Indicators y

São José do Rio Preto Ribeirão Araçatuba Preto

Araraquara Presidente Prudente Marília São Paulo Macro- Paraíba Valley metropolitan São Paulo A map of Metropolitan Region São Paulo scientific Southern competencies Coastal Region

Study shows where researchers are concentrated and describes the impact of their production in the 15 administrative regions of the state of São Paulo

Fabrício Marques n February 2017, the Academy of Sciences of sulted by entrepreneurs interested in opening the State of São Paulo (Aciesp) introduced new businesses, for example. There they will find Published in March 2017 a survey regarding the scientific competen- out the location of well-established researchers I cies of each of the 15 administrative regions who could help them deal with their challenges,” of the state. Titled Map of Science in São Paulo, says José Eduardo Krieger, dean of research at the study assembles a set of indicators from 2002 USP who was president of ACIESP until 2015, to 2011 that show everything from the concen- when the study was commissioned. The entire tration of researchers in each region and their map can be seen at bit.ly/MapaCiênciaSP. fields of knowledge to the size and impact of Sponsored by Banco Bradesco, the map, as their scientific production. Also included are was expected, shows a heavy concentration of graphs that group the researchers according researchers along the São Paulo-Campinas axis. to the number of articles published in two time However, it also reveals some nuances. The São periods—over the entire 10 years of the study Paulo Metropolitan Region (SPMR), the site of and between 2009 and 2011. “This is a snapshot two USP campuses as well as public universi- of São Paulo science during the first decade of ties such as the federal universities of São Paulo the 21st century. It shows the different kinds of (UNIFESP) and the ABC (UFABC) and private expertise by region in this state that is directly institutions such as Mackenzie or the Getúlio responsible for half of all ’s scientific pro- Vargas Foundation, has the most scientists in duction,” says Marcos Buckeridge, a professor nearly every field of knowledge. However, the at the Biosciences Institute of the University of lead is more significant in some fields. This is São Paulo (USP) and president of ACIESP. “The true of Applied Social Sciences, with 59% of the idea was to have a data platform that can be con- state’s researchers; Health Sciences, with 54.9%;

28 z february 2018 Density of São Paulo Campinas Ribeirão Preto researchers 9.17% 5.76% Metropolitan Region of the state’s population of the state’s population The science occupations 51.27% of each of the 15 of the state’s population Highlights Highlights administrative regions of the Agricultural Sciences, with Agricultural Sciences, with Highlights 22% of the state’s 13.6% of the state’s state of São Paulo, comparing Social and Applied Sciences, researchers; Engineering, researchers; Biological the percentage of the local with 59% of the state’s with 18.5%; Exact and Sciences, with 11.4%; population with the researchers; Health Sciences, Earth Sciences, with 16.6%; Health Sciences, with with 54.9%; Linguistics, and Linguistics, Literature, 10.5%; and Human Sciences, percentage of researchers in Literature, and Arts, with and Arts, with 15.1% with 6.3% selected fields of knowledge 54.3%; and Human Sciences, with 51%

Source Map of Science in São Paulo / Aciesp

São Paulo São José do São Paulo Paraíba Valley Piracicaba Rio Preto Paraíba Valley 5.48% 3.33% 3.8% 1.96% of the state’s population of the state’s population of the state’s population of the state’s population

Highlights Highlight Highlight Highlights Engineering, with 15.2% Agricultural Sciences, Linguistics, Literature, Exact and Earth Sciences, of the state’s researchers; with 15.3% of the and Arts, with 4.3% of Bauru with 15.3% of the state’s and Exact and Earth state’s researchers the state’s researchers researchers; Engineering, Sciences, with 10.8% 3.53% with 14.2%; and Linguistics, of the state’s Literature, and Arts, population with 7.9%

Highlights Agricultural Sciences, Araçatuba with 11.1% of the state’s 1.69% researchers; Health Presidente Sciences, with 6.4%; of the state’s population Prudente and Biological Sciences, with 6.3% 2.05% Highlights of the state’s population Agricultural Sciences, Assis Marília with 3.2% of the state’s 1.34% 1.1% Highlights researchers; and of the state’s population of the state’s population Human Sciences, with Engineering, with 2.4% 2.4% of the state’s Highlight Highlights researchers; and Linguistics, Literature, Human Sciences, Agricultural Sciences, and Arts, with 3.3% of with 2.7% of the state’s with 2.1% the state’s researchers researchers; and Applied Social Sciences, with 1.9%

