Centralised National Risk Assessment for Category 3 of FSC Controlled Wood

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

Risk to High Conservation Values in Brazil

Finalised Report. February 2015

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

About The Proforest Initiative and HCV Resource Network The Proforest Initiative is a registered charity in England and Wales (no. 1137523). Since 2011, the Proforest Initiative has been hosting the HCV Resource Network, a global multi-stakeholder initiative established by a group of organisations who use the HCV approach, including environmental and social NGOs, international development agencies, timber and forest product certifiers, suppliers and buyers, and forest managers. The Network aims to encourage collaboration, provide information and support on the evolving usage of HCV, and ensure that a consistent approach to HCV is understood and applied throughout the world. To promote consistency and best-practice in the use of the HCV concept, the Network has established a globally representative Technical Panel composed of experts in the use and interpretation of the HCV concept. A significant function of the panel is to undertake peer reviews of specific HCV assessments or uses and it has developed a standard process and criteria for conducting such reviews.

For this report, your contact persons are:

Audrey Versteegen [email protected]

Anders Lindhe [email protected]

HCV Resource Network South Suite, Frewin Chambers, Frewin Court, Oxford OX1 3HZ United Kingdom E: [email protected] T: +44 (0) 1865 243439

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

Table of contents

1 Introduction ...... 5

2 Methodology ...... 5 2.1 Risk ...... 5 2.2 Stakeholder feedback ...... 6 2.3 Process ...... 6 2.3.1 Step 1. Scale ...... 7 2.3.2 Step 2. HCV components ...... 8 2.3.3 Step 3. HCV occurrence ...... 8 2.3.4 Step 4. HCV threat assessment ...... 9 2.3.5 Steps 5 and 6. HCV safeguards and threat mitigation ...... 10 2.3.6 Step 7. Specified risk areas ...... 10 2.4 References and data sources ...... 11 3 Identification of low risk areas in Brazil ...... 12 3.1 The Brazilian context ...... 12 3.1.1 Spatial Scale for the Analysis ...... 12 3.1.2 Identification and Location of the 6 categories of HCV...... 13 3.1.3 Proxies used for the 6 HCV categories ...... 16 3.1.4 Threats from forestry operations ...... 18 3.1.5 Existing Statutory Protection ...... 21 3.1.6 Effectiveness of Statutory Protection and the Forest Code ...... 23 3.2 Indicator 3.1: HCV1 Species Diversity ...... 26 3.3 Indicator 3.2: HCV2 Landscapes ...... 28 3.4 Indicator 3.3: HCV3 Ecosystems ...... 30 3.5 Indicator 3.4: HCV4 Ecosystem Services ...... 32 3.5.1 Protection against soil erosion in critical situations ...... 33 3.5.2 Barriers to destructive fires ...... 38 3.5.3 Protection of water quality and flood prevention ...... 40 3.6 Indicator 3.5: HCV5 Basic needs of local communities ...... 44 3.7 Indicator 3.6: HCV6 Sites of cultural significance ...... 48

ANNEX 1 Background Data ...... 52

ANNEX 2 Data Sources ...... 93

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

List of figures

Figure 1: Stepwise decision-making tree for risk assessment to High Conservation Values within the Controlled Wood framework. Each step is detailed in Section 2.3 of this report.7 Figure 2: The 6 official biomes of Brazil...... 12 Figure 3: Federal states and Mesoregions (with their official code) of Brazil used for the risk analysis...... 13 Figure 4. Illustrative map showing the total area (in hectares) of pine and eucalyptus plantations in Brazil, by state. Map excludes the approximately 350,000 ha of plantations formed of species other than pine and eucalyptus. Map taken from ABRAF 2013...... 19 Figure 5: Level of compliance with the Forest Code 2012 in each mesoregion (Source: Soares-Filho et al. 2014: “Percent difference between the remaining area of native vegetation and the area required to comply with the 2012 FC. Positive values indicate forest surpluses or land that may be legally deforested. Negative values indicate forest debts or land that requires restoration”)...... 21 Figure 6: Location of potential HCV1 areas overlaid with existing protected areas in the mesoregions of Brazil...... 26 Figure 7: Final risk map for HCV1 in Brazil...... 28 Figure 8: Location of potential HCV2 areas overlaid with existing protected areas in the mesoregions of Brazil...... 29 Figure 9: Final Risk map for HCV2 in Brazil...... 30 Figure 10: Location of potential HCV3 areas overlaid with existing protected areas in the mesoregions of Brazil...... 31 Figure 11: Final risk map for HCV3 in Brazil...... 32 Figure 12. Total deforestation up to 2013 in the Amazon biome, overlaid with deforestation occurring on steep slopes (>17 degrees). Please note that this map is illustrative and some deforested areas may not be accurately represented at this coarse scale...... 34 Figure 13: Areas at potential risk from soil erosion in Brazil...... 36 Figure 14: Final risk map for sourcing of Controlled Wood from natural forests for HCV4 landslides component...... 36 Figure 15. Final risk map for sourcing of Controlled Wood from timber plantations for HCV4 landslides component...... 37 Figure 16. Total fire occurrences in 2013. INPE...... 38 Figure 17: Final risk map for HCV4 fire component in Brazil...... 40 Figure 18. HCV 4 proxy areas for protection of water quality and flood prevention, overlaid with strict protection and sustainable use Conservation Units...... 42 Figure 19. Final risk map for HCV4 protection of water quality and flood prevention in Brazil...... 43 Figure 20: Quilombola territories in August 2014...... 46 Figure 21. Location of potential HCV5 areas (inc Quilombola communities from 2011) overlaid with existing protected areas in the mesoregions of Brazil...... 47 Figure 22: Final risk map for HCV5 in Brazil...... 48 Figure 23. Location of potential HCV6 areas (inc Quilombola communities from 2011) overlaid with existing protected areas in the mesoregions of Brazil...... 50 Figure 24: Final risk map for HCV6 in Brazil...... 51

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

1 Introduction

The development of full National Risk Assessments (NRA) for each Controlled Wood (CW) category is a priority identified within the scope of Motion 51 (2011 FSC General Assembly), in order to replace the current CW risk assessments conducted by individual companies.

Motion 51 aims at strengthening the existing CW system by introducing standardised methodologies and procedures to achieve more consistency and credibility through the process. As part of this, FSC has developed a draft framework for National Risk Assessments of each of the 5 CW categories. Additionally, FSC has initiated Centralised National Risk Assessments (CNRAs) for identifying “low risk” areas for sourcing of CW (as opposed to areas where additional control measures need to be specified and implemented in order to comply with the requirements of the CW system).

The development of CNRAs is carried out in collaboration with FSC National Partners (NP), with the aim to initiate the full NRA process, and in consultation with national experts and stakeholders. It follows guidance set out in the draft procedure FSC-PRO-60-002a V1-0 for National Risk Assessments. Two pilot countries were selected to develop and test operational methodologies, Finland and Brazil.

In the absence of applicable HCV assessments, CNRAs identify potential HCVs at the national level through the use of proxies for the 6 categories of HCVs selected in consultation with national experts. This report presents and locates proxy areas selected for subsequent risk analysis, and its findings.

2 Methodology

The methodology designed to assess the likely occurrence and the threat to HCVs and HCV areas follows the guidelines of the FSC National Risk Assessment Framework (FSC-PRO-60- 002a V1-0). Best practices in HCV identification are based on the HCV Resource Network Common Guidance for the Identification of High Conservation Values (October 2013).

2.1 Risk

A core question of any risk assessment is what constitutes “low” risk. How much certainty is required, or put the other way around, how much uncertainty is tolerable? If the threshold is set too low, the system will not be robust and credibility will suffer. If, on the other hand, the bar is set too high, there will be virtually no low risk areas and the whole process of CNRAs becomes redundant. The draft FSC National Risk Assessment Framework provides guidance and thresholds for the designation of low risk areas, where the risk of sourcing timber from unacceptable sources is negligible. In parallel, it indicates that low risk is synonymous with “negligible” as defined by the EU Timber Regulation (No 995/2010). While the term is not defined in the Regulation itself, it is explained in a

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

Commission guidance document to mean that “no cause for concern” can be discerned following full assessment of relevant information1.

Considering this guidance, and FSC’s general precautionary approach, the present study aims to apply a low and transparent uncertainty threshold in each step of the risk assessment process. However, ‘low risk’ is not the same as ‘no risk’ – a certain acceptance of uncertainty is inherent in any risk-based approach. Where quantifiable, we have operated with a risk threshold of 1% (see 2.3.3). As (central and national) risk assessments accumulate in the near future, FSC may evaluate if this risk level represents a reasonable balance of objectives. FSC may also need to guide risk levels applied by NRAs to evaluate if Control Measures designed to mitigate risks are adequate – it seems logical that similar thresholds should apply for mitigation as for identification.

2.2 Stakeholder feedback

The methodology involves stakeholder feedback at the following two key stages:

1. Initial information gathering on HCV occurrence and threats to HCVs. At this stage, environmental and social experts and stakeholders are asked to suggest possible data sources and give input that could be used to define HCV occurrence and threats. This is not a formal consultation process, but part of the data gathering.

2. Soliciting feedback on the draft report. The draft report is sent to the FSC Network Partner and representatives from the national social, environmental and economic chambers for a single round of consultation. When feedback provides verifiable information relevant to the risk assessment, it will be addressed and incorporated into the final report. Stakeholder feedback that exceeds the scope of this process, or is not taken on board, is documented and forwarded to FSC International and National Partners.

2.3 Process

The methodology used to assess risks constitute a stepwise decision making tree for the identification of areas where the risks posed to HCVs by timber management activities are low. Areas where this is not the case are classified as “specified risk” areas. To ensure the process is as efficient as possible, initial steps aim to identify and filter out low risk areas through simple and unambiguous measures. Areas that do not qualify as low risk on these grounds are subjected to further, more in-depth analyses, based on informed judgement and qualitative interpretation of risks in each step of the process. Residual areas that have not been classified as low risk after completion of all steps of the process are classified as specified risk areas. Risks and appropriate mitigation measures for these areas will be identified in a National Risk Assessment process.

1 http://ec.europa.eu/environment/eutr2013/_static/files/guidance/guidance-document-5-feb- 13_en.pdf

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

Figure 1: Stepwise decision-making tree for risk assessment to High Conservation Values within the Controlled Wood framework. Each step is detailed in Section 2.3 of this report.

2.3.1 Step 1. Scale Determine an appropriate scale for homogenous risk designation i.e. identify existing, geographical subnational units suitable for risk assessment. Select units representing the highest geographical resolution (smallest units) that the data allows for. These geographical units are henceforth referred to as “areas under assessment”. Note that scale determination may not always be finalised during this first step, and may also change depending on the scale of data sources collected during steps 2 and 3. For example, in some cases the unavailability of fine-scale data may mean that scale designation occurs at a coarser scale. This is in-line with the NRA framework which requires scale designation to occur in parallel to information gathering.

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

2.3.2 Step 2. HCV components Identify components of HCVs that may occur in the areas under assessment. Several HCVs consist of two or more components that may be associated with different risks and/or be represented by different proxies, e.g. HCV 1 which addresses significant concentrations of biodiversity, as well as centres of endemism and seasonal concentrations of species.

2.3.3 Step 3. HCV occurrence For each HCV component: assess the likelihood that it occurs in each area under assessment. The assessment should rely on the best available information or proxies (note that although all data sources used constitute a kind of proxy in a risk assessment process and are henceforth referred to as proxies), with a preference for data on real HCV occurrence where such information exists.

a) In some countries, national FSC standards have defined and/or mapped HCVs by direct reference to specific inventories, land classifications or designations that represent the complete distribution of the HCV (component). Where this is the case, and designations are well aligned with the HCVRN Common Guidance, the assessment is relatively straightforward: areas under assessment where the value does not occur, or is unlikely to occur, are classified as LOW RISK. In this pilot study operate with a ‘negligible threshold’ of around 1%2, so that areas under assessment where less than 1% of the total wood volume in that area is found in HCV areas / proxy areas are considered to be of LOW RISK. Areas under assessment where this proportion is higher are subject to further analyses.

b) Values for which there is no direct data on HCV presence must be assessed through proxies. Direct proxies of a more general character may be assessed without mapping. Examples include HCV 5 which are unlikely to occur in areas under assessment where traditional subsistence practises play a very minor role in local economies, and the HCV 4 component erosion mitigation which is unlikely to be an issue in areas under assessment with level topography and low precipitation. Areas under assessment where a certain value is unlikely to be present are classified as of LOW RISK – others are subjected to further analysis in step 4.

c) Values that cannot be assessed by general proxies at the unit level must be evaluated through delineated/indirect proxy areas - areas (mapped or easy to map based on existing data) that serve as adequate and reliable indicators of HCV presence. All suggested proxy areas must be carefully chosen to fit with values. In order to be valid, proxy areas (these may be single proxies, sums of various proxies, or various combinations of single proxies) should overlap closely with areas likely to host a certain value. While precise fit may be difficult, accurate risk assessments require a good match between proxy areas and values. Proxy areas that only reflect a limited subset of the HCV tend to underestimate risk and so exaggerate the extent of low risk areas, while proxy areas that go beyond the value to include larger areas where the HCV is unlikely to occur, tend to exaggerate risks involved and underestimate the extent of low risk areas. Values represented by valid proxy

2 1% was chosen as a precautionary threshold to represent ‘negligible risk’.

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

areas are subjected to further analysis in step 4. Areas under assessment where no valid proxy areas are identified for particular values are classified as areas of SPECIFIED RISK due to a lack of adequate data.

2.3.4 Step 4. HCV threat assessment For remaining areas under assessment and components not already classified in steps 1-3: assess threats of loss or degradation from forest management activities. Consider, as a minimum, the threats listed in the National Risk Assessment Framework (PRO-60-002a), copied in Table 1 below. The specific threats to each HCV are assessed under each category in the following sections. Some particular values may be under no threat, e.g. because they occur on very low-productive lands where timber is not harvested. Alternatively, areas under assessment where a certain value only occurs in very small amounts3 are also designated as low risk, based on the logic that there is little likelihood that wood is sourced from such areas (assuming these areas are not preferentially logged). Areas under assessment where a particular component value may be considered under no significant threat are classified as LOW RISK areas for that particular value. Where a threat is considered potentially present, the existence of mitigation measures for that threat is assessed as detailed in section 2.3.5 below.

Table 1: Specific categories of threat to assess for each HCV in the analysis of risk to HCV areas from Controlled Wood, according to the National Risk Assessment Framework (PRO-60-002a).

HCV Specific threat categories  Habitat removal HCV1  Habitat fragmentation  Introduction of alien / invasive species

 Fragmentation, including access (roading), HCV2  Logging (applies to IFL)

HCV3  Lack of effective protection of HCV 3

 Reduction of water quality / quantity HCV4  Negative impact on humans health (e.g. poisoning water etc. – see HCVCG)

 Compromising (impacting) fundamental needs of local communities HCV5 by management activities

 Destruction and / or disturbance of rights/ values determining HCV HCV6 6 presence

3 FSC IC has clarified that ‘no occurrence’ in FSC-PRO-60-002a V1-0 table 3.2 shall be interpreted as no occurrence above a risk threshold.

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

2.3.5 Steps 5 and 6. HCV safeguards and threat mitigation a) For each remaining component value: are proxy areas effectively safeguarded in legally protected areas? To be considered effectively safeguarded, a) the absolute majority of proxy areas4 must be located within protected areas, and b) the protection must be effective in terms of management, law enforcement and respect for the law. Areas under assessment where proxy areas are considered effectively protected are classified as LOW RISK areas for that particular value.

b) For each remaining component value: are proxy areas effectively safeguarded by other, voluntary measures? To be valid, measures must be widely implemented across the whole geographical unit. Potential mechanisms include legal requirements and regulations, private reserves, and functional “best practices” like standard operating procedures, voluntary sector certification standards and civil society agreements. To be considered effectively safeguarded, the absolute majority of proxy areas outside legally protected areas must be subject to these measures. Areas under assessment where this is considered to be the case are classified as LOW RISK areas.

2.3.6 Step 7. Specified risk areas Areas under assessment where component values not classified as low risk areas remain, should be classified as areas of SPECIFIED RISK for the whole of the HCV (1-6) to which the HCV component belongs. Taking HCV 4 as an example, in areas under assessmentwhere topography, soils and precipitation combine to make landslides an issue of concern, areas where riparian zones are effectively safeguarded, but without effective protection of slopes, must be considered as SPECIFIED RISK for all of HCV 4.

4 In line with the precautionary low risk threshold for HCV occurrence set at 1%, we designate the “absolute majority” as 99% of the corresponding HCV proxy area.

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

Box 1 - The Six Categories of High Conservation Values

HCV1. Concentrations of biological diversity including endemic species, and rare, threatened or endangered species, that are significant at global, regional or national levels.

HCV2. Intact Forest Landscapes and large landscape-level ecosystems and ecosystem mosaics that are significant at global, regional or national levels, and that contain viable populations of the great majority of the naturally occurring species in natural patterns of distribution and abundance.

HCV3. Rare, threatened, or endangered ecosystems, habitats or refugia.

HCV4. Basic ecosystem services in critical situations, including protection of water catchments and control of erosion of vulnerable soils and slopes.

HCV5. Sites and resources fundamental for satisfying the basic necessities of local communities or indigenous peoples (for livelihoods, health, nutrition, water, etc.), identified through engagement with these communities or indigenous peoples.

HCV6. Sites, resources, habitats and landscapes of global or national cultural, archaeological or historical significance, and/or of critical cultural, ecological, economic or religious/sacred importance for the traditional cultures of local communities or indigenous peoples, identified through engagement with these local communities or indigenous peoples.

Common Guidance for the Identification of HCV (HCVRN, Oct. 2013)

2.4 References and data sources

The sources for all data used in the risk analysis are listed at the end of the present report. These cover the sources suggested in FSC’s National Risk Assessment Framework procedure (PRO-60-002a Section 5.3.5), which were verified on the basis of consultations with national experts. All data was processed according to the agreed methodology outlined in sections above, and as detailed in the relevant following paragraphs. The conclusions presented were drawn on the basis of this data analysis. Where additional input was used to corroborate findings, exact references to papers and other publications are indicated as footnotes where directly relevant.

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

3 Identification of low risk areas in Brazil

3.1 The Brazilian context

3.1.1 Spatial Scale for the Analysis The FSC procedure recommends a maximum scale at which the assessment of risk should be conducted for each HCV category (FSC-PRO-60-002a V1, section 5.4).

Six official biomes are recognised in Brazil by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Figure 2), although some authors count 8 to 13 different biomes5. These are a good indication of the general type of ecosystem found at a landscape scale, but they do not capture variation at smaller scales. Because Brazil is a very large country, we will use the biomes to help breaking down the analysis of risk to HCVs, and will refer to them throughout the analysis. However, as data is available at a finer scale, we use a higher spatial resolution than the maximum recommended in the FSC procedure for each indicator/HCV category, where possible the administrative mesoregions of Brazil (Figure 3).

Figure 2: The 6 official biomes of Brazil.

5 F.D. Por, V.L. Imperatriz-Fonseca, F.N. Lencioni (2005) Biomes of Brazil. An Illustrated Natural History. Pensoft Publishers.

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

Figure 3: Federal states and Mesoregions (with their official code) of Brazil used for the risk analysis. Taken from: http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/geociencias/cartogramas/mesorregiao.html

3.1.2 Identification and Location of the 6 categories of HCV Brazil does not currently have a national interpretation or any national definitions for the six categories of HCVs. However, as a signatory of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Brazil has developed a National Policy on Biological Diversity, and as part of this has identified priority areas for conservation. Although not explicitly tied to the HCV approach, these priority areas do cover many of the 6 categories of HCVs and thus are used in this report as a key data source. Indeed, these priority areas incorporate the vast majority of key HCV data sources recommended by the FSC NRAF in section 5.3.5 (e.g. IUCN red listed and other threatened species, data on endemism, existing inventory data, population viability analysis, remote sensing data and extensive expert consultation). Given this, it is crucial to understand the methods used by the Brazilian Ministério do Meio Ambiente (Ministry for the Environment) to define these priority areas, and these are explained below.

Brazil’s Priority Areas for Biodiversity In 1992 Brazil signed the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). The CBD aims to promote biodiversity conservation through conservation actions, research, education and

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

other measures. A key challenge of the CBD is to reconcile development with conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. To comply with the requirements of the CBD, Brazil has developed a National Policy on Biological Diversity. The actions proposed by this national policy are being implemented by the National Programme on Biological Diversity (PRONABIO), and its executive component, the Project for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Brazilian Biological Diversity (PROBIO).

In 1997, as a part of its National Policy on Biological Diversity, PROBIO (part of the Ministério do Meio Ambiente (MMA)) initiated a process of assessing and identifying priority areas and actions for the conservation of Brazil’s biomes. The aim was to use these priority areas to promote sustainable development in Brazil, and to capture both environmental and social priorities. The first finalised list of 900 priority areas was formalised by Decree no. 5092, on May 21, 2004. They were introduced by Decree no. 126 on May 27, 2004 by the Ministry of the Environment. An update of this process was completed in 2007 and new priority areas were recognised by Ordinance No. 9 of January 23, 2007. It should be noted that Article 3 of Ordinance 126 states that the provisions of the Ordinance do not add constraints to the current legislation. Therefore, Priority Areas for Biodiversity should not be confused with protected areas (Conservation Units), and there is no restriction on agricultural activities in Priority Areas.

