone beds mainly accommodated inhumations, while wooden beds received are cremations. Both burial practices attested side-by-side throughout the are period covered by the present study. Stone beds usually of poros, coated with white stucco, although white marble was used in few cases.108Marble beds are not stuccoed, except in the case of the two beds found in tomb I at a Pydna.109 Conglomerate beds form much smaller group.110 The arrangement of stone beds inMacedonian tombs might be indic a ative of the arrangement in house. If this is true, it isworth noting that the were funerary beds usually placed adjacent to the back wall of the chamber with a space left next to the bed. Sismanidis assumes that this space was a sort used for wooden offering table of the described by Arrian {Anab. a 6.29.6).111 Three beds placed in U-shaped arrangement (along both sides and the back) are recorded from a looted chamber tomb at Derveni and a dated by few remaining offerings to the 2nd century b.c.112 Domestic more one was a room beds, when than placed in (a sympotic arrangement), a or a could have been placed in either U-shaped T-shaped arrangement one (along side and the back). Yet another possibility is presented by the recently published Macedonian tomb at Foinikas in Thessaloniki (40), are on a where the wooden beds placed pedestals in parallel arrangement, to the right and left of the entrance, with one side close to the wall.113 was The arrangement of funerary (or domestic) beds most likely dictated by the dimensions of the room, its function, and the rest of the furniture. Smaller rooms with more than one bed and space restrictions may have rooms favored the T-shaped arrangement; larger may have preferred the as parallel arrangement with space left between them, in many modern Western bedrooms. case Beds normally received the body of the deceased or, in the of were cremation burials, the ashes, which placed in precious larnakes.114The

106. The wooden beds from Mace ments: tombs are not Siganidou 1968, pp. 340-341, (37). These discussed by donian tombs are discussed in Sismani are not fig. 8); in the pit grave T12 in northern Sismanidis, since they of the dis 1997, pp. 134-153. (Besios 1995, pp. 245-246); in Macedonian type. 107. include those found at Examples the cemetery Pydna (Besios 1993, 108. Sismanidis 1997, p. 190, in a cist grave in ancient Mieza (Misae pp. 242-243); atAbdera (Kallintzi n. 603. two in a at 109. lidou-Despotidou 1993, p. 128); in 1993, p. 563); cist grave Vergina Sismanidis 1997, pp. 105-111. at cist graves Pella (Lilimbaki-Akamati (Kottaridi 1993, p. 36); at Pella (Chry 110. Sismanidis 1997, p. 190, n. 606. in cist at 1992, p. 92, fig. 4); graves sostomou 1998b, pp. 63, 65, 66); in a 111. Sismanidis 1997, p. 189. Pydna (remains of ivory and clay deco cist grave in the tumulus at Abelia in m.Tzanavari 1997, p. 464. ration from wooden beds: Besios 1992, Pella (Chrysostomou 1998c, p. 143); 113. Tsimbidou-Avloniti 2005, a on p. 158; 2003, pp. 373, 375); in tombs I, in pit grave the grounds of the p. 33. Similar is the arrangement in the and III A II, of tumulus and tumulus B Thessaloniki International Fair Palatitsia tomb (Heuzey and Daumet at Aineia (31-34; for a reconstruction (Tsimbidou-Avloniti, Galiniki, and 1876, pp. 232-233, pis. 15,16). see of the leg of the bed in tumulus B, Anagnostopoulou 2003, p. 219); in 114. Tsimbidou-Avloniti 2005, p. 41 Vokotopoulou 1990, p. 83, fig. 43); in tumulus B at (35); at Sedes (Macedonian tomb at Foinikas). area the of Allatini (possible bed frag (36); and in another cist grave at Pella 242 DIMITRA ANDRIANOU

in at bed tomb III Vergina (the so-called Tomb of Philip) is unique in that it held the weapons of the deceased.115 on m m Funerary beds of any material are, average, 2 in length and 1 in height and width.116 It isworth noting that the average length of the funer ary beds is less than the estimated length of the couches in public buildings, on vases m while depictions red-figure may represent beds greater than 1 in height, since footstools accompany the majority of them. Monumental stone beds of considerably larger dimensions have been found in three tombs (atAngista, Pella, and Nea Kerdyllia)117 and monumental sarcophagi in four others (Thessaloniki II, Vergina VII, I, and Dion IV).118 at Unique is the example of the marble bed in tomb I Dion, for which the width is sufficient to accommodate two people lying next to each other (a "double bed").119 Stone footstools accompany the beds in some Macedonian are tombs,120 while others rendered in paint.121 A question that arises from the discussion of movable funerary beds is were how closely they associated with the beds found in domestic settings, same were owners and whether the beds used by their during life and then placed in their tombs after death. Manolis Andronikos believed that the was owner elaborate bed in tomb III at Vergina used by its in life.122On the was other hand, Sismanidis believes that the bed made specifically for the no means tomb, but he stresses that the evidence is by conclusive.123 One reasons of the for his conclusion is that the Dionysiac iconography of the on decorative frieze of the bed (Fig. 11) is generally found only funerary as an to biers. The iconography of Dionysos has been interpreted allusion an eternal banquet in the afterlife, and the appearance of the mule in such scenes as an allusion to the "mystic trip" to the other world.124 However, on there is also evidence of Dionysiac decoration thefulcra of the beds from a Pella (15,16, and possibly 17), discussed above and found in domestic context, aswell as in the decoration of domestic houses, such as the in the House of Dionysos at Pella.125 This imagery was certainly readable on more one than level: it alludes to drinking and revelry, both in life and in the afterlife. are The use and decoration of the beds found in tombs definitely use indicative of their and decoration in life, although the role played by

see as 115. Sismanidis 1997, p. 139. The beds, Sismanidis 1997, p. 190. only later have been re-employed were in funeral because of the bones of the deceased placed 117. Sismanidis 1997, pp. 82,128, biers?possibly a was set 123. associations of an earlier use golden larnax and this into special to the marble box of the chamber. The 118. Sismanidis 1997, pp. 156,155, be equated with that of the Roman lectus decoration of the bed is still being 161,147. genialis? studied. In the latest written report 119. Sismanidis 1997, p. 93. 123. Sismanidis 1997, p. 213. to by Angeliki Kottaridi and the team 120. Sismanidis 1997, pp. 84 124. Dionysos, according tradi bed's 121 back to responsible for the reconstruction, (Angista), (Thessaloniki III). tion, brought Hephaistos on a mule after threw 85% of the remains of the decoration 121. Sismanidis 1997, pi. 1 (Pydna). Olympos to in 122. Andronikos 131. him For the Dio is said have been put place (Kot 1961, p. away (Paus. 1.20.3). Nicholls on Italian see taridi 1999, pp. 129-134, figs. 8-11). (1979, p. 26), writing about nysiac iconography fulcra, an reconstruc Roman beds of the 1st B.c also Letta 92.1 would like to For older, hypothetical century 1984, p. lst also believes that thank Massimo Cultraro for tion and discussion of the possible century a.D., bringing see this to attention. decoration, Andronikos 1961, elaborately decorated beds might have study my in in a or 125. Makaronas and Giouri 1989. pp. 121-131. been used life "prestigious role in the house and 116. For the general dimensions of semi-prestigious FURNISHED INTERIORS IN HELLENISTIC GREECE 243

' &: *>%&&*

* "* ?> ^zi?^^;\%*<^?'^ *i?&

11. in decorative Figure Satyr figure or elaborately decorated wooden stone beds in everyday life will remain frieze from a bed. After Sisma Pydna. unknown until more from domestic contexts come to nidis 1997, pi. 5:a examples light. on was The choice of materials certainly depended in part what available: was so wood, for example, readily available in the north of Greece, but less a in the south.126 Demosthenes had a stock of ivory in his bed factory for more a clientele that wanted something than simple wooden bier.127There no is evidence of specialized workshops that produced beds with gold and not ivory decoration. We do know whether the exquisite gold decoration was on the wooden bed in the "Tomb of Philip" at Vergina the work of or specialized jewelers, whether the finest of Plato's "typical craftsmen" were to (the couch makers) also capable of applying such decoration their products when asked. a a The simplest form of funerary bed remains wooden stretcher placed or on either directly on the ground the stone bed of the tomb. Wooden stretchers are common in the b.c. rock-cut tombs of 2nd-century Veroia, where the remains of wood and iron wedges are recorded, and reconstruc tion has been attempted by the excavators (Fig. 12).128 Other examples include the biers from the tombs of the Ambelakia tumulus at , dated to the end of the lst/beginning of the 2nd century A.D.;129 from tumulus B at Aineia, dated to the third quarter of the 4th century B.c.;130 and from the Hellenistic tombs of Samos.131 one case at Finally, in exceptional Veroia, organic material of either or leather cloth is preserved along with the remains of wood.132 It is

across 126. As Sismanidis (1997, p. 230) 127. Dem. 27.10, 30. 0.65 m) placed perpendicularly we cate 128. and second bier notes, should be careful when Drougou Touratsoglou them. A from the pit grave as or is from 12 of wood gorizing the tombs poor wealthy, 1998, pp. 174-175, fig. 46. This sketch reconstructed pieces since both the act of cremation and the will be revised when the wooden beds and iron nails. stone were are 84. construction of beds costly of Vergina published. 130. Vokotopoulou 1990, p. inMacedonia. On the other hand, 129.Triantafyllos 1998, pp. 350, m.Tsakos 1982, pp. 416-417, the as recon 352. One bier consisted of two n. 114. ivory and gold decoration parallel on some W. 0.05 structed wooden beds certainly pieces of wood (L. 2.04 m, m) 132. Drougou and Touratsoglou more W. both would have increased their value. with three pieces (L. and 1998, p. 93. 244 DIMITRA ANDRIANOU

a Figure 12. Reconstruction of wooden stretcher. Veroia. After

Drougou and Touratsoglou 1998, p. 175, fig. 46

was on a a or possible that the deceased placed wooden bier with leather a cover cloth covering. Nails for securing such to the wooden frame of the funerary bed are recorded from the Macedonian tomb at Foinikas in Thessaloniki (see below, 40).133 Since the beds from funerary contexts have been published by Sismani an dis in exemplary manner, the following catalogue includes only those or beds parts of beds found inMacedonian tombs after the publication areas of his study, together with beds from non-Macedonian tombs and outside Macedonia, which Sismanidis deliberately omitted. Descriptions are on based the excavation reports, where the furniture is often summarily are treated; dimensions given where published. (Examples of other wooden or traces on beds, attested only by pieces of decoration of their feet the are notes to floor, cited in the the preceding discussion.)

Catalogue

Abdera 20 Fragments of bed decoration the "numerous" of excava Among fragments ivory decoration recorded by the tors are and curved as well as elongated, meander-shaped, leaf-shaped, pieces, ivy leaves and rosettes. Found in one of the in the area of pit graves Xyrovrisi (Kallintzi 1998, p. 450). The cremation burial is dated by the contents of the tomb to the b.c. last quarter of the 4th century

Ayios Athanasios (Thessaloniki) 21 Fragments of bed decoration Fragments of four Gorgons with painted details, gilded stucco, and beads 133. Tsimbidou-Avloniti 2005, are mentioned from the bed in tomb Til (Tsimbidou-Avloniti 1997a, p. 252). In pp. 42, 81. FURNISHED INTERIORS IN HELLENISTIC GREECE 245

tomb T16 were found gilded clay figures representing reclining gods and goddesses, griffins, and warriors (Tsimbidou-Avloniti 1997a, pp. 253-254, figs. 7, 8). Tomb T20 produced fragments of glass beads, stucco Gorgons, and gilded clay plaques with sphinxes and griffins (Tsimbidou-Avloniti 1997a, p. 256). All four tombs are b.c. dated to the 4th century

22 of decoration from a Fragments possible "?c|i(ptK?(paAT| K?ivn" Inlaid ivory figures and at least 18 glass plaques with silver-gilt figures from the decoration of awooden bed. Found inMacedonian tomb III, dated to the last quarter of the 4th century b.c. (Tsimbidou-Avloniti 1997b, p. 432; 2005, pp. 104 105,161-165, fig. 21, pi. 48:b).

