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In Brasilien 100 100 Traditionelle Völker und Gemeinschaftenin Brasilien Entwicklungsperspektiven 100 Traditionelle Völker und Gemeinschaften in Brasilien Traditionelle ISBN 978-3-86219-150-5 Lateinamerika Dokumentation 9 783862 191505 Traditionelle Völker und Gemeinschaften in Brasilien Dieter Gawora Maria Helena de Souza Ide Rômulo Soares Barbosa (Organisatoren) Lateinamerika-Dokumentationsstelle Kooperation Brasilien - KoBra Kassel 2011 Entwicklungsperspektiven Nr. 100 Kassel 2011 kassel university press GmbH www.upress.uni-kassel.de ISBN print: 978-3-86219-150-5 ISBN online: 978-3-86219-151-2 Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Bibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de <http://dnb.ddb.de> abrufbar. Titelfoto: Elisa Cotta de Araújo Umschlaggestaltung: Dieter Gawora Kassel university press GmbH, Kassel Übersetzungen Mirja Annawald, Kristina Bayer, Gilberto Calcagnotto, Dieter Gawora, Anne-Kathrin Gläser, Tatiana de Souza Gomes, Hans Ullrich Ide, Ernst Müller, Verena Ramos, Verena Reckert, Christian Russau Gefördert: MISEREOR Universität Kassel FB 05 Nora-Platiel-Str. 5 34127 Kassel Tel.: 0049 561 804 3152 Fax: 0049 561 804 3464 http://www.uni-kassel.de/fb5/soziologie/sel • Die Debatte über Entwicklungsperspektiven steht überall auf der Tages- ordnung. Einseitig an wirtschaftlichem Wachstum orientierte Vorstellungen haben verheerende materielle, soziale und psychische Auswirkungen in Latein- amerika, Afrika und Asien, aber auch in Europa und den USA. Obwohl das am Wirtschaftswachstum orientierte Konzept längst kritisiert wurde, ist es nach wie vor für die Richtung unserer wirtschaftlichen und gesellschaftlichen Ver- änderungen nach innen und außen maßgeblich. • Die Kritik muss mit konkreten Entwicklungsperspektiven für eine huma- nitäre Entwicklung verbunden werden. Technokratische Politik zur Entwicklung reicht ebenso wenig aus wie politische Utopien. Die Erarbeitung der Perspekti- ven ist in Wirklichkeit ein umfassender Lernprozess, der ein neues Verständnis von Politik und nicht zuletzt auch ein neues Rollenverständnis von Technikern und Sozialwissenschaftlern erfordert. • So geht es in dieser Reihe Entwicklungsperspektiven darum, emanzipa- torische Prozesse im Produktions- und Reproduktionsbereich (bzw. Ursachen für ihre Verhinderung) aufzuzeigen. In ihnen wird an die eigene Geschichte an- geknüpft und die eigene Identität erneut gefunden. Die Analyse emanzipatori- scher Erfahrungen in verschiedenen Bereichen (Gesundheit, Wohnungsbau, Bil- dung, Produktionsorganisation ...) können hier wie dort Schritte auf dem Weg der Lösung von Abhängigkeiten hin zur Selbstbestimmung klären helfen. Entwicklungsperspektiven sind heute schwer zu erkennen, daher suchen wir • Berichte aus der Erfahrung demokratischer Organisationen, Analysen an- derer Gesellschaften und Kulturen sowie ihrer Wirtschafts- und Lebens- weisen. • Auswertungen von Erfahrungen in Entwicklungsprojekten. • Dokumente mit Hilfe derer die Lernprozesse aus diesen Erfahrungen von Europa nach Lateinamerika und vice versa vermittelt werden können. LATEINAMERIKA-DOKUMENTATIONSSTELLE Universität Kassel FB 5 Inhaltsverzeichnis Dieter Gawora, Maria Helena de Souza Ide, Rômulo Soares Barbosa Traditionelle Völker und Gemeinschaften in Brasilien Brasilianisch-deutsches Kolloquium 7 Dieter Gawora Traditionelle Völker und Gemeinschaften als Subjekte der Veränderung 13 Mônica Nogueira Völker des Cerrado. Eigenschaften und gemeinsame Herausforderungen 33 João Batista de Almeida Costa Die (Un-)Unsichtbarkeit der traditionellen Völker und Gemeinschaften: Die Produktion von Identität, Zugehörigkeit und Lebensart als Strategie zur Realisierung kollektiven Rechts 45 Isabel Cristina Barbosa de Brito Die Umweltbewegung der Gerais 61 Claudia Luz de Oliveira, Carlos Alberto Dayrell, João Silveira d'Angelis Filho Unsichtbare Wirtschaftsformen der traditionellen Gemeinschaften im Norden von Minas Gerais 69 Elisa Cotta de Araújo Überlegungen zum Encurralmento (“Einpferchung”) und zu den sozialen Praktiken der Vazanteiros und Quilombolas des Rio São Francisco 87 Rômulo Soares Barbosa, Cláudia Luz de Oliveira Umweltkonflikte im Norden von Minas Gerais. Eine Forschungsagenda 105 Lidia Praça Gesellschaftliche Bewertung. Umwelt- und Sozialkonflikte bei der Einrichtung von Umweltschutzgebieten im Norden von Minas Gerais 121 Ana Paula Glinfskoi Thé Grenzen partizipativer Fischereiressourcenpolitik für traditionelle Gemeinschaften am São Francisco 139 Rosângela Alves de Oliveira Solidarische Ökonomie und traditionelle Völker und Gemeinschaften: Herausforderungen und Chancen in Zeiten der Krise des Kapital 155 Artur de Souza Moret Elektrische Energieerzeugung für isolierte Gemeinschaften in Amazonien. Ein