Priority areas have been identified separately by PROBIO (MMA) for Brazil’s six biomes: Amazonia, Caatinga, Cerrado, Pantanal, Mata Atlantica, Pampas (Figure 2) as well as for the Coastal and Marine zone. The process of identifying and updating Brazil’s priority areas in 2007 used established aspects of systematic conservation planning, and was conducted under the following key phases:

Phase 1. Technical meetings to develop conservation targets and goals For each biome, technical meetings were organised by PROBIO (MMA) to develop conservation targets and goals. These meetings were attended by representatives from the government, academia, research institutions, and environmental organisations. Conservation targets were defined as the areas of occurrence of species, habitats or ecosystems to be conserved. Conservation goals were defined as the quantitative measures needed to meet the targets in the long term, for example, the percentage of a habitat/ecosystem to be protected.6 The technical meetings sought to define the conservation target areas and quantitative conservation goals based on CBD requirements, and the principles of:

 Representativeness of the region’s biodiversity,  Complementarity, to maximise coverage of conservation targets/goals,  Irreplaceability, i.e. their rarity compared to other areas.  Efficiency and flexibility, to provide the lowest cost/protection ratio by maximising protection of biodiversity per spatial area, and  Vulnerability, to account for the severity of threats facing biodiversity targets.

Different, specific conservation targets and goals were defined for each biome (see Annex 11.10 of the MMA report from 20071), but broadly the conservation targets were divided

6 Ministry of the Environment, National Secretariat of Biodiversity and Forests, Department of Biodiversity Conservation. Brasilia, 2007. Priority Areas for the Conservation, Sustainable Use and Benefit Sharing of Brazilian Biological Diversity. UPDATE: MMA Administrative Ruling n° 9, of 23 January 2007. Biodiversity 31.

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

into: 1) biodiversity targets (e.g. for the protection of the biome’s threatened or endemic species/habitats), 2) sustainable use targets (e.g. for the protection of economically, medicinally, cultural or phytotherapeutically important species, or areas providing ecosystem services to agricultural areas) and 3) resilience and process targets (e.g. areas important for ecosystem services, the maintenance of evolutionary processes, or connectivity). Although specific conservation targets and goals varied between biomes, target areas were broadly based on the area required to maintain viable species populations. Goals varied based on the distribution and vulnerability of species/habitats, between protecting 20 and 100% of target areas. Examples of specific conservation goals include, for the Amazon biome:

 Terrestrial habitats: protection of 100% of habitats <50,000 ha, 60% of habitats between 50,000 and 500,000 ha, 40% for habitats between 500,000 and 5 million hectares, and 20% for those larger than 5 million hectares.  Primate species: 100% of the conservation target area for primate species with total distribution size < 3 million hectares. Target area size was estimated as that needed to maintain viable populations of target species. For species with distributions > 3 million hectares, the conservation goal was set at 20% of the conservation target area.

Phase 2. Data processing to develop initial maps of target areas Based on the proposed conservation targets and goals developed during the technical meetings, and data sources like species surveys/distribution maps and satellite imagery, systematic maps were developed to identify the best combination of areas for meeting the proposed conservation targets and areas. The maps were developed using a number of conservation decision-making support tools, including C-Plan and MARXAN. These decision-making tools were used to ensure that conservation areas and targets were developed systematically, and identified areas based on their irreplaceability and rarity. Initial maps were developed showing the biological importance of different areas for meeting the proposed conservation targets and goals. The biological importance of different areas was categorised as:

 Extremely high (Extremamente Alta),  Very high (Muita Alta),  High (Alta), or  Insufficiently known (Insuficientemente Conhecida).

Phase 3. Regional workshops to consult on proposed target areas The initial maps developed in Phase 2, and maps of initial priority areas identified in 2004, were used as a basis for consultation with a wide range of stakeholders during regional workshops in Phase 3. Representatives of the government, academia, environmental organisations, organisations representing traditional peoples and communities, and private sector representatives were invited to participate in the regional workshops.

The aim of the regional workshops was to refine the characteristics and threats to the different areas, and opportunities for conservation or sustainable management. The workshops also sought to finalise the ‘biological importance’ of defined areas, and

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

‘urgency for implementation’ of conservation actions for these areas (using the four categories listed above under Phase 37).

Therefore, the biological importance of areas was based partly on the systematically produced maps from Phase 2, and partly on the results of the stakeholder discussions in Phase 3. For example, the biological importance was increased based on information provided by stakeholders but not included in the systematic planning, such as the presence of endemic species, abundance of important natural resources, size of the area (larger areas were considered more important), or relevance for connectivity between other protected areas.

Phase 4. Finalisation of maps The overlap between final priority area designations made during Phase 3 and existing protected areas was cross-checked, and areas that overlapped with existing areas were partially or fully excluded from the final maps, to retain the original protected areas. As a general rule, where multiple areas did overlap, the higher levels of protection was designated in the final map, e.g. federal protection chosen over state, full protection over sustainable use. Indigenous Lands (TIs) were always considered the highest level of protection. For the final designated priority areas, priority actions were defined and ranked under the categories of, 1) creation of a protected area, or 2) specific recommendations, e.g. biological inventories, environmental education or rehabilitation of degraded areas.

3.1.3 Proxies used for the 6 HCV categories The 2,684 Priority Areas (updated in 2007) identified through this process include existing protected areas and new priority areas ranked according to their biological importance and the urgency for conservation action. As outlined, the areas were defined based on extensive data analysis and stakeholder consultation. These steps are also key components of the HCV process, and in this Centralised National Risk Assessment we have drawn upon the Priority Areas as informative indicators of HCV occurrence. However, while the HCV concept aims to maintain critically important and outstandingly significant social and environmental values, Priority Areas encompass a wider range of environmental and social values. Consequently, we included only priority areas defined as EITHER ‘Extremely High’ biological importance, OR ‘Extremely High’ urgency for conservation action, as proxies for HCV occurrence in our analyses.

As many of the federal and state conservation units and priority areas listed above potentially address multiple HCV components, we assigned them to HCV categories based on keywords featured in the names and descriptions of these areas, as described at http://www.mma.gov.br/biodiversidade/biodiversidade-brasileira/%C3%A1reas- priorit%C3%A1rias/item/489. Keywords chosen for each HCV category are provided in Table 1. Data from these sources were combined to produce maps for each HCV.

7 For ‘urgency of implementation’ only 3 categories were used, with ‘Insufficiently known’ not used.

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

Table 2. Keywords included in protected and priority area names and descriptions that were used to define each HCV category. HCV Keywords (original Portuguese) Keywords (English translation) 1 espécie, diversidade de espécie, Species, species diversity, anima- anima- (animais), fauna, mamíferos, (root of animal), fauna, mammals, aves, peixe, botânica, biológica, birds, fish, botanical, biological, endêmic, endemismo, ameaça, PN endemic, endemism, threat, PN (Parque Nacional), tartaruga, (National Park), turtle, biodiversity, biodiversidade, passaro, feline, FERS bird, feline, FERS (Sustainably (Floresta Estadual de Rendimento Managed State Forest), REBIO Sustentado), REBIO (Reserva (Biological Reserve), FLOES (State Biologica), FLOES (Floresta Forest), PE (State Park), PA Estaduais), PE (Parque Estadual), PA (Protected Area), FE (State Forest), (Protected Area), FE (Floresta ARIE (Area of Ecological Interest), PA, Estaduais), ARIE (Área de Relevante plant, protection, forest, preserved, Interesse Ecológico), PA-, plant, protected, conservation proteção, floresta, preservada, protegida, conservação

2 conexão, conectividade, corredor, connection, connectivity, corridor, contigua, vegetação íntegra, contiguous, intact vegetation, heterogeneidade ambiental environmental heterogeneity

3 ecossistema frágil, remanescent, fragile ecosystem, remnant, fitofisionomia, campo, campinarana, vegetation type, ‘campo’ habitats refúgio, ecótono, botânica, (literally field), campinarana (unique, biológica, ecossistema, vegetação, rare ecosystem), refuge, ecotone, endêmic, endemismo, ameaça, botany, biological, ecosystem, mosaic, várzea, igapó, vegetation, endemic, endemism, heterogeneidade ambiental, mata threat, mosaic, floodplain, flooded forest, environmental heterogeneity, forest

4 Serviços ambientais, margem, Environmental services, (river)bank, recursos, pesqueiro, mananciais, resources, fisheries, springs, spring, manancial, nascente, berçário, solo, source, nursery, soil, watershed, bacia, hidrográfica, hidrológico, hydrographic, hydrological, tributary, afluente, cabeceiras, aqüíferos, headwaters, aquifers, permanently ìgapó, várzea, APA (Área de flooded, varzea (floodplain forest), Proteção Ambiental) APA (Environmental Protection Area)

5 recursos, pesqueiro, berçário, resources, fisheries, nursery, Brazil castanha, indígena, utilização nuts, indigenous, sustainable use, sustentável, uso sustentável, povos, sustainable use, people, settlement, assentamento, populaç-, popula(tion), Quilombola, soci-, TI quilombola, soci-, TI (Terra (Indigenous Lands), extractive Indigena), reserva extrativista, reserve, sustainable development, desenvolvimento sustentável, traditional, ethnic, mosaic, ethno- tradicionais, etnia, mosaico, ecology, community, indigenous,

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

etnoecológica, comunidade, índio, RESEX (Extractive Reserve), RESEX (Reserva Extrativista), subsistence, group/tribe, subsistência, grupo, comunitária, community, medical, sustainable, medicinais, sustentável, cabeceiras, headwaters, tributary, aquifers, APA, afluente, aqüíferos, APA (Área de RDS (Sustainable Development Proteção Ambiental), RDS (Reserva Reserve), fishing, gathering de Desenvolvimento Sustentável), pesca, coleta

6 arqueológico, povos, populaç-, archaeological, people, popula(tion), quilombola, socio, indígena, TI, Quilombola, social, indigenous, TI, tradicionais, etnia, mosaic, traditional, ethnic, mosaic, etnoecológica, cultura, artes, etnoecológica, culture, arts, comunidade, índio, RESEX (Reserva community, indigenous, RESEX, Extrativista), subsistência, grupo, subsistence, group, social, social, comunitária, RDS (Reserva de community, RDS Desenvolvimento Sustentável)

The process of identifying Priority Areas considered all threatened species in each of the six biomes that require protection under CBD requirements, as well as nationally defined conservation targets and goals. We consider that this approach address most potential nationally, regionally and globally significant concentrations of biodiversity.

In addition to the Priority Areas, the following land designations were considered as valid HCV proxies or data:

 HCV1: Important Bird Areas8  HCV2: Intact Forest Landscapes9  HCV5 and HCV6: All four categories of indigenous lands are included in our analysis, regardless of their demarcation status10

3.1.4 Threats from forestry operations The majority of CW in Brazil is used for pulp and paper and is thought to come mostly from plantation forests, which according to latest figures (Table 2) cover just over 7 million hectares across the country (Figure 4; F. Rodrigues, FSC Brazil, pers comm). It is reasonable to assume that a proportion of CW is also sourced from natural forests, and these should thus also be considered in the scope of this risk assessment. It is thus understood that all of the HCV proxy areas used for the purposes of this study are potentially at some level of risk from forestry operations – both natural forests and plantations, as outlined in the NRAF for each of the 6 HCVs (and included above in section 2.3.4).

It is important to highlight here that the threats to potential HCVs from forestry activities are different in natural forests than in plantations. However, threats to HCVs from

8 Shapefiles of Important Bird Areas for Brazil were provided by Birdlife International 9 www.intactforests.org; officially endorsed by the FSC as a data source for the occurrence of HCV 2. 10 Shapefiles for these areas were taken from http://www.funai.gov.br/index.php/shape

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

plantations or forestry activities in natural forest are not uniform and will vary greatly depending on factors such as: the specific HCV present (e.g. type of HCV 1 species), intensity of logging in natural forest, plantation location, age and management practices, making it difficult to consistently identify appropriate control measures and hence to determine an appropriate ‘functional scale’ for analysis. For this reason we have used ‘geographic scale’ to jointly assess threats from forestry activities in natural forests and plantations for all HCVs, except for the HCV 4: landslides subcategory, as there is established evidence that landslide risk is higher in plantation forests (see references 20 and 21 in section 3.5.1) due to the clear-cutting of vegetation involved in land preparation activities for their establishment, while selective logging in natural forests can retain some level of protection against soil erosion. Furthermore, the control measures needed to mitigate the risk of landslides are also well established, as outlined in section 3.5.1. Therefore, a functional scale designation is used only for the HCV 4 landslides subcategory, considering the basic information on plantation locations provided in table 2 and figure 4 below and potential control measures as outlined in section 3.5.1.

To further support assessment of threats to HCVs from forestry activities in natural forest and plantations, the level of compliance with the Forest Code (Figure 5) was used as a means of assessing the effectiveness of statutory protection for mitigating threats to HCVs (see also 3.1.6).

Figure 4. Illustrative map showing the total area (in hectares) of pine and eucalyptus plantations in Brazil, by state. Map excludes the approximately 350,000 ha of plantations formed of species other than pine and eucalyptus. Map taken from ABRAF 201311.

11 ABRAF. Anuário estatístico ABRAF 2013 ano base 2012 / ABRAF. – Brasília: 2013.

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

Table 3. Total area (hectares) of plantation forests in Brazil in 2012, by state and major plantation types. Taken from ABRAF 2013. Plantation area Plantation area Plantation area State Total (Eucalyptus) (Pine) (Other) Acre (AC) - - - - Alagoas (AL) - - - - Amazonas (AM) - - 170 170 Amapá (AP) 49,506 445 1,936 51,887 Bahia (BA) 605,464 11,230 - 616,694 Ceará (CE) - - - - Distrito Federal - - - - (DF) Espírito Santo (ES) 203,349 2,546 - 205,895 Goiás (GO) 38,081 16,432 - 54,513 Maranhão (MA) 173,324 - 500 173,824 Minas Gerais 1,438,971 52,710 846 1,492,527 (MG) Mato Grosso do 587,310 9,825 17,328 614,463 Sul (MS) Mato Grosso (MT) 59,980 - 46,034 106,014 Pará (PA) 159,657 - 19,351 179,008 Paraíba (PB) - - - - Pernambuco (PE) - - - - Piauí (PI) 27,730 - - 27,730 Paraná (PR) 197,835 619,731 8,559 826,125 Rio de Janeiro (RJ) 18,368 - - 18,368 Rio Grande do - - - - Norte (RN) Rondônia (RO) - - - - Roraima (RR) - - 54,757 54,757 Rio Grande do Sul 284,701 164,832 116,493 566,026 (RS) Santa Catarina 106,588 539,377 4,494 650,459 (SC) Sergipe (SE) - - - - São Paulo (SP) 1,041,695 144,802 80,095 1,266,592 Tocantins (TO) 109,000 853 5,867 115,720 Total 5,101,559 1,562,783 356,430 7,020,772

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

Figure 5: Level of compliance with the Forest Code 2012 in each mesoregion (Source: Soares-Filho et al. 2014: “Percent difference between the remaining area of native vegetation and the area required to comply with the 2012 FC. Positive values indicate forest surpluses or land that may be legally deforested. Negative values indicate forest debts or land that requires restoration”).12

3.1.5 Existing Statutory Protection There are different types of federal and state conservation units in Brazil, protected under the SNUC (Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação) Law (Law 9985/2000) - Article 22 and Decree 4340/2002 - Article 2. The following normative guidance also applies to conservation units (IN ICMBio No. 05, dated May 15, 2008 and IN ICMBio No. 03, of September 18, 2007). The categories of conservation units can be divided into the following categories:

3.1.4.1 Integral Protection Units  Ecological Station (Estação Ecológica): areas for preservation of nature and the conduct of scientific research. Can be visited only for research and educational purposes.  Biological Reserve (Reserva Biológica): areas designated for the conservation of biological diversity, in which restoration activities can be conducted to restore

12 All maps were projected in the SAD_1969_Brazil_Polyconic coordinate system.

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

the natural balance and preserve biological diversity. Can be visited only for research and educational purposes.  National Park (Parque Nacional): areas for the preservation of natural ecosystems and sites of scenic beauty. This category promotes greater interaction between visitors and nature, allowing recreational, educational and research activities. Natural Monument (Monumento Natural): areas for the preservation of natural, rare and great scenic beauty, where a range of visitor activities are permitted. This category may include private areas, provided that activities in these areas are compatible with the PA objectives. Wildlife refuge (Refúgio de vida Silvestre): areas for the protection of natural environments, with the objective of maintaining conditions for the existence and reproduction of species or communities of local flora and fauna. Allows various visitor activities and may include private areas.

3.1.4.2 Sustainable Use Units  Area of Environmental Protection (Área de Proteção Ambiental): areas with natural, cultural and aesthetic attributes that have significant impacts on the quality of life and well-being of human populations. Generally large areas, with the aim of protecting biological diversity, limiting human settlement and ensuring the sustainable use of natural resources. Include public and private lands.  Area of Ecological Interest (Área de Relevante Interesse Ecológico): areas with the goal of preserving natural ecosystems of regional or local importance. Generally areas of small extent, with little or no human occupation and unique natural features. Include public and private lands.  National Forest (Floresta Nacional): areas with forest cover where native species predominate, aimed at sustainable and diversified use of forest resources, and scientific research. Traditional populations that were inhabiting an area when the reserve was created are permitted to continue using the area.  Extractive Reserve (Reserva Extrativista): natural areas used by traditional extractive populations where their activities are based on extraction, subsistence agriculture and breeding of small livestock, ensuring the sustainable use of natural resources. Public visitation and scientific research are permitted.  Fauna Reserve (Reserva de Fauna): natural areas supporting populations of native animal species, terrestrial or aquatic; suitable for scientific studies of sustainable economic management of wildlife resources.  Sustainable Development Reserve (Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável): natural areas where traditional populations live, and whose livelihoods are based on sustainable exploitation of natural resources. Public visitation and scientific research are permitted.  Private Natural Heritage Reserve (Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural): private areas with the aim of conserving biological diversity, allowed scientific research and tourism, recreational and educational visits. These areas are created at the initiative of the owner.

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

3.1.4.3 Indigenous Lands Indigenous lands are protected under Brazilian legislation (CF / 88, Law 6001/73 - Indian Statute, Decree nº1775 / 96), in the following categories:

 Indigenous lands of traditional occupancy (Terras Indígenas): indigenous lands referred to in article 231 of the Federal Constitution of 1988, where the land is the original right of indigenous peoples. The demarcation process is governed by Decree No. 1775/96.  Indigenous Reserves (Reservas Indígenas): lands donated by third parties, acquired or expropriated by the Union, which are intended for permanent ownership of indigenous peoples. These lands also belong to the patrimony of the Union (Brazil), but should not to be confused with traditionally occupied lands.  Land dominial: lands owned by indigenous communities, recovered by any form of acquisition under civil law.  Interdicted: areas barred by FUNAI to protect isolated indigenous peoples and groups, with restricted entry and transit of third parties.

For these four categories of indigenous reserves, the phases of demarcation are defined by Decree of the Presidency of the Republic are consist of: Under study (EM estudeo), Delimited (Delimitadas), Declared (Declaradas), Approved (Homologadas), Regularised (Regularizadas) or Interdicted (Interditadas).

3.1.6 Effectiveness of Statutory Protection and the Forest Code For each of the HCV proxy areas we assessed the extent to which they are effectively safeguarded by statutory protection measures. A number of studies have examined the effectiveness of protected areas in different Brazilian biomes and states, and evaluated compliance with the Forest Code. We used these studies to assess the extent to which protected areas and the Forest Code act as adequate safeguards for HCV proxy areas as follows:

1. Soares-Filho et al. (2014) showed that Forest Code compliance varies across Brazil13. In some regions, private land owners tend to protect more forest than is required by the Forest Code, whilst in others private land owners tend to protect far less forest than is required. Based on their study, we assume a good level of compliance for regions where the average landowner retain significantly more forest than legally required – we defined these as mesoregions where, in average, the remaining area of natural vegetation exceeds Forest Code requirements by 20% or more. 2. The Mata Atlantica biome benefits from an additional status of protection under Law 11428/06. However, the ambiguity of terms used in the legislation may hamper effective protection14. 3. In the Amazon biome, Nolte et al. (2013) showed that all protected areas reduce deforestation compared to unprotected areas, but that strict protection reserves and indigenous reserves provide far better protection than sustainable use

13 Soares-Filho B., Rajao R., Macedo M., Carneiro A., Costa W., et al. (2014) Cracking Brazil’s Forest Code. Science, 344, 363-364. 14 Prado F.B., Wasner Vasconcelos F.C., Kistemann Chiodi K. (2014) Legal regime of the Atlantic Rain Forest and the risk to survival in situ of endangered species. Ambient. soc. vol.17 no.2

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

reserves15. Therefore, we assume that HCV proxy areas within strict protection and indigenous reserves in the Amazon are not threatened by forestry activities, while HCV areas in sustainable use reserves are not considered adequately protected. 4. In the Cerrado biome, Carranza et al. (2013) concluded that both indigenous reserves and sustainable use protected areas effectively reduce deforestation16, and consequently we assume HCV forests within such areas in the Cerrado biome to be adequately safeguarded. 5. In the remaining Brazilian biomes there are several other studies that examine the effectiveness of protected areas in specific states. These argue that, at the time of the studies, protected areas were largely ineffective in Sao Paulo17, Rio de Janeiro12 and Espirito Santo18. We therefore assume that protected areas in these states do not provide adequate protection to HCV areas. 6. In states where no studies were available on protected area effectiveness we assume that the enforcement of protected area legislations mirrors the implementation of the Forest Code requirements. Thus, in states where Forest Code compliance is good, we assume HCV proxy areas within protected areas to be effectively safeguarded.