23 Fragments of bed decoration bronze stucco decoration Twenty-nine nails, gilded fragments, and glass from a wooden bed. The main decoration consists various figured of ivory frag ments some of in a chamber of human figures, which preserve color. Found tomb and dated to the end of the 4th century b.c. (Tsimbidou-Avloniti 2000, pp. 563-566).

Korinos 24 Fragments of bed decoration Ivory fragments with incisions and small human heads in relief. Found in the Macedonian tomb of tumulus B at south of and dated to the end Korinos, Pydna, of the 4th century b.c. (Besios 1994, p. 177).

Giannitsa 25 Fragments of bed decoration Thin iron and and rosettes. Found in plates, nails, ivory pieces, glass plaques a trench east of the tomb at north of robbing Macedonian , Pella, and dated to the beginning of the 3rd century b.c. (Chrysostomou 1997, p. 127).

Dafni (Thrace) 26 Fragments of bed decoration Found in a cist grave atDafni, northwest of Didymoteicho (Triantafyllos and Terzopoulou 1997, p. 935). No further information has been published.

Lefkadia 27 Fragments of bed decoration The include an statuette of a naked woman preserved pieces ivory (Aphro a on dite?) with circular hole the bottom, a hemispherical ivory object with spiral decoration that to a and from might belong box, three glass fragments, possibly the legs of awooden bed. Found in the antechamber of the "Tomb of Judgment" (Stefani 2000, p. 419). The burial in the antechamber is dated by the pottery to ca. 300 b.c.

Amphipolis 28 Fulcrum with a bust of Artemis m. H. 0.12 The bust was originally gilded and both eyes were inlaid with in a to b.c. silver. Found tomb dated the 3rd century (Barr-Sharrar 1987, p. 45, no. C50). 246 DIMITRA ANDRIANOU

29 Two poros blocks from a bed The bed consisted of two poros blocks covered with off-white stucco. The remains of the deceased and the funerary offerings were found on the bed. The walls of the cist were decorated with a scene two females. grave painted depicting east contents to Found in cist grave 1, in the cemetery, dated from the the second half of the 4th century b.c. (Malama 2003, p. 120).

Corinth 30 Poros funerary bed Found in an chamber tomb of the 4th b.c. on Chelio underground century tomylos hill, northwest of the city (Robinson 1962, p. 133).

Aineia 31 Fragments of bed decoration of and stucco decoration from a wooden Remains ivory, glass, bed, including the head of a an acanthus a of an Ionic griffin, leaf, flat-shaped leaf, part relief, frag ments of other two from the of the and various reliefs, square glass plaques leg bed, stucco in fragments from the decoration of the frieze. Found tomb I, tumulus A, dated to the end of the third quarter of the 4th century b.c. (Vokotopoulou 1990, pp. 19-20, pis. 9:a, y, 10:a).

32 Fragments of bed decoration Fragments of ivory figures, architectural reliefs, and floral motifs. Found in tomb II, tumulus A, dated to the third quarter of the 4th century b.c. (Vokoto poulou 1990, pp. 28-30, fig. 8, pis. 17:?, 18:oc-?, 19:cc, y, e).

33 Fragments of bed decoration and from the decoration of a wooden bed. Found in Ivory glass fragments tomb III, tumulus A, dated to the beginning of the third quarter of the 4th cen b.c. nos. tury (Vokotopoulou 1990, p. 71, 60-62, figs. 42:?, 43:oc).

34 Fragments of bed decoration include and decoration from the of awooden Fragments ivory, bone, glass leg bed. Iron nails from the bier were also found among the remains. Found in tomb IV, to the late third of the 4th b.c. tumulus B, dated quarter century (Vokotopoulou nos. 1990, pp. 83-84, 10-16, fig. 43, pis. 51-53).

Paionia () 35 Fragments of bed decoration and bone decoration a wooden bed. Found in tumu Fragments of glass from lus B at Paionia, in the district of Kilkis (Sawopoulou 1995, p. 427, fig. 3). The b.c. tomb is probably to be dated to the end of the 4th century

Sedes (Thessaloniki) 36 Fragments of bed decoration Dim. 1.70 x 0.80 x 0.50 m. The bed was made of unbaked brick, stuccoed of decoration are Bone and decorated. Various fragments glass reported. fragments a of various shapes and sizes (including gilded relief of Persephone) might have as excavator belonged to the bed and not to boxes, suggested by the (Kotzias 1937, pp. 886-887, figs. 21-23). Found in tomb T, dated by the excavator between 320 and 305 b.c. (Kotzias 1937, pp. 875-876, 886-890). FURNISHED INTERIORS IN HELLENISTIC GREECE 247

Figure 13. Frit leg casings (37) from a bed. Pella. After Lilimbaki-Akamati

1989, p. 124, figs. 1,2

Pella 37 Three frit casings from bed legs Fig. 13 Total H. 0.295 m. Made offrit, amaterial similar to faience. The legs of the wooden funerary bed passed through the holes in the center of each piece of sheath sets can be Near Eastern ing. Three of decoration distinguished, showing strong a decoration for beds in Greece. Found influence. This is unique form of funerary in a cist grave in the east cemetery, dated to the end of the 4th or the beginning of the 3rd century b.c. (Lilimbaki-Akamati 1989, figs. 1,2).134

Eretria 38 Stuccoed stone-built bed

x x m. bed is with Dim. 2.30 0.90 0.40-0.52 The stuccoed, representations of two It was on the eastern side of the tomb and the pillows. placed chamber, remains of a man were found upon it. Found in the Macedonian tomb at Kotroni (Karapaschalidou 1989, p. 20), dated to the end of the 4th or the beginning of b.c. the 3rd century

39 Two stone beds

Dim. 1.60 x 0.80 m (bed 1); 1.68 x 0.85 m (bed 2). Both are decorated with carved of a mattress and and both are inscribed with male representations pillows, names. in a b.c. chamber tomb 333 Found 4th-century (Vollmoeller 1901, pp. 376).

Foinikas (Thessaloniki) 40 Fragments of bed decoration decoration two beds on includes rosette The of wooden placed pedestals glass of various bronze nails leaves, rectangular plaques, "eyes" shapes, nails, silver-gilt for a leather cover or cloth to the wooden and (possibly securing frame), ivory frag ments of a scene. A third bed was in the chamber at a later date multifigured placed was a 134.1 would like to thank the exca and also decorated with ivory. Found in Macedonian tomb (tomb VI) dated to b.c. vator, Maria Lilimbaki-Akamati, for the beginning of the last quarter of the 4th century (Tsimbidou-Avloniti about this providing information find. 1988, pp. 261-262; 2005, pp. 39-44, 70-71, 75-79, pis. 19-21). 248 DIMITRA ANDRIANOU

FURNISHINGS ON BEDS

xovoi one On top of the bed's interlacings (the of the inscriptions) should are envision mattresses, covers, and pillows. Funerary beds often decorated are with carved mattresses, pillows, and bedclothes; examples known from a wide range of sites and represent our best source of information about Hellenistic bed furnishings.135 One of the best iconographie representa on tions of furnishings beds is the exceptional wall painting found in the b.c. 4th-century tomb III at Ayios Athanasios.136 The depiction of six on covers a symposiasts reclining beds with colorful preserves number arm on a of interesting details. Each symposiast rests with his left seems a or a are and to be covered by blanket sheet. In front of the beds one or are three serving tables, for each pair of symposiasts. No rugs mats to are depicted. The favorite color appears be purple and matching colors used for the pillows and the sheets.

Literary Evidence

The evidence for bedclothes that has survived in the Attic Stelai137 and

the texts of Pollux138 and Athenaios139 is striking. Pollux in particular gives a long list of epithets for bedclothes (oxpcojivri): ?,?7rcr|, euixpri?, eurixpioc, OTiATwri, axiA?oDoa, ei)%pco?, TTO?ujiopcpo?, 7top(piL>pa, aAODpyci?, ?Xinop qn)po?, Tipaoeio?, i)oyivo?a(pf|c, io?i?f|?, KpoKoei?fi?, KOKKCoavBouoa, kokko ?aepfjc, ?pcpv?vri, 7T?pi7iop(p\)po?, and ?ni%pvGoq. In Athenaios we read of covers sweet-smelling (rjS?oojio: oTpuVocm) and rose-smelling (pooorcvoa most common terms mattresses are axpcojiaxa).140 The for tt_)AT|, tuao?, Ti)??iov, axpcojLia,and Kv?cpccAAov,and for bedclothes 87Ti?Ar||!o:m, ?7ii?oAaia, 7t?pl?OAO:iOC,?(p?GTp????, ?|JXpl?GTp????, 8a7U???, Ta7U???, TaK^TZq,^naT????,

%A c?vca, oTpcojuvcci, GTpcb|LiaTa, imooTpcoiiccTo:, 7t?piOTp(?)jLiaTa, 7tapa7c?U?pocTa,

7tapaKa?t)jLi|LiaTa, 7tapa7i?x?o|iaxa, and ?Tii?AriTiov. Pollux says that bed or or even clothes were made of wool, linen, animal skins.141 Feathers, wool, leaves served as Pillows are known as Ttox? dry filling.142 TipooKEcpa?moc, or Leather Kpava,7ioiK?9aAma,\mnp?Gia, U7TOtt)X?via.143 pillows (7rpooK?(p?c men ?moc ok?tivoc) arementioned in theAttic Stelai,144 and Pollux specifically to tions wool, leather, and linen pillows.145 A reference linen pillows (7tpooK?(p??iaia ?iva) is also preserved in the Delian inventories.146 A TD?U)(pavTr|? (weaver of cushion covers) ismentioned by Pollux.147

135. The two beds in the Vathia carved on the two beds in a tomb at 139. Ath. 2.48b-d, 6.255e. in 140. 2.48c Aristo tomb Euboia preserve carved pillows Stavroupolis, (Sismanidis 1997, Ath. (quoting and in a tomb from Late and bedclothes (Vollmoeller 1901, pp. 132-133), ). an a pp. 370-371); imitation of real Hellenistic Aitolia (Dyggve, Poulsen, 141. Poll. 10.40-41. mattress can be seen inMacedonian and Rhomaios 1934, pp. 346-348); and 142. Richter 1965. two carved are on tomb III atThessaloniki (Sismanidis pillows preserved the 143. Pritchett 1956, pp. 253 1997, pp. 120-121); four headrests are bed at Kotroni in Eretria (38). 254. on carved the bed in Vergina tomb V 136. Tsimbidou-Avloniti 1996; 144. IG I3 422, lines 257-258. (Sismanidis 1997, p. 91); both beds at 1998; and 2005, pp. 114-134. 145. Poll. 10.40. Palatitsia have stone mattresses with 137. IG I3421, lines 190-196; 422, 146. ID?los 104/26C, lines 11-12. curved sides (Sismanidis 1997, p. 127); lines 257,259-260. 147. Poll. 7.191. mattresses and double headrests are 138. Poll. 10.42. FURNISHED INTERIORS IN HELLENISTIC GREECE 249

a man Athenaios (6.255e) describes the luxurious lifestyle of young who had three pillows under his head and two under his feet. Propertius to a (2.13.12, 4.5.24) and Pliny (HN 8.196) refer "Attalid embroidery," name was explained by Pliny's observation that gold embroidery invented in Asia by King Attalos. Pliny also mentions that the fabric called dam in was woven a was ask (polymita ), which from number of threads, introduced from (HN8.196). to According the rich literary and iconographie evidence, textiles were common weavers are very in everyday life. Both male and female attested.148 Textiles covered furniture and decorated the walls and ceilings of domestic interiors, valances hung from the edges of bed frames, pillows more and mattresses made sitting and sleeping comfortable, and curtains rooms divided and changed interior organization when necessary.149 Cloth a does not normally survive in Greece, but handful of textiles have been are found in tombs, where the conditions favorable for the preservation of perishable materials.

