Predicting Spatial Patterns of Plant Biodiversity: from Species to Communities

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Predicting Spatial Patterns of Plant Biodiversity: from Species to Communities Département d’écologie et d’évolution Predicting spatial patterns of plant biodiversity: from species to communities Thèse de doctorat ès sciences de la vie (PhD) Présentée à la Faculté de biologie et médecine de l’Université de Lausanne Par Anne Dubuis Master en biologie de l’Université de Lausanne Jury Prof. Stefan Kunz, Président Prof. Antoine Guisan, Directeur de thèse Dr. Pascal Vittoz, Expert Prof. Jean-Claude Gégout, Expert Prof. Miska Luoto, Expert Lausanne 2013 SUMMARY Understanding the distribution and composition of species assemblages and being able to predict them in space and time are highly important tasks to investigate the fate of biodiversity in the current global changes context. Species distribution models are tools that have proven useful to predict the potential distribution of species by relating their occurrences to environmental variables. Species assemblages can then be predicted by combining the prediction of individual species models. In the first part of my thesis, I tested the importance of new environmental predictors to improve species distribution prediction. I showed that edaphic variables, above all soil pH and nitrogen content could be important in species distribution models. In a second chapter, I tested the influence of different resolution of predictors on the predictive ability of species distribution models. I showed that fine resolution predictors could ameliorate the models for some species by giving a better estimation of the micro-topographic condition that species tolerate, but that fine resolution predictors for climatic factors still need to be ameliorated. The second goal of my thesis was to test the ability of empirical models to predict species assemblages’ characteristics such as species richness or functional attributes. I showed that species richness could be modelled efficiently and that the resulting prediction gave a more realistic estimate of the number of species than when obtaining it by stacking outputs of single species distribution models. Regarding the prediction of functional characteristics (plant height, leaf surface, seed mass) of plant assemblages, mean and extreme values of functional traits were better predictable than indices reflecting the diversity of traits in the community. This approach proved interesting to understand which environmental conditions influence particular aspects of the vegetation functioning. It could also be useful to predict climate change impacts on the vegetation. In the last part of my thesis, I studied the capacity of stacked species distribution models to predict the plant assemblages. I showed that this method tended to over-predict the number of species and that the composition of the community was not predicted exactly either. Finally, I combined the results of macro- ecological models obtained in the preceding chapters with stacked species distribution models and showed that this approach reduced significantly the number of species predicted and that the prediction of the composition is also ameliorated in some cases. These results showed that this method is promising. It needs now to be tested on further data sets. RESUMÉ Comprendre la manière dont les plantes se répartissent dans l’environnement et s’organisent en communauté est une question primordiale dans le contexte actuel de changements globaux. Cette connaissance peut nous aider à sauvegarder la diversité des espèces et les écosystèmes. Des méthodes statistiques nous permettent de prédire la distribution des espèces de plantes dans l’espace géographique et dans le temps. Ces modèles de distribution d’espèces, relient les occurrences d’une espèce avec des variables environnementales pour décrire sa distribution potentielle. Cette méthode a fait ses preuves pour ce qui est de la prédiction d’espèces individuelles. Plus récemment plusieurs tentatives de cumul de modèles d’espèces individuelles ont été réalisées afin de prédire la composition des communautés végétales. Le premier objectif de mon travail est d’améliorer les modèles de distribution en testant l’importance de nouvelles variables prédictives. Parmi différentes variables édaphiques, le pH et la teneur en azote du sol se sont avérés des facteurs non négligeables pour prédire la distribution des plantes. Je démontre aussi dans un second chapitre que les prédicteurs environnementaux à fine résolution permettent de refléter les conditions micro-topographiques subies par les plantes mais qu’ils doivent encore être améliorés avant de pouvoir être employés de manière efficace dans les modèles. Le deuxième objectif de ce travail consistait à étudier le développement de modèles prédictifs pour des attributs des communautés végétales tels que, par