To assess the level of risk to each HCV category in each mesoregion, we calculated the percentage of the mesoregion covered by an identified HCV proxy (to assess the likelihood of HCV presence) AND the percentage of the proxy areas that occurs within various types of protected areas (to assess existing protection to potential HCVs).

For mesoregions where the likelihood of HCV presence is non-negligible (>1%), we evaluated the level and effectiveness of protected areas and other regulatory schemes for the protection of potential HCVs. Note that we made a difference between the quality of enforcement of regulatory tools between states (and ultimately between mesoregions), based on the results of the CW CNRA Category 1 for Brazil (2014)19, stating that:

“Each state has autonomy to establish procedures for the approval of management plans causing a great heterogeneity of legal requirements in the districts. There is a high frequency of changes in the dynamics of the regulatory state laws on the subject. The regulatory agencies do not act to ensure compliance with the law.”

Our findings from a more detailed literature review on the effectiveness of the management of protected areas in the states of Brazil corroborated the conclusions reached in the CW Category 1 assessment, and lead to the following different classifications of risk in different regions:

15 Nolte C., Agrawal A., Silvius K. and Soares-Filho B. (2013) Governance regime and location influence avoided deforestation success of protected areas in the Brazilian Amazon. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 16 Carranza T., Balmford A., Kapos V., Manica A. (2013) Protected area effectiveness in reducing conversion in a rapidly vanishing ecosystem: the Brazilian Cerrado. Conservation Letters

17 Lima, Gumercindo Souza, Guido Assunção Ribeiro, and Wantuelfer Gonçalves. "Avaliação da efetividade de manejo das unidades de conservação de proteção integral em Minas Gerais." Revista Árvore 29.4 (2005): 647-653. 18 Padovan, M. da P., and Márcia Regina LEDERMAN. "Análise da situação do manejo das unidades de conservação do Espírito Santo, Brasil." Anais do IV Congresso Brasileiro de Unidades de Conservação. Fortaleza, CE. 2004. 19 Communicated by NEPCon

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

1. The mesoregions in the Mata Atlantica biome generally do not benefit from appropriate protection from regulatory measures: they will only be classified as LOW risk if HCVs are unlikely to occur (<1% area) or if the nature of forestry activities would not be a threat. 2. Overall, in the Amazon biome, mesoregions will be classified as LOW RISK only if a negligible proportion of HCV proxy areas occur outside of strictly protected areas and indigenous reserves. 3. In the Cerrado biome mesoregions where the level of compliance with the Forest Code is weak, these will only be classified as LOW RISK if a negligible proportion of HCV proxy areas occurs outside protected areas (except for states of Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais and Espirito Santo, see below). 4. Mesoregions of the states of Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais and Espirito Santo will be classified as LOW RISK only if HCVs are unlikely to occur, or the Forest Code compliance is adequate (see above and Figure 5), and/or other mitigation measures than protected areas exist and are adequately implemented. 5. In states with low level of Forest Code compliance, mesoregions will only be classified as LOW RISK where HCVs are unlikely to occur or are unlikely to be at threat, or are safeguarded by other mitigation measures. 6. In states with an average adequate level of compliance with the Forest Code (see above and Figure 5), mesoregions will be classified as SPECIFIED RISK where a non-negligible percentage of HCV proxy areas occur outside either protected areas or areas with high Forest Code compliance.

Compliance with the Forest Code 2012 Consistent with our threshold for identifying low risk, we consider that potential HCVs present in a mesoregion would be adequately protected by the implementation of the Forest Code if the area of natural vegetation remaining exceeds the area requiring protection under the Forest Code (both Legal Reserves and Areas of Permanent Preservations) by >20% in at least 99% of the mesoregion. According to our analysis based on data from the study by Soarhes-Filho et al. (2014) this is not true in any of the mesoregions. We consequently assumed that the risk to HCVs potentially present in any part of Brazil would not be sufficiently mitigated by the sole presence of natural vegetation cover or a solid enforcement of legal requirements associated with the Forest Code. We thus considered other aspects of a potential protection system following the 6 points listed above. The results are as follow, detailed for each category of HCV.

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

3.2 Indicator 3.1: HCV1 Species Diversity

Concentrations of biological diversity including endemic species, and rare, threatened or endangered species, that are significant at global, regional or national levels.

To identify values under this category, we consider concentrations of species important at the national level. The HCVRN Common Guidance for HCV identification lists nationally rare, threatened and endangered (RTE) species, as well as endemic and temporally occurring species as components of HCV1. As described in Section 3.1.2 of this report, we used the Priority Areas of Brazil that relate to these particular aspects (see corresponding keywords in Table 1). Figure 6 below illustrates the areas used as proxies to indicate the likely location of potential HCV1.

Figure 6: Location of potential HCV1 areas overlaid with existing protected areas in the mesoregions of Brazil.

The Conservation Units (CU) that are designated under a legal status for the protection of wildlife and biodiversity are obvious proxy areas for potential HCV1. As they benefit from integral protection, they are considered LOW risk and are not included as proxy areas in the subsequent steps of the assessment to avoid redundancy.

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

Threat assessment

The FSC NRAF identifies habitat removal, habitat fragmentation and introduction of alien/invasive species as specific threats to HCV 1. Forestry activities (i.e. logging) in natural forests may threaten HCV1 by causing habitat fragmentation and removal, and management of plantations may also cause removal and fragmentation of HCV1 habitats if inappropriately located or if specific management practices are not in place to retain HCV habitat or prevent habitat fragmentation. Similarly, human disturbance resulting from both logging in natural forest and plantation management can increase the likelihood of invasive species establishment. Therefore, forestry activities were considered as potential threats to HCV1 unless mitigated as outlined below.

Threat mitigation

Because the management practices required to maintain HCV1 will vary depending on the HCV, threat mitigation focused instead on the degree to which HCV1 areas were adequately protected by Brazilian statutory protection (as outlined in Section 3.1.4). The areas considered as HCV1 (labelled “HCV1” in Figure 6) were not considered to benefit from a sufficient level of statutory protection unless a majority of their area (>99%) overlaps with a strict CU or Indigenous Lands (see Section 3.1.4).

Risk designation for HCV1 We considered areas of risk for sourcing Controlled Wood with regards to potential HCV1 the regions highlighted in Figure 7 (see ANNEX 2 Data Sources for list of mesoregions and their risk designation).

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

Figure 7: Final risk map for HCV1 in Brazil.

3.3 Indicator 3.2: HCV2 Landscapes

Large landscape-level ecosystems and ecosystem mosaics that are significant at global, regional or national levels, and that contain viable populations of the great majority of the naturally occurring species in natural patterns of distribution and abundance.

The critical aspect of this second category of HCV is functional connectivity of natural, relatively undisturbed, ecosystems at the landscape scale. For the purposes of this analysis, we apply a size threshold of 50,000 ha to characterise a potential HCV2, consistent with the HCVRN Common Guidance.

In addition to Brazil’s Priority Areas, the study considered Intact Forest Landscape areas as HCV 2, in line with FSC approved motion 65 (Figure 8).

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

Figure 8: Location of potential HCV2 areas overlaid with existing protected areas in the mesoregions of Brazil.

Threat assessment

The FSC NRAF identifies habitat fragmentation (including access (roading)) and logging (applies to IFLs) as specific threats to HCV2. IFLs and other older natural forests are potentially at risk from forestry activities, in terms of habitat fragmentation. Forestry activities in plantations may also pose a threat to HCV2 if plantations are inappropriately located (in or near HCV2 areas (i.e. IFLs) or if specific management practices are not in place to retain HCV2 connectivity and habitat quality. Therefore, forestry activities were considered as threats to HCV2 unless it could be shown that HCV2 areas were sufficiently well protected by Brazil’s statutory protection measures as outlined below.

Threat mitigation

The areas considered as HCV2 (labelled “IFLs” or “Other HCV2” in Figure 8) were not considered to benefit from a sufficient level of statutory protection unless a majority of their area (>99%) overlaps with a strict CU or Indigenous Lands (see Section 3.1.4).

Risk designation for HCV2

The same process and criteria were applied to the analysis of risk for HCV2 (Section 3.1) and mesoregions shaded in grey in Figure 9 were designated as SPECIFIED RISK.

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

Figure 9: Final Risk map for HCV2 in Brazil.

3.4 Indicator 3.3: HCV3 Ecosystems

Rare, threatened, or endangered ecosystems, habitats or refugia.

While there is no explicit qualifier in the definition, we apply the same national-global significance threshold to RTE ecosystems as to HCV1 and 2, in line with the HCVRN guidelines. Note that, as a result of the close link between certain RTE species and their habitats, there is a considerable overlap between HCV3 and HCV1.

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

Figure 10: Location of potential HCV3 areas overlaid with existing protected areas in the mesoregions of Brazil.

Threat assessment

The FSC NRAF identifies a lack of effective protection as the main specific threat to HCV3. Furthermore, the threats caused by forestry activities highlighted in Section 3.1.4 (habitat fragmentation and loss of connectivity and natural vegetation) were considered relevant to potential HCV3, and both timber harvesting from natural forests and plantations can potentially have a harmful impact on HCV3.

Threat mitigation

The degree of effective protection was assessed for HCV3 as for the other HCV categories, whereby the areas considered as HCV3 (labelled “HCV3” in Figure 10) were not considered to benefit from a sufficient level of statutory protection unless a majority of their area (>99%) overlaps with a strict CU or Indigenous Lands (see Section 3.1.4).

Risk designation for HCV3

As for HCV1 and HCV2 the existing protected area network of Brazil was not found to sufficiently address the priority areas identified as potential HCV3 in any of the mesoregions, and additional control measures would have to be put in place in order to ensure non-certified timber harvesting activities do not cause harm to potential values in the regions highlighted in Figure 11.

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

Figure 11: Final risk map for HCV3 in Brazil.

3.5 Indicator 3.4: HCV4 Ecosystem Services

Basic ecosystem services in critical situations, including protection of water catchments and control of erosion of vulnerable soils and slopes.

The fourth category of HCV addresses ecosystem services in critical situations, i.e. in situations where loss or degradations would have severe consequences for the parties relying on them. The HCVRN Common Guidance considers three component of HCV4:

 Protection against soil erosion in critical situations, e.g. severe landslides  Barriers to destructive fires  Protection of water quality and flood prevention

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

3.5.1 Protection against soil erosion in critical situations In 2012, the Brazilian Geological Survey (CPRM) initiated a national project to systematically map areas at high risk of landslides20. This major project will provide detailed landslide risk maps, incorporating the multiple, sometimes conflicting causes and triggers of landslides. However, the project is due for completion by 2015 and so the results were not available for this study.

In the absence of the CPRM data a broad proxy for landslide risk was defined. Areas on steep slopes and where vegetation cover has been removed have an increased risk of landslides21. Specifically, forestry activities can increase landslide risk. For example, landslide erosion increases up to 10 times in the period from 3-15 years after timber harvesting due to a decline in rooting strength22. However, areas critical for preventing landslides can only be classified as HCV4 if the landslides have the potential to adversely impact human populations. Therefore, we excluded areas with high landslide risk where population density fell into the lowest density class used by IBGE (< 5 people per sq. km).23 We defined steep slopes as those with a gradient greater than 17o based on the original 2002 Hilltop Protection Areas as defined under CONAMA Resolution 303 (03/20/2002) of the Brazilian Forest Code. This was a conservative definition based on the minimum slope eligible for protection under the 2002 Forest Code, and was chosen to fit with ‘the precautionary approach’ as required under HCV best practice24.

Therefore, areas of occurrence for the HCV4 landslides component are areas where population density >5 people per km2, with a slope greater than 17o that have been deforested up to 2013 (Figure 12).

Deforestation data and relief maps were taken from the INPE and IBGE websites25. The 1:5,000,000 relief map available on the IBGE website was used to derive coarse slopes estimates for the whole of Brazil using the software ArcMap. The coarse scale of the relief map means that the derived slope estimates are averaged across large areas. Nonetheless, the derived slope map should be sufficiently robust for the analyses of HCV risk in this report that were conducted at the scale of mesoregion or state. Deforestation in the Amazon biome was calculated using INPE/IMAZON data26 and was for areas deforested between 2005 and 2013.

The measure of total deforestation used in our analysis includes deforestation for all possible activities and thus cannot be attributed solely to forestry activities. However, we considered that it provides an indication of areas where forestry activities would pose a particular threat to potential HCVs.

20 http://www.cprm.gov.br/ 21 Highland, L.M. & Bobrowsky, P. 2008. The Landslide Handbook – A Guide to Understanding Landslides. USGS. 22 Sidle, R.C. et al. (2006) Erosion processes in steep terrain – truths, myths and uncertainties related to forest management in Southeast Asia, For. Ecol. Manage. 224, 199–225. 23 http://www.geoservicos.ibge.gov.br/geoserver/wms?service=WMS&version=1.1.0&request= GetMap&layers=CGEO:vw_densdemog 24 Brown, E., N. Dudley, A. Lindhe, D.R. Muhtaman, C. Stewart, and T. Synnott (eds.). 2013 (October). Common guidance for the identification of High Conservation Values. HCV Resource Network. 25 http://www.visualizador.inde.gov.br/ 26 http://www.dpi.inpe.br/prodesdigital/prodes.php?LANGUAGE=EN&

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

Figure 12. Total deforestation up to 2013 in the Amazon biome, overlaid with deforestation occurring on steep slopes (>17 degrees). Please note that this map is illustrative and some deforested areas may not be accurately represented at this coarse scale.

Threat assessment The finalised procedures for National Risk Assessments (FSC-PRO-60-002a V1-0) require that CNRAs only consider threats to HCVs that are the result of forestry activities, specifying the reduction of water quality/quantity and negative impact on humans health (e.g. poisoning water etc. – see HCVCG) as specific threats to HCV4. As outlined above, the proxy areas for this HCV4 subcategory explicitly incorporate potential negative impacts on human health that could be caused by landslides by overlaying landslide risk areas with areas of higher population density. Reduction in water quantity is not a relevant threat to this subcategory, although erosion may pose a threat to water quality.

Deforested areas were used as indicators of where timber supply could pose a threat with regards to this subcategory of HCV4 and additional measures should be defined under the Controlled Wood framework for sourcing FSC Controlled wood. Due to the difference in operations between timber extraction from natural forests and plantations, separate risk analyses were conducted separately for plantations and natural forests.

Overall, the risk of landslides was assessed considering a combination of management practices (e.g. retention of tree stumps and roots, extent of clear-felling) and the extent to which these risks are mitigated by the Hill Top Protection Areas (HPAs) as required under the Forest Code.

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

Threat mitigation HCV categories 1-3, 5 & 6 may be safeguarded if they occur in effectively enforced protected areas. This is not appropriate for the HCV4 landslides component, as we don’t expect high deforestation rates to occur in an effectively enforced protected area. Instead, we assess the level of threat by examining the percentage of all deforestation in a mesoregion that occurs on slopes >17°. The final risk designation for CW from natural forests will thus define as SPECIFIED RISK mesoregions which contain a non-negligible area (>1% of the total area) where slopes over >17° are deforested.

Risk designation for CW sourcing from natural forests Significant areas of deforestation occurred on steep slopes in only two mesoregions in the Amazon basin. It is also worth highlighting that according to INPE data, logging is responsible for less than 3% of deforestation in the Amazon, and as such forestry is unlikely to be the cause of critical landslides in the region. Based on the above considerations, only two mesoregions of the Amazon biome are designated as SPECIFIED risk for this HCV subcategory.

Outside of the Amazon the zones where soil erosion could have potentially severe adverse consequences (slopes over 17° in populated areas) are mainly found in the states of the Mata Atlantica biome (see Figure 13). Deforestation has been a major issue in the Atlantic forest, and while there were signs of deforestation slowing down following the introduction of Law 11428/06, the revision of the Forest Code in 2012 may have undermined efforts made. On the other hand substantial areas of potentially forested slopes in Mata Atlantica are found within tree plantation management units where deforestation of natural forests is likely to be historical. In these management units, new stands are established within a few years after logging: assuming that root systems stabilise slopes in the interim, the risk of landslide would be substantially reduced.

On balance we still tentatively classified the regions highlighted in Figure 14 as SPECIFIED risk.

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

Figure 13: Areas at potential risk from soil erosion in Brazil.

Figure 14: Final risk map for sourcing of Controlled Wood from natural forests for HCV4 landslides component.

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

Risk designation for CW sourcing from plantations We did not manage to get access to up-to-date geographical information on the location of Brazil’s ca. 7 million hectares of plantation forests, and thus were unable to overlay the location and extent of plantations with topography/slope measurements. In line with the Common Guidance on HCV Identification and Interpretation, we therefore take a precautionary approach and classify all states with any plantation forests as SPECIFIED RISK for this HCV 4 subcategory (Figure 15).

Recognising however that 60% of plantations in Brazil are FSC certified (Fernanda Rodrigues, FSC Brazil, pers.comm. 2015), and that plantations that are not certified may have Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) in place to mitigate any risk of land erosion on slopes (e.g. no planting on steep slopes or retention of stumps for soil stabilisation), it is important to acknowledge here that being able to demonstrate the effective implementation of such SOPs would be a satisfactory way to mitigate the risks associated with this section. Therefore, timber sourced from plantations where implementation of such SOPs can be demonstrated may be deemed as LOW RISK for this HCV subcategory.

Figure 15. Final risk map for sourcing of Controlled Wood from timber plantations for HCV4 landslides component. *Please note that the designation of SPECIFIED RISK could be downgraded to LOW RISK if timber is sourced from plantations implementing appropriate control measures sufficient to mitigate the risk (see above text for details).

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

3.5.2 Barriers to destructive fires INPE is responsible for monitoring forest fires in Brazil, reporting daily, weekly, monthly and annual fire occurrences online27. We use maps of total annual fire occurrences as a proxy for forest fires. However, these data are not available as shapefiles for analysis in ArcMap, and thus we visually identified states with the highest forest fire risk from Figure 16 as Acre, Bahia, Ceara, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Para, Piaui, Rondonia and Tocantins. These states are all defined as the area of occurrence of the HCV4 forest fire component, because forests in these areas may provide important barriers to the spread of destructive fires.

Figure 16. Total fire occurrences in 2013. INPE.

Threat assessment The finalised procedures for National Risk Assessments (FSC-PRO-60-002a V1-0) require that CNRAs only consider threats to HCVs that are the result of forestry activities, specifying the reduction of water quality/quantity and negative impact on humans health (e.g. poisoning water etc. – see HCVCG) as specific threats to HCV4. Impacts on water quality and quantity are not relevant to this HCV4 subcategory, whilst it is possible that destructive fires could have negative impacts on human health. However, we have

27 http://www.inpe.br/queimadas/dados_anteriores.php

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

identified damage to human livelihoods and property as the most pertinent, additional threats for this HCV subcategory.

The states of Acre, Bahia, Ceara, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Para, Piaui, Rondonia and Tocantins were identified as areas of high forest fire occurrence. Forestry activities can increase the risk of fire, and thus may reduce the effectiveness of barriers to destructive fires. Moist tropical forests have an increased fire risk after logging, due to an increase in woody debris (fuel) and canopy openness, and a decrease in humidity.28,29 Timber plantations may also be more vulnerable to fire than natural moist forests in Brazil, because of similar reductions in humidity and the presence of dry logging residues that can act as fuel.

HCV safeguards and threat mitigation Appropriate management practices and full compliance with the Forest Code in privately owned natural forest timber concessions can help mitigate fire risks (e.g. by maintaining Hill Top Protection Areas that can serve similar roles to fire-breaks along hilltop ridges). Therefore, within the states identified as areas of high fire occurrence, we assume that the risk posed by forestry activities would be low in mesoregions where compliance with the Forest Code is appropriate (see Figure 5 and Section 3).

The risk fire represents to plantation timber stocks implies that the vast majority of plantations have comprehensive fire monitoring and management plans in place. Such management often includes the maintenance of both natural and artificial fire breaks, and thus we assume that management activities in timber plantations do not pose a major risk to HCV barriers to destructive fires. Therefore, timber sourced from plantations is considered low risk for this HCV component.

Risk designation

Based on the above considerations we consider all mesoregions in the states of Acre, Bahia, Ceara, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Para, Piaui, Rondonia and Tocantins to be SPECIFIED RISK for this component (Error! Reference source not found.7).

28 Holdsworth, A.R. and Uhl, C. 1997. Fire in Amazonian selectively logged rain forest and the potential for fire reduction. Ecological Applications 7:713–725. 29Nepstad, D. et al. 2001. Road paving, fire regime feedbacks, and the future of Amazon forests, Forest Ecology and Management, 154: 3, 395-407.

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

Figure 17: Final risk map for HCV4 fire component in Brazil.