Archaeological Evidence

a The only trace of furnishings found in direct association with bed in was an or Greece "a substance that gives impression of wool feathers," in at was found the "Tomb of Philip" Vergina.150 This probably the remains a or a as of mattress feather pillow (rcpoaKecp?Acjciov 71tiaxot?v), such those described by Pollux (6.9-11,10.36-43). seven Of the surviving pieces of textile that fall within the chronologi were cal limits of this study, six used to wrap the remains of the deceased or one the vessel that housed the remains (41-46), and covered the ceiling a are of tomb (47).151They direct evidence of the multiple uses of textiles, their fabrics, and their styles.

Catalogue

Koropi () 41 Ten fragments of fine linen cloth All of are a were once the fragments colored shade of green. Five embroidered, were three bear of one five plain, the impression the embroidered pattern, and has a selvage. The design is a diaper pattern with walking lions, their tails uplifted and their raised in forepaws salutation.152 Spectroscopic analysis has indicated the in core presence of silver and gold the textile, the fiber of which may have been silk

148. Helikon and Akesas of 5a on the frieze of as an (curtains depicted chamber itself the setting of are known as "celebrated weavers" in the actors in the House of the Come eternal pro thesis for the heroized b.c. on the 4th-3rd century (Ath. 2.48b). dians Delos); Benassai 2001, pp. 77 deceased (Guimier-Sorbets 2001, 149. The visual evidence from vase 78, figs. 98, 99 (Pompeian and Capuan pp. 218,223). and is rich: see, for wall to or matter paintings paintings thought represent 152. The subject may be Richter imitate Hellenistic to a example, 1966, figs. 593, 598, interiors). compared wall painting found in 649 Richter 150. Andronikos b.c. 596, (bedclothes); 1966, 1977, pp. 24-25. the 3rd-century chamber tomb of andWalters 151. The latter has been seen as an to figs. 593,597, 598, 649, Dion, thought mimic fabric (Sote no. C 30 imitation a as 1903, p. 244, 529, pi. (va of large baldaquin, part riades 1930). Bruno an lances); 1985, pp. 22-30, pis. 3, of interpretation of the funerary 250 DIMITRA ANDRIANOU

or to have come from a tomb at and dated associated linen. Said Koropi by pot tery to the end of the 5th or the 4th century b.c. Now in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London (Beckwith 1954).

Athens, Kerameikos 42 Piece of silk cloth

Found in a bronze vessel inside a (Kubier 1936, pp. 188-190, fig. 16; Knigge 1988, pp. 109-110, no. 17).153It covered the remains of the deceased or (possibly the granddaughter of Alcibiades). Dated to the end of the 5th in the b.c. 4th century

Vergina 43 Embroidered piece of cloth Dim. 0.410 x 0.615 x 0.285 m. Embroidered with gold and porphyry-colored thread, possibly on woolen fabric. The shape of the cloth itself is trapezoidal; the on the border is a and the central is a of running motif meander design synthesis floral motifs. Found in the antechamber of tomb III ("Tomb of Philip") atVergina, inside a golden larnax along with the remains of the deceased (Andronikos 1984, pp. 191-192; Drougou 1987).

Pella 44 Group of gold threads in the b.c. Macedonian tomb B at Pella. It covered the Found 2nd-century remains of a woman no. (Chrysostomou 1998a, p. 31, 6, fig. 15).

Ayios Athanasios (Thessaloniki) 45 Gold-porphyry textile Presumably woven of gold and porphyry-colored thread. A meander design a a is said to be slightly visible. Found in chamber tomb, inside silver-plated box (Tsimbidou-Avloniti 2000, p. 549).

Elliniko (Attica) 46 Linen cloth

of the cloth were found under the neck of a The mineralized fragments which had been inside a stone cloth was bronze hydria, placed kalpis.The wrapped center and no remains were found inside the ves around the of the hydria only sel. has shown that the cloth is with 24 threads cm. Found in Analysis linen, per the 4th-century b.c. cemetery at Elliniko (Spantidaki andMoulh?rat 2004, p. 6; figs. 7-10).154

Sedes (Thessaloniki) 47 Multicolored piece of cloth A very small piece of cloth (0.01-0.02 m), with off-white, blue, and red color b.c. at ing, is reported to have been found in the late 4th-century tomb T Sedes in Thessaloniki, where it covered the wooden ceiling of the tomb (Kotzias 1937).

153.1 would like to thank Judith Spantidaki for bringing this find tomy for attention and for me with Binder for locating this publication providing me. additional information. 154.1 would like to thankYiouli FURNISHED INTERIORS IN HELLENISTIC GREECE 251

TABLES

Literary Evidence

The literary record includes the following terms for tables: %p?mC,a,155xp?novq or T?Tp(X7io'u?,156Tparc??iov,157 (pawn,158 and ??,?o?.159 Such tables could be or or made entirely partly of maple wood,160 citrus wood, wicker,161 ivory,162 or case and plated with silver gold.163 As in the of other pieces of furniture, were so they possibly quite light inweight that they could be moved around as to no needed.164 According W. Kendrick Pritchett, there is specific liter ary reference to a round table earlier than the 1st century B.c.165The tables as were listed simply Tp?rceCa in the Attic Stelai probably rectangular, a a three-legged, and of small size that could fit under couch.166 Interestingly term not mean a enough, the xpinovq does necessarily round table.167 as Delian temple inventories mention tables dedications,168 tables for as the placement of offerings,169 and tables that may have served mobilier du culte.170'The tables mentioned in the Delian inscriptions of the Hieropoioi were as or of precious materials, such silver,171 bronze,172 wood covered with are silver.173 Some fragments of tables found in sanctuaries inscribed.174 a In the Attic Stelai curious figure associated with the setting of the table and the organization of the symposium is the Tpcor??o7toio?.175 Reference to this profession is also found in Athenaios,176 Menander,177 and the later lexicographers Hesychios and Photius. According to Hesy , "a Tpa7t??o7toio? is not the cook but the person who attends to the

155. IG I3 421, lineHO; 422, line 15; 357, lines 68-69), were carved This material will be discussed at in a on lines 105,164,262-263,293; 425, and inlaidwith ivory. length study the epigraphical line 109; 426, line 35. For discussion 163. IGXL 199A, line 82;Hdt. evidence for furniture (Andrianou, see 9.82.2. Gold and silver tables are men Pritchett 1956, pp. 241-243. All forthcoming, a). of the in were in the tables listed the stelai tioned especially pompe of Ptol 171. E.g., ID?los 439, line 4; 366, probably rectangular and three-legged. emy II (Ath. 5.197b). line 53; 442B, line 157; 443Bb, line 80. A Delian 364 b.c. 164. Xen. Plato Lako no. inscription of speaks Symp. 2.1; See also Homolle 1882, p. 46, 157, nians fr. 71 Men. of small and large tables (Homolle KA; Kekryphalos and p. 118; D?onna 1908, p. 83, line 53. line see 172. In 1886, p. 467, 145; Andrianou, fr. 209 KA. the Serapeion: Roussel forthcoming, a). 165. Pritchett (1956, p. 242) dis 1916, p. 218, line 159 (inventory of cusses the this 156. IG I3 422, line 294. For discus problems of shape, citing Kallistratos, 156-155 b.c.); in the sion of these see Pritchett a from of adjectives passage Asklepiades Myrlea 4th-century temple of : 1956, pp. 241-242; Richter 1966, quoted by Athenaios (11.489c). Homolle 1884, p. 323; 1886, p. 466, p. 68. 166. For the sizes of tables see lines 139-140. See also Andrianou, 157. IG a. I3 426, line 28. ID?los 1403BbII, lines 29-30, 33-34 forthcoming, with 158. IG I3 422, line 39; 425, line 40; (Kynthion, Treasury D), discus 173. D?rrbach 1905, p. 541, line 10. also in and the For sion in a. Hesychios . Andrianou, forthcoming, 174. D?7w XVIII, p. 16. see other meanings of the word Prit 167. See, e.g., Ath. 2.49a. The mini 175. IG I3 422, line 73. chett 243-244. ature tables from S indos are 1956, pp. rectangu 176.E.g.,Ath.4.170d-e. 159. Ath. 9.215. 4.173a;//. larwith three legs (IivSog, pp. 84, 95, 177. E.g., Men. Sam. 286-293. 160. Kratinos apud Athenaios 2.49a; 118,141,171,185,241). These will There the cook asks Parmenon for all Poll. in the in 10.35. be treated detail by author the information necessary to prepare IG I3 b. 161. 386, line 143 (heavily Andrianou, forthcoming, the dinner: how many tables he intends restored). 168. E.g., ID?los 1428II, lines 48-50 to set, how many ladies he will invite, 162. Athenaios (2.49a) speaks of 169. E.g., ID?los 1412A, line 26; at what hour he will serve the dinner, with tables ivory feet and tops of maple 1417AII, lines 156-157. if he will hire a Tpa7ce?o7ioio?,if he has wood. such as the table in 170. ID?los line oven Others, E.g., 366A, 53; 104, enough cooking vessels, and if his the Parthenon accounts (IG I3 343, lines 139-140; 104, lines 144-145. is covered. 252 DIMITRA ANDRIANOU

on symposia."178 Athenaios, the other hand, quoting the 4th-century comic as one poet Antiphanes, describes him of the cooks "who washes the dishes, prepares the lamps, performs the libations, and does everything else that is at appropriate."179 Photios specifies his duties the symposium (preparing the tables, the utensils, the libations, and the music).180 even as a Table making is mentioned hobby: Plutarch in his life of us Demetrios tells that Aeropos theMacedonian used to spend his leisure or to time making little tables lampstands.181 He is probably referring King Aeropos II, who reigned in the beginning of the 4th century B.c.182