Linguistics, Literature, and Arts with 54.3%; and Human Sciences, with 51%. In other fields, lead- ership occurs but by smaller margins. In Exact São Paulo Southern and Earth Sciences, 38% of researchers live in Macrometropolitan Itapetininga Coastal Region the SPMR. The regions of Campinas (16.6%) and Araraquara (15.3%) rank second and third. How- region ever, in Engineering, São Paulo is at the top of Region of Jundiaí and 2% 1.12% of the state’s population of the state’s population the list, with 36.8% of all researchers, followed 6.4% by Campinas (18.5%) and the Paraíba Valley re- of the state’s population Diagnosis Diagnosis gion (15.2%). “The survey shows clearly that, Very low density of Very low density of researchers. Varies researchers. Varies erro erro pi o

i although competencies are concentrated in the Diagnosis from 0.06% of the from 0% of the SPMR, other parts of the state exhibit specific Limited density of auríc researchers. Varies from state’s researchers in state’s researchers m

s areas of expertise,” says Buckeridge, referring 1.7% of the state’s Health Sciences to in Linguistics, Literature, on 0.5% in Agricultural and Arts, to 0.5% in t i to the Araraquara Metropolitan Region, which researchers in Exact and Sciences Agricultural Sciences t ra boasts USP campuses, the São Paulo State Uni- Earth Sciences to 2.6% us in Human Sciences Ill versity (Unesp), and the Federal University of

pESQUISA FAPESP z 29 São Carlos (UFSCar) while in the Paraíba Valley an aerospace hub has emerged A sample of the Map of around São José dos Campos. São Paulo Metropolitan Region There is one field of knowledge in Science in São Paulo 7,708 researchers 65,769 articles which the São Paulo Metropolitan Re- 822,764 citations gion does not contain the largest contin- Total number of researchers and 12.51 citations per article gent of science professionals. This area is their scientific production Agricultural Sciences, in which Campi- (articles, citations, and citations nas appears with 22% of the state’s re- per article) in the field of Health Campinas searchers, followed by São Paulo, with Sciences, between 2002 and 2011, 1,398 researchers 19.3%; Piracicaba, with 15.3%; and Ri- in the 15 administrative regions 10,916 articles beirão Preto, with 13.6%. “What created 130,672 citations the equilibrium is the presence in the 11.97 citations per article Campinas region of the Agronomic In- stitute and the University of Campinas (Unicamp),” Buckeridge says. “In turn, the significance of Piracicaba relates to Macrometropolitan 296 researchers the Luiz de Queiroz College of Agricul- 949 articles ture, which is part of USP.” 7,052 citations 7.43 citations per article Source Map of Science conomist Marcelo Pinho, a profes- in São Paulo / Aciesp sor at UFSCar, recommends caution E when making comparisons among regions. “The comparability of the data is impaired by the enormous disparity in recent years have encouraged a great- between the dimensions of the mesore- er concentration of scientific activities gions in both demographic and economic It takes about rather than a decentralization. “There terms,” he says. He notes that the SPMR has been an expansion of higher edu- has approximately 20 million residents 20 years for cation, but most of it occurred near the while the Araraquara region has yet to a scientific city of São Paulo,” he says, referring to reach one million. “It would be more pru- the establishment of the UFABC and in- dent to filter that difference by evaluating competency stallation of UNIFESP campuses in the scientific production per 100,000 resi- cities of Santos, Diadema, , São dents or by GDP,” he says. According to to become José dos Campos, and . “In most Pinho, the concentration of researchers cases the expansion was not designed to in greater São Paulo should attract atten- well-established promote regional development,” he says. tion only after it exceeds 50%, the figure in a region, says Even in the case of the UFSCar campus corresponding to the percentage that the installed in Sorocaba in 2011, says Garcia, capital city and its vicinity represent in Unicamp’s the local impact will not be felt for some the state population as a whole. “That time. “They are hiring researchers who happens only in Health Sciences and in Renato Garcia have potential and are already attract- the group of subject fields associated with ing master’s candidates, but doctoral Humanities and Social Sciences, includ- students are still opting to attend more ing Linguistics, Literature, and Arts.” well-established centers. It takes about Having expressed those reservations, 20 years for a scientific competency to Marcelo Pinho says that the data reflect state’s population, that region is home to become well-established in a region.” regional concentrations of competencies 14% and 15% of the researchers in those The analysis used as its starting point that were already known. “It is not sur- two fields of knowledge, respectively,” he the figures compiled by the Research prising that the Piracicaba region, which says. According to Pinho, the data con- Groups Directory (DGP) of the National has less than 4% of the state’s population firm the presence of a reasonable degree Council for Scientific and Technological accounts for 15% of the researchers in of spatial distribution of scientific capa- Development (CNPq), which compiles Agricultural Sciences and occupies an bilities throughout the state. “This is a information on Brazilian researchers on even more prominent position, consid- positive result of the policies that have its Lattes Platform. When studying the ering researchers that exhibit the high- been followed for many decades, namely production by São Paulo State research- est productivity. Something similar can the deconcentration of the locations of ers on the DGP site, names of other col- be said of the Araraquara mesoregion, universities and research institutions. laborators emerged – expanding the size which includes São Carlos, with regard To Renato Garcia, a professor at the of the survey universe to 1.2 million résu- to Engineering and Exact and Earth Sci- Economics Institute of Unicamp, the més. Using information technology tools, ences. With approximately 2% of the data from the map suggest that policies the data were checked to prevent double