3.5.3 Protection of water quality and flood prevention ANA and the National Information System on Water Resources (SNIRH) maintain, analyse and report data on water quality and quantity in Brazil, using data collected at hundreds of hydro-meteorological sampling stations. SNIRH and ANA datasets, in combination with priority areas, were used to define proxies for:

1) The protection of water quality: An Index of Water Quality (IQA) for Brazil in 201030 was used to define areas of HCV4 occurrence important for maintaining water quality. This index provided point estimates of water quality across ANA’s network of hydro- meteorological sampling stations. We assigned the point estimates to the mesoregions in which the sampling stations occurred to provide a precautionary area of occurrence. However, areas with low water quality can only be classified as HCV4 if the poor water quality adversely impacts human populations reliant on it (e.g. as a drinking source). That is to say that to identify areas where ecosystem services are “critical” (as per the HCVRN Common Guidance), areas of poor water quality were overlaid with areas where a large percentage of households rely on rain and surface water sources (i.e. rainwater and water collected from waterways).31 Therefore, the

30 http://www2.snirh.gov.br/home/item.html?id=c0f011fa9a374ef9a91e31ee0d4af624; http://portalpnqa.ana.gov.br/indicadores-indice-aguas.aspx . The IQA results are summarised into five classes of water quality: excellent, good, reasonable, poor and very poor. Locations classed as reasonable, poor or very poor were used as a precautionary proxy for low water quality in this report. 31 http://dados.gov.br/dataset/percentual-de-domicilios-particulares-permanentes-com- abastecimento-de-agua-da-rede-geral . Results on the percentage of households obtaining water

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

proxy for this HCV4 component is defined as mesoregions with low water quality where a large proportion of households are reliant on rain and surface water sources. 2) Flood prevention: SNIRH have mapped areas in Brazil that are vulnerable to flooding. The map identifies waterways of low, medium and high flood risk, based on a combination of the impact of past floods on human life and infrastructure, and frequency of past floods.32 Areas with a high risk of flooding are defined as those “with high impact and any frequency of floods OR medium impact and high frequency of floods”. It is assumed that all of these high risk areas could result in situations “where loss or degradations would have severe consequences for the parties relying on them”, and thus that the proxy already includes the threat posed to human populations. As for water quality above, the risk areas were then extrapolated to the mesoregion level to abide by the precautionary approach. Therefore, mesoregions with a high flood risk represent the areas of occurrence. 3) BOTH water quality and flood prevention: The priority areas identified as supporting HCV4 attributes are also used as proxies for the component of protection of water quality and flood prevention. All of the HCV4 priority areas were assigned to this component because all of the keywords used relate to protection of water quality and flood prevention, e.g. protecting watersheds, springs, headwaters and riparian forest.33 Therefore, all priority areas matching the HCV4 keywords that are of extremely high importance or urgency are used as proxies for the protection of water quality and flood prevention.

Areas classified under 1-3 above will be combined to define the total proxy area for HCV4 (protection of water quality and flood prevention), and this combined area will then be analysed to define the threat to this HCV4 component.

from the general water network are also subdivided into five classes, and again the lowest three classes were used as a precautionary proxy to represent the potential adverse human impacts of low water quality. 32 http://www2.snirh.gov.br/home/item.html?id=cf201bd9b2c540fa951b0619006eb2af 33 Serviços ambientais, margem, recursos, pesqueiro, mananciais, manancial, nascente, berçário, solo, bacia, hidrográfica, hidrológico, afluente, cabeceiras, aqüíferos, ìgapó, várzea, APA

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

Figure 18. HCV 4 proxy areas for protection of water quality and flood prevention, overlaid with strict protection and sustainable use Conservation Units.

Threat Assessment This HCV subcategory is specifically addressed in the NRAF which identifies reduction in water quality/quantity and negative impacts on human health as specific threats for HCV4. We further subdivide this subcategory into impacts on water quality and water quantity and outline here how they may threaten human health:

1) Water quality. The population of Brazil relies on water from a range of water sources, including the national water system, rainfall collection and collection from local waterways. The type of water sources used varies across states and is captured in the proxy for this HCV4 component as outlined above. Forestry operations, particularly clear- felling, drainage and soil scarification may potentially cause negative impacts such as turbidity, pollution, siltation and eutrophication, all of which may have negative impacts on human livelihoods or health. Also, roads built across streams, or river crossings by machinery more generally, may disturb water flow and block aquatic connectivity.34 Therefore, the risk of forestry operations impacting water quality will depend on a combination of management practices and the extent to which these risks are mitigated by the protection of Riparian Preservation Areas (RPAs) and HPAs as required under the Forest Code.

2) Flood prevention. Flooding can be the result of both natural and anthropogenic impacts, and can be influenced by multiple landscape actors. However, forestry activities, in particular clear-felling have the potential to elevate local flood risk by increasing surface

34 Novotny, V. 2003. Water Quality: Diffuse Pollution and Watershed Management. Wiley, New York.

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

run-off, reducing infiltration and increasing peak flow in waterways which may pose a risk of damage to human livelihoods and potentially be a direct cause of mortality.35 Therefore, the risk of forestry operations impacting water quality will depend on a combination of management practices and the extent to which these risks are mitigated by the protection of RPAs and HPAs as required under the Forest Code.

HCV safeguards and threat mitigation Threats to the protection of water quality and flood prevention from forestry activities may be mitigated if their areas of occurrence overlap with well enforced/managed protected areas, or if they occur in areas where compliance with the Forest Code is high. The Brazilian Forest Code requires that private properties conserve HPAs and RPAs as natural forest to protect water quality and mitigate flood risk.

The level of protection provided by different types of statutory protection in different regions and states of Brazil is outlined in section 3. In accordance to this, a given mesoregion will be designated as SPECIFIED RISK to the HCV component if there is a non- negligible likelihood of occurrence (>1% of the proxy area), and the mitigation measures available are not effective (see Section 3.1.5 for more detail).

Risk designation

Based on the above considerations, we consider all mesoregions SPECIFIED RISK for HCV4 protection of water quality and flood prevention, except for the mesoregions of Assis, Centro Occidental Paranaense, Marilia, Noroeste Paranaense and Oeste Paranaense which we classify as LOW RISK.

Figure 19. Final risk map for HCV4 protection of water quality and flood prevention in Brazil.

35 Calder, I et al. 2007. Towards a new understanding of forests and water. Unasylva 229 (58), 2007.

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

3.6 Indicator 3.5: HCV5 Basic needs of local communities

Sites and resources fundamental for satisfying the basic necessities of local communities or indigenous peoples (for livelihoods, health, nutrition, water, etc.), identified through engagement with these communities or indigenous peoples.

In order to qualify as HCV5, forest sites and resources must be of fundamental importance to satisfy basic livelihood needs. This is unlikely to be the case in regions where traditional subsistence practices play a very minor role in local economies. However, there are indigenous and traditional communities across the majority of Brazil, and therefore a potential occurrence of HCV5 across all Brazilian regions. Today, there are approximately ½ million indigenous people in Brazil living in 593 recognized territories36. These territories are legally protected and titled to the communities as Terra Indigena (CF / 88, Law 6001/73 - Indian Statute, Decree n. º1775 / 96).

Defining HCV5 areas of occurrence is typically conducted on a local scale. This normally involves collaboration and engagement with local communities to identify resources or areas on which they are critically dependent for their subsistence. Such a localised approach is not possible for this Centralised National Risk Assessment and thus we defined HCV5 areas of occurrence based on the following proxies:

1) The priority areas outlined for HCVs1-3 were identified with the primary aim of conserving biodiversity. However, many of these areas are also used by indigenous and traditional communities. In these cases, descriptions of the areas include keywords explaining the type of community use or dependence. These keywords are provided in full in Section 3 of this report, and cover the presence of uncontacted tribes, quilombola communities and a range of subsistence activities such as fishing, collection of traditional medicine, Brazil nut and NTFP gathering. In the majority of cases, indigenous communities’ lands and resources are legally protected in indigenous reserves. However, some additional HCV5 areas were identified as priority areas which may also be of importance for the subsistence of communities. Therefore, all priority areas of extremely high importance or urgency that are described using the keywords listed are included as HCV5 proxy areas. 2) Quilombola communities are ethnic groups descended from slaves that were trafficked to Brazil from (southwest) Africa in the 18th century. In Brazil slaves were forced to work in agriculture, on cattle ranches or in households until the abolition of slavery in 188837. In 1988, Article 68 in the Acts of the Transitory Provisions (ADCT) granted all descendants of Quilombola communities the legal right and title to the land they occupied. The communities and culture of the communities are further protected under Articles 215 and 216. There are at least 3,500 Quilombola communities in Brazil38. There is an ongoing project to map all

36 http://www.funai.gov.br/index.php/indios-no-brasil/terras-indigenas 37 http://www.gtclovismoura.pr.gov.br/ 38 http://www.mds.gov.br/segurancaalimentar/povosecomunidadestradicionais/quilombolas

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

Quilombola communities in Brazil, and all of these Quilombola community areas are classed as HCV5. 3) Indigenous lands (Terras Indígenas) that are already protected are considered proxy areas for HCV5 but were not included in the quantitative analysis to avoid redundancy. They are used to assess the extent to which other HCV5 proxy areas are effectively safeguarded across Brazil.

Threat assessment The FSC NRAF (PRO-60-002a) identifies ‘compromising (impacting) fundamental needs of local communities by management activities’ as the main potential threat to HCV5 from forestry activites. HCV5 sites and natural resources may be directly or indirectly threatened by forestry activities. Direct threats may occur if communities rely directly on timber resources themselves for their subsistence activities, and if these resources are being targeted or extracted for commercial forestry. Indirect threats may result if forestry activities occur in the vicinity of HCV5 areas of occurrence due to cross-boundary forestry by-products or wastes (e.g. sedimentation/pollution of waterways damaging drinking water or subsistence fisheries).

The cross-boundary threats to HCV5 posed by forestry activities can be mitigated if forestry operations follow SOPs to reduce cross-boundary spillover and if companies are fully compliant with the Forest Code. The extent of any direct threats due to extraction of HCV5 timber resources will depend on whether HCV5 areas/resources are legally protected in Indigenous Lands or Quilombola lands, and the degree to which these are actually implemented.

HCV safeguards and threat mitigation Technically, Brazilian legislation does not allow any commercial or third party timber extraction from Indigenous Lands (CF / 88, Law 6001/73 - Indian Statute, Decree n.º1775 / 96). Recent studies showed that Indigenous Lands (TIs) in the Amazon and Cerrado biomes are generally well protected and are very effective at reducing illegal encroachment and deforestation (Nolte et al 2013, Carranza et al 2014). This suggests that in these regions the threat to HCV5 from forestry activities would be low when most of the HCV5 proxy areas occur in TIs.

On their own titled TIs, indigenous communities are not required to comply with the Forest Code. However, in cases where we have identified HCV5 priority areas that do not occur in any protected areas, the Forest Code may provide some level of protection. Therefore, in mesoregions where a non-negligible percentage of HCV5 proxy areas occurs outside of protected areas and TIs, if the Forest Code compliance is low, the risk level will be assessed as SPECIFIED.

Quilombola communities are entitled to lease out their land to logging or mining companies if they wish. There are cases of logging companies directly approaching Quilombola communities to request access to the timber on their lands, for example in Oriximiná, Pará. In many cases, the land is still largely forested and so is attractive to timber companies. However, the associations between companies and communities have been criticised by some groups who claim that negotiations and contracts are not equitable or legally sound. It is also suggested that companies do not adequately engage

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

communities in the development of management and monitoring plans39. These concerns mean that forestry activities may develop unsustainably and threaten the land and resources on which the Quilombola communities rely. Unfortunately at the time of the study the registration of all Quilombolas in the country was ongoing, and the data was not available to include these areas to the analysis. The latest map of Quilombola areas (Figure 2040) we have found should be considered as an additional factor of risk in most of the states of Brazil.

Figure 20: Quilombola territories in August 2014.

39 http://www.quilombo.org.br/#!exploracao-madeireira/c1le4 40 http://mundogeo.com/blog/2014/08/08/incra-fara-cadastro-ambiental-rural-territorios- quilombolas/

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

Figure 21. Location of potential HCV5 areas (inc Quilombola communities from 2011) overlaid with existing protected areas in the mesoregions of Brazil.

Risk designation

We consider that forestry activities can pose a clear, direct threat to HCV5. The critical importance of social values and the clear requirement for engagement in the revised definitions and the HCVRN Common Guidance for HCV Identification and Interpretation lead to the final SPECIFIED RISK assessment of the mesoregions highlighted in Figure 22.

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

Figure 22: Final risk map for HCV5 in Brazil.

3.7 Indicator 3.6: HCV6 Sites of cultural significance

Sites, resources, habitats and landscapes of global or national cultural, archaeological or historical significance, and/or of critical cultural, ecological, economic or religious/sacred importance for the traditional cultures of local communities or indigenous peoples, identified through engagement with these local communities or indigenous peoples.

The definition includes two major components: archaeological and/or historical values of national or global significance, and such values of critical importance for traditional local and indigenous culture.

As is the case for HCV5, HCV6 should typically be defined based on local identification and consultation with communities, but was identified here using proxy areas:

1) A number of priority areas are also of critical cultural value to local, indigenous and traditional communities, as well as areas independently identified as of

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

national archaeological, cultural or historic importance. Descriptions of the keywords explaining the type of cultural importance are provided in full in Section 3. All priority areas of extremely high importance or urgency that are described using the given keywords are included as HCV6 proxy areas. 2) Indigenous lands (Terras Indígenas), that are already protected are considered proxy areas, but aren’t included in the analysis to avoid redundancy. They are used to assess the extent to which other HCV6 proxy areas are effectively safeguarded across Brazil. As was the case for HCV5, in the majority of cases values of local cultural importance to indigenous communities should already be legally protected within indigenous reserves. Cultural or archaeological sites may also be protected as Natural Monuments (Monumento Natural) or in Private Natural Heritage Reserves (Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural).

The Brazilian Institute of National and Artistic Heritage (IPHAN) is responsible for the protection of sites and artefacts of cultural and historic value. They identify approximately 19,000 archaeological sites that are officially protected for scientific or environmental reasons. These sites are defined and protected by Law No. 3.924 / 61, are considered assets of the Union41. IPHAN is also the national body responsible for maintaining Brazil’s seven world heritage sites:  The Atlantic Forest South-East Reserves,  The Brazilian Atlantic Islands,  The Central Amazon Conservation Complex,  The Cerrado Protected Areas (Chapada dos Veadeiros and Emas National Park),  The Discovery Coast Atlantic Forest Reserves,  Iguaçu National Park, and  The Pantanal Conservation Area. All of Brazil’s World Heritage sites are conserved to some extent within existing Brazilian Conservation Units, and thus are not included directly as a proxy for HCV6. Similarly, IPHAN archaeological sites are not included as direct HCV6 proxies because we assume they are both well protected under Law 3.924/61 and under negligible threat from forestry activities.

41 http://portal.iphan.gov.br/portal/montarPaginaSecao.do?id=12944&retorno=paginaIphan

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

Figure 23. Location of potential HCV6 areas (inc Quilombola communities from 2011) overlaid with existing protected areas in the mesoregions of Brazil.

Threat assessment For HCV6, FSC’s NRAF highlights the ‘destruction and / or disturbance of rights/ values determining HCV 6 presence’ as the main potential threat resulting from forestry activities. We assume that forestry activities pose the same threats to HCV6 sites and resources as for HCV5. Please refer to the previous section for more detail.

HCV safeguards and threat mitigation In this report we use the same safeguards and threat mitigation methodology as outlined for HCV5. We assume that forestry activities do not pose a threat to HCV6 areas occurring within TIs. Furthermore, mesoregions where a non-negligible percentage of HCV6 areas occurs outside of protected areas, and where Forest Code compliance is low are classified as SPECIFIED RISK.

Risk designation

On the basis of the above considerations, the mesoregions highlighted in Figure 24 are considered to be of SPECIFIED risk.

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

Figure 24: Final risk map for HCV6 in Brazil.

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

ANNEX 1 Background Data

Compliance with the Forest Code Areas where the difference in the remaining area of natural vegetation is at least 20% more than the area required to comply with the Forest Code 2012.

Proportion where the Forest Code 2012 GeoCode Mesoregion requirements are considered met42

ha % (area) 2702 AGRESTE ALAGOANO 23,074 3.84 2503 AGRESTE PARAIBANO 473,965 34.95 2603 AGRESTE PERNAMBUCANO 528,880 20.72 2403 AGRESTE POTIGUAR 357,825 36.33 2802 AGRESTE SERGIPANO 217,389 35.64 3503 ARACATUBA 9,285 0.55 3505 ARARAQUARA 43,298 4.56 3510 ASSIS 13,407 1.05 3304 BAIXADAS 89,690 24.25 1501 BAIXO AMAZONAS 2,294,289 6.73 3504 BAURU 49,706 1.85 2502 BORBOREMA 1,403,430 86.21 3507 CAMPINAS 18,642 1.30 3111 CAMPO DAS VERTENTES 29,356 2.31 3203 CENTRAL ESPIRITOSANTENSE 62,724 5.74 3106 CENTRAL MINEIRA 1,652,166 51.45 2402 CENTRAL POTIGUAR 1,393,852 84.30 1303 CENTRO AMAZONENSE 11,059,266 30.77 3303 CENTRO FLUMINENSE 89,253 12.87 5203 CENTRO GOIANO 673,265 16.44 2103 CENTRO MARANHENSE 1,806,989 33.09 2903 CENTRONORTE BAIANO 4,675,772 55.82 5002 CENTRONORTE DE MATO GROSSO DO SUL 2,358,045 37.12 2202 CENTRONORTE PIAUIENSE 5,424,179 95.92 4102 CENTROOCIDENTAL PARANAENSE 15,381 1.29 4303 CENTROOCIDENTAL RIOGRANDENSE 1,021,873 39.37 4105 CENTROORIENTAL PARANAENSE 215,423 9.84 4304 CENTROORIENTAL RIOGRANDENSE 347,131 20.17 2906 CENTROSUL BAIANO 5,101,843 38.91 2306 CENTROSUL CEARENSE 785,811 76.48 5104 CENTROSUL MATOGROSSENSE 6,400,841 65.25

42 See relevant sections in the report: for Forest Code compliance, we have included areas where the remaing area of natural vegetation is above the requirements of the Forest Code 2012 by at least 20%. This allows us to build a precautionary element to the analysis. The data used was published in Soares-Filho et al. (2014) Cracking Brazil’s Forest Code. 52

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

4108 CENTROSUL PARANAENSE 373,506 14.14 5301 DISTRITO FEDERAL 176,705 30.29 2901 EXTREMO OESTE BAIANO 10,135,861 85.79 4205 GRANDE FLORIANOPOLIS 555,823 79.16 3511 ITAPETININGA 274,032 13.53 2305 JAGUARIBE 1,542,331 80.55 3103 JEQUITINHONHA 2,018,190 39.43 2703 LESTE ALAGOANO 40,065 2.89 5003 LESTE DE MATO GROSSO DO SUL 850,328 9.04 5204 LESTE GOIANO 3,938,932 70.51 2104 LESTE MARANHENSE 6,191,662 86.47 2404 LESTE POTIGUAR 143,337 21.15 1102 LESTE RONDONIENSE 958,369 7.24 2803 LESTE SERGIPANO 62,397 6.87 3202 LITORAL NORTE ESPIRITOSANTENSE 89,248 5.99 3514 LITORAL SUL PAULISTA 981,170 73.96 3512 MACRO METROPOLITANA PAULISTA 236,732 19.12 1101 MADEIRAGUAPORE 1,414,183 13.08 1502 MARAJO 1,740,876 16.68 3509 MARILIA 20,477 2.85 2504 MATA PARAIBANA 6,134 1.11 2604 MATA PERNAMBUCANA 23,571 2.67 1503 METROPOLITANA DE BELEM - - 3107 METROPOLITANA DE BELO HORIZONTE 1,565,952 39.01 4110 METROPOLITANA DE CURITIBA 763,902 33.37 2303 METROPOLITANA DE FORTALEZA 227,696 58.46 4305 METROPOLITANA DE PORTO ALEGRE 555,609 18.61 2605 METROPOLITANA DE RECIFE 48,106 16.38 2905 METROPOLITANA DE SALVADOR 155,438 13.42 3515 METROPOLITANA DE SAO PAULO 352,764 37.67 3306 METROPOLITANA DO RIO DE JANEIRO 268,667 25.89 2904 NORDESTE BAIANO 2,387,405 40.95 5102 NORDESTE MATOGROSSENSE 5,261,755 29.65 1504 NORDESTE PARAENSE 138,778 1.66 4302 NORDESTE RIOGRANDENSE 1,542,034 59.61 2301 NOROESTE CEARENSE 2,966,847 83.53 3101 NOROESTE DE MINAS 4,643,829 73.84 3201 NOROESTE ESPIRITOSANTENSE 868 0.07 3301 NOROESTE FLUMINENSE - - 5201 NOROESTE GOIANO 1,868,743 33.53 4101 NOROESTE PARANAENSE 103 0.00 4301 NOROESTE RIOGRANDENSE 295,469 4.55 1301 NORTE AMAZONENSE 13,081,706 31.60 4202 NORTE CATARINENSE 720,262 45.09 2302 NORTE CEARENSE 1,475,977 67.80 4103 NORTE CENTRAL PARANAENSE 20,492 0.83 3102 NORTE DE MINAS 8,829,864 67.76