exemple, la richesse en espèces rencontrée à chaque point. Je démontre qu’il est possible de prédire par ce biais des valeurs de richesse spécifiques plus réalistes qu’en sommant les prédictions obtenues précédemment pour des espèces individuelles. J’ai également prédit dans l’espace et dans le temps des caractéristiques de la végétation telles que sa hauteur moyenne, minimale et maximale. Cette approche peut être utile pour comprendre quels facteurs environnementaux promeuvent différents types de végétation ainsi que pour évaluer les changements à attendre au niveau de la végétation dans le futur sous différents régimes de changements climatiques. Dans une troisième partie de ma thèse, j’ai exploré la possibilité de prédire les assemblages de plantes premièrement en cumulant les prédictions obtenues à partir de modèles individuels pour chaque espèce. Cette méthode a le défaut de prédire trop d’espèces par rapport à ce qui est observé en réalité. J’ai finalement employé le modèle de richesse en espèce développé précédemment pour contraindre les résultats du modèle d’assemblage de plantes. Cela a permis l’amélioration des modèles en réduisant la sur-prédiction et en améliorant la prédiction de la composition en espèces. Cette méthode semble prometteuse mais de nouveaux tests sont nécessaires pour bien évaluer ses capacités. TABLE OF CONTENT INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1: Improving the prediction of plant species distribution and community composition by adding edaphic to topo-climatic variables CHAPTER 2: Very high-resolution environmental predictors in species distribution models: moving beyond topography CHAPTER 3: Predicting spatial patterns of plant species richness: a comparison of direct macro-ecological and species stacking modelling approaches CHAPTER 4: Predicting current and future community patterns of plant functional traits CHAPTER 5: Using macroecological modelling to constrain community predictions from species distribution models SYNTHESIS ANNEX 1 : Species distribution models reveal apparent competitive and facilitative effects of a dominant species on the distribution of tundra plants ANNEX 2 : The accuracy of plant assemblage prediction from species distribution models varies along environmental gradients ANNEX 3 : Climate-based empirical models show biased predictions of butterfly communities along environmental gradients ANNEX 4 : Ecological assembly rules in plant communities - approaches, patterns and prospects ANNEX 5 : A better understanding of the ecological conditions for Leontopodium alpinum Cassini in the Swiss Alps INTRODUCTION 1 2 THE STUDY OF SPECIES DISTRIBUTION Understanding how species are distributed and how they assemble to form communities and ecosystems is a question that has motivated scientific interest for a long time. The on-going global changes – climate warming, destruction of habitats, pollution and biological invasions - are impacting strongly on biodiversity (Sala et al., 2000; Pereira et al., 2010; Chen et al., 2011; Cardinale et al., 2012). These changes increase drastically the need of knowledge that could be used to anticipate and prevent deleterious effects of global changes on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Regarding plants, phytogeography a discipline merging botany and geography, has investigated the distributions of plant species or communities and their respective drivers (climatic, edaphic, biotic) since the beginning of the 19th century. In 1805, Alexander von Humbolt and Aimé Jacques Bonpland, two botanists that were just returning from a trip through South America, published a book entiltled “Essai sur la géographie des plantes”. In this essay, they considered several environmental factors like temperature, humidity and geology to explain the repartition of species, thus setting early bases of modern biogeography. In 1820 Augustin Pyramus de Candolle, followed by his son Alphonse defined botanical regions based on vegetation form and their relations to climatic region (Magnin-Gonze, 2004). These precursors were followed by numerous scientists that studied relationships between living organisms and their environment. Mathematical models are increasingly used in ecology, among others to understand and predict relations between species and their environment. Models have divergent qualities and can be separated in three groups that each maximise two out of the three following properties: generality, reality and precision (Levins, 1966; Guisan & Zimmermann, 2000). Analytical or mathematical models favour generality and precision. They allow predicting a response within a simplified reality. Lokta-Volterra equation is well known example of analytical model (Volterra, 1926). The second group, mechanistic models (also called process-based or physiological models) are realistic and general. They give predictions
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