nachhaltiges Interventionsmodell 165 Cindy Völler Planungsprozesse in den RESEX in Rondônia, Brasilien:Ein Lösungsansatz 179 Maria Helena de Souza Ide, Mônica Maria Teixeira Amorim Bildungspolitik in Quilombolagemeinschaften Einordnung und Herausforderungen 201 Verena Ramos An die Lebensbedingungen angepasste Bildung bei traditioneller Bevölkerung. Ein Forschungsprojekt in einer Kautschukzapfergemeinschaft in Rondônia 215 Die Autoren 229 Traditionelle Völker und Gemeinschaften in Brasilien Brasilianisch-deutsches Kolloquium Traditionelle Völker und Gemeinschaften sind ein zunehmend wahrnehmbarer und sich artikulierender Teil der gesellschaftlichen Vielfalt Brasiliens. Ihr Arti- kulationsprozess ist komplex. Er verläuft nicht geradlinig sondern ambivalent und ist in mannigfaltigen gesellschaftlichen Teilsystemen mit vielfachen Wider- sprüchen behaftet. Unstrittig ist, dass dieser Prozess derzeit stattfindet. Viele der damit ver- bunden Fragen sind gesellschaftlich und politisch umstritten. Die meisten der traditionellen Völker und Gemeinschaften kämpfen derzeit, auf die eine oder andere Weise, um das Recht auf die Selbstbestimmung ihrer eigenen Zukunft. Voraussetzung dieser Selbstbestimmung ist für die meisten Völker und Gemeinschaften die Kontrolle und der Zugang zu Land. Diese Vor- aussetzung – die in Anlehnung an Bertolt Brecht als „die Mühen der Berge“ ver- standen werden können – ist für die meisten Gemeinschaften nicht gesichert sondern im Gegenteil, vielen Gemeinschaften droht der Zugang zu traditionell genutztem und bewirtschaftetem Allmendeland und Naturressourcen entzogen zu werden. Dies gefährdet ihre Existenz und ihre Zukunftsfähigkeit. Völker und Gemeinschaften, die diese Voraussetzungen erstritten haben, stehen vor der Aufgabe, diese Rechte gegen äußere Aggressionen zu verteidigen und darüber hinaus ihre eigene Zukunft zu gestalten, umgeben und vielfach ver- bunden zur markt- und konsumorientierten Nationalgesellschaft. Dies bringt notwendigerweise Verwerfungen mit sich, die die Gemeinschaften bewältigen müssen. Dies in Anlehnung an Brechts Metapher sind „die Mühen der Ebene.“ In einer dieser beiden gesellschaftlichen Phasen befindet sich die große Mehr- heit traditioneller Völker und Gemeinschaften. Noch ungeklärter ist, welche Rolle traditionelle Völker und Gemein- schaften für die gesamte wachstumsorientierte brasilianische Gesellschaft in Zu- kunft haben werden, die sich wirtschaftlich immer stärker in den Weltmarkt ein- bindet. Dies ist eine notwendige Debatte, die noch am Anfang steht. Wir begreifen es insbesondere auch als eine wissenschaftliche Aufgabe zum Verstehen dieser komplexen Prozesse beizutragen. Dies kann keine Einzelwissenschaft alleine leisten sondern ist eine interdis- ziplinäre Aufgabe. Die Fragen und die mit ihrem spezifischen Instrumentarium erarbeiteten Forschungsergebnisse der Einzeldisziplinen, müssen daher in einer interdisziplinären Debatte zusammengeführt werden. 8 Brasilianisch-deutsches Kolloquium Darum bemüht sich ein noch loser und offener Zusammenschluss brasilianischer und deutscher Wissenschaftler. In diesem Kontext fand das erste brasilianisch-deutsche Kolloquium “Projetos e pesquisas sobre povos e comunidades tradicionais” (Forschungsprojekte über traditionelle Völker und Gemeinschaften) im November 2009 an der Bundesstaatlichen Universität Montes Claros, Minas Gerais statt. Bei den 14 Fachbeiträgen waren neun wissenschaftliche Disziplinen (Soziologie, Anthropologie, Geographie, Land- schaftsplanung, Physik, Agrarwissenschaft, Pädagogik, Sozialarbeit, Bio- logie/Ökologie) vertreten, die sich aus unterschiedlichen Perspektiven der Thematik näherten und deren Ergebnisse hier wiedergegeben werden. Die Konkretisierung der Rechte traditioneller Völker und Gemeinschaften – oftmals der Territorialrechte – verläuft in den ökologischen Großzonen Brasilien mit ungleicher Dynamik. Obwohl die Bedrohungsproblematiken dieser Gruppen in allen Großregionen vergleichbar sind, ist deren nationale und internationale Wahrnehmung von deutlichen Unterschieden geprägt. Wir sind der Überzeugung, dass die Debatte über traditionelle Völker und Gemein- schaften in allen Landesteilen gleichermaßen geführt werden muss und dass zudem die Groß- regionen gegenseitig von den Erfahrungen der anderen lernen können. Diese inner- brasilianische interregionale Debatte möchten wir fördern. Durch die Teilnahme von Wissen- schaftlern, die im Cerrado, in Amazonien, der Caatinga und in Küstengebieten arbeiten, wurde versucht diesem Anspruch während des Kolloquiums Rechnung zu tragen. Brasilien hat im internationalen Kontext eine sehr entwickelte Debatte über traditionelle Völker und Gemeinschaften. Diese ist allerdings nicht losgelöst von internationalen
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