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

1401 NORTE DE RORAIMA 2,785,081 28.01 1601 NORTE DO AMAPA 977,272 16.91 3302 NORTE FLUMINENSE 87,595 8.82 5202 NORTE GOIANO 4,461,166 78.57 2101 NORTE MARANHENSE 1,568,938 29.42 5101 NORTE MATOGROSSENSE 6,931,126 14.29 2201 NORTE PIAUIENSE 2,015,909 89.03 4104 NORTE PIONEIRO PARANAENSE - - 1701 OCIDENTAL DO TOCANTINS 6,247,407 39.94 4201 OESTE CATARINENSE 294,742 10.80 3109 OESTE DE MINAS 299,720 12.35 2102 OESTE MARANHENSE 307,234 3.49 4106 OESTE PARANAENSE 20,862 0.91 2401 OESTE POTIGUAR 1,687,317 76.54 1702 ORIENTAL DO TOCANTINS 9,832,347 80.21 5001 PANTANAL SUL MATOGROSSENSE 9,879,793 89.10 3506 PIRACICABA 18,201 2.00 3508 PRESIDENTE PRUDENTE 15,049 0.63 3502 RIBEIRAO PRETO 103,444 3.74 2602 SAO FRANCISCO PERNAMBUCANO 2,214,214 87.53 3501 SAO JOSE DO RIO PRETO 17,181 0.58 4203 SERRANA 1,076,712 48.16 2701 SERTAO ALAGOANO 200,160 21.94 2501 SERTAO PARAIBANO 1,948,316 82.53 2601 SERTAO PERNAMBUCANO 2,622,972 66.35 2801 SERTAO SERGIPANO 126,894 16.66 2304 SERTOES CEARENSES 3,931,759 82.52 5105 SUDESTE MATOGROSSENSE 2,112,504 29.38 1506 SUDESTE PARAENSE 1,252,688 4.20 4109 SUDESTE PARANAENSE 232,145 13.62 2204 SUDESTE PIAUIENSE 3,827,035 81.45 4307 SUDESTE RIOGRANDENSE 2,313,003 54.62 1302 SUDOESTE AMAZONENSE 8,712,384 25.80 5004 SUDOESTE DE MATO GROSSO DO SUL 1,760,660 19.81 5103 SUDOESTE MATOGROSSENSE 1,645,559 22.76 1505 SUDOESTE PARAENSE 4,771,076 11.47 4107 SUDOESTE PARANAENSE - - 2203 SUDOESTE PIAUIENSE 12,255,061 94.23 4306 SUDOESTE RIOGRANDENSE 3,895,317 62.13 1304 SUL AMAZONENSE 17,940,915 37.46 2907 SUL BAIANO 527,490 9.38 4206 SUL CATARINENSE 226,972 23.32 2307 SUL CEARENSE 885,489 57.98 1402 SUL DE RORAIMA 4,346,258 34.28 1602 SUL DO AMAPA 1,831,413 21.51 3204 SUL ESPIRITOSANTENSE 9,223 1.02 3305 SUL FLUMINENSE 248,920 31.04

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

5205 SUL GOIANO 3,275,632 24.84 2105 SUL MARANHENSE 5,832,882 85.50 3110 SULSUDOESTE DE MINAS 338,578 6.78 3105 TRIANGULO MINEIROALTO PARANAIBA 1,940,870 21.33 1202 VALE DO ACRE 1,550,267 19.03 4204 VALE DO ITAJAI 781,338 59.48 1201 VALE DO JURUA 3,072,395 34.35 3104 VALE DO MUCURI 234,595 11.42 3513 VALE DO PARAIBA PAULISTA 284,515 17.41 3108 VALE DO RIO DOCE 42,279 0.99 2902 VALE SAOFRANCISCANO DA BAHIA 10,176,489 85.96 3112 ZONA DA MATA 60,212 1.66

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

HCV1 Species diversity

Proportion of HCV proxy found under Integral Proportion of HCV proxy Total HCV proxy area Risk Protection Units or found under Sustainable GeoCode Mesoregion in the mesoregion designation Indigenous Peoples Use Units Lands

ha % (area) ha % (area) ha % (area) 2702 AGRESTE ALAGOANO 79,062 13.15 444 5.63 - - SPECIFIED 2503 AGRESTE PARAIBANO 203,249 14.99 - - - - SPECIFIED 2603 AGRESTE PERNAMBUCANO 873,384 34.21 4,027 4.61 - - SPECIFIED 2403 AGRESTE POTIGUAR 94,184 9.56 - - - - SPECIFIED 2802 AGRESTE SERGIPANO 36,772 6.03 765 20.83 - - SPECIFIED 3503 ARACATUBA 233,483 13.91 - - - - SPECIFIED 3505 ARARAQUARA 244,920 25.79 - - - - SPECIFIED 3510 ASSIS 20,581 1.62 - - - - SPECIFIED 3304 BAIXADAS 86,762 23.45 802 9.22 14,524 16.70 SPECIFIED 1501 BAIXO AMAZONAS 6,299,318 18.49 52,195 8.28 425,060 6.75 SPECIFIED 3504 BAURU 283,939 10.59 30 0.11 - - SPECIFIED 2502 BORBOREMA 332,502 20.42 - - - - SPECIFIED 3507 CAMPINAS 172,844 12.07 41 0.24 - - SPECIFIED 3111 CAMPO DAS VERTENTES 57,789 4.54 - - 4 0.01 SPECIFIED 3203 CENTRAL ESPIRITOSANTENSE 551,647 50.48 681 1.23 1,411 0.26 SPECIFIED 3106 CENTRAL MINEIRA 289,058 9.00 - - - - SPECIFIED 2402 CENTRAL POTIGUAR 334,286 20.22 - - - - SPECIFIED 1303 CENTRO AMAZONENSE 8,071,892 22.46 35,416 4.39 460,716 5.71 SPECIFIED 3303 CENTRO FLUMINENSE 136,579 19.69 - - 16,633 12.18 SPECIFIED 5203 CENTRO GOIANO 65,194 1.59 165 2.54 - - SPECIFIED 2103 CENTRO MARANHENSE 263,919 4.83 - - 97,706 36.98 SPECIFIED 56

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

2903 CENTRONORTE BAIANO 2,128,353 25.41 - - 51,233 2.41 SPECIFIED 5002 CENTRONORTE DE MATO GROSSO DO SUL 3,016,040 47.48 13 0.00 30 0.00 SPECIFIED 2202 CENTRONORTE PIAUIENSE 1,140,906 20.18 - - 1 0.00 SPECIFIED 4102 CENTROOCIDENTAL PARANAENSE 33,267 2.79 - - 1 0.00 SPECIFIED 4303 CENTROOCIDENTAL RIOGRANDENSE 795,534 30.65 - - - - SPECIFIED 4105 CENTROORIENTAL PARANAENSE 368,315 16.83 312 0.85 30,078 8.17 SPECIFIED 4304 CENTROORIENTAL RIOGRANDENSE 230,509 13.39 - - - - SPECIFIED 2906 CENTROSUL BAIANO 2,830,364 21.59 15,317 5.41 6 0.00 SPECIFIED 2306 CENTROSUL CEARENSE 8,253 0.80 - - - - LOW 5104 CENTROSUL MATOGROSSENSE 2,699,289 27.52 8,756 3.24 1,944 0.07 SPECIFIED 4108 CENTROSUL PARANAENSE 286,463 10.84 1,491 5.21 6 0.00 SPECIFIED 5301 DISTRITO FEDERAL 223,996 38.40 4,624 20.61 3,485 1.55 SPECIFIED 2901 EXTREMO OESTE BAIANO 3,544,357 30.00 10,626 3.00 31 0.00 SPECIFIED 4205 GRANDE FLORIANOPOLIS 138,715 19.76 168 1.21 82,388 59.38 SPECIFIED 3511 ITAPETININGA 496,670 24.53 - - 73,559 14.82 SPECIFIED 2305 JAGUARIBE 161,725 8.45 - - - - SPECIFIED 3103 JEQUITINHONHA 2,414,651 47.18 5,204 2.15 14,603 0.60 SPECIFIED 2703 LESTE ALAGOANO 329,024 23.70 668 2.03 10 0.00 SPECIFIED 5003 LESTE DE MATO GROSSO DO SUL 845,616 8.99 329 0.39 - 0.00 SPECIFIED 5204 LESTE GOIANO 3,048,546 54.58 - - 57,465 1.88 SPECIFIED 2104 LESTE MARANHENSE 2,100,355 29.33 - - 46,898 2.23 SPECIFIED 2404 LESTE POTIGUAR 163,564 24.13 - - 1 0.00 SPECIFIED 1102 LESTE RONDONIENSE 2,076,558 15.69 48,397 23.31 554,454 26.71 SPECIFIED 2803 LESTE SERGIPANO 319,939 35.21 52 0.16 449 0.14 SPECIFIED 3202 LITORAL NORTE ESPIRITOSANTENSE 419,072 28.12 2,935 7.01 445 0.11 SPECIFIED 3514 LITORAL SUL PAULISTA 1,071,847 80.79 9,239 8.62 430,538 40.17 SPECIFIED 3512 MACRO METROPOLITANA PAULISTA 506,491 40.90 - - 8,385 1.66 SPECIFIED 1101 MADEIRAGUAPORE 2,667,369 24.68 64,892 24.32 386,317 14.48 SPECIFIED 1502 MARAJO 8,999,647 86.24 - - 757,523 8.42 SPECIFIED 3509 MARILIA 6,397 0.89 - - - - LOW

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

2504 MATA PARAIBANA 117,619 21.33 2,849 24.22 7,331 6.23 SPECIFIED 2604 MATA PERNAMBUCANA 132,971 15.04 58 0.44 8,610 6.48 SPECIFIED 1503 METROPOLITANA DE BELEM 523,638 75.61 - - - - SPECIFIED 3107 METROPOLITANA DE BELO HORIZONTE 1,992,976 49.65 3,241 1.63 151,627 7.61 SPECIFIED 4110 METROPOLITANA DE CURITIBA 814,351 35.57 6,575 8.07 413,606 50.74 SPECIFIED 2303 METROPOLITANA DE FORTALEZA 142,808 36.66 182 1.28 - - SPECIFIED 4305 METROPOLITANA DE PORTO ALEGRE 502,559 16.83 4,302 8.56 10,067 2.00 SPECIFIED 2605 METROPOLITANA DE RECIFE 42,844 14.59 - - - - SPECIFIED 2905 METROPOLITANA DE SALVADOR 390,607 33.73 - - 1,880 0.48 SPECIFIED 3515 METROPOLITANA DE SAO PAULO 445,723 47.59 2,073 4.65 88,706 19.91 SPECIFIED 3306 METROPOLITANA DO RIO DE JANEIRO 221,140 21.31 4,640 20.96 57,564 26.01 SPECIFIED 2904 NORDESTE BAIANO 1,020,339 17.50 6,785 6.65 10,036 0.98 SPECIFIED 5102 NORDESTE MATOGROSSENSE 3,835,664 21.62 22,907 5.97 221,127 5.76 SPECIFIED 1504 NORDESTE PARAENSE 4,645,154 55.58 19,723 4.25 170,371 3.67 SPECIFIED 4302 NORDESTE RIOGRANDENSE 979,241 37.86 2,099 2.14 28,743 2.93 SPECIFIED 2301 NOROESTE CEARENSE 1,210,469 34.08 643 0.53 10,657 0.88 SPECIFIED 3101 NOROESTE DE MINAS 507,993 8.08 - - - - SPECIFIED 3201 NOROESTE ESPIRITOSANTENSE 40,707 3.30 25 0.60 - - SPECIFIED 3301 NOROESTE FLUMINENSE 115,531 21.09 - - - - SPECIFIED 5201 NOROESTE GOIANO 355,286 6.38 30 0.09 22 0.01 SPECIFIED 4101 NOROESTE PARANAENSE 204,574 8.35 7,483 36.71 65 0.03 SPECIFIED 4301 NOROESTE RIOGRANDENSE 235,004 3.62 490 2.08 16,952 7.21 SPECIFIED 1301 NORTE AMAZONENSE 11,150,546 26.94 656,657 58.90 730,942 6.56 SPECIFIED 4202 NORTE CATARINENSE 375,351 23.50 1,113 2.97 123 0.03 SPECIFIED 2302 NORTE CEARENSE 286,925 13.18 - - - - SPECIFIED 4103 NORTE CENTRAL PARANAENSE ------LOW 3102 NORTE DE MINAS 1,991,007 15.28 5,722 2.87 12,560 0.63 SPECIFIED 1401 NORTE DE RORAIMA 4,548,995 45.74 216,294 47.56 - - SPECIFIED 1601 NORTE DO AMAPA 2,944,703 50.95 214,509 72.87 9 0.00 SPECIFIED 3302 NORTE FLUMINENSE 224,960 22.65 10 0.05 14,273 6.35 SPECIFIED

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

5202 NORTE GOIANO 2,037,697 35.89 6,516 3.20 - - SPECIFIED 2101 NORTE MARANHENSE 2,877,166 53.95 47 0.02 1,989,011 69.19 SPECIFIED 5101 NORTE MATOGROSSENSE 6,879,012 14.18 80,557 11.71 268,591 3.90 SPECIFIED 2201 NORTE PIAUIENSE 294,610 13.01 0 0.00 16,317 5.54 SPECIFIED 4104 NORTE PIONEIRO PARANAENSE 19,538 1.24 - - 2 0.01 SPECIFIED 1701 OCIDENTAL DO TOCANTINS 1,825,191 11.67 5,199 2.85 241,106 13.22 SPECIFIED 4201 OESTE CATARINENSE 415,620 15.23 3 0.01 - - SPECIFIED 3109 OESTE DE MINAS 381,965 15.74 9,939 26.06 - - SPECIFIED 2102 OESTE MARANHENSE 2,933,057 33.30 105,129 35.87 156,529 5.34 SPECIFIED 4106 OESTE PARANAENSE 224,240 9.81 17,406 77.55 2,102 0.94 SPECIFIED 2401 OESTE POTIGUAR 593,643 26.93 - - - - SPECIFIED 1702 ORIENTAL DO TOCANTINS 5,506,658 44.92 105,670 19.19 368,792 6.70 SPECIFIED 5001 PANTANAL SUL MATOGROSSENSE 4,329,615 39.05 3,812 0.88 24 0.00 SPECIFIED 3506 PIRACICABA 24,620 2.71 197 7.92 - - SPECIFIED 3508 PRESIDENTE PRUDENTE 204,639 8.51 1 0.01 17 0.01 SPECIFIED 3502 RIBEIRAO PRETO 118,431 4.28 - - - - SPECIFIED 2602 SAO FRANCISCO PERNAMBUCANO 452,812 17.90 75 0.17 - - SPECIFIED 3501 SAO JOSE DO RIO PRETO 419,333 14.23 - - 1 0.00 SPECIFIED 4203 SERRANA 890,006 39.81 2,879 3.24 1 0.00 SPECIFIED 2701 SERTAO ALAGOANO 148,831 16.31 - - - - SPECIFIED 2501 SERTAO PARAIBANO 273,145 11.57 - - - - SPECIFIED 2601 SERTAO PERNAMBUCANO 706,773 17.88 2,628 3.72 133,852 18.93 SPECIFIED 2801 SERTAO SERGIPANO 192,189 25.24 378 1.96 - - SPECIFIED 2304 SERTOES CEARENSES 1,120,678 23.52 1 0.00 - - SPECIFIED 5105 SUDESTE MATOGROSSENSE 189,199 2.63 7 0.01 2 0.00 SPECIFIED 1506 SUDESTE PARAENSE 8,777,079 29.45 62,919 7.17 687,391 7.83 SPECIFIED 4109 SUDESTE PARANAENSE 159,825 9.38 134 0.84 - - SPECIFIED 2204 SUDESTE PIAUIENSE 2,052,508 43.68 4,886 2.38 - - SPECIFIED 4307 SUDESTE RIOGRANDENSE 1,577,648 37.25 11,075 7.03 2,238 0.14 SPECIFIED 1302 SUDOESTE AMAZONENSE 4,656,832 13.79 6,573 1.41 702,245 15.08 SPECIFIED

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

5004 SUDOESTE DE MATO GROSSO DO SUL 1,762,197 19.83 7,847 4.45 2 0.00 SPECIFIED 5103 SUDOESTE MATOGROSSENSE 606,123 8.38 5,233 8.63 23 0.00 SPECIFIED 1505 SUDOESTE PARAENSE 10,986,491 26.41 303,411 27.62 2,844,396 25.89 SPECIFIED 4107 SUDOESTE PARANAENSE 52,061 4.47 174 3.37 - - SPECIFIED 2203 SUDOESTE PIAUIENSE 5,409,491 41.60 104,598 19.34 - - SPECIFIED 4306 SUDOESTE RIOGRANDENSE 1,422,889 22.69 1,340 0.94 60 0.00 SPECIFIED 1304 SUL AMAZONENSE 15,527,259 32.42 192,827 12.42 3,070,386 19.78 SPECIFIED 2907 SUL BAIANO 1,993,851 35.44 19,071 9.56 148,705 7.46 SPECIFIED 4206 SUL CATARINENSE 418,203 42.96 3,439 8.23 10,339 2.47 SPECIFIED 2307 SUL CEARENSE 367,558 24.07 - - 135,139 36.79 SPECIFIED 1402 SUL DE RORAIMA 7,151,254 56.41 102,692 14.36 255,237 3.57 SPECIFIED 1602 SUL DO AMAPA 3,285,896 38.60 253,142 77.05 13,735 0.42 SPECIFIED 3204 SUL ESPIRITOSANTENSE 213,820 23.67 2,563 11.97 3,555 1.66 SPECIFIED 3305 SUL FLUMINENSE 195,510 24.38 7,897 40.43 45,340 23.21 SPECIFIED 5205 SUL GOIANO 824,668 6.25 12,898 15.64 - - SPECIFIED 2105 SUL MARANHENSE 816,917 11.97 34,010 41.69 - - SPECIFIED 3110 SULSUDOESTE DE MINAS 447,275 8.95 10,779 24.10 125,286 28.01 SPECIFIED 3105 TRIANGULO MINEIROALTO PARANAIBA 929,088 10.21 758 0.82 - 0.00 SPECIFIED 1202 VALE DO ACRE 3,907,936 47.98 68,579 17.55 1,616,484 41.36 SPECIFIED 4204 VALE DO ITAJAI 245,144 18.66 5,759 23.52 - - SPECIFIED 1201 VALE DO JURUA 2,800,569 31.31 88,064 31.44 563,650 20.12 SPECIFIED 3104 VALE DO MUCURI 213,967 10.42 63 0.30 - - SPECIFIED 3513 VALE DO PARAIBA PAULISTA 440,384 26.96 3,113 7.07 253,798 57.65 SPECIFIED 3108 VALE DO RIO DOCE 600,434 14.11 - - 35,705 5.95 SPECIFIED 2902 VALE SAOFRANCISCANO DA BAHIA 2,430,537 20.53 6,414 2.64 43 0.00 SPECIFIED 3112 ZONA DA MATA 567,301 15.61 674 1.19 13,393 2.36 SPECIFIED

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

HCV2 Landscapes

Proportion of HCV proxy found under Integral Proportion of HCV proxy Total HCV proxy area in the Risk Protection Units or found under Sustainable GeoCode Mesoregion mesoregion designation Indigenous Peoples Use Units Lands

ha % (area) ha % (area) ha % (area) 2702 AGRESTE ALAGOANO 7,475 1.24 1,594 21.13 - - SPECIFIED 2503 AGRESTE PARAIBANO ------LOW 2603 AGRESTE PERNAMBUCANO 16,930 0.66 - - - - LOW 2403 AGRESTE POTIGUAR ------LOW 2802 AGRESTE SERGIPANO ------LOW 3503 ARACATUBA 51,691 3.08 - - 1 0.00 SPECIFIED 3505 ARARAQUARA 196,261 20.67 - - - - SPECIFIED 3510 ASSIS ------LOW 3304 BAIXADAS 7,817 2.11 2 0.02 9 - SPECIFIED 1501 BAIXO AMAZONAS 25,105,832 73.69 12,990,504 51.75 8,543,029 34.03 SPECIFIED 3504 BAURU ------LOW 2502 BORBOREMA ------LOW 3507 CAMPINAS 7,479 0.52 - - - - LOW 3111 CAMPO DAS VERTENTES ------LOW 3203 CENTRAL ESPIRITOSANTENSE 485,654 44.44 9 0.00 2 0.00 SPECIFIED 3106 CENTRAL MINEIRA ------LOW 2402 CENTRAL POTIGUAR ------LOW 1303 CENTRO AMAZONENSE 26,862,103 74.73 3,730,089 13.89 4,126,761 15.36 SPECIFIED 3303 CENTRO FLUMINENSE 57,517 8.29 - - 11 0.02 SPECIFIED 5203 CENTRO GOIANO ------LOW 2103 CENTRO MARANHENSE ------LOW