Archaeological Evidence: Domestic

Richter, in her treatment of tables, asserts that "tables with the Greeks uses vase had much fewer than with us."183 In paintings and funerary wall seems common on paintings, it to hang objects the walls instead of placing on or are them tables other surfaces.184 However, tables depicted during serve as meals,185 in workshops,186 and in "wedding scenes," where they surfaces for making wedding cakes.187 Although the types of tables known from in art are few have representations numerous, very examples actually survived.188 are no There table fragments recorded from Olynthos and the picture are from other Macedonian sites is equally disappointing. Tables and seats can objects that be easily moved around and, unless the published record were a indicates that they found in situ, it is hard to locate them inside house same true with any degree of certainty. The is in determining chronology: are unless the phases of the domestic complex clear, any single fragment a seat or to of table without context is impossible date. This is the main problem with the material from Delos. us a Although Delos has provided with large number of table fragments, the overall problems of dating hinder any further conclusions.189 Since the exact or ac fragments have not been published with their findspots dated can cording to the phase of the house to which they belong, they only be as a are presented list of representative examples.190 They made of granite,

at a house to the east of the bases of 178. Tpa7i8?o7roio?: ox>x ? inayeipo?, is the wall painting in tomb III Ayios o toc n. n. inv. ?XX? ifj? 7taor|? rcepi aujuiooia. Athanasios (above, 136). Hephaistion (p. 17, 1, 1633); a table with traces of color 179. Ath. 4.170e: o? nXvve? aice?n, 186. Richter 1966, fig. 362 (a shoe support and a in relief from the House \i)%vovc, ?xoijiaaei, arcovocx? 7toif|aei, maker's shop). TouTco inv. see toc?A' ooa 7upoof|K?i. With the 187. Richter 1966, fig. 367. of Dionysos (p. 19, 3332; also no. Tpa7ie?o7toio? comes the TpaTre?oKojao?, 188. Richter (1966, pp. 66-72) Chamonard 1906, p. 562, 13); his has identified and dated five on another with a snake from helper. types support is the House of the Lake inv. 180. Tpa7ce?o7coio?: 7repl t? cv\in? stylistic grounds. Her analysis based (p. 53, 5530, aiov on in vase a table with 7i?vxcov zniiieXovyLEvoq, Tpa7ie?cov, mainly representations pi. XXIV.-169); support traces of color from a house below the GKeucov, G7.ov?c?v, aKouajioVccov. painting. 181. Plut. Dem. 20.2. 189. D?los XVIII, pp. 15-63; Street of the Theater (p. 19); a table leg no. without from the House of 182. Tataki 1998, p. 268, 297. D?onna 1934, pp. 1-77. decoration In theHill a 183. Richter 1966, p. 63; examples 190. D?los XVIII the following (pp. 24-26, pi.XIL91, 93); are a to with a vertical are discussed on pp. 63-72. recorded: lion's feet in "room" table leg molding, base, the southwest of the House of the and from a house on the Street 184. E.g., Vokotopoulou 1990, capital 6. Diadoumenos n. inv. of the close to the House of tumulus A, tomb II, figs. 1, 3, 4, (p. 17, 1, 2858, Theater, from a table or a lion's feet in no. 185. A recently discovered example bench); Dionysos (p. 26, 14b, pi. XIL90); FURNISHED INTERIORS IN HELLENISTIC GREECE 253

t^W^P:

^?Sfc

l

Figure 14. Fragments of tabletops volcanic and and are recorded from and and table legs (48). House of Hermes, stone, marble, shops, warehouses, Delos. After Marcad? 1953, p. 580, fig. 71; houses.191 A reexamination of this material on the basis of the excavation photo courtesy Ecole fran?aise dAth?nes, notebooks is and will be the author in no. 19149 absolutely necessary attempted by course. are due Among the few securely dated examples five fragments of tabletops and table legs from the House of Hermes, dated to around b.c. 200-180 (48, Fig. 14:a, b, g).192 are Two marble tables known from Macedonia. The first (49, Fig. 15) was at not a found Vergina, but inside house.193 The circular tabletop was on a supported single leg. The upper surface is flat, decorated in relief not but finished. The decoration has been compared by Stella Drougou room with the mosaic floor in 13 of the palace at Vergina. Based on this to decoration, the table has been dated the end of the 4th/beginning of the b.c. to a 3rd century It is similar second round tabletop (50, Fig. 16), found a at an inside house Pella, which had unknown form of support.194 a Finally, the top of round marble table was found in room 4 of the was House of theMosaics in Eretria (51, Fig. 17).195The house destroyed by fire around 270 b.c.

two fluted table with lion's in insula II cred not supports Competaliasts, and (p. 51, areas, houses. Their chrono used for a feet, possibly offerings, from pi. XXIIL156-159); table support logical range is between the 5th and the a a house southwest of the House of in house close to the monument of 1st centuries b.c. Table supports are Kerdon (p. 29, pi. XIV: 102,103; the Tritopator (p. 52, pi. XXIII: 162); table mentioned with their excavation record to n. house is thought have been the supports without decoration from the numbers in D?los XVIII, p. 17, 1. atelier of a a House a sculptor); plain support of Dionysos and from house in Other fragments of tables with relief with a found in the the east rectangular tabletop quarter of the stadium (p. 52); decoration of people (deities?), also House of the Masks and dated to the a circular with an are tabletop inscription lacking recorded findspots, thought b.c. a to to come 2nd century (p. 34, pi. XVI: 113; from house the northwest of the have from sanctuaries (D?los this of table with one Establishment of the type just sup Poseidoniasts XVIII, pp. 26-29). Two tabletops, is common in the Roman a circular decorated come port period (p. 56); tabletop partially published, from the and the Italian peninsula, especially with animals and floral motifs from House of the Seals (DelosXXXVIII, at see n. Pompeii and Herculaneum: house IIC in the Theater Quarter p. 92, 36). Stefanidou-Tiveriou 1993); a table (p. 60, fig. 88). 192.Marcad? 1953, pp. 579-581, with animal decoration support from 191. Bakalakis (1948) mentions fig. 71 :a, b, g. a house to the north of the Street of the five more table not included 193. supports Drougou 1989, figs. 1,2,4,5. Theater inv. inD?los 194. (p. 36, 4673, pi. XVII:121); XVIII, the primary Delos Makaronas 1962, p. 80, fig. 65: table in houses south of the All of them were found 3. supports publication. b; Drougou 1989, pp. 75-76, fig. southeast of the of the in or believed to have come sa 195. Theater, Agora from Eretria VIII, pp. 44-45, fig. 43. 254 DIMITRA ANDRIANOU

Figure 15.Marble tabletop (49). After 1 Vergina. Drougou 1989, p. 388, fig.

Figure 16. Stone tabletop (50). Pella. Photo D. Andrianou

Figure 17.Marble tabletop (51). House of the , Eretria. After Eretria VIII, p. 45, fig. 43; photo courtesy en Ecole suisse d'arch?ologie Gr?ce FURNISHED INTERIORS IN HELLENISTIC GREECE 255

r^

Figure 18.Miniature lead table. of the Delos. After Miniature table models of lead have also been found on Delos, one in House Dolphins, D?los XVIII, p. 22, figs. 20,21; courtesy the House of the Dolphins in the Theater Quarter (Fig. 18),1% the other in ?cole fran?aise d'Ath?nes are as the region southeast of the Sacred Lake.197 They interpreted imita are to tions of offering tables, and similar other miniature furniture found atDelos,198 Eretria,199 and Archaic Sindos.200 Their small dimensions might as support their interpretation domestic cult offerings, although the pos sibility that they were used as toys for children should not be ruled out.201 are are common Tables associated with feasting and in sanctuaries in are conjunction with beds. For instance, tables reconstructed in the three rooms at dining of the 4th-century abaton of Asklepios Corinth.202 The were was blocks for the table supports set in place and the floor laid around them. The excavators suggest that boards with cleats on their underside were on to serve as were not placed the supports tabletops and that these tops a cannot at permanently fixed, conjecture that be proven. The guests seated the corners shared a table; those on the sides had a table to themselves.203 a We have already discussed benches in the role of seats; in number as as of Hellenistic houses they apparently functioned tables well. In house IB in Eretria, part of awall in front of the west wall of the kitchen as a (room u) possibly functioned bench.204 Another curious structure in the same house, made of tiles and covered by stucco, was found in the

196. D?los n. with the that miniature furniture was XVIII, p. 20, 10, appendix by Kassapoglou, grounds D?onna 27. found not in figs. 20,21; 1934, p. pp. 265-268, figs. 271,272). The mini mainly (but exclusively) 197. D?los n. ature are the tombs of adults. He that XVIII, p. 20, 11, objects interpreted by suggests as or this is of an Archaic custom of pi. X:80; D?onna 1934, pp. 27-29. poglou attributes of divinities proof a 198. D?los XVIII, pp. 337-341: heroes. dining in seated rather than reclining casse The fact that such miniatures miniature stoves, tables, grills, 200. Vokotopoulou 1993. In the position. that have since been found in later tombs roles, rhyta, pots, amphoras, and situlas discussion followed her lecture are from she that these miniatures are weakens his See among the objects reported specified theory. Andrianou, more cm for further discussion religious and, interestingly, do around 8-15 in height (p. 45). See forthcoming, b, contexts. none of these issues. mestic Unfortunately, of also liv?o?, pp. 84, 95,118,141,171, a 202. Corinth 53-54. The the objects has recorded findspot. 185,241. XIV, pp. 199. Bronze bronze Miniatures in houses are terminus for the is appliqu?s, 201. tradi post quern building a double as 350 b.c. mals, and miniature sword, tionally interpreted signs of domestic were 203. The same of axe, key, wheel, plough, and club cult. D?onna (1934, p. 27) rejects the arrangement sup in room x2 house ILA at Delian is found in the rooms at found of interpretation of the miniatures ports dining as Eretria, dated to the second half of the toys. Tomlinson (1993) rules out the Troezen (Welter 1941, p. 32). b.c. use as on Eretria 75. 3rd century (Eretria X, p. 110, of the Sindos group toys, the 204. X, p. 55, fig. 256 DIMITRA ANDRIANOU

or as a bathroom (room a).205 It is thought to have been used for seating on platform to step when pouring water into the adjacent bathtub. Such benches are known from Geometric and Archaic houses aswell.206 Benches

for the placement of various domestic items have also been recorded in the Hellenistic houses of Fiorina.207

Catalogue

Delos 48 Fragments of marble tabletops and legs Fig. 14 Five of bluish or white Both and circular fragments marble. rectangular tops are One of the decorated with side was represented. tables, sculpted panels, thought the excavators to have been used for Found in the House of Hermes by offerings. and dated to the 2nd century b.c. (Marcad? 1953, pp. 579-581, fig. 71:a, b, g).

Vergina 49 Round marble table top (unfinished) Fig. 15 P.Diam. 0.87 m.The marble iswhite and harder than the marble often found area. in the The upper surface is flat, decorated in relief but not finished. The main on the is a meander. A rosette in relief the center motif periphery spiral decorates of the table within a double circle drawn with a surface, very precisely compass. Itwas once fixed on a single leg. Found 300 m northeast of the palace at Vergina and dated, on the basis of its decoration, to the end of the 4th/beginning of the 3rd century b.c. (Drougou 1989, figs. 1,2,4, 5).

Pella 50 Round stone tabletop Fig. 16 Diam. 1.30; Th. 0.025 m. Tabletop with incised decoration filled with a a white substance: three concentric circles enclose square, all formed by floral and a meander patterns. The form of support for the table is unknown. Found inside house (Makaronas 1962; Drougou 1989, pp. 75-76, fig. 3).

Eretria 51 Round marble tabletop Fig. 17 Found in room 4 of the House of the Mosaics, destroyed by fire around b.c. marble 270 (Eretria VIII, pp. 44-45, fig. 43). Fragments of other and poros tables were found in the but no further information about courtyard, unfortunately them has been published.