30 z february 2018 São José do São Paulo Southern Ribeirão Preto Rio Preto Bauru Coastal Region 1,473 researchers 322 researchers 898 researchers 3 researchers 16,554 articles 1,510 articles 7,925 articles 4 articles 183,765 citations 10,615 citations 76,210 citations 50 citations 11.10 citations per article 7.03 citations per article 9.62 citations per article 12.5 citations per article

Presidente Araraquara Prudente Piracicaba Itapetininga 117 researchers 462 researchers 615 researchers 8 researchers 386 articles 5,121 articles 4,858 articles 30 articles 2,523 citations 60,704 citations 43,270 citations 106 citations 6.54 citations per article 11.85 citations per article 8.91 citations per article 3.53 citations per article

São Paulo Assis Marília Paraíba Valley Araçatuba 182 researchers 327 researchers 38 researchers 178 researchers 602 articles 1,809 articles 123 articles 1,826 articles 4,891 citations 12,550 citations 1,446 citations 11,894 citations 8.12 citations per article 6.94 citations per article 11.76 citations per article 6.51 citations per article

counting and cross-checked against data with 60,829 citations) with 8.55 cita- generated by the universities seems to on citations from Google Scholar. The tions per article. have very little influence on the basic methodology developed was refined un- In some regions both the concentra- education system.” der a project supported by FAPESP as tions of researchers and scientific pro- Encouraging scientific activities in part of its Innovative Research in Small duction are low. The extreme cases are those areas poses a challenge, but in the Businesses Program (PIPE) program. São Paulo’s Southern Coastal region, opinion of José Eduardo Krieger it would “For some years, we had been develop- which has 17 municipalities surround- not be necessary to establish new univer- ing scientific-technological databases ing Itanhaém and Registro, and the con- sities there. “The resources need to be and tools for treating and analyzing data, tiguous Itapetininga region with 35 mu- allocated where scientific competencies but the PIPE project provided for the im- nicipalities. Both have only a few dozen already exist. What is essential is to iden- provements and further sophistication researchers in each field of knowledge. tify local vocations and support them,” of the tools that we used in constructing The gaps in terms of science coincide he states. Renato Garcia argues that one the Map of Science and in other proj- with areas of low economic activity. The cannot ignore the effect that the estab- ects,” says computer engineer Luiz Dan- Southern Coastal region includes the lishment of a university or technology iel Lapolla, of Elabora P&D, Computação Ribeira Valley, one of the poorest areas hub has on a city. “A campus can change e Sistemas de Informática. in the state. Its annual per capita GDP the face of a municipality. It encourages is R$24,500 according to Brazilian In- urbanization and attracts people of a high he survey shows that significant stitute of Geography and Statistics (IB- intellectual level, which generates new knowledge can be produced even GE) figures for 2013. In Itapetininga, demands,” he says. “Even the risk of re- T in regions where the concentra- income is even lower at R$22,600 per searchers becoming isolated diminishes tion of researchers is not particularly inhabitant. In contrast, the per capita because of opportunities to collaborate notable. The study reports the number of GDP in the SPMR is R$44,400 a year, at a distance using information technol- articles produced in each region by field and in Campinas it is R$41,600. Marcos ogy.” Garcia warns that we should not of knowledge, the citations that those Buckeridge compared the data from the expect the same effect on the transfer papers obtained, and the relationships Map of Science with the Human Devel- of knowledge to companies. “For that to between articles and citations. Again, opment Index (HDI) for the regions. occur, there has to be demand. If there taking Agricultural Sciences as an ex- “There is a correlation with the income are no companies in the region, demand ample, we find that the Paraíba Valley indicators from the HDI, but they take will not exist.” n produced only 785 articles between 2002 off after the number of researchers in a and 2011; however, they were the target region passes the 2,000 mark,” he says. of 10,707 citations, resulting in 13.64 cita- Buckeridge has observed a relationship, Project tions per article. That ratio is better than albeit less significant, between scientific Elabminer: Order and predictability in web mining work- the ratio for Campinas (7,684 articles and performance and indicators of popula- flows. (No. 12/50119-1); Grant Mechanism Innovative Research in Small Businesses Program (PIPE); Principal 67,451 citations) with 8.78 citations per tion longevity—but found no correla- Investigator Gabriel Dieterich Cavalcante (Elabora); article or for Piracicaba (7,118 articles tion with education. “The knowledge Investment R$ 78,989.80.

pESQUISA FAPESP z 31