The Char Bagh-I Panjab: Socio-Cultural Configuration
23 J. S. Grewal: Char-i Bagh Panjab The Char Bagh-i Panjab: Socio-Cultural Configuration J.S. Grewal Institute of Punjab Studies, Chandigarh _______________________________________________________________ The descriptive part of the mid-nineteenth century Char Bagh-i Punjab of Ganesh Das in Persian is analysed for evidence on the social and cultural history of the Punjab during the eighteenth and the early nineteenth century. The disparate facts and places in specific space and time by the author are sought to be classified and put together coherently in terms of urbanization; religious beliefs, practices, and institutions of Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs; popular religion; traditional learning, both religious and secular; literature in Persian, Punjabi, Braj and ‘Hindi’ in Perso-Arabic, Gurmukhi and Devanagri scripts; and gender relations, with special regard to conjugal and personal love. The socio-cultural configuration that emerges on the whole from this analysis is given at the end, with the reflection of the author’s personality as a member of the precolonial Punjabi society. Important in itself, this configuration provides the background for an appreciation of socio-cultural change in the colonial Punjab. _______________________________________________________________ Introducton The Char Bagh-i Punjab of Ganesh Das Badhera is by far the most important single source of information for the social and cultural history of the Punjab before its annexation to British India in 1849.* Though a general history from the earliest times to the fall of the kingdom of Lahore in 1849, about three- fourths of the work is devoted to the eighteenth and the early nineteenth century, both in its narrative part which is almost entirely political, and its descriptive part which is almost entirely non-political.
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