Archaeological Evidence: Funerary

as Tables of nonperishable materials and benches used surfaces for the place so a ment of objects have far been found only in few Macedonian tombs. Their purpose is not always clear, but most held the vessel containing the can assume remains of the deceased.208 One only that table surfaces would

of two blocks coated vessel 205. Eretria X, p. 56. Its dimensions consisting poros containing the human remains are m. stucco traces of red or as a for a H. 0.28 m, L. 2.00 m, W. 0.28 with and preserving simply table offerings. For for Lauter color L. 0.60 W. 1.16 of a table 206. See, example, 1985, (dimensions m, m, Thracian example funerary H. 0.84 was found next to the bed to a p. 42 (Lathuresa); Zagora 1, p. 25. m), clearly alluding banquet?unique 207. Lilimbaki-Akamati and in tomb III inThessaloniki (Sismanidis for the Greek repertoire?see Delemen Akamatis 1999, p. 590. 1997, p. 122). It is uncertain whether 2006, pp. 257-25%. similar it was used for the of the 208. A piece of furniture, placement FURNISHED INTERIORS IN HELLENISTIC GREECE 257

have been used for these and other "sacred" remains that itwould not be to on appropriate leave the floor. was One of the best-preserved examples (52) found in tomb IV at a Vergina (the "Prince's Tomb").209 Tomb V at Vergina also contained a simple stone table in the chamber (53).210A poros slab from bench, with was anathyrosis and remains of iron, found in tomb I at Lefkadia, but not in situ.211 Similar are the remains of a bench found in tomb VII at Lefkadia a (54),212 two others from tomb at Ayia Paraskevi (55),213 and two in tomb at a VI Foinikas inThessaloniki (56).214 Remains of bench, recently looted, are also recorded inMacedonian tomb T at Derveni.215

Catalogue

Vergina 52 Stone-built table Dim. 1.10 x 0.65 x 0.54 m. Coated with stucco and built in front of awooden bed. The remains of the deceased were placed on the table in a silver hydria. Found in tomb IV (the "Prince'sTomb"), dated by the excavator to ca. 325 b.c. (Andronikos 1984, p. 202; Sismanidis 1997, p. 144).

53 Stone-built table

W. 1 m. Found in tomb V, dated by the excavator to the second half of the 3rd century b.c. (Andronikos 1984, p. 35; Sismanidis 1997, p. 89).

Lefkadia 54 Stuccoed stone bench

Found along the side wall of chamber tomb VII, dated by the excavator be tween 250 and 140 b.c. (Rhomiopoulou 1973, p. 90).

Ayia Paraskevi (Thessaloniki) 55 Two small stuccoed stone benches

The are not the but exact dimensions have not been lengths same, published. Found in the chamber of aMacedonian excavator to the late tomb, dated by the 4th century b.c. (Sismanidis 1982, p. 272).

Foinikas (Thessaloniki) 56 Two low stuccoed stone benches x m Dim. 2.02 0.425 (right); 2.05 x 0.445 m (left). Similar to 54, but with feet in the form of lions paws. The benches probably originally served for the placement of offerings, but the left bench subsequently received the funerary bed of a third person, buried at a later time. Found in aMacedonian tomb (tomb VI), dated to the beginning of the last quarter of the 4th century b.c. (Tsimbidou-Avloniti 1988, p. 261; 2005, pp. 37-39, pis. 18,20:b).

209. Sismanidis 144-146. Th. 0.51 Diam. 0.41-0.31 m. 1997, pp. m, Rhomiopoulou 1973, pp. 91-92, is a with a conical to Similar poros block According Arvanitopoulos, such figs. 1, 3-5. recess on the for the blocks were common in top, probably very Thessaly 213. Sismanidis 1982, p. 272, of the the in his for the placement vessel containing day, reused feeding of fig. 4. to come a or ashes, thought have from animals the grinding of grain. 214. Tsimbidou-Avloniti 1988, b.c. at 3rd-century tomb (Arva 210. Sismanidis 1997, p. 89. p. 261. Its 211. nitopoulos 1909, pp. 35-36, fig. 2). Sismanidis 1997, p. 150. 215. Tzanavari 1997, p. 464. dimensions are H. 0.44 m, W. 0.61 m, 212. Sismanidis 1997, p. 153; 258 DIMITRA ANDRIANOU

DISCUSSION

In 1749 Alexander Drummond noted that in the houses of the Argolid, a the only furniture present was mattress on the floor, two stools, and a hand-mill.216 The furnishings of the majority of Hellenistic Greek houses must thus far excavated have been similar, although the formation process of floor assemblages needs to be taken into account. In the future, when such processes are better understood, we will be able to investigate the an as treatment of furnishings by their owners, with eye to behaviors such or curate lateral cycling, scavenging, and looting.217 This knowledge will be long in coming and hard won, but it is unquestionably important for the interpretation of ancient domestic complexes and daily life. amount a was The of furniture placed inside house dictated by space, the availability of materials, their cost, and the time spent indoors. a Each of these factors played role in the formation of interior space and decoration. es The amount of perishable furniture in Greek houses cannot be reasons timated, nor, for the discussed in the introduction to this study, can we make any functional distinction between rooms based on the type or amount of furniture found in them.218 Sitting and sleeping probably on or took place wooden chairs and beds, large wooden chests, pillows of some kind. None has left any traces. Similarly, eating could be done while on are to squatting the floor. Tables likely be found only in the setting of a are as symposium, where they regularly depicted in front of beds part of serve as are the "ritual." There they portable trays to carry the dishes, and next to the beds at a convenient for the It placed height occupant. might 216. Simopoulos 1973, p. 261. not be far-fetched to assume that tables came with beds as a "set" in houses 217. For these formation processes were of see where such entertainments customarily held.219 Supporting evidence is archaeological assemblages, Schiffer 1987. a reference in the Delian inventories to attached tables provided by unique can in 218. As be done, for example, that could be out from under the beds {hnoonaaxa Tparc??ia).220 pulled the case of Herculaneum (Mols 1999, restrictions would have dictated several solutions for Space probably p. 141). or a vase furniture storage. Built-in furniture furniture stored flat against wall, 219. A 5th-century painting by as case the Painter a man in the of modern 18th-century tilt-top ("Pembroke") tables, would depicts young a a on carrying couch and table together have been ideal. In villages the islands, stone-built beds are common where there is no wood and is limited.221 (Lucie-Smith [1979] 1997, p. 27, very supply space in s fig. 22). Anxious chefs Menander Some of the "benches" recorded excavators inside ancient houses by might comedies ask about the number of also have been used as beds, tables, or seats. tables to be set and the number of a to be entertained Samia Portability must have been watchword. Portable furniture is light guests (Men. so can or 286-292; Pseuderakles fr. 409 KA). and movable, that daily activities be performed anywhere inside 220. ID?los on amount 1403BWI, lines 29-30, outside the house, depending weather conditions and the of 33-34. See also Andrianou, forth furniture also facilitates reserv light.222 Light, portable housecleaning.The a. coming, of certain rooms for activities is an and ing specific 18th-century , 221. Imellos 1983, pp. 21-22 was to rooms it not until the 1930s that architects began think of certain (); Simopoulos 1973, p. 225 as beds on Chios used for stor "capsules" of integrated architecture, furniture, and function.223 Even in (wooden cases where beds have been found in certain rooms, as atHerculaneum, the age). 222. Cahill rooms seems to Jameson 1990a; 2002, function of those not to have been limited sleeping.224 On pp. 77-79. the other most of the furniture excavated inGreek domestic contexts hand, 223. Lucie-Smith [1979] 1997, comes from small where more than one households, by necessity activity p. 181. was a room. 224. Mols 137. performed in single In larger Roman houses, the distinction 1999, p. FURNISHED INTERIORS IN HELLENISTIC GREECE 259

uses rooms were between public and private space and the of particular a as sometimes indicated by series of architectural and decorative clues, in case the of Petronius's description of the house of Trimalchio. In Greek are households, however, where such indicators generally absent, multiple use seems to have been the norm for most rooms. This conclusion is sup ported by the evidence from contemporary vernacular Greek houses that closely resemble ancient houses in their interior organization.225 an If every piece of furniture inside ancient house had multiple func we are a tions, then probably dealing with society inwhich the understand was our ing of privacy within the home different from own.226 The concep tual or behavioral distinctions between males, females, slaves, and children were not were reinforced by any spatial rules and probably quite fluid. The availability of materials is another issue. Wood is abundant in Macedonia; marble is not. The reverse is true for Delos and Athens. It can therefore be difficult to distinguish expensive from inexpensive materi to als, since conditions vary from site site. In Athens, for example, where very few examples of furniture survive, a wooden table could have been an even a expensive acquisition, perhaps imported. The value of simple, wooden piece of furniture might have been further increased by expensive or textiles applied decoration in metal and ivory. Ivory, in particular, was an expensive, imported material that had been cherished by the Greeks since prehistory.227 was Time spent indoors certainly dictated by light, ventilation, and a weather conditions. The placement of windows in houses is key factor, us often ignored in scholarship. Late Hellenistic Delos provides with the a first evidence of large windows in the exterior walls of house, coupled with 225. For in a house at windows in the interior of the rooms example, walls overlooking the courtyard.228 A Ano Poroia inMacedonia the more upper light and airy environment would have encouraged indoor activity room, called the Taap?aia, is used for and gradually increased the need for furniture inside the house. celebrations and the entertain family As a result of the and often as a incomplete, fragmentary, poorly published ment of guests, but also storage area even evidence, we cannot label certain houses as "houses of the elite" on the for weaving implements, and as basis of furniture alone. and wall and floor are for agricultural purposes, such the Architecture decoration of drying tobacco leaves (Pennas 1989, important aspects that must be considered together with furniture. None of pp. 188-191). so the elaborately decorated houses far excavated inGreece, however, have 226. Jameson 1990b (with earlier produced any considerable amount of furniture. Moreover, Greek literary bibliography). sources of the Classical and Hellenistic are not as clear as Roman 227. Lapatin 2001; Scullard 1974. periods sources on the social status. we 228. Haddad 1995, pp. 242-243. question of In the latter read, for instance, or 229. SeeMols 1999, p. 54 (with of subsellia used by parasites senators and cathedrae used by persons of references). dignity.229 Leaving aside the question of their accuracy, there is at least an 230. See Pritchett 1956, p. 216 attempt on the part of the Roman sources to differentiate status based on (with references). furniture types. In Athenaios, on the other hand, a Sicppo? is ameaner kind 231. For a discussion of the sug of seat than a kalcju?>?, while in and Plutarch it is the chair that gested meanings of the interior decora Polybios a we cannot status tion of theTomb of Lyson and Kalli designates Roman magistrate.230 In Greece infer the of for see Guimier-Sorbets on on kles, example, people seated chairs based only iconographie evidence. same 2001. The author argues (2003) In tombs the circumstances are much different. There the closed that the decoration of the tomb and context is often well but blurred values and rituals. the area of the bed in allude preserved, by symbolic particular The from the to the domestic interior is still a difficult one to the of the and the leap funerary setting prothesis to make because our of Hellenistic beliefs about the afterlife is consequent heroization of the deceased knowledge (see n. 151, above). insufficient.231 Tombs may suggest the arrangement of furniture inside the 26o DIMITRA ANDRIANOU