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

2903 CENTRONORTE BAIANO 166,904 1.99 - - - - SPECIFIED 5002 CENTRONORTE DE MATO GROSSO DO SUL ------LOW 2202 CENTRONORTE PIAUIENSE ------LOW 4102 CENTROOCIDENTAL PARANAENSE ------LOW 4303 CENTROOCIDENTAL RIOGRANDENSE 371,285 14.30 - - - - SPECIFIED 4105 CENTROORIENTAL PARANAENSE 57,785 2.64 - - 10 0.02 SPECIFIED 4304 CENTROORIENTAL RIOGRANDENSE ------LOW 2906 CENTROSUL BAIANO 13,787 0.11 - - - - LOW 2306 CENTROSUL CEARENSE ------LOW 5104 CENTROSUL MATOGROSSENSE 1,322,392 13.48 124,634 9.42 333 0.03 SPECIFIED 4108 CENTROSUL PARANAENSE 197,556 7.48 2 0.00 - - SPECIFIED 5301 DISTRITO FEDERAL 172,010 29.49 2 0.00 6 0.00 SPECIFIED 2901 EXTREMO OESTE BAIANO 1,719,445 14.55 28 0.00 - - SPECIFIED 4205 GRANDE FLORIANOPOLIS 130,858 16.55 - - 72 0.06 SPECIFIED 3511 ITAPETININGA 43,887 2.17 - - 19,214 43.93 SPECIFIED 2305 JAGUARIBE 2,012 0.11 - - - - LOW 3103 JEQUITINHONHA 89,076 1.74 6 0.01 - - SPECIFIED 2703 LESTE ALAGOANO 189,729 13.67 8 0.00 4 0.00 SPECIFIED 5003 LESTE DE MATO GROSSO DO SUL 1,860,279 33.30 - - - - SPECIFIED 5204 LESTE GOIANO ------LOW 2104 LESTE MARANHENSE 9,942 0.14 - - 1 0.01 LOW 2404 LESTE POTIGUAR 46,215 6.82 - - 1 0.00 SPECIFIED 1102 LESTE RONDONIENSE 5,115,007 38.65 2,510,249 49.07 248,197 4.85 SPECIFIED 2803 LESTE SERGIPANO - - - - LOW 3202 LITORAL NORTE ESPIRITOSANTENSE 320,673 21.52 476 0.15 105 0.03 SPECIFIED 3514 LITORAL SUL PAULISTA 81,694 6.16 - - 44,556 54.71 SPECIFIED 3512 MACRO METROPOLITANA PAULISTA 114,051 9.21 - - 6 0.00 SPECIFIED 1101 MADEIRAGUAPORE 5,854,501 54.17 2,475,049 42.25 1,671,833 28.54 SPECIFIED 1502 MARAJO 3,973,463 38.07 - - 432,737 10.89 SPECIFIED 3509 MARILIA ------

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

2504 MATA PARAIBANA 19,740 3.58 - - - - SPECIFIED 2604 MATA PERNAMBUCANA ------LOW 1503 METROPOLITANA DE BELEM ------LOW 3107 METROPOLITANA DE BELO HORIZONTE 1,025,342 25.54 1 0.00 9 0.00 SPECIFIED 4110 METROPOLITANA DE CURITIBA 172,215 7.52 - - 56,632 32.82 SPECIFIED 2303 METROPOLITANA DE FORTALEZA 102,543 26.33 32 0.03 - - SPECIFIED 4305 METROPOLITANA DE PORTO ALEGRE 64,507 2.16 - - 19 0.03 SPECIFIED 2605 METROPOLITANA DE RECIFE 161,009 13.90 - - - - SPECIFIED 2905 METROPOLITANA DE SALVADOR - - - - 62 0.04 LOW 3515 METROPOLITANA DE SAO PAULO 29,669 3.17 5 0.02 10 0.03 SPECIFIED 3306 METROPOLITANA DO RIO DE JANEIRO 79,958 7.71 - - 20 0.02 SPECIFIED 2904 NORDESTE BAIANO ------LOW 5102 NORDESTE MATOGROSSENSE 2,222,034 12.52 1,003,851 45.16 89,975 4.05 SPECIFIED 1504 NORDESTE PARAENSE 100,022 1.20 - - - - SPECIFIED 4302 NORDESTE RIOGRANDENSE 169,239 6.54 - - 1 0.00 SPECIFIED 2301 NOROESTE CEARENSE ------LOW 3101 NOROESTE DE MINAS 9,884 0.16 - - - - LOW 3201 NOROESTE ESPIRITOSANTENSE 14,288 1.16 - - - - SPECIFIED 3301 NOROESTE FLUMINENSE 47,703 8.71 - - - - SPECIFIED 5201 NOROESTE GOIANO 197,283 3.54 257 0.13 5 0.00 SPECIFIED 4101 NOROESTE PARANAENSE 16,085 0.66 - - 1 0.01 LOW 4301 NOROESTE RIOGRANDENSE 257,220 3.96 4,743 1.85 4 0.00 SPECIFIED 1301 NORTE AMAZONENSE 37,520,863 90.64 20,219,519 52.94 3,681,821 9.64 SPECIFIED 4202 NORTE CATARINENSE 9,662 0.60 - - - - LOW 2302 NORTE CEARENSE 15,750 0.72 - - - - LOW 4103 NORTE CENTRAL PARANAENSE ------LOW 3102 NORTE DE MINAS 251,091 1.93 200 0.08 11 0.00 SPECIFIED 1401 NORTE DE RORAIMA 3,903,417 39.25 2,940,067 65.31 - - SPECIFIED 1601 NORTE DO AMAPA 4,742,553 82.06 2,327,848 49.10 249,394 5.26 SPECIFIED 3302 NORTE FLUMINENSE 138,396 13.94 1 0.00 17 0.01 SPECIFIED

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

5202 NORTE GOIANO 722,077 12.72 - - - - SPECIFIED 2101 NORTE MARANHENSE 26,178 0.49 - - 1 0.00 LOW 5101 NORTE MATOGROSSENSE 14,995,638 30.91 7,662,474 51.10 354,324 2.36 SPECIFIED 2201 NORTE PIAUIENSE ------LOW 4104 NORTE PIONEIRO PARANAENSE ------LOW 1701 OCIDENTAL DO TOCANTINS 2,274,618 14.54 63,234 2.78 1,099 0.05 SPECIFIED 4201 OESTE CATARINENSE 271,616 9.95 26 0.01 - 0.00 SPECIFIED 3109 OESTE DE MINAS ------LOW 2102 OESTE MARANHENSE 1,465,320 16.64 438,416 29.93 1 0.00 SPECIFIED 4106 OESTE PARANAENSE 108,873 4.76 103,961 95.42 4 0.00 SPECIFIED 2401 OESTE POTIGUAR ------LOW 1702 ORIENTAL DO TOCANTINS 1,007,915 8.22 497 0.05 - - SPECIFIED 5001 PANTANAL SUL MATOGROSSENSE 1,427,850 12.88 - - 21,761 1.52 SPECIFIED 3506 PIRACICABA 18,470 2.03 5 0.03 - - SPECIFIED 3508 PRESIDENTE PRUDENTE 58,340 2.43 - - 9 0.02 SPECIFIED 3502 RIBEIRAO PRETO 39,235 1.42 - - - - SPECIFIED 2602 SAO FRANCISCO PERNAMBUCANO 108,992 3.70 - - - - SPECIFIED 3501 SAO JOSE DO RIO PRETO 116,304 3.70 - - 1 0.00 LOW 4203 SERRANA 338,220 15.13 4 0.00 1 0.00 SPECIFIED 2701 SERTAO ALAGOANO ------LOW 2501 SERTAO PARAIBANO ------LOW 2601 SERTAO PERNAMBUCANO ------LOW 2801 SERTAO SERGIPANO ------LOW 2304 SERTOES CEARENSES ------LOW 5105 SUDESTE MATOGROSSENSE 58,165 0.81 3 0.00 - - LOW 1506 SUDESTE PARAENSE 9,710,352 32.58 5,416,785 55.80 496,450 5.11 SPECIFIED 4109 SUDESTE PARANAENSE 25,927 1.52 2 0.01 - - SPECIFIED 2204 SUDESTE PIAUIENSE 40,710 0.87 1 0.00 - - LOW 4307 SUDESTE RIOGRANDENSE 66,603 1.57 - - 1 0.00 SPECIFIED 1302 SUDOESTE AMAZONENSE 1,224,698 16.94 13,682,793 44.63 4,382,409 14.30 SPECIFIED

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

5004 SUDOESTE DE MATO GROSSO DO SUL ------LOW 5103 SUDOESTE MATOGROSSENSE 1,265,838 16.92 6,792 0.55 3,214 0.26 SPECIFIED 1505 SUDOESTE PARAENSE 30,996,522 74.50 17,122,195 55.24 6,331,778 20.43 SPECIFIED 4107 SUDOESTE PARANAENSE 49,921 4.28 - - - - SPECIFIED 2203 SUDOESTE PIAUIENSE 1,068,292 8.21 252,125 23.61 - - SPECIFIED 4306 SUDOESTE RIOGRANDENSE 405,930 6.47 - - 5 0.00 SPECIFIED 1304 SUL AMAZONENSE 39,894,123 83.30 9,270,462 23.24 5,692,012 14.27 SPECIFIED 2907 SUL BAIANO 1,010,464 17.96 125,655 12.43 118 0.01 SPECIFIED 4206 SUL CATARINENSE 35,358 3.63 5 0.01 4 0.01 SPECIFIED 2307 SUL CEARENSE ------LOW 1402 SUL DE RORAIMA 9,802,175 77.32 4,681,443 47.77 249,346 2.54 SPECIFIED 1602 SUL DO AMAPA 5,961,833 70.03 3,201,185 53.70 1,317,467 22.10 SPECIFIED 3204 SUL ESPIRITOSANTENSE 69,838 7.73 3 0.00 2 0.00 SPECIFIED 3305 SUL FLUMINENSE 150,259 18.74 58 0.04 5 0.00 SPECIFIED 5205 SUL GOIANO 253,024 1.92 - - - - SPECIFIED 2105 SUL MARANHENSE 472,277 6.92 21 0.00 - - SPECIFIED 3110 SULSUDOESTE DE MINAS 63,863 1.28 - - 14 0.02 SPECIFIED 3105 TRIANGULO MINEIROALTO PARANAIBA 2,048 0.02 - - - - LOW 1202 VALE DO ACRE 3,549,208 43.58 795,814 22.42 1,646,220 46.38 SPECIFIED 4204 VALE DO ITAJAI 3,762 0.29 - - - - LOW 1201 VALE DO JURUA 5,830,152 65.19 2,343,699 40.19 962,124 16.50 SPECIFIED 3104 VALE DO MUCURI ------LOW 3513 VALE DO PARAIBA PAULISTA 166,966 10.22 173 0.10 41 0.02 SPECIFIED 3108 VALE DO RIO DOCE 192,299 4.52 47 0.02 14 0.01 SPECIFIED 2902 VALE SAOFRANCISCANO DA BAHIA 482,907 4.08 1,827 0.38 - - SPECIFIED 3112 ZONA DA MATA 126,725 3.49 - - 14 0.01 SPECIFIED

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

HCV3 Ecosystems Proportion of HCV proxy found under Integral Proportion of HCV proxy Total HCV proxy area in the Protection Units or found under Sustainable Risk designation GeoCode Mesoregion mesoregion Indigenous Peoples Use Units Lands

ha % (area) ha % (area) ha % (area) 2702 AGRESTE ALAGOANO 14,854 2.47 1,596 10.66 - - SPECIFIED 2503 AGRESTE PARAIBANO 202,950 14.97 - - - - SPECIFIED 2603 AGRESTE PERNAMBUCANO 832,585 32.61 2 0.00 - - SPECIFIED 2403 AGRESTE POTIGUAR 94,184 9.56 - - - - SPECIFIED 2802 AGRESTE SERGIPANO 28,986 4.75 1 0.00 - - SPECIFIED 3503 ARACATUBA 77,746 4.63 - - - - SPECIFIED 3505 ARARAQUARA 262,214 27.61 - - - - SPECIFIED 3510 ASSIS 15,266 1.20 - - - - SPECIFIED 3304 BAIXADAS 27,283 7.38 2 0.01 11 0.04 SPECIFIED 1501 BAIXO AMAZONAS 4,747,977 13.94 77,940 1.64 42 0.00 SPECIFIED 3504 BAURU 165,176 6.16 304 0.18 - - SPECIFIED 2502 BORBOREMA 261,449 16.06 - - - - SPECIFIED 3507 CAMPINAS 17,609 1.23 407 2.33 - - SPECIFIED 3111 CAMPO DAS VERTENTES 108,304 8.51 - - 4 0.00 SPECIFIED 3203 CENTRAL ESPIRITOSANTENSE 535,747 49.02 9 0.00 2 0.00 SPECIFIED 3106 CENTRAL MINEIRA ------LOW 2402 CENTRAL POTIGUAR 168,629 10.20 - - - - SPECIFIED 1303 CENTRO AMAZONENSE 7,320,290 20.37 65,120 0.89 1,399 0.02 SPECIFIED 3303 CENTRO FLUMINENSE 119,556 17.24 - - 22 0.02 SPECIFIED 5203 CENTRO GOIANO 48,237 1.18 1,653 3.44 - - SPECIFIED 2103 CENTRO MARANHENSE ------LOW

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

2903 CENTRONORTE BAIANO 2,102,730 25.10 21 0.01 21 0.00 SPECIFIED 5002 CENTRONORTE DE MATO GROSSO DO SUL 5,748 0.09 19 0.00 - - LOW 2202 CENTRONORTE PIAUIENSE 1,069,268 18.91 - - 16 0.00 SPECIFIED 4102 CENTROOCIDENTAL PARANAENSE ------LOW 4303 CENTROOCIDENTAL RIOGRANDENSE 1,052,483 40.55 - - - - SPECIFIED 4105 CENTROORIENTAL PARANAENSE 248,098 11.33 - - 18 0.01 SPECIFIED 4304 CENTROORIENTAL RIOGRANDENSE 240,612 13.98 - - - - SPECIFIED 2906 CENTROSUL BAIANO 3,935,524 30.02 - - 6 0.00 SPECIFIED 2306 CENTROSUL CEARENSE 80,680 7.85 - - - - SPECIFIED 5104 CENTROSUL MATOGROSSENSE 1,054,189 10.75 53,900 5.11 - - SPECIFIED 4108 CENTROSUL PARANAENSE 76,513 2.90 11 0.01 - - SPECIFIED 5301 DISTRITO FEDERAL 179,129 30.71 4 0.00 6 0.00 SPECIFIED 2901 EXTREMO OESTE BAIANO 3,783,753 32.03 28 0.00 - - SPECIFIED 4205 GRANDE FLORIANOPOLIS 121,969 15.43 1 0.00 9 0.01 SPECIFIED 3511 ITAPETININGA 270,346 13.35 - - 53 0.02 SPECIFIED 2305 JAGUARIBE 211,935 11.07 - - - - SPECIFIED 3103 JEQUITINHONHA 923,136 18.04 8 0.00 - - SPECIFIED 2703 LESTE ALAGOANO 294,197 21.19 182 0.06 10 0.00 SPECIFIED 5003 LESTE DE MATO GROSSO DO SUL 210,272 2.24 - - - - SPECIFIED 5204 LESTE GOIANO 2,426,641 43.44 - - 1 0.00 SPECIFIED 2104 LESTE MARANHENSE 1,747,805 24.41 - - 1 0.00 SPECIFIED 2404 LESTE POTIGUAR 155,381 22.93 - - 1 0.00 SPECIFIED 1102 LESTE RONDONIENSE 880,756 6.66 2,883 0.33 21 0.00 SPECIFIED 2803 LESTE SERGIPANO 325,652 35.84 1 0.00 4 0.00 SPECIFIED 3202 LITORAL NORTE ESPIRITOSANTENSE 378,157 25.38 497 0.13 105 0.03 SPECIFIED 3514 LITORAL SUL PAULISTA 436,659 32.91 45 0.01 966 0.22 SPECIFIED 3512 MACRO METROPOLITANA PAULISTA 43,699 3.53 - - - - SPECIFIED 1101 MADEIRAGUAPORE 1,216,287 11.25 1,942 0.16 671 0.06 SPECIFIED 1502 MARAJO 4,370,955 41.88 - - 446 0.01 SPECIFIED 3509 MARILIA ------LOW

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

2504 MATA PARAIBANA 65,508 11.88 18,503 28.23 1 0.00 SPECIFIED 2604 MATA PERNAMBUCANA 122,028 13.80 - - 2 0.00 SPECIFIED 1503 METROPOLITANA DE BELEM 448,613 64.78 - - - - SPECIFIED 3107 METROPOLITANA DE BELO HORIZONTE 757,985 18.88 1 0.00 9 0.00 SPECIFIED 4110 METROPOLITANA DE CURITIBA 306,270 13.38 159 0.05 299 0.10 SPECIFIED 2303 METROPOLITANA DE FORTALEZA 142,727 36.64 1,823 1.28 - - SPECIFIED 4305 METROPOLITANA DE PORTO ALEGRE 480,992 16.11 436 0.09 42 0.01 SPECIFIED 2605 METROPOLITANA DE RECIFE 30,384 10.35 - - - - SPECIFIED 2905 METROPOLITANA DE SALVADOR 326,966 28.24 - - 56 0.02 SPECIFIED 3515 METROPOLITANA DE SAO PAULO 201,211 21.48 6,350 3.15 65 0.03 SPECIFIED 3306 METROPOLITANA DO RIO DE JANEIRO 114,618 11.05 4 0.00 27 0.02 SPECIFIED 2904 NORDESTE BAIANO 874,868 15.01 455 0.05 32 0.00 SPECIFIED 5102 NORDESTE MATOGROSSENSE 2,098,572 11.83 550 0.03 7 0.00 SPECIFIED 1504 NORDESTE PARAENSE 3,987,050 47.70 2,799 0.07 303 0.01 SPECIFIED 4302 NORDESTE RIOGRANDENSE 652,847 25.24 17 0.00 5 0.00 SPECIFIED 2301 NOROESTE CEARENSE 878,991 24.75 1 0.00 5 0.00 SPECIFIED 3101 NOROESTE DE MINAS 48,823 0.78 - - - - LOW 3201 NOROESTE ESPIRITOSANTENSE 26,148 2.12 1 0.00 - - SPECIFIED 3301 NOROESTE FLUMINENSE 130,356 23.80 - - - - SPECIFIED 5201 NOROESTE GOIANO 309,030 5.55 267 0.09 21 0.01 SPECIFIED 4101 NOROESTE PARANAENSE 31,671 1.29 - - - - SPECIFIED 4301 NOROESTE RIOGRANDENSE 403,841 6.22 231 0.06 3 0.00 SPECIFIED 1301 NORTE AMAZONENSE 2,993,624 7.23 2,980 0.10 - - SPECIFIED 4202 NORTE CATARINENSE 457,190 28.62 6,400 1.40 7 0.00 SPECIFIED 2302 NORTE CEARENSE 286,810 13.17 - - - - SPECIFIED 4103 NORTE CENTRAL PARANAENSE 8,030 0.33 - - 3 0.04 LOW 3102 NORTE DE MINAS 1,602,735 12.30 - - - - SPECIFIED 1401 NORTE DE RORAIMA 2,177,467 21.90 2,064 0.09 - - SPECIFIED 1601 NORTE DO AMAPA 383,794 6.64 107 0.03 - - SPECIFIED 3302 NORTE FLUMINENSE 203,086 20.45 1 0.00 17 0.01 SPECIFIED

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

5202 NORTE GOIANO 1,950,496 34.35 11 0.00 - - SPECIFIED 2101 NORTE MARANHENSE 738,415 13.85 1 0.00 37 0.01 SPECIFIED 5101 NORTE MATOGROSSENSE 9,057,105 18.67 524,646 5.79 1 0.00 SPECIFIED 2201 NORTE PIAUIENSE 161,173 7.12 - - - - SPECIFIED 4104 NORTE PIONEIRO PARANAENSE 23,529 1.49 - - 2 0.01 SPECIFIED 1701 OCIDENTAL DO TOCANTINS 2,488,835 15.91 773 0.03 2,142 0.09 SPECIFIED 4201 OESTE CATARINENSE 185,589 6.80 26 0.01 - - SPECIFIED 3109 OESTE DE MINAS 1,609,660 18.28 618 0.04 - - SPECIFIED 2102 OESTE MARANHENSE 1,960 0.09 - - 13 0.00 LOW 4106 OESTE PARANAENSE 543,540 24.66 - - 4 0.22 SPECIFIED 2401 OESTE POTIGUAR 2,735,995 22.32 - - - - SPECIFIED 1702 ORIENTAL DO TOCANTINS 1,089,738 9.83 506 0.02 - - SPECIFIED 5001 PANTANAL SUL MATOGROSSENSE 22,510 2.48 12,231 1.12 - - SPECIFIED 3506 PIRACICABA 117,620 4.89 10 0.04 - - SPECIFIED 3508 PRESIDENTE PRUDENTE 71,192 2.57 14 0.01 8 0.01 SPECIFIED 3502 RIBEIRAO PRETO 250,578 9.91 45 0.06 284 0.40 SPECIFIED 2602 SAO FRANCISCO PERNAMBUCANO 167,023 5.67 - - - - SPECIFIED 3501 SAO JOSE DO RIO PRETO 822,019 36.77 - - - - SPECIFIED 4203 SERRANA 103,817 11.38 19 0.00 1 0.00 SPECIFIED 2701 SERTAO ALAGOANO 266,459 11.29 - - - - SPECIFIED 2501 SERTAO PARAIBANO 523,584 13.24 - - - - SPECIFIED 2601 SERTAO PERNAMBUCANO 140,680 18.48 - - - - SPECIFIED 2801 SERTAO SERGIPANO 1,066,657 22.39 - - - - SPECIFIED 2304 SERTOES CEARENSES 98,292 1.37 8 0.00 - - SPECIFIED 5105 SUDESTE MATOGROSSENSE 7,262,301 24.37 3 0.00 - - SPECIFIED 1506 SUDESTE PARAENSE 136,244 7.99 5,177 0.07 6 0.00 SPECIFIED 4109 SUDESTE PARANAENSE 1,588,651 33.81 6 0.00 - - SPECIFIED 2204 SUDESTE PIAUIENSE 995,113 23.50 - - - - SPECIFIED 4307 SUDESTE RIOGRANDENSE 1,686,347 4.99 2 0.00 9 0.00 SPECIFIED 1302 SUDOESTE AMAZONENSE 65,455 0.74 10,672 0.63 - - LOW

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

5004 SUDOESTE DE MATO GROSSO DO SUL 1,434,877 19.84 8 0.01 - - SPECIFIED 5103 SUDOESTE MATOGROSSENSE 2,919,014 7.02 28,989 2.02 23 0.00 SPECIFIED 1505 SUDOESTE PARAENSE 15,640 1.34 21,178 0.73 2,311 0.08 SPECIFIED 4107 SUDOESTE PARANAENSE 1,327,782 10.21 - - - - SPECIFIED 2203 SUDOESTE PIAUIENSE 2,049,759 32.69 10,380 0.78 - - SPECIFIED 4306 SUDOESTE RIOGRANDENSE 147,975 2.96 21 0.00 65 0.00 SPECIFIED 1304 SUL AMAZONENSE 7,670,670 16.02 248,567 3.24 270 0.00 SPECIFIED 2907 SUL BAIANO 376,075 38.63 26,292 2.36 364 0.03 SPECIFIED 4206 SUL CATARINENSE 447,948 29.33 20 0.01 6 0.00 SPECIFIED 2307 SUL CEARENSE 3,771,589 29.75 - - 29 0.01 SPECIFIED 1402 SUL DE RORAIMA 80,741 0.95 65,168 1.73 65 0.00 LOW 1602 SUL DO AMAPA 184,375 20.41 - - 2 0.00 SPECIFIED 3204 SUL ESPIRITOSANTENSE 51,722 6.45 - - 5 0.01 SPECIFIED 3305 SUL FLUMINENSE 765,916 5.81 12 0.02 - - SPECIFIED 5205 SUL GOIANO 347,794 5.10 7 0.00 - - SPECIFIED 2105 SUL MARANHENSE 354,087 3.89 - - - - SPECIFIED 3110 SULSUDOESTE DE MINAS 158,265 2.97 - - 4 0.00 SPECIFIED 3105 TRIANGULO MINEIROALTO PARANAIBA ------LOW 1202 VALE DO ACRE 387 0.00 - - 121 16.22 LOW 4204 VALE DO ITAJAI 182,237 13.87 93 0.05 - - SPECIFIED 1201 VALE DO JURUA 58,519 0.65 36 0.06 - - LOW 3104 VALE DO MUCURI 100,493 4.89 5,070 5.03 - - SPECIFIED 3513 VALE DO PARAIBA PAULISTA 59,940 3.67 175 0.29 44 0.07 SPECIFIED 3108 VALE DO RIO DOCE 52,955 1.24 - - 8 0.02 SPECIFIED 2902 VALE SAOFRANCISCANO DA BAHIA 3,972,968 33.56 22,965 0.58 43 0.00 SPECIFIED 3112 ZONA DA MATA 481,535 13.25 1 0.00 15 0.00 SPECIFIED

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

HCV 4 ecosystem services: landslides Proportion of Risk designation Risk designation Total deforestation in the deforestation (natural forest) (plantations) GeoCode Mesoregion mesoregion occurring on slopes >170

ha % (area) ha % (area)

2702 AGRESTE ALAGOANO NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED LOW 2503 AGRESTE PARAIBANO NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED LOW 2603 AGRESTE PERNAMBUCANO NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED LOW 2403 AGRESTE POTIGUAR NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED LOW 2802 AGRESTE SERGIPANO NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED LOW 3503 ARACATUBA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 3505 ARARAQUARA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 3510 ASSIS NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 3304 BAIXADAS NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 1501 BAIXO AMAZONAS 2,218,690.64 6.51 - - LOW SPECIFIED 3504 BAURU NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 2502 BORBOREMA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED LOW 3507 CAMPINAS NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 3111 CAMPO DAS VERTENTES NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 3203 CENTRAL ESPIRITOSANTENSE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 3106 CENTRAL MINEIRA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 2402 CENTRAL POTIGUAR NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED LOW 1303 CENTRO AMAZONENSE 1,699,575.99 4.73 - - LOW SPECIFIED 3303 CENTRO FLUMINENSE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 5203 CENTRO GOIANO - - - - LOW SPECIFIED 2103 CENTRO MARANHENSE 2,232,516.19 40.88 383.07 0.02 LOW SPECIFIED 2903 CENTRONORTE BAIANO NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 5002 CENTRONORTE DE MATO GROSSO DO SUL - - - - LOW SPECIFIED

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

2202 CENTRONORTE PIAUIENSE - - - - LOW SPECIFIED 4102 CENTROOCIDENTAL PARANAENSE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 4303 CENTROOCIDENTAL RIOGRANDENSE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 4105 CENTROORIENTAL PARANAENSE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 4304 CENTROORIENTAL RIOGRANDENSE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 2906 CENTROSUL BAIANO NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 2306 CENTROSUL CEARENSE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED LOW 5104 CENTROSUL MATOGROSSENSE 814,328.24 8.30 10,238.68 1.26 SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 4108 CENTROSUL PARANAENSE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 5301 DISTRITO FEDERAL - - - - LOW LOW 2901 EXTREMO OESTE BAIANO NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 4205 GRANDE FLORIANOPOLIS NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 3511 ITAPETININGA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 2305 JAGUARIBE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED LOW 3103 JEQUITINHONHA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 2703 LESTE ALAGOANO NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED LOW 5003 LESTE DE MATO GROSSO DO SUL - - - - LOW SPECIFIED 5204 LESTE GOIANO - - - - LOW SPECIFIED 2104 LESTE MARANHENSE 257,918.67 3.60 - - LOW SPECIFIED 2404 LESTE POTIGUAR NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED LOW 1102 LESTE RONDONIENSE 6,052,309.78 45.73 4,916.54 0.08 LOW LOW 2803 LESTE SERGIPANO NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED LOW 3202 LITORAL NORTE ESPIRITOSANTENSE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 3514 LITORAL SUL PAULISTA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 3512 MACRO METROPOLITANA PAULISTA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 1101 MADEIRAGUAPORE 2,521,029.38 23.33 - - LOW LOW 1502 MARAJO 350,967.05 3.36 - - LOW SPECIFIED 3509 MARILIA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 2504 MATA PARAIBANA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED LOW 2604 MATA PERNAMBUCANA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED LOW

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

1503 METROPOLITANA DE BELEM 376,017.34 54.30 - - LOW SPECIFIED 3107 METROPOLITANA DE BELO HORIZONTE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 4110 METROPOLITANA DE CURITIBA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 2303 METROPOLITANA DE FORTALEZA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED LOW 4305 METROPOLITANA DE PORTO ALEGRE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 2605 METROPOLITANA DE RECIFE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED LOW 2905 METROPOLITANA DE SALVADOR NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 3515 METROPOLITANA DE SAO PAULO NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 3306 METROPOLITANA DO RIO DE JANEIRO NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 2904 NORDESTE BAIANO NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 5102 NORDESTE MATOGROSSENSE 3,308,152.56 18.64 53.46 0.00 LOW SPECIFIED 1504 NORDESTE PARAENSE - - - - LOW SPECIFIED 4302 NORDESTE RIOGRANDENSE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 2301 NOROESTE CEARENSE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED LOW 3101 NOROESTE DE MINAS NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 3201 NOROESTE ESPIRITOSANTENSE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 3301 NOROESTE FLUMINENSE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 5201 NOROESTE GOIANO - - - - LOW SPECIFIED 4101 NOROESTE PARANAENSE 4,630,931.04 55.41 - - SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 4301 NOROESTE RIOGRANDENSE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 1301 NORTE AMAZONENSE 188,014.16 0.45 - - LOW SPECIFIED 4202 NORTE CATARINENSE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 2302 NORTE CEARENSE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED LOW 4103 NORTE CENTRAL PARANAENSE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 3102 NORTE DE MINAS NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 1401 NORTE DE RORAIMA 299,943.99 3.02 - - LOW SPECIFIED 1601 NORTE DO AMAPA 85,683.95 1.48 - - LOW SPECIFIED 3302 NORTE FLUMINENSE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 5202 NORTE GOIANO - - - - LOW SPECIFIED 2101 NORTE MARANHENSE 1,826,479.61 34.25 - - LOW SPECIFIED

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

5101 NORTE MATOGROSSENSE 12,390,527.30 25.54 21.89 0.00 LOW SPECIFIED 2201 NORTE PIAUIENSE - - - - LOW SPECIFIED 4104 NORTE PIONEIRO PARANAENSE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 1701 OCIDENTAL DO TOCANTINS 3,017,405.96 19.29 3,562.88 0.12 LOW SPECIFIED 4201 OESTE CATARINENSE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 3109 OESTE DE MINAS NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 2102 OESTE MARANHENSE 5,969,818.13 67.78 12,759.27 0.21 LOW SPECIFIED 4106 OESTE PARANAENSE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 2401 OESTE POTIGUAR NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED LOW 1702 ORIENTAL DO TOCANTINS 6,892.38 0.06 - - LOW SPECIFIED 5001 PANTANAL SUL MATOGROSSENSE - - - - LOW SPECIFIED 3506 PIRACICABA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 3508 PRESIDENTE PRUDENTE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 3502 RIBEIRAO PRETO NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 2602 SAO FRANCISCO PERNAMBUCANO NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED LOW 3501 SAO JOSE DO RIO PRETO NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 4203 SERRANA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 2701 SERTAO ALAGOANO NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED LOW 2501 SERTAO PARAIBANO NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED LOW 2601 SERTAO PERNAMBUCANO NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED LOW 2801 SERTAO SERGIPANO NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED LOW 2304 SERTOES CEARENSES NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED LOW 5105 SUDESTE MATOGROSSENSE 594,277.68 8.27 6,853.37 1.15 SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 1506 SUDESTE PARAENSE - - - - LOW SPECIFIED 4109 SUDESTE PARANAENSE 13,472,266.28 45.20 55,398.94 0.41 SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 2204 SUDESTE PIAUIENSE - - - - LOW SPECIFIED 4307 SUDESTE RIOGRANDENSE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 1302 SUDOESTE AMAZONENSE 327,000.94 0.97 - - LOW SPECIFIED 5004 SUDOESTE DE MATO GROSSO DO SUL - - - - LOW SPECIFIED 5103 SUDOESTE MATOGROSSENSE 2,859,397.17 39.54 13,661.39 0.48 LOW SPECIFIED

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

1505 SUDOESTE PARAENSE 4,143,589.79 9.96 264.95 0.01 LOW SPECIFIED 4107 SUDOESTE PARANAENSE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 2203 SUDOESTE PIAUIENSE - - - - LOW SPECIFIED 4306 SUDOESTE RIOGRANDENSE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 1304 SUL AMAZONENSE 1,289,844.92 2.69 - - LOW SPECIFIED 2907 SUL BAIANO NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 4206 SUL CATARINENSE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 2307 SUL CEARENSE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED LOW 1402 SUL DE RORAIMA 649,423.20 5.12 - - LOW SPECIFIED 1602 SUL DO AMAPA 196,294.42 2.31 - - LOW SPECIFIED 3204 SUL ESPIRITOSANTENSE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 3305 SUL FLUMINENSE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 5205 SUL GOIANO - - - - LOW SPECIFIED 2105 SUL MARANHENSE 122,105.43 1.79 - - LOW SPECIFIED 3110 SULSUDOESTE DE MINAS NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 3105 TRIANGULO MINEIROALTO PARANAIBA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 1202 VALE DO ACRE 1,602,191.03 19.67 - - LOW LOW 4204 VALE DO ITAJAI NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 1201 VALE DO JURUA 524,751.44 5.87 - - LOW LOW 3104 VALE DO MUCURI NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 3513 VALE DO PARAIBA PAULISTA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 3108 VALE DO RIO DOCE NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 2902 VALE SAOFRANCISCANO DA BAHIA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED 3112 ZONA DA MATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA SPECIFIED SPECIFIED

HCV4 Ecosystem Services: water quality and quantity

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

Proportion of HCV proxy found under Proportion of HCV proxy Total HCV proxy area in the Risk Integral Protection found under Sustainable mesoregion designation GeoCode Mesoregion Units or Indigenous Use Units Peoples Lands

ha % (area) Ha % (area) ha % (area)

2702 AGRESTE ALAGOANO 601,444 100 15,464 2.57 - - SPECIFIED 2503 AGRESTE PARAIBANO 1,356,008 100 - - - - SPECIFIED 2603 AGRESTE PERNAMBUCANO 2,552,897 100 91,396 3.58 - - SPECIFIED 2403 AGRESTE POTIGUAR 12,298 1.25 - - - - SPECIFIED 2802 AGRESTE SERGIPANO 609,995 100 7,830 1.28 - - SPECIFIED 3503 ARACATUBA 32,539 1.94 - - - - SPECIFIED 3505 ARARAQUARA 195,475 20.59 - - - - SPECIFIED 3510 ASSIS ------LOW 3304 BAIXADAS 369,922 100 8,024 2.17 161,865 43.76 SPECIFIED 1501 BAIXO AMAZONAS 34,067,361 100 13,978,049 41.03 10,125,072 29.72 SPECIFIED 3504 BAURU 67,009 2.50 - - - - SPECIFIED 2502 BORBOREMA 71,113 4.37 - - - - SPECIFIED 3507 CAMPINAS 1,431,803 100 1,386 0.10 1,019 0.07 SPECIFIED 3111 CAMPO DAS VERTENTES 1,272,970 100 - - 7,134 0.56 SPECIFIED 3203 CENTRAL ESPIRITOSANTENSE 1,092,881 100 6,812 0.62 10,559 0.97 SPECIFIED 3106 CENTRAL MINEIRA 3,211,255 100 40,866 1.27 - - SPECIFIED 2402 CENTRAL POTIGUAR 1,653,468 100 - - - - SPECIFIED 1303 CENTRO AMAZONENSE 35,944,406 100 4,367,345 12.15 5,714,611 15.90 SPECIFIED 3303 CENTRO FLUMINENSE 693,636 100 - - 47,016 6.78 SPECIFIED 5203 CENTRO GOIANO 4,094,239 100 1,783 0.04 11,509 0.28 SPECIFIED 2103 CENTRO MARANHENSE 5,460,601 100 879,369 16.10 125,943 2.31 SPECIFIED 2903 CENTRONORTE BAIANO 8,376,866 100 - - 142,469 1.70 SPECIFIED 5002 CENTRONORTE DE MATO GROSSO DO SUL 6,352,130 100 11,565 0.18 34,561 0.54 SPECIFIED

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

2202 CENTRONORTE PIAUIENSE 5,654,828 100 - - 135,527 2.40 SPECIFIED 4102 CENTROOCIDENTAL PARANAENSE ------LOW 4303 CENTROOCIDENTAL RIOGRANDENSE 2,595,584 100 567 0.02 - - SPECIFIED 4105 CENTROORIENTAL PARANAENSE 2,188,948 100 25,330 1.16 199,254 9.10 SPECIFIED 4304 CENTROORIENTAL RIOGRANDENSE 1,721,162 100 11 0.00 - - SPECIFIED 2906 CENTROSUL BAIANO 13,110,733 100 153,173 1.17 42,398 0.32 SPECIFIED 2306 CENTROSUL CEARENSE 1,027,499 100 - - - - SPECIFIED 5104 CENTROSUL MATOGROSSENSE 9,809,405 100 245,763 2.51 492,518 5.02 SPECIFIED 4108 CENTROSUL PARANAENSE 2,642,390 100 71,057 2.69 95,196 3.60 SPECIFIED 5301 DISTRITO FEDERAL 583,368 100 50,047 8.58 17,610 3.02 SPECIFIED 2901 EXTREMO OESTE BAIANO 11,814,297 100 574,968 4.87 62,371 0.53 SPECIFIED 4205 GRANDE FLORIANOPOLIS 702,147 100 3,163 0.45 85,037 12.11 SPECIFIED 3511 ITAPETININGA 2,024,701 100 2,089 0.10 79,533 3.93 SPECIFIED 2305 JAGUARIBE 1,914,657 100 13,039 0.68 - - SPECIFIED 3103 JEQUITINHONHA 5,118,008 100 80,008 1.56 52,525 1.03 SPECIFIED 2703 LESTE ALAGOANO 1,388,100 100 20,170 1.45 15,424 1.11 SPECIFIED 5003 LESTE DE MATO GROSSO DO SUL 9,403,713 100 5,718 0.06 230,727 2.45 SPECIFIED 5204 LESTE GOIANO 5,585,953 100 - - 60,364 1.08 SPECIFIED 2104 LESTE MARANHENSE 7,160,191 100 14,087 0.20 593,142 8.28 SPECIFIED 2404 LESTE POTIGUAR 47,804 7.05 - - - - SPECIFIED 1102 LESTE RONDONIENSE 13,233,495 100 3,261,134 24.64 619,100 4.68 SPECIFIED 2803 LESTE SERGIPANO 908,564 100 2,975 0.33 5,754 0.63 SPECIFIED 3202 LITORAL NORTE ESPIRITOSANTENSE 1,490,156 100 51,919 3.48 20,316 1.36 SPECIFIED 3514 LITORAL SUL PAULISTA 1,326,670 100 97,057 7.32 629,062 47.42 SPECIFIED 3512 MACRO METROPOLITANA PAULISTA 1,238,310 100 - - 40,468 3.27 SPECIFIED 1101 MADEIRAGUAPORE 10,807,677 100 3,087,866 28.57 2,485,577 23.00 SPECIFIED 1502 MARAJO 10,436,087 100 - - 1,265,497 12.13 SPECIFIED 3509 MARILIA ------LOW 2504 MATA PARAIBANA 551,379 100 38,578 7.00 13,322 2.42 SPECIFIED 2604 MATA PERNAMBUCANA 884,300 100 592 0.07 32,171 3.64 SPECIFIED

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

1503 METROPOLITANA DE BELEM 263,458 38.04 - - - - SPECIFIED 3107 METROPOLITANA DE BELO HORIZONTE 4,014,089 100 33,194 0.83 204,637 5.10 SPECIFIED 4110 METROPOLITANA DE CURITIBA 2,289,164 100 70,904 3.10 596,743 26.07 SPECIFIED 2303 METROPOLITANA DE FORTALEZA 389,500 100 10,276 2.64 7,164 1.84 SPECIFIED 4305 METROPOLITANA DE PORTO ALEGRE 2,986,045 100 48,710 1.63 157,806 5.28 SPECIFIED 2605 METROPOLITANA DE RECIFE 293,629 100 - - - - SPECIFIED 2905 METROPOLITANA DE SALVADOR 1,157,998 100 - - 242,981 20.98 SPECIFIED 3515 METROPOLITANA DE SAO PAULO 936,524 100 21,358 2.28 102,906 10.99 SPECIFIED 3306 METROPOLITANA DO RIO DE JANEIRO 1,037,734 100 51,075 4.92 167,425 16.13 SPECIFIED 2904 NORDESTE BAIANO 5,829,902 100 89,319 1.53 81,345 1.40 SPECIFIED 5102 NORDESTE MATOGROSSENSE 359,142 2.02 150 0.04 - - SPECIFIED 1504 NORDESTE PARAENSE 2,678,440 32.05 2,640 0.10 - - SPECIFIED 4302 NORDESTE RIOGRANDENSE 2,586,738 100 21,223 0.82 30,306 1.17 SPECIFIED 2301 NOROESTE CEARENSE 3,551,971 100 16,950 0.48 128,004 3.60 SPECIFIED 3101 NOROESTE DE MINAS 6,288,913 100 101,288 1.61 60,680 0.96 SPECIFIED 3201 NOROESTE ESPIRITOSANTENSE 1,233,107 100 18,094 1.47 - - SPECIFIED 3301 NOROESTE FLUMINENSE 547,733 100 - - - - SPECIFIED 5201 NOROESTE GOIANO 5,572,713 100 1,183 0.02 33,000 0.59 SPECIFIED 4101 NOROESTE PARANAENSE 16,101 0.66 0.00 LOW 4301 NOROESTE RIOGRANDENSE 6,494,136 100 103,699 1.60 20,768 0.32 SPECIFIED 1301 NORTE AMAZONENSE 3,829,906 9.25 3,011 0.08 - - SPECIFIED 4202 NORTE CATARINENSE 1,597,320 100 18,231 1.14 10,905 0.68 SPECIFIED 2302 NORTE CEARENSE 2,177,010 100 3,992 0.18 5,034 0.23 SPECIFIED 4103 NORTE CENTRAL PARANAENSE 2,457,467 100 9,445 0.38 838 0.03 SPECIFIED 3102 NORTE DE MINAS 13,030,210 100 221,651 1.70 207,953 1.60 SPECIFIED 1401 NORTE DE RORAIMA 2,227,292 22.40 2,715 0.12 - - SPECIFIED 1601 NORTE DO AMAPA 216,893 3.75 344 0.16 - - SPECIFIED 3302 NORTE FLUMINENSE 993,119 100 18,465 1.86 14,434 1.45 SPECIFIED 5202 NORTE GOIANO 2,163,006 38.10 - - - - SPECIFIED 2101 NORTE MARANHENSE 5,333,432 100 139,424 2.61 2,727,044 51.13 SPECIFIED

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

5101 NORTE MATOGROSSENSE 48,510,526 100 11,519,220 23.75 651,547 1.34 SPECIFIED 2201 NORTE PIAUIENSE 2,264,191 100 6,449 0.28 203,750 9.00 SPECIFIED 4104 NORTE PIONEIRO PARANAENSE 1,575,471 100 7,416 0.47 982 0.06 SPECIFIED 1701 OCIDENTAL DO TOCANTINS 15,641,683 100 2,142,008 13.69 1,813,320 11.59 SPECIFIED 4201 OESTE CATARINENSE 2,728,891 100 52,173 1.91 2,948 0.11 SPECIFIED 3109 OESTE DE MINAS 2,427,265 100 101,190 4.17 SPECIFIED 2102 OESTE MARANHENSE 8,807,383 100 1,690,451 19.19 369,083 4.19 SPECIFIED 4106 OESTE PARANAENSE 4,913 0 - - - - LOW 2401 OESTE POTIGUAR 2,204,577 100 - - - - SPECIFIED 1702 ORIENTAL DO TOCANTINS 2,728,402 22.26 839 0.03 - - SPECIFIED 5001 PANTANAL SUL MATOGROSSENSE 11,088,195 100 660,647 5.96 78,709 0.71 SPECIFIED 3506 PIRACICABA 28,047 3.08 1 0.00 SPECIFIED 3508 PRESIDENTE PRUDENTE 2,405,422 100 6,333 0.26 62,292 2.59 SPECIFIED 3502 RIBEIRAO PRETO 89,606 3 - - - - SPECIFIED 2602 SAO FRANCISCO PERNAMBUCANO 183,321 7.25 - - - - SPECIFIED 3501 SAO JOSE DO RIO PRETO 2,945,872 100 - - 435 0.01 SPECIFIED 4203 SERRANA 2,235,696 100 28,689 1.28 1,135 0.05 SPECIFIED 2701 SERTAO ALAGOANO 912,457 100 844 0.09 - - SPECIFIED 2501 SERTAO PARAIBANO 2,360,717 100 - - - - SPECIFIED 2601 SERTAO PERNAMBUCANO 249,657 6.32 - - - - SPECIFIED 2801 SERTAO SERGIPANO 761,458 100 3,966 0.52 - - SPECIFIED 2304 SERTOES CEARENSES 4,764,477 100 12,093 0.25 - - SPECIFIED 5105 SUDESTE MATOGROSSENSE 7,189,231 100 155,392 2.16 9,848 0.14 SPECIFIED 1506 SUDESTE PARAENSE 29,804,280 100 7,746,818 25.99 1,295,369 4.35 SPECIFIED 4109 SUDESTE PARANAENSE 1,704,195 100 17,108 1.00 113,737 6.67 SPECIFIED 2204 SUDESTE PIAUIENSE 124,915 2.66 - - - - SPECIFIED 4307 SUDESTE RIOGRANDENSE 4,234,817 100 116,040 2.74 7,471 0.18 SPECIFIED 1302 SUDOESTE AMAZONENSE 33,771,183 100 14,933,514 44.22 4,743,621 14.05 SPECIFIED 5004 SUDOESTE DE MATO GROSSO DO SUL 8,885,530 100 248,775 2.80 458,508 5.16 SPECIFIED 5103 SUDOESTE MATOGROSSENSE 7,231,365 100 911,809 12.61 316,183 4.37 SPECIFIED

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

1505 SUDOESTE PARAENSE 1,634,236 3.93 780 0.05 - - SPECIFIED 4107 SUDOESTE PARANAENSE 1,165,325 100 14,556 1.25 - - SPECIFIED 2203 SUDOESTE PIAUIENSE 13,004,821 100 1,047,197 8.05 - - SPECIFIED 4306 SUDOESTE RIOGRANDENSE 6,270,034 100 13,876 0.22 318,426 5.08 SPECIFIED 1304 SUL AMAZONENSE 47,890,069 100 10,913,356 22.79 6,264,414 13.08 SPECIFIED 2907 SUL BAIANO 5,625,683 100 222,133 3.95 631,856 11.23 SPECIFIED 4206 SUL CATARINENSE 973,423 100 34,690 3.56 12,564 1.29 SPECIFIED 2307 SUL CEARENSE 1,527,156 100 - - 437,139 28.62 SPECIFIED 1402 SUL DE RORAIMA 2,101,163 16.57 1,971 0.09 65 0.00 SPECIFIED 1602 SUL DO AMAPA 8,513,250 100 3,272,456 38.44 1,603,162 18.83 SPECIFIED 3204 SUL ESPIRITOSANTENSE 903,234 100 25,737 2.85 37,148 4.11 SPECIFIED 3305 SUL FLUMINENSE 801,850 100 79,098 9.86 76,436 9.53 SPECIFIED 5205 SUL GOIANO 13,184,749 100 129,368 0.98 14,145 0.11 SPECIFIED 2105 SUL MARANHENSE 6,822,406 100 501,403 7.35 15,897 0.23 SPECIFIED 3110 SULSUDOESTE DE MINAS 4,996,140 100 107,740 2.16 468,643 9.38 SPECIFIED 3105 TRIANGULO MINEIROALTO PARANAIBA 9,098,036 100 7,610 0.08 41,541 0.46 SPECIFIED 1202 VALE DO ACRE 8,144,884 100 842,527 10.34 2,628,091 32.27 SPECIFIED 4204 VALE DO ITAJAI 1,313,530 100 97,822 7.45 2,083 0.16 SPECIFIED 1201 VALE DO JURUA 8,943,383 100 2,665,325 29.80 1,501,890 16.79 SPECIFIED 3104 VALE DO MUCURI 2,053,943 100 6,586 0.32 - - SPECIFIED 3513 VALE DO PARAIBA PAULISTA 1,633,767 100 43,997 2.69 298,259 18.26 SPECIFIED 3108 VALE DO RIO DOCE 4,253,983 100 7,636 0.18 54,722 1.29 SPECIFIED 2902 VALE SAOFRANCISCANO DA BAHIA 11,838,074 100 142,003 1.20 1,081,414 9.14 SPECIFIED 3112 ZONA DA MATA 3,634,598 100 7,227 0.20 15,042 0.41 SPECIFIED

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

HCV5 Basic needs of local communities GeoCode Mesoregion Total HCV proxy area in the Proportion of HCV Proportion of HCV mesoregion proxy found under proxy found under Risk Integral Protection Sustainable Use Units designation Units or Indigenous Peoples Lands

ha % (area) ha % (area) ha % (area)

2702 AGRESTE ALAGOANO 22,401 3.72 1,599 7.14 - - SPECIFIED 2503 AGRESTE PARAIBANO 190,985 14.08 - - - - SPECIFIED 2603 AGRESTE PERNAMBUCANO 709,449 27.79 - - - - SPECIFIED 2403 AGRESTE POTIGUAR 94,759 9.62 - - - - SPECIFIED 2802 AGRESTE SERGIPANO 35,268 5.78 - - - - SPECIFIED 3503 ARACATUBA ------LOW 3505 ARARAQUARA 270,786 28.52 - - - - SPECIFIED 3510 ASSIS 1,747 0.14 - - - - LOW 3304 BAIXADAS 26,833 7.25 - - 234 0.87 SPECIFIED 1501 BAIXO AMAZONAS 5,087,554 14.93 77,930 1.53 62 0.00 SPECIFIED 3504 BAURU 255,260 9.52 - - - - SPECIFIED 2502 BORBOREMA 259,856 15.96 - - - - SPECIFIED 3507 CAMPINAS 14,678 1.03 408 2.78 - - SPECIFIED 3111 CAMPO DAS VERTENTES 57,789 4.54 - - - - SPECIFIED 3203 CENTRAL ESPIRITOSANTENSE 488,688 44.72 - - - - SPECIFIED 3106 CENTRAL MINEIRA ------LOW 2402 CENTRAL POTIGUAR 171,807 10.39 SPECIFIED 1303 CENTRO AMAZONENSE 9,282,651 25.83 60,632 0.65 1,394 0.02 SPECIFIED 3303 CENTRO FLUMINENSE 302 0.04 - - - - LOW 5203 CENTRO GOIANO 48,237 1.18 1,658 3.44 - - SPECIFIED 2103 CENTRO MARANHENSE 445,121 8.15 546 0.12 - - SPECIFIED 2903 CENTRONORTE BAIANO 1,200,818 14.33 - - 0 0.00 SPECIFIED

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

5002 CENTRONORTE DE MATO GROSSO DO SUL 8,208 0.13 - - - - LOW 2202 CENTRONORTE PIAUIENSE 1,036,147 18.32 - - - - SPECIFIED 4102 CENTROOCIDENTAL PARANAENSE ------LOW 4303 CENTROOCIDENTAL RIOGRANDENSE 675,755 26.03 - - - - SPECIFIED 4105 CENTROORIENTAL PARANAENSE 295,776 13.51 32 0.01 - - SPECIFIED 4304 CENTROORIENTAL RIOGRANDENSE 16,430 0.95 - - - - LOW 2906 CENTROSUL BAIANO 2,159,627 16.47 0 0.00 - - SPECIFIED 2306 CENTROSUL CEARENSE 197,106 19.18 - - - - SPECIFIED 5104 CENTROSUL MATOGROSSENSE 984,899 10.04 53,857 5.47 - - SPECIFIED 4108 CENTROSUL PARANAENSE 199,415 7.55 - - - - SPECIFIED 5301 DISTRITO FEDERAL 151,573 25.98 - - - - SPECIFIED 2901 EXTREMO OESTE BAIANO 1,182,203 10.01 - - - - SPECIFIED 4205 GRANDE FLORIANOPOLIS 30,123 4.29 - - 64 0.21 SPECIFIED 3511 ITAPETININGA 226,460 11.18 - - - - SPECIFIED 2305 JAGUARIBE 145,211 7.58 - - - - SPECIFIED 3103 JEQUITINHONHA 56,915 1.11 - - - - SPECIFIED 2703 LESTE ALAGOANO 257,888 18.58 86 0.03 - - SPECIFIED 5003 LESTE DE MATO GROSSO DO SUL 4,863 0.05 - - - - LOW 5204 LESTE GOIANO 1,895,878 33.94 - - - - SPECIFIED 2104 LESTE MARANHENSE 1,502,190 20.98 - - - - SPECIFIED 2404 LESTE POTIGUAR 152,798 22.55 - - - - SPECIFIED 1102 LESTE RONDONIENSE 1,328,388 10.04 4,773 0.36 - - SPECIFIED 2803 LESTE SERGIPANO 297,556 32.75 - - - - SPECIFIED 3202 LITORAL NORTE ESPIRITOSANTENSE 368,504 24.73 1,042 0.28 172 0.05 SPECIFIED 3514 LITORAL SUL PAULISTA 439,643 33.14 13 0.00 893 0.20 SPECIFIED 3512 MACRO METROPOLITANA PAULISTA 214 0.02 - - - - LOW 1101 MADEIRAGUAPORE 1,319,471 12.21 43,344 3.28 1 0.00 SPECIFIED 1502 MARAJO 4,556,489 43.66 - - 479 0.01 SPECIFIED 3509 MARILIA ------LOW 2504 MATA PARAIBANA 68,591 12.44 16,983 24.76 - - SPECIFIED

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

2604 MATA PERNAMBUCANA 84,237 9.53 - - - - SPECIFIED 1503 METROPOLITANA DE BELEM 328,226 47.39 - - - - SPECIFIED 3107 METROPOLITANA DE BELO HORIZONTE 1,025,361 25.54 - - - - SPECIFIED 4110 METROPOLITANA DE CURITIBA 250,096 10.93 132 0.05 61 0.02 SPECIFIED 2303 METROPOLITANA DE FORTALEZA 42,271 10.85 1,791 4.24 - - SPECIFIED 4305 METROPOLITANA DE PORTO ALEGRE 180,949 6.06 303 0.17 146 0.08 SPECIFIED 2605 METROPOLITANA DE RECIFE 20,563 7 - - - - SPECIFIED 2905 METROPOLITANA DE SALVADOR 299,100 25.83 - - 2,638 0.88 SPECIFIED 3515 METROPOLITANA DE SAO PAULO 152,173 16.25 6,344 4.17 1 0 SPECIFIED 3306 METROPOLITANA DO RIO DE JANEIRO 100,477 9.68 - - - - SPECIFIED 2904 NORDESTE BAIANO 900,343 15.44 457 0.05 6 0.00 SPECIFIED 5102 NORDESTE MATOGROSSENSE 676,536 3.81 149 0.04 - - SPECIFIED 1504 NORDESTE PARAENSE 3,425,767 40.99 1,788 0.05 949 0.03 SPECIFIED 4302 NORDESTE RIOGRANDENSE 162,422 6.28 56 0.03 - - SPECIFIED 2301 NOROESTE CEARENSE 903,497 25.44 - - - - SPECIFIED 3101 NOROESTE DE MINAS 673,923 10.72 - - 605 0.09 SPECIFIED 3201 NOROESTE ESPIRITOSANTENSE ------LOW 3301 NOROESTE FLUMINENSE 56,161 10.25 - - - - SPECIFIED 5201 NOROESTE GOIANO 309,030 5.55 397 0.13 - - SPECIFIED 4101 NOROESTE PARANAENSE 16,085 0.66 - - - - LOW 4301 NOROESTE RIOGRANDENSE 227,538 3.50 4,887 2.15 - - SPECIFIED 1301 NORTE AMAZONENSE 4,557,711 11.01 730,470 16.03 - - SPECIFIED 4202 NORTE CATARINENSE 220,540 13.81 6,377 2.89 - - SPECIFIED 2302 NORTE CEARENSE 175,204 8.05 2,830 1.62 - - SPECIFIED 4103 NORTE CENTRAL PARANAENSE 2,109 0.09 50 2.39 - - LOW 3102 NORTE DE MINAS 1,950,250 14.97 2,807 0.14 - - SPECIFIED 1401 NORTE DE RORAIMA 366,886 3.69 651 0.19 - - SPECIFIED 1601 NORTE DO AMAPA 251,029 4.34 1,623 0.65 - - SPECIFIED 3302 NORTE FLUMINENSE 109,704 11.05 - - - - SPECIFIED 5202 NORTE GOIANO 2,299,909 40.51 217 0.01 - - SPECIFIED

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

2101 NORTE MARANHENSE 1,432,755 26.86 1 0.00 86,830 6.06 SPECIFIED 5101 NORTE MATOGROSSENSE 6,865,571 14.15 407,703 5.94 1 0 SPECIFIED 2201 NORTE PIAUIENSE 365,344 16.14 - - - - SPECIFIED 4104 NORTE PIONEIRO PARANAENSE 6,910 0.44 2 0.02 - - LOW 1701 OCIDENTAL DO TOCANTINS 2,673,955 17.1 36,487 1.36 144,282 5.4 SPECIFIED 4201 OESTE CATARINENSE 301,558 11.05 18 0.01 - - SPECIFIED 3109 OESTE DE MINAS ------LOW 2102 OESTE MARANHENSE 2,823,837 32.06 1,377 0.05 15,002 0.53 SPECIFIED 4106 OESTE PARANAENSE 4,913 0.21 - - - - LOW 2401 OESTE POTIGUAR 621,106 28.17 - - - - SPECIFIED 1702 ORIENTAL DO TOCANTINS 3,334,383 27.20 518 0.02 - - SPECIFIED 5001 PANTANAL SUL MATOGROSSENSE 2,716,341 24.5 1,586 0.06 - - SPECIFIED 3506 PIRACICABA 30,573 3.36 1 0 - - SPECIFIED 3508 PRESIDENTE PRUDENTE ------LOW 3502 RIBEIRAO PRETO 75,259 2.72 - - - - SPECIFIED 2602 SAO FRANCISCO PERNAMBUCANO 447,745 17.70 254 0.06 - - SPECIFIED 3501 SAO JOSE DO RIO PRETO ------LOW 4203 SERRANA 44,382 1.99 - - - - SPECIFIED 2701 SERTAO ALAGOANO 148,831 16.31 - - - - SPECIFIED 2501 SERTAO PARAIBANO 129,716 5.49 - - - - SPECIFIED 2601 SERTAO PERNAMBUCANO 609,689 15.42 235 0.04 - - SPECIFIED 2801 SERTAO SERGIPANO 333,958 43.86 3,785 1.13 - - SPECIFIED 2304 SERTOES CEARENSES 1,139,676 23.92 - - - - SPECIFIED 5105 SUDESTE MATOGROSSENSE 60,424 0.84 - - - - LOW 1506 SUDESTE PARAENSE 6,951,144 23.32 6,511 0.09 - - SPECIFIED 4109 SUDESTE PARANAENSE 130,145 7.64 - - - - SPECIFIED 2204 SUDESTE PIAUIENSE 1,526,175 32.48 - - - - SPECIFIED 4307 SUDESTE RIOGRANDENSE 221,648 5.23 - - - - SPECIFIED 1302 SUDOESTE AMAZONENSE 4,475,761 13.25 13,186 0.29 - - SPECIFIED 5004 SUDOESTE DE MATO GROSSO DO SUL 4,703 0.05 - - - - LOW

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

5103 SUDOESTE MATOGROSSENSE 458,582 6.34 22,198 4.84 4 0 SPECIFIED 1505 SUDOESTE PARAENSE 3,242,964 7.79 411 0.03 - - SPECIFIED 4107 SUDOESTE PARANAENSE 50,394 4.32 - - - - SPECIFIED 2203 SUDOESTE PIAUIENSE 4,274,061 32.87 10,372 0.24 - - SPECIFIED 4306 SUDOESTE RIOGRANDENSE 396,779 6.33 - - - - SPECIFIED 1304 SUL AMAZONENSE 12,244,033 25.57 270,126 2.21 192 0 SPECIFIED 2907 SUL BAIANO 955,337 16.98 38,241 4 190 0.02 SPECIFIED 4206 SUL CATARINENSE 87,095 8.95 62 0.04 - - SPECIFIED 2307 SUL CEARENSE 353,353 23.14 - - 6 0 SPECIFIED 1402 SUL DE RORAIMA 3,108,989 24.52 44 0 65 0 SPECIFIED 1602 SUL DO AMAPA 260,007 3.05 2,616 3.00 2,405 0.93 SPECIFIED 3204 SUL ESPIRITOSANTENSE 75,722 8.38 - - 1,119 1.48 SPECIFIED 3305 SUL FLUMINENSE 166,763 20.80 - - 29 0.02 SPECIFIED 5205 SUL GOIANO 281,132 2.13 - - - - SPECIFIED 2105 SUL MARANHENSE 7,064 0.1 - - - - LOW 3110 SULSUDOESTE DE MINAS ------LOW 3105 TRIANGULO MINEIROALTO PARANAIBA 30,500 0.34 - - - - LOW 1202 VALE DO ACRE 1,296,928 15.92 158 0.01 122 0.01 SPECIFIED 4204 VALE DO ITAJAI 168,319 12.81 - - - - SPECIFIED 1201 VALE DO JURUA 1,567,008 17.52 1,354 0.09 2 0 SPECIFIED 3104 VALE DO MUCURI 349 0.02 846 1.01 - - LOW 3513 VALE DO PARAIBA PAULISTA 83,430 5.11 - - 939 1.13 SPECIFIED 3108 VALE DO RIO DOCE 97,397 2.29 44 0.05 - - SPECIFIED 2902 VALE SAOFRANCISCANO DA BAHIA 1,139,196 9.62 21,607 1.90 - - SPECIFIED 3112 ZONA DA MATA 65,685 1.81 - - - - SPECIFIED

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

HCV6 Cultural Significance GeoCode Mesoregion Total HCV proxy area in the Proportion of HCV proxy Proportion of HCV proxy mesoregion found under Integral found under Sustainable Risk Protection Units or Use Units designation Indigenous Peoples Lands

ha % (area) ha % (area) ha % (area)

2702 AGRESTE ALAGOANO 7,118 1.18 4 0.06 SPECIFIED 2503 AGRESTE PARAIBANO 182,463 13.46 SPECIFIED 2603 AGRESTE PERNAMBUCANO 688,669 26.98 SPECIFIED 2403 AGRESTE POTIGUAR 201,299 20.44 SPECIFIED 2802 AGRESTE SERGIPANO 37,219 6.10 SPECIFIED 3503 ARACATUBA - - LOW 3505 ARARAQUARA 91,898 9.68 SPECIFIED 3510 ASSIS 1,747 0.14 LOW 3304 BAIXADAS 405 0.11 LOW 1501 BAIXO AMAZONAS 2,991,300 8.78 35,520 1.19 34 0.00 SPECIFIED 3504 BAURU 257,454 9.60 303 0.12 SPECIFIED 2502 BORBOREMA 299,217 18.38 SPECIFIED 3507 CAMPINAS 7,199 0.50 408 5.67 LOW 3111 CAMPO DAS VERTENTES 57,789 4.54 SPECIFIED 3203 CENTRAL ESPIRITOSANTENSE 492,150 45.03 SPECIFIED 3106 CENTRAL MINEIRA - - LOW 2402 CENTRAL POTIGUAR 332,272 20.10 SPECIFIED 1303 CENTRO AMAZONENSE 8,710,904 24.23 56,969 0.65 1,394 0.02 SPECIFIED 3303 CENTRO FLUMINENSE - - LOW 5203 CENTRO GOIANO 1,696 0.04 1,658 97.77 LOW 2103 CENTRO MARANHENSE 445,121 8.15 546 0.12 SPECIFIED 2903 CENTRONORTE BAIANO 1,379,444 16.47 0 0.00 SPECIFIED

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

5002 CENTRONORTE DE MATO GