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Wood Bison Management Strategy for the Northwest Territories 2010

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Wood Bison Management Strategy for the Northwest Territories 2010 Wood Bison ManageMent strategy for the northwest territories 2 0 1 0 - 2 0 2 0 Minister’s Message The Wood Bison Management Strategy for the Northwest Territories (Strategy) provides long-term vision, goals and principles for the management of wood bison in the Northwest Territories (NWT) during the next ten years. It will guide the development of population-specific management plans for the Slave River Lowlands, Nahanni and Mackenzie wood bison populations and the recovery of wood bison in the NWT. The management plans, developed in partnership with the Tłı˛cho˛ Government, Wildlife Management Boards and community stakeholders, will contain technical objectives and actions to achieve the goals of the Strategy. Addressing the Key Strategies identified in this document, along with developing and implementing population management plans, will contribute to the national recovery effort under the federal Species at Risk Act. The Government of the Northwest Territories appreciates the contributions of the many groups and organizations which helped improve and develop this Strategy. J. Michael Miltenberger Minister Environment and Natural Resources Wood Bison ManageMent strategy i for the Northwest Territories table of Contents 1 Goals . 1 2 Principles . 2 3 Background . 3 4 Populations in the NWT . 5 5 Challenges . 7 5.1 Addressing Disease . 7 5.2 Habitat Management . 9 5.3 Managing Bison Harvests . 9 5.4 Maximizing Social, Economic and Cultural Benefits. .10 5.5 Reducing Bison/Human Conflicts. .10 5.6 Impacts of Bison on Ecosystems . .12 5.7 Enhancing Genetic Diversity . 12 5.8 Preventing Hybridization . 13 5.9 Agriculture . 13 6 Key Strategies . 14 6.1 Work with communities and Aboriginal governments to develop management plans for each bison population. 14 6.2 Promote social, economic and cultural benefits for NWT residents. .14 6.3 Maintain healthy and productive wood bison populations. 15 6.4 Support wood bison recovery throughout its historic range. 15 Appendix A – Financial Summary . 16 Appendix B – Detailed Strategies . 17 Resources . 23 Cover Photo Credits: Nic Larter, Troy Ellsworth and Lee Keary Wood Bison ManageMent strategy iii for the Northwest Territories 1 goals The goals for wood bison management recognize that bison, like other wildlife, have ecological, cultural and spiritual values along with consumptive uses. The goals are to: 1. Recover free-ranging, genetically diverse, healthy1 wood bison throughout their historic range in the Northwest Territories (NWT), which can sustain on-going harvests for the benefit of all NWT residents. 2. Contribute to the recovery of free-ranging, healthy wood bison throughout their historic range in Canada. The implications of achieving these goals are: 1. Recovery of bison within the NWT will result in expansion of healthy wood bison Photo Credit: Gordon Court populations into new areas where there is suitable habitat. 2. Benefits to NWT residents will be greatest when bison populations increase to a point where they can sustain annual harvests with a limited regulation, similar to regulation now applied to moose. 3. Active surveillance for bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis in bison populations, and containment of these diseases, must continue as long as there are infected populations and a desire to protect non-infected animals from infection. 4. The NWT will work, in cooperation with Canada, First Nations, other agencies and communities, toward removing bovine tuberculosis and bovine brucellosis from bison in and around Wood Buffalo National Park (WBNP). 5. The Bison Control Area program must continue until bison in and around WBNP are no longer infected with tuberculosis or brucellosis. 6. Actions will be needed to prevent further loss of genetic diversity within and among bison populations, and to enhance genetic diversity in wood bison in the NWT and elsewhere. Continued survival of populations will be more likely with broader genetic diversity within and among populations. The goals and actions identified in this Strategy support the vision, goals and Strategic Initiatives of the Legislative Assembly. Specifically, the Strategy supports the following two goals of the 16th Legislative Assembly: • “an environment that will sustain present and future generations” with the priority to “coordinate our efforts to ensure development is sustainable for our land and wildlife,” and • “a diversified economy that provides all communities and regions with opportunities and choices” with the priority to “support the development of sustainable local economies through small businesses and community-based sectors such as tourism, agriculture, arts and crafts, and the traditional economy.” The Strategy also includes activities identified under the Government of the Northwest Territories (GNWT) Business Plan and the Department of Environment and Natural Resources Framework for Action. 1 Healthy means that bison are free of bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis and other significant diseases from domestic animals. Wood Bison ManageMent strategy 1 for the Northwest Territories 2 Principles The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (ENR) will facilitate development of a management plan for each NWT bison population consistent with this Strategy. The Government of the NWT (GNWT) recognizes: • Recovery and restoration of wood bison in the NWT cannot be achieved without the cooperation and support of Aboriginal organizations, the Tłı˛cho˛ Government and NWT communities. • Communities will take the lead in identifying specific management objectives for bison on their traditional lands. This Strategy also adopts the following principles: • Manage at the landscape level. Photo Credit: Troy Ellsworth • Use all sources of knowledge. • Employ the Precautionary Principle. • Use adaptive management approaches. • Take long-term recovery approaches. • All responsible jurisdictions will contribute. Photo Credit: GNWT 2010 2 2020 3 Background Wood bison (Bison bison athabascae) are the largest land mammals in North America. Adult males weigh more than 800 kg and females more than 500 kg. They graze mainly on grasses and sedges found in meadows, wetlands and recently disturbed areas. They move with the seasons to graze where they can best obtain feed and protein. Historically, wood bison ranged over most of the boreal region of North America west of the Precambrian Shield. The southern edge of their distribution bordered the northern edge of plains bison range. Their range covered most of the western NWT, nearly all of northern Alberta, north-eastern British Columbia, a small part of north-western Saskatchewan and most of Yukon and Alaska (Figure 1). Wood bison disappeared from much of this range by the end of the 19th century and Photo Credit: Troy Ellsworth remained only in the region between Great Slave Lake and the Peace/Athabasca Delta. The decline of wood bison paralleled the demise of plains bison in the south between 1840 and 1900. There may have been more than 150,000 wood bison across their range in 1800, but it is estimated that only 250 remained by 1891. There are currently about 3,000 wood bison in the NWT. Bison are important to people for many reasons. Both plains and wood bison were a critical resource to Aboriginal peoples. People today still harvest bison where they can. Many North American Aboriginal peoples have a strong cultural and spiritual connection to bison. However, some communities no longer see bison as part of their heritage, particularly if the species has been missing from the local landscape for a number of generations. Recovering bison populations will provide opportunities for cultural and spiritual reconnection, for viewing and harvests, and aesthetic and economic benefits. It will also re-establish the ecological role bison play on the landscape. Photo Credit: GNWT Wood Bison ManageMent strategy 3 for the Northwest Territories 3 Background Photo Credit: Danny Allaire Wood Bison Distribution Over the Last 5,000 Years Figure 1: Approximate historic distribution of wood bison. Wood bison were initially assessed as endangered by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) in 1978. COSEWIC down-listed wood bison to threatened in 1988 and confirmed that status in their 2000 reassessment. In 2004, wood bison were listed as threatened on Schedule I of the federal Species at Risk Act. Critical habitat is a specific legal term defined by the federalSpecies at Risk Act as “the habitat that is necessary for the survival or recovery of a wildlife species listed as threatened or endangered.” More information and research is needed to identify suitable and critical wood bison habitat in the NWT. Environment Canada, in cooperation with responsible jurisdictions, is drafting a Recovery Strategy for the Wood Bison in Canada as required by the federal Species at Risk Act. The NWT is participating in the development of this strategy. Actions taken on bison management since the draft Wood Bison Management Strategy for the NWT was released in January 2009 are: • An increase in wood bison tags available for the Tłı˛cho˛ region from three to 45 tags. • An increase in wood bison tags available for the Nahanni population. • Implementation of bison hunting along Highway 3. • Information on reducing wildlife/vehicle collisions in other jurisdictions has been compiled. • Increased ENR efforts to deter bison from communities. • Workshops in communities towards developing this Strategy and management plans. 2010 4 2020 4 Populations in the nWt There are seven free-ranging
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