not house, but they do mirror house interiors and they do not speak directly to status. as social "The dead," Michael Parker Pearson asserts, "do not bury themselves. If graves are in anyway an index of social status it is the social status of the funeral organizers as much as the social status of the deceased are an that is involved_Grave goods not just elements of identity kit but are the culmination of a series of actions by the mourners to express some as as thing of their relationship to the deceased well to portray the identity more of the deceased.... Concepts of honour and sacredness may be far important than wealth and ownership in organizing society's values."232 on Research into ancient furniture has tended to focus chronology, on typology of styles, technique, and iconography. In this study, by focusing the archaeological material, I have tried to call attention to the quantity and high quality of furniture preserved for the afterlife, while also highlighting the contradictions between the iconographie evidence and the surviving artifacts. It should be noted that there is no textual evidence for furniture or being displayed inside the house for its exquisite design, decoration, so material. The finest and best-preserved furniture excavated far inGreece comes from contexts. funerary were If the elaborate beds of theMacedonian tombs used in everyday we are a a life, then dealing with local phenomenon restricted to certain a group of people during certain period of time (the second half of the 4th were century b.c.). As Ioannis Touratsoglou has already argued, these tombs perhaps those ofMacedonian soldiers (the ?xcc?poi par excellence) who had an returned from Asia and brought with them appreciation of luxury.233 men Arrian {Anab. 5.27.6) attests that these had become "great instead of small, and rich instead of poor"; they probably sought to emphasize their status and experience through the lavishness of their household and funer we ary furnishings. In other words, may be dealing, at least in the majority our came of examples, with the military elite that back from Alexanders expedition to the East. On the other hand, the lack of such lavishness in b.c. a later, 3rd-century funerary contexts might point to socioeconomic at a reality of decline in production and demand in the old Greek centers, time when there were no more military conquests.234 The producers of the elaborate pieces of furniture found in tombs names remain unknown. Apart from the of bed makers and table makers, is known of their or the manner in nothing workshops, specializations, 232. Pearson 1999, p. 84. which orders were received and filled. The names of who professionals 233.Touratsoglou 1998, pp. 35-36. specialized in certain aspects of clothing and furnishing production, 234.Treisterl996,p.331. are 235. A few known from however, attested in the literary and epigraphical sources.235 Simple, professions texts are the literary ?cuopyavTiv?c, everyday pieces of furniture would have been put together in antiquity by and no ?acpEuc, ?upao??\j/r|c, yvacpeu?, family members who themselves had specialized training. The produc Ta?xxoioupyo?; there is also an excep tion of furniture for sanctuaries and tombs was, on the other hand, surely tional reference to a xvX\)(p?vTr\q, a a team commissioned from (possibly including carpenters, jewelers, and/or weaver of cushion covers (Poll. 7.191). a Plato names the of bed architects). The term epyoAo:?f|Gac, which implies the acceptance of Only profession sources makers 596b-597b). For a list of commission, is attested in temple inscriptions.236 Literary indicate (Resp. see on or attested occupations Harris 2002, that sculptors and carpenters working building shipping projects 2, p. 98. made furniture as well. Appendix occasionally 236. ID?los 443Bb, line 162: tco From the evidence that has it is to infer that the survived, possible ?e?vi epyotax?riGavTi emoKenaoai r?? a was interior of Late Classical-Hellenistic house anything but gloomy K?liva?. FURNISHED INTERIORS IN HELLENISTIC GREECE 261

black-and-white. Since was one of a woman's chores in weaving primary one can the house, envision domestic interiors with textiles hanging from on covers on the walls, throws the floors, and pillows and furniture. Physical evidence of these objects is found only in tombs. a sense we Modern homes provide of who are, how we got here, and we can a sense how far reach. They provide of connection, balanced by a sense of direction and progress. Ancient homes must have fulfilled similar needs, serving practical and social functions, while also leaving space for aesthetic expression.

REFERENCES

= AEMTh To ApxawXoyiK? 'Epyo -. 1993. "Les tombes mac?doni GTr?MotKE?ovia Kai Thes in La Mac?doine de Op?icq, ennes," Philippe saloniki. II ? la conqu?te romaine, Paris, XIX = G. V. M. K. Agora Lalonde, ed. R. Ginouv?s et al, pp. 144-190. and M. B. Langdon, Walbank, Arvanitopoulos, A. 1909. "Kajiapoyco? Poletai Inscriptions: Horoi, Records, ?dccpo? 7tap? fnv A?pioav xfj? 0ea and Leases Public Lands 27-44. of (Agora aa?aa?," ArchEph 1909, pp. XIX), Princeton 1991. Ault, B. A. 1994. "Classical Houses Allamani, V, A. Koukouvou, and and Households: An Architectural E. . 2004. "To and Artifactual Case from KTrjpiaK? Study auyKp?Tr|(ia tt|? Mie?a?: Epianveu Halieis, Greece" (diss. Indiana koci T1K8? 7ipooeyyio?i? 7rpoo7tTiK?? Univ.). Tn? ?peuva?,"AEMTh 16 (2002), Ault, B. A., and L. C. Nevett. 1999. 571-581. pp. "Digging Houses: Archaeologies Allison, P. 1994. "The Distribution of of Classical andHellenistic Greek House Contents and Its Domestic Pompeian Assemblages," in Allison Univ. of Significance" (diss. Sydney). 1999, pp. 43-56. ed. 1999. The -, Archaeology of Bakalakis, G. 1948. EXXrjvuc? rpajte?o Household Activities, London. (p?pa, Thessaloniki. Andrianou, D. 2003. ""Etcu-Xoc: Recon Barr-Sharrar, B. 1987. The Hellenistic Furnished Interiors in and structing Early Imperial Decorative Bust, Hellenistic Greece" (diss. Bryn Mainz. Mawr College). Beckwith, J. 1954. "Textile Fragments -. a. "Late Classical from Im Forthcoming, : An and Hellenistic Furniture and Fur Find at near portant Koropi, The nishings: Epigraphical Record," Athens," ILN1954, pp. 114-115. R. 2001. Hesperia. Benassai, Lapittura dei Cam -. b. "AWorld in e dei Forthcoming, pani Sanniti, Rome. Miniature: Greek Hellenistic Mini Besios, M. 1992. "AvaoKacpri aro ?opeio ature in Furniture Context," BABesch. veKpotacpe?o ir\q IT?ovac, 1989," Andronikos, M. 1961. To avaKzopo rfj? AEMTh 3 (1989), pp. 155-164. Athens. -. Bepyiva?, 1993. "AvaoKacpr) oto ?opeio -. 1977. "Bepy?va: Oi ?aGitaxoi veKpoxacpe?o tt|? nu?va?, 1990," T?c?poi Trj?Meyoc?T|? Tot)|i7ta?," AAA AEMTh 4 (1990), pp. 241-246. 1-39. -. 10, pp. 1994. "AvaoKacpnc?? ?peuve? -. 1984. Oi Bepy?va: ?aoiXiKoi arn Bopeia lliepia," AEMTh 5 Kai o? x?cpoi aXXe? apxai?Tr?Tec, (1991), pp. 171-178. Athens. -. 1995. "Avao?cacp?? oxn Bopeia -. 1988. "Bepy?va: AvotGKoc?pri ntep?a, 1992,"AEMTh 6 (1992), 1987,"AEMTh 1 (1987), pp. 81-88. pp. 245-248. -. 1989. "H Grrrv -. ?arypocipiicn 2003. "Nono veKporacpeio ap%oda Maice?ovio.," ArchEph 1987, Ilu?va?,"AEMTh 15 (2001), 363-382. pp. pp. 369-376. 2?2 DIMITRA ANDRIANOU

au Bizard, L., and P. Roussel. 1907. monde grec du VIIe IVe si?cle avant "Fouilles de D?los, Inscriptions (1)," J-C.(B?FAR 246), Rome. BCH 31, pp. 421-470. D?onna, W. 1908. "Fouilles de D?los," Bruneau, P. 1968. "Contribution ? BCH 32, pp. 5-176. l'histoire urbaine de D?los," BCH -. 1934. "Mobilier d?lien," BCH 92, pp. 633-709. 58, pp. 1-90,381-447. V. Hellenistic Bruno, 1985. Painting Drougou, S. 1987. "To ucpaGjaa Tn? Evidence Techniques: The of the Delos Bepyiva?: ITparce? rcaparnpriGeic," Leiden. in tov Fragments, Ajunio?: Tijutjtiko? rojio? yia N. D. 1991. Cahill, "Olynthus: Social KaOrjynrri Mavo?rj AvSp?viKo 1, in a and Spatial Planning Greek Thessaloniki, pp. 303-316. -. City" (diss. Univ. of California, 1989. "'Eva (iap|i?pivo Tparc??i arc? 67 Berkeley). Trj Bepy?va," Egnatia 1, pp. -. 2002. and 78. Household City Orga nization at New Haven. and Y. Olynthus, Drougou, S., Touratsoglou. Chamonard, J. 1906. "Fouilles dans le 1998. E??rfVKjTiKoi ?a?evwi Quartier du Th??tre," BCH 30, racpoi Bepoia?, Athens. pp. 485-606. D?rrbach, F. 1905. "Fouilles de D?los," Chrysostomou, P. 1997. "O uxxKe?ovnco? BCH29, pp. 417-573. 7 x??poc riavviToc?v," AEMTh Dyggve, E., F. Poulsen, and K. Rho maios. 1934. Das Heroon von (1993), pp. 123-134. Kaly -. 1998a. MaKe?oviKoi ra?oi don, Copenhagen. o = Il???a?l: Ta?o?B', aav?nro?, Eretria VIII P. Ducrey, I.Metzger, Thessaloniki. K. Le de laMai and Reber, quartier -. son aux et 1998b. "AvaoKacpnc?? ?peuve? mosa?ques (Eretria: Fouilles gtou? TUu?ouc rn? U?XXa?, Kara recherches VIII), Lausanne 1993. = to1994,"^?MT?8(1994), Eretria X K. Reber, Die klassischen pp. 53-72. und hellenistischen Wohnh?user im -. 1998c. "AvaoKacpnc?? ?peuve? Westquartier (Eretria: Ausgrabungen me Kara to und 1998. gtou? ruu?ouc Il???a? Forschungen X), Lausanne 1989. Fulcra: und 1995,"AEMTh 9 (1995), pp. 143 Faust, S. Fig?rlicher 154. ornamentaler Schmuck an antiken -. 1999. "AvaoKacpnc?? ?peuve? Betten, Mainz. arnv UeXkaia %copa Kara to 1997," -. 1994. "Die Klinen," in Das Wrack: Der antike von AEMTh 11 (1997), pp. 215-232. Schiffsfund = CorinthXlV C. Roebuck, TheAskle Mahdia 1, ed. G. Hellenkemper Salies et pieion and Lerna (CorinthXlV), al., Cologne, pp. 573-606. Princeton 1951. Foxhall, L. 2000. "The Running Sands Daux, G. 1958. "Nouvelles de Myrm? of Time: Archaeology and the kion," BCH 82, pp. 351-352. Short-Term," World Archaeology 31, I. Delemen, 2006. "An Unplundered pp. 484-498. Chamber Tomb on Ganos Moun Glowacki, K. 2004. "Household Anal in Dark in tain in Southeastern Thrace," AJA ysis Age Crete," Palaces: 110, pp. 251-273. beyond the Proceedings of D?los - de the Crete 2000 ed. L. P. Exploration arch?ologique Conference, D?los M. S. and faite par VEcolefran?aise Day, Mook, J. D. Muhly, 125-136. d Ath?nes, Paris , pp. = XI A. Plassart, Les sanctuaires Gossel, B. 1980. "Makedonische Kam et les cultes du Mont 1928. Cynthe, mergr?ber" (diss. Ludwig-Maximil = XVIII W. D?onna, Le mobi ians Univ., Munich). lier d?lien, 1938. Gould, R. A. 1987. "The Ethnoarchae = in a XXXVIII G. Siebert, L'?lot des ology of Abandonment North ern bijoux, Vllot des bronzes, laMaison des Finnish Farming Community," sceaux 1: et Nordia 133-152. Topographie Architecture, 21, pp. Athens 2001. Greifenhagen, A. 1930. "Bronzekline 1982. Le du ban im Pariser Dentzer, J.-M. motif Kunsthandel," RhM45, et le quet couch? dans le Proche-Orient pp. 137-165. FURNISHED INTERIORS IN HELLENISTIC GREECE 263

to MonAnt misc. 67 Guimier-Sorbets, A.-M. 2001. "Mobil Alexander, ed. O. Murray 52 (ser. 3.3), pp. ier et d?cor des tombes mac?doni and S. Price, Oxford, pp. 171-195. 114. ennes," in Recherches r?centes sur le Kallintzi, N. 1993. "AvaoKacpri TacpiKou Lewis, D. M. 1966. "After the Profana monde Actes du GTa AEMTh 4 tion of the m Ancient hell?nistique. colloque rou?ou 'A$$r\pa" Mysteries," international ? Voccasion du (1990), 561-572. and Institutions: Studies Pre organis? pp. " Society de Pierre -. 1998. ava sented to Victor on His 75th 60e anniversaire Ducrey A?onpa: ZcooTuc?c Ehrenberg GTO tod E. (Lausanne, 20-21 novembre 1998), GKacp?? nXaicxo ava?aouou Birthday, ed. Badi?n, Oxford, ?d. R. Frei-Stolba and K. Gex, Bern, aypOKTrijiaroc Be^ovnc," AEMTh 9 pp. 177-191. M. pp. 217-229. (1995), pp. 447-462. Lilimbaki-Akamati, 1986. "XaXiavo -. A. 1989. Maice?ovi fulcrum arc? rnv ArchDelt 2003. "Les d?cors de plafond Karapaschalidou, Tl?XXa," GTO 138-149. dans les tombes hell?nistiques ko? m?o? Korpcovi Ep?rpia?, 34, A'(1979), pp. d'Alexandrie: Un nouvel essai Athens. -. 1989. "Arc? TTjo?aK?GjiriGr) tow in 2 ed. 1990. Domestic Architec AAA 123 d'interpr?tation," N?cropolis Kent, S., veKpiKc?v kXivmv," 22, pp. ture and the Use An Inter 130. (Etudes alexandrines 7), vol. 2, of Space: M.-D. Cross-Cultural -. 1992. "Arc? Ta ed. J.-Y. Empereur and disciplinary Study, veicpoTa?pe?a ttj? Nenna, Cairo, pp. 589-622. Cambridge. U?XXa^ AEMTh 3 (1989), pp. 91 rai 1988. Der Kerameikos von 102. Haddad, N. A. 1995. "Gupe? Knigge, U. gtttv rai -. 1998a. "'Eva veo 7iapa0upa eMinviGTiKri Athen: F?hrung durch Ausgrabungen KTipiar? pco(xa?icri ap%vc?KTOviicri tod eA?a und Geschichte, Athens. GDyKp?Trji?a GTrjv 7cepio%ri TOD 1993. 1990: ravaXiou AEMTh 9 oiko? xcopou" (diss. Polytechnic Kottaridi, A. "Bepyiva ttj? Tl?XXac," School, Thessaloniki). AvaoKacprj aro veKpoTacpe?o Kai (1995), pp. 105-116. E. oto -. 1998b. 'T?a Harris, M. 2002. "Workshop, ?opeioOUTiKO TjLirjjaa tu? ap Tri jieTaMmexv?a in 4 in Marketplace, and Household," X0U0C?Tto?n?," AEMTh (1990), TTj?n??,?,a?," Mveia? %?piv: and Land: 35-44. Money, Labour, Ap pp. T?jioq oxr\ ?vrjfir] Maiprj? Ziyavi?ov, to the Economies Ancient -. 1999. "To ed. M. Lilimbaki-Akamati and proaches of ap%aio?U)yiK? ?pyo E. EIIKA To K. Thessalo Greece, ed. P. Cartledge, Cohen, tu? IZ' ott| Bepyiva. Tsakalou-Tzanavari, tc?v and L. Foxhall, London, pp. 67-99. lOTOpiK? tt|? ?K0eori? Orjoaupc?v niki, pp. 127-140. M. B. 1988. Actes de Tcov AEMTh 11 -. 1999. Hatzopoulos, ?aoi^iKcov Tacpcov," "IuyKpoTTi(xaTa epya vente de la centrale rai Chalcidique (1997), pp. 129-138. GTripicov taxuTpcov gtt|v Tl?XXa," (MeXerr^ara 6), Athens. Kotzias, N. 1937. "'0 7tapa t? a?po?po AEMTh 11 (1997), pp. 193-204. urov V and Y. Aka Heuzey, L., and H. Daumet. 1876. TTi?Geoaa^ov?Kn? (X??e?) Lilimbaki-Akamati, M., Mission de 866-895. matis. 1999. "H arch?ologique Mac?doine, Tacpo?," ArchEph 1937, pp. eXkr\viGxiKT\ n?Xr] Paris. Kourouniotis, K. 1899. "T?cpoi Kauoc Tn? ?Dtaopiva?," AEMTh 13, 587-596. Hill, D. K. 1963. "Ivory Ornaments of cHuxoVUpzipm^"ArchEph 1899, pp. 221-234. eds. 2003. Pella and Its Envi Hellenistic Couches," Hesperia 32, pp. -, im pp. 293-300. Kubier, K. 1936. "Ausgrabungen Ke rons, Thessaloniki. des 182-208. C. 1973. "Inter duas ianuas ? Homolle, T. 1882. "Comptes hi?ro rameikos,"^/ 1936, pp. Llinas, pes du temple d'Apollon d?lien," Kurtz, D. C, and J. Boardman. 1971. laMaison du Lac," Etudes d?liennes BCH 6, pp. 1-167. Greek Burial Customs, New York. (BCH Suppl. 1), pp. 291-324. -. nouveaux 1969. und Klinen: 1884. "Documents Kyrieleis, H. Throne Lucie-Smith, E. [1979] 1997. Furni sur zur ture: A l'amphictyonie attico-d?lienne," Studien Formgeschichte altorien Concise History, repr. London. und und C. 1962. BCH 8, pp. 282-327. talischer griechischer Sitz- Makaronas, "AvaGra9a! -. "Inventaires des Zeit 16 1886. temples Liegem?bel vorhellenistischer n?Mn?, 1957-1960," ArchDelt d?liens en l'ann?e 364," BCH 10, (Jdl-EH 24), Berlin. (1960), pp. 72-83. -. pp. 461-475. LaMotta, V. M., and M. B. Schiffer. 1963. "AvaGKa?pai U?XXr\q, "Formation of Humphreys, S. C. 1995. "Women's Sto 1999. Processes 1961,"ArchDelt 17 B' (1961-1962), ries," in Pandora: Women in Classical House Floor Assemblages," in pp. 209-213. Greece, ed. E. D. Reeder, Baltimore, Allison 1999, pp. 19-29. Makaronas, C, and E. Giouri. 1989. K. D. S. 2001. Oi Kai pp. 102-110. Lapatin, Chryselephan oiKie? apnayrj? rr?g ETi?vq? 1983. tine in the Ancient Mediter Aiovvaov Athens. Imellos, S. TlapaoooiaKOq Statuary rr?gIl?XXa?, ranean v?ikO? ?ioc tod ?AAr?viKov Xaov World, Oxford. Malama, P. 2003. "Necrcepa GToi%eia H. 1985. Lathuresa: zur arc? to avaToAiK? (EpcoTryuaTOAoyio), Athens. Lauter, Beitr?ge veKpoTacpe?o ttj? M. H. und in Jameson, 1990a. "Domestic Architektur Siedlungsgeschichte A\i(pinoXi\<;"AEMTh 15 (2001), in Mainz. 111-123. Space the Greek City-State," sp?tgeometrischer Zeit, pp. in Kent 1990, pp. 92-113. Letta C. 1984. "Due letti funerari in Marcad?, J. 1953. "Les trouvailles de la -. osso dal centro italico-romano ? 1990b. "Private Space and the maison dite de l'Herm?s, D?los," Greek City," in The Greek Cityfrom della Valle d'Amplero (Abruzzo)," BCH 77, pp. 497-615. 264 DIMITRA ANDRIANOU

C. C. 1977. "Bronze- and a Detailed Account Mattusch, of Those Exca in the the vated in 1931 Ironworking Area of and 1934,1938. Athenian XII = Agora," Hesperia 46, D.M. Robinson, Domestic pp. 340-379. and Public Architecture, 1946. -. 1988. Greek Bronze Statuary: Pantermalis, D. 1972. "fO v?o? uaKe?o From theBeginnings through theFifth viko? racpo? Tfj? Bepyiva?," Make Century b.c., . donika 12, pp. 147-182. as McCartney, E. 1934. "The Couch Paspalas, S.A. 2005. "PhilipArrhidaios a Unit of Measurement," CP29, at Court: An 111-Advised Persian pp. 30-35. ism?Macedonian Royal Display in Michalowski, K., and V. Gaydovkei theWake of Alexander," Klio 87, vitch. 1957. "Classical Archaeology pp. 72-101. in the : A Soviet M. P. 1999. Joint Pearson, The Archaeology of Polish and Excavation," ILN1957, Death Burial, College Station, pp. 28-29. Tex. Miller, S. G. 1970. "Hellenistic Mace Pennas, P. T. 1989. "Aaoypacpuc? otoi ron Kai koivco donian Architecture: Its Style and %e?a oiKoyeveiaKou tcov Painted Ornamentation" (diss. Bryn viko? ?iou ?vco IIopo?cov," rov Mawr College). in E' Xvjin?ow Aaoypa?ia? -. 1993. Tomb and The ofLyson BopeioeXXa?iKov X?pov, Thessa Kallikles: A Painted Maced?n ian loniki 1987.

Tomb, Mainz. Petsas, F. 1969. "MaKe?ovia, Nouo? Misaelidou-Despotidou, V. 1993. GeooaXov?icnc," ArchDelt 22, B'2 "Arc? to veKpoTacpeio tu? ap%aia? (1967), pp. 399-400. Mie?a?," AEMTh 4 (1990), Picard, C. 1936. "Vari?t?s," RA 6, pp. 127-141. pp. 188-198. Mols, S. 1999. Wooden Furniture in Pritchett, W. K. 1956. "The Attic Ste Herculaneum: and Part 178 Form, Technique, lai, II," Hesperia 25, pp. Function, Amsterdam. 317. L. C. 1999. House and in CL. 1905. Studies inAncient Nevett, Society Ransom, Furniture: and Beds the World, Cambridge. Couches of the Nicholls, R. V. 1979. "A Roman Couch Greeks, Etruscans, and Romans, in Cambridge," Archaeologia 106, Chicago. 1-32. and N. pp. Rasmussen,T, Spivey, eds. H. 1995. Nuances: 1991. at Greek Cam Oakley, J. "Nuptial Looking Vases, Wedding Images inNon-Wedding bridge. in Pandora: 1949. Scenes of Myth," Women Raubitschek, A. E. Dedications in Classical D. A Greece, ed. E. Reeder, from the Athenian Acropolis: Cata 63-73. Baltimore, pp. logue of the Inscriptions of the Sixth and Centuries Oikonomos, G. 1914. "Ile?Aa," Prakt Fifth b.c., Cambridge, 1914, pp. 127-148. Mass. -. 1926. "Bronzen von Pella," Reinders, H. 1988. New Halos: A Hel AM 51, pp. 75-97. lenistic Town in Thessalia, Greece, = Excavations at Utrecht. Olynthus Olynthus Conducted Uni K. A. 1951. V by thefohns Hopkins Rhomaios, jiccksoovik?? under the Athens. versity Expedition Auspices racpo? rfj? Bepyiva?, of theAmerican School of Classical -. 1955. "T? cevaKTopov Tf]? Ila Studies at Baltimore Athens, Greece, taxT?roa?,"'ArchEph 1953-1954, A', = II D. M. Robinson, Architec pp. 141-150. ture and Houses and Other K. 1973. "A New Mon Sculpture: Rhomiopoulou, Buildings, 1930. umental Chamber Tomb with = IV D. M. Robinson, The Paintings of theHellenistic Period Found in near Terra-Cottas of Olynthus Lefkadia (West Macedonia)," 1928,1931. AAA 6, pp. S7-92. = VIII D. M. Robinson and J.W. -. 1989. "KA,eicrca TacpiKa ouvoXa Hellenic House: A ano tu Graham, The Study ucrcepOK?ao?KC?v xp?vcov of theHouses Found at Olynthus with 0eooa?,oviicr|," in O?Xia Enr\ ei? IN FURNISHED INTERIORS HELLENISTIC GREECE 265

Macedonia V. Read at Te?py?ov E. MvX vav, vol. 3, ed. ArchDelt 21, B'2 (1966), pp. 340 Papers the International Held K. Dakari, Athens, pp. 194-218. 343. Fifth Symposium 1973. in October Richter, G. M. A. 1965. "The Furnish Simopoulos, K. S?voi mt?ioime? Thessaloniki, 10-15,1989, vol. 1495-1499. ings of Ancient Greek Houses," o-TTjv E??a?a2:1700-1800, 3, Thessaloniki, pp. 26-33. Athens. 1.1998. "Dated Gold: Archaeology 18, pp. Touratsoglou, -. 1966. Furniture the from of Greeks, Simpson, E. 2002. "TheAndokides The Evidence Hellenistic and and Greek in in Art the Greek Etruscans, Romans, New York. Painter Carpentry," Macedonia," The of M. 1931. inHonor Dietrich von Both ed. D. Lon Robinson, D. "New Inscrip Essays of Goldsmith, Williams, 30-38. tions from Olynthus and Environs," mer, ed. A. J. Clark and J. Gaunt, don, pp. TAPA 303-316. M. Y. 1996. Role Metals 62, pp. 40-56. Amsterdam, pp. Treister, The of -. = 1934. "Inscriptions from Olyn IivSo? Eiv?o?: Kara?oyo? rr?c inAncient Greek History, Leiden. thus, 1934," TAPA 65, pp. 103-137. 'EkOeoti? (Exhibition catalogue, Triantafyllos, D. 1998. "AvaGracpri Robinson, H. S. 1962. "Excavations Archaeological Museum, Thessa TaquKc?v TDja?cov gttjv 7tepio%f| at Corinth, 1960," Hesperia 31, loniki), Thessaloniki 1997. Opzcxwdaq" AEMTh 8 (1994), pp. 95-133. Sismanidis, K. 1982. "N?o? uocKeooviKO? pp. 349-358. P. 1916. Les cultes ? OTnv 0eo -. 1999. Roussel, ?gyptiens Tacpo? Ayia uapaoKeuri "'Eva? ?ia%poviKO? td|i D?los du IIIe au Ier si?cle av. J.-C, c>aXoviia](;" AAA15, pp. 267-284. ?oc GTo ?nflalo 'E?poD," AEMTh Paris. -. 1997. KXive? Kai xXivoei?ei? 11 (1997), pp. 625-632. tcov v Roussel, P., and J. Hatzfeld. 1909. KaraciKev?? /uaiceooviK Triantafyllos, D., and D. Terzopoulou. "Fouilles de D?los," BCH 33, Ta?cov, Athens. 1997. "TacpiKoi TDji?oi Trj? ?paicri?: -. pp. 472-522. 1998. "H ouv?^eia tu? ?peu Xi)ja7iepaG|j.aTa avaGra(piK(ov OTa KaTa Saatsoglou-Paliadeli, C. 2001. "The va? apxaia 2/cayeipa epeDvc?v,"AEMTh 10, B' (1996), of Its to Palace Vergina- and 1995,"AEMTh 9 (1995), pp. 927-946. in Palace 383-394. -. Kai Surroundings," The Royal pp. 2005. "?jia^e? Kaucei? -. Institution in the First Millenium b.c.: 1999. "AvaoKacpiKa Kai ava veKp v gtov TD|i?o tt|? MiKpfj? and Cultural ornWciKa tod Regional Development ap%a?cov ETayeipcov, Ao^urapa?-Zcovri? ?rijaou between East and Interchange West 1997,"AEMTh 11 (1997), pp. 469 KuTipivou,"AEMTh 17 (2003), Danish Insti 480. 1-9. (Monographs of the pp. tute at Athens 4), ed. I. Nielsen, Sokolowski, F. 1935. "Note sur les Tsakos, K. 1982. "E?AnviGTiKoi X,a^eu Aarhus, pp. 201-213. NuKTocprAa^ia? D?los," BCH 59, to? Tacpoi gtt| lapo," ArchDelt 32, 1997. 382-390. Sabetai, V. "Aspects of Nuptial pp. A' (1977), pp. 344-420. and Genre Imagery in Fifth-Cen Soteriades, G. 1930. "AvaoKacpai Tsimbidou-Avloniti, M. 1988. "Ava oe tury Athens: Issues of Interpretation A?od MaKe?ovia?," Prakt 1930, oracpiKe? ?penve? Tao?ra?? td|i in tc?v Kai and Methodology," Athenian pp. 36-51. ?oDC vojicov 0eGGa?,oviicr|? Potters and Painters: and C. The Conference Spantidaki, Y., Moulh?rat. Xataa?nai?," AEMTh 1 (1987), Proceedings, ed. J. Oakley, W. D. E. 2004. "Ycp?ouxxTa Attikti?," pp. 261-268. -. tod Coulson, and O. Palagia, Oxford, Ap?%vr? 2, pp. 5-13. 1996. "H ?oxpopo? v?oD pp. 319-335. Stefani, L. 2000. "H avaoKacpri otov (laKe?OVlKOD TOCCpODgtov ?y. Tou Sawopoulou, T. 1995. "O B' TacpiKo? TcpoG?^afio Ta9on tu? Kpiaeco? AGavaGio ?eGGaXov?Kn?: Eikovo T\)|i?oc ttj? TOi_>|i7-a? Ilaiovia?," GTaAevK?Sw" AEMTh 12 (1998), ypacpira t^vr^axa," Ancient 6 413-420. Macedonia VI. Read at AEMTh (1992), pp. 425-432. pp. Papers M. B. 1985. "Is There a T. 1993. Sixth International Schiffer, Stefanidou-Tiveriou, Tpane?o the Symposium in Tompeii Premise' Archaeology?" (p?pa fie nXaGTiK?] 5iaK?Gpr?ar?: Held in Thessaloniki, October H Journal ofAnthropological Research aTTiiaj o?aoa, Athens. 15-19,1996, vol. 2, pp. 1247 41, pp. 18-41. Tataki, A. B. 1998. Abroad: 1259. -. 1987. Formation Processes the A Contribution to the -. 1997a. of Prosopography "Taqwco? TD|a?oc Ancient Macedonia gtov Archaeological Record, Albuquerque. of (MeXerrjjuaTa ?y. AGavaGio 0eGGata>viicr|?: H. H. 1974. H Scullard, The Elephant 26), Athens. o^oK^ripcoGn rn? ?peuva?," = in the Greek and Roman World, T?nos II R. Etienne, T?nos et les AEMTh 7 (1993), pp. 251-264. du milieu du si?cle av. -. London. IVe 1997b. "Oi Taqurai TDja?oi rn? G. 1973. "Mobilier d?lien en au milieu du IIIe si?cle Siebert, J.-C. ap.J.-C. 7iepioxri? Ay. AOavaoioD 0eGGata> bronze," Etudes d?liennes (BCH (T?nos II), Athens 1990. vucn? (1992-1997): 'EpeDvaKai in Suppl. 1), pp. 554-587. Thompson, H. A. 1958. "Activities npoomiK??"AEMTh 10,A' (1996), -. 1976. "D?los: Le de the Athenian quartier Agora: 1957," Hespe pp. 427-442. -. Skardhana," BCH 100, pp. 799-821. ria 27, pp. 145-160. 1998. "Ay. AGavaGio? 1994: To in Siganidou, M. 1968. "Tu%a?a e?pfj Tomlinson, R. A. 1993. "Furniture %poviK? jaia? a7roKa^D\|/ri?," AEMTh liaTa?Ilapa?OGei? ?p%aicov," the Macedonian Tombs," Ancient 8 (1994), pp. 231-240. 266 DIMITRA ANDRIANOU

-. 2000. -. 1931. "Les mutil?es H. B. 1903. the "'A?pvaK' ?? ?pyup?nv strophes Walters, Catalogue of ...' in du de BCH Terracottas in the (IX. Z, 413)," Mvpw?: Mvr?jur? p?an Philodamos," 55, Department of Thessa 241-364. Greek and Roman IovXia? BoKoxonovXov, pp. Antiquities, British 543-575. loniki, pp. Vokotopoulou, 1.1990. Oi racpiKoi Museum, London. -. 2005. MaKeSoviKoi ra?oi a?ov ruji?oi T?]?Aiveia?, Athens. Welter, G. 1941. Troezen undKalaureia, 0oiviKa Kai cJTov Ayio Adav?oio -. 1993. "MaKeoovir? av\m6 Berlin. Athens. in T. 1904. Priene: der QeGoaXov?Kr\?, Gia," A^neXooiviKT] larop?a Wiegand, Ergebnisse S. aro Kai und in Tsimbidou-Avloniti, M., Galiniki, xojpo rr?cMaKeSov?ag rrfg Ausgrabungen Untersuchungen and K. Anagnostopoulou. 2003. Opa?ai?, _5"Tpirjjuepo Epyao?aq, den fahren 1895-1898, Berlin. Kai "AE0 apxocioTrjTe?: M?a G%?or\ N?ovoa, 17-19 ZenTe??piov 1993, Wilkins, J., and S. Hill. 1994. Arches ue Kai 21-30. tratus: The 7iape^6?v u?AAov...," Athens, pp. Life of Luxury, Totnes, AEMTh 15 (2001), pp. 215-225. Vo?moeller, K. 1901. "?ber zwei Devon. K. 1997. Mia eub?ische mit 1 = A. 1: Tzanavari, "Aep?evi: Kammergr?ber Zagora Cambitoglou, Zagora AM 333 Excavation Season veKpoTco^ri rn? ap%aia? Anrric," Totenbetten," 36, pp. 1967, Study AEMTh A' 461 376. Season 1968-9 10, (1996), pp. (Australian Academy 476. Wallace-Hadrill, A. 1994. Houses and of the Humanities Monograph 1), R. 1929. in and Vallois, "Topographie d?li Society Pompeii Herculaneum, Sydney 1971. enne," BCH 53, pp. 185-315. Princeton.

Dimitra Andrianou

National Hellenic Research Foundation

48 VASILEOS konstantinou avenue

116-35 ATHENS GREECE

[email protected]