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Amyot Genevieve 2020 Memoire Université de Montréal Le dynamisme de la personnalité des Yokai Et leur perception dans l’imaginaire japonais selon les époques par Geneviève Amyot Département d’anthropologie Faculté des Arts et des Sciences Mémoire présenté en vue de l’obtention du grade de maîtrise en anthropologie Août 2020 © Geneviève Amyot, 2020 ii Université de Montréal Département d’anthropologie, Faculté des Arts et des Sciences Ce mémoire intitulé Le dynamisme de la personnalité des Yokai Et leur perception dans l’imaginaire japonais selon les époques Présenté par Geneviève Amyot A été évalué par un jury composé des personnes suivantes Guy Lanoue Président-rapporteur John Leavitt Directeur de recherche Bernard Bernier Codirecteur Robert Crépeau Membre du jury iii Résumé Les Yokai sont les créatures mythiques qui tapissent le folklore japonais. Bien qu’on traduise souvent le mot Yokai par « monstre », ils ne sont pas toujours méchants. En fait, un même Yokai peut être à la fois bon ou mauvais – leur personnalité est changeante selon les histoires. Je me demande alors si le contexte historique peut expliquer ces changements caractériels. J’observe donc lors de mon étude trois différents Yokai (Kappa, Tanuki et Tengu) dans les contes de trois ères historiques japonaises différentes afin de voir s’il y a vraiment un lien – et à l’inverse, voir s’il est possible de dater un conte de par le comportement du Yokai qui y figure. Mots clés : Yokai – Folklore Japonais – Contes et légendes – Tengu – Kappa – Tanuki – Créatures mythiques – Histoire du Japon – Folklore – Edo – Meiji – Taisho – Shōwa – Études japonaises – Culture populaire – Kaidan – contes japonais - Japon iv Abstract Yokais are mythical creatures found in Japanese folklore. This word is often translated with “monster”, however this does not mean that they are always evil. In fact, one same creature can be both good and bad – their personalities vary depending on the tale. I am thus wondering if historical context can explain these characteristic changes. Therefore, I will here study the behaviour of three different Yokais (Kappa, Tanuki and Tengu) in tales of three different Japanese eras to see if there is indeed a connection – and also the other way around, to see if it would be possible to date a tale based on its Yokais’ behaviour. Key words : Yokai – Japanese Folklore – fairy tales – folk tales - Tengu – Kappa – Tanuki – mythical creatures – Japanese history – folklore – Edo – Meiji – Taisho – Shōwa – Japanese studies – popular culture – Kaidan – Japanese tales - Japan v Table des matières Le dynamisme de la personnalité des Yokai ......................................................................................... 1 Contexte littéraire et historique ........................................................................................................... 5 Revue de littérature .............................................................................................................................. 15 Étude de cas : le Yurei ......................................................................................................................... 15 Étude de cas : Oni ............................................................................................................................... 24 Méthodologie et hypothèse ................................................................................................................... 33 Développement ...................................................................................................................................... 39 Fin de l’ère Edo/Tokugawa (1776-1867) ............................................................................................. 39 Le Tanuki ............................................................................................................................................. 39 Le Kappa .............................................................................................................................................. 45 Le DaiTengu ......................................................................................................................................... 49 Analyse ................................................................................................................................................ 52 Les ères Meiji et Taisho (1868-1926) ................................................................................................... 53 Le Tanuki ............................................................................................................................................. 53 Le Kappa .............................................................................................................................................. 57 Le Tengu .............................................................................................................................................. 60 Analyse ................................................................................................................................................ 64 L’ère Shōwa (1926-1989) ...................................................................................................................... 65 Le Tanuki ............................................................................................................................................. 65 Le Kappa .............................................................................................................................................. 69 Le Tengu .............................................................................................................................................. 73 Analyse ................................................................................................................................................ 75 Analyse des résultats ............................................................................................................................. 76 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 87 Bibliographie ......................................................................................................................................... 88 vi Liste des figures Miyazaki, H. (1988). Illustration du film Mon voisin Totoro https://www.dazeddigital.com/artsandculture/article/32059/1/unraveling-the-fan-theory-behind- ghibli-s-totoro, page consultée le 23 mars 2015…………………………………………………..2 Inconnu. (1912) Photo d’hommes jouant au kokkuri, image repérée dans Pandemonium and Parade de Foster, M. à la page 86…………….…………………………………………………..9 Shigeru, M. (1984) Kuchisake-Onna image repérée dans Pandemonium and Parade de Foster, M. à la page 190…………………………………………..……………………………………...10 Inconnu. (2019) Photo de statuette de Jizo, http://japanization.org/statuettes-jizo-un-sourire-qui- cache-un-secret-douloureux/, page consultée le 19 avril 2016…………………….………………………………………………………………………...13 Okyo, M. (1750) Le fantôme d’Oyuki. image repérée dans Yurei : the Japanese Ghost de Davisson, Z. à la page 9………………………………………………………………………….15 Utagawa, K. (1836) Le spectre d’Oiwa, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yotsuya_Kaidan, page consultée le 23 mai 2017………………………………….……………………………………..16 Yoshitoshi, T. (1890) Le fantôme d’Okiku à Sarayashiki image repérée dans Yurei : the Japanese Ghost de Davisson, Z. à la page 121……………………………………….……………………20 Meyer, M. (2012-2015) Plusieurs illustrations d’Oni, images repérées dans The Night Parade of One Hundred Demons et The Hour of Meeting Evil Spirits du même auteur……………………………………………………………………………………………..23 Inconnu. (XIVe siècle) Scène d’Oeyama Emaki [illustration]. Musée d’art Itsuo, Ikeda, Osaka, Kansai, Japon https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ooeyama_Emaki.jpg………………………………..25 Images des Animes Devilman, Shuten Doji, Urusei Yatsura, Inu Yasha et Le voyage de Chihiro…………………………………………………………………………………..……30-31 Meyer, M. (2014) Exemples de Tsukumogami http://matthewmeyer.net/ page consultée le 14 avril 2015………………………………………………………………………………………...33 Yanagawa, S. (1835) Yoshitsune et le roi Tengu https://ukiyo-e.org/image/mfa/sc224045, page consultée le 9 novembre 2017……………………………………………………………………33 Inconnu. (XVe siècle) Tonyugyo Tengu et Suchiso Tengu, https://www.onmarkproductions.com/html/tengu.shtml, page consultée le 10 décembre 2017………………………………………………………………………………………………33 Inconnu. (2016) Photo d’un Tanuki https://i.redd.it/30x8npt2s80y.jpg, page consultée le 6 décembre 2016 …………………………………………………………………………………..34 vii Inconnu. (2015) Statuette de Tanuki http://www.onmarkproductions.com/html/tanuki.shtml, page consultée le 9 novembre 2017……………………………………………………………………34 Utagawa, K. (1840) Testicules de Tanuki http://www.kuniyoshiproject.com/raccoon%20Dogs%20%28R209%29.htm, page consultée le 6 décembre 2016…………………………………………………………………………………...35 Utagawa, K. (XIXe siècle) Les Tanukis sont sensibles au froid, http://www.japanbrands.jp/blog/post/2014/03/, page consultée le 6 décembre 2016…………...35 Koga, T. (1820) Suiko Koryaku https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_(folklore), page consultée le 23 août 2016…………………………………………………………………………………..35 Shigeru, M. (1984) Kappa et shirikodama, https://hyakumonogatari.com/tag/kappa-2/, page consultée le 23 août 2016………………………………………………………………………...36 Toriyama, S. (1780) Morinji no kama, image repérée dans Japandemonium illustrated de Alt, M. et Yoda, H. à la page 204 ………………………………………………………………………………..38 Fujiyama, K. (1908) Le ballot prend
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