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Download This PDF File JESSIE CARNEY SMITH Special Collections of Black Literature in the Traditionally Black College A study of collections of black literature in black colleges and uni­ versities, including discussions of eight principal collections in these institutions and one major collection in a public library; the organiza­ tion, administration, and personnel for such collections; kinds of ma­ terials collected; programs and services furnished by them; and finan­ cial provisions made for their development. As WE VIEW IT TODAY, black librarian­ McGrath concluded that these colleges ship, like black education, is between as a group "lack their share of distinc- · two worlds. The full entrance of black tive or exceptional libraries."1 This con­ librarianship into the mainstream of li­ clusion may he challenged when critical brarianship in general is yet to be insight is given to the primary and sec­ achieved, and it continues to lie in the ondary resource materials collected by outer realm of those institutions which some of these libraries. Almost immedi­ were created to serve a purely segregated ately, the incompleteness of scholarship society. The high mechanization, mas­ is clearly visible as the untapped sources sive collections, and generous budgets of black studies materials are identified that characterize many of the prestig­ in the black libraries. While, as a whole, ious libraries in America are unknown these libraries may be indistinctive and to black libraries. Black institutions and unexceptional, elements of some of their libraries were born and survived them are both distinctive and exception- against great odds: those imposed by the aJ.' society in which these libraries were cre­ Libraries in the black institutions ated, and those imposed as the result of have been neither self-sufficient nor chronic underfinancing. self-contained. Despite the fact that In his study of the predominantly Ne­ there are unique elements among them, gro colleges and universities, Earl J. the development of these libraries and their collections in black studies materi­ als gives evidence of their potential for Mrs. Smith is university librarian, Fisk contributing to the development of University, Nashville, Tennessee. This ar­ ticle is based on a chapter of the volume scholarship. The depth that these collec­ Black Academic Libraries and Research tions have achieved may be directly at­ Collections, scheduled for publication by tributed to the foresight of early li­ the Scarecrow Press. This project was sup­ brarians, or sometimes faculty persons, ported by a grant from the Council on Li­ who were endowed with the determina­ brary Resources. tion, dedication, and interest necessary 322 I Special Collections of Black Literature I 323 to preserve black history and culture in found in black colleges and universities records. tend to be limited to subjects on blacks, HISTORICAL BACKGROUND or subjects that are black-related. For ex­ ample, it would not be impossible to Patterns in the development of spe­ find in the black institutions papers of cial collections of black literature in the an organization or of a leader that re­ traditionally black colleges vary. In lated in some way to the black man's some cases, materials on this subject struggles. were in the collection which was estab­ Throughout the years, libraries in the lished when the college was founded, black colleges have included materials while in other cases it was through the on black subjects in their collections as generosity of benefactors, either in they were required to meet the needs of gifts of funds or of materials, that curricular programs in black history or their collections were established. As black literature. It may be said that may be seen in the history of black li­ black studies have their founding in the braries in general, full histories of the curricular programs offered early in the development of these collections are black colleges. Not infrequently these lacking. Through bits and pieces given few courses were offered as a require­ in some of their records, however, a ment for all students. For the most part, sketch history can be given. materials supporting these courses were Special collections of black cultur.e added to the general collection. An ex­ may be found in various types of h­ amination of collections in many of braries throughout the United States. these institutions for the purpose of a One group of these comprises the black survey of libraries and research collec­ institutions-libraries in black colleges tions in the traditionally black colleges and universities, black branches of pub­ which this writer conducted revealed lic libraries, special black research cen­ that first editions of important works ters, black museums, and black associa­ long since out of print were located on tions and organizations. Other groups the open shelves, attesting to the fact include college libraries in the predomi­ that librarians or faculties in these insti­ nantly white institutions; university li­ tutions had an early interest in gather- braries; private or university-related re­ ing black materials. search libraries; larger public libraries; Collection practices also resulted m state libraries; libraries of associations the purchase of black newspapers and and learned societies (including groups periodicals. The National Survey of that have religious affiliations); histori­ Higher Education of Negroes reported cal societies of states, cities, and coun­ in 1942 that ties; museums; and governmental li­ braries (including the National Ar­ In their holdings of Negro periodicals chives, presidential libraries, and the Li­ and newspapers ... the collections of brary of Congress ) . the Negro institutions are more sub­ Libraries in various types of black in­ stantial [than their holdings in other stitutions, whether public or private, newspaper and periodical titles]. academic, political, or social, provide Twenty-five colleges were checked for rich and valuable collections of manu­ their holdings of 5 Negro periodicals: The Crisis, Journal of Negro Educa­ script and archival materials for re­ tion, Journal of Negro History, Op­ search in black culture. Unlike the spe­ portunity, and Quarterly Review of cial collections that are found in the Higher Education Among Negroes. predominantly white colleges and uni­ With but two exceptions they hold all versities, special collections that are or all but one of the 5 Negro periodi- 324 I College & Research Libraries • September 1974 cals mentioned. These same institu­ ticipants of the Harlem Renaissance (a tions were asked also to report on literary and cultural movement among their holdings of Negro newspapers. black people, centered in Harlem ) , such The returns to the questionnaire show as Langston Hughes, Rose McClendon, that their holdings of Negro news­ Claude McKay, and Countee Cullen. papers are fairly strong.2 l The Harold Jackman Memorial Com­ Libraries in eight of the traditionally mittee continues the efforts of Jackman black colleges examined for this survey by presenting additions to the collection maintain exceptionally rich resources in periodically. 3 j black studies. These are Atlanta Univer­ The Thayer Lincoln Collection was sity, Dillard University, Fisk University, opened in the Atlanta library in 1953. Hampton Institute, Texas Southern Items there form perhaps the most im­ University, Lincoln University (Penn­ portant collection on "The Great Eman­ sylvania), Tuskegee Institute, and How­ cipator" that is located in the South. ard University. While only seven of The collection was a gift of Mrs. Anna these libraries participated in the survey, Chrittendon Thayer of New York, who the eighth, Howard University, is being maintained a lifetime interest in Lin­ reported because of its significance to coln. the purpose of the survey. Each of the Recent additions to the collections are eight libraries was visited in connection the papers of Irwin McDuffie, Clark with the project, and their collections Foreman, the Chocotoquah Circle, and of black materials were examined in as C. Eric Lincoln, who has written on the much detail as possible. Black Muslims in America and who Atlanta University served on the Atlanta faculty. At Atlanta University, the history of Dillard University the Negro collection as a separate de­ In 1969, when the Amistad Research partment dates back to 1946, when the Center moved from Fisk to Dillard, it university purchased the famous Hen­ took an unusual collection of research ry P. Slaughter Collection. Represented items to a campus where few materials in this collection were matedals by and of that nature had been maintained. Al­ about the black man from many coun­ though not properly a part of the Dil­ tries. In 1932 Anson Phelps presented lard· library or of the university, it may to the Trevor Arnett Library at Atlanta be counted among the collections on the University a collection of papers of black campuses. The American Mission­ Thomas Clarkson, English abolitionist, ary Association Archives, which form who lived between 1760 and 1846. the major portion of the collection, The larger Negro Collection also con­ were formerly at Fisk University, where tains a Countee Cullen Memorial Col­ they were deposited in 1947. lection of black materials, founded at Other materials in the Amistad Cen­ the university in 1942 by Harold Jack­ ter include the Countee Cullen Collec­ man, a friend of the late Countee Cul­ tion, the American Hon:te Missionary So­ len. The founder moved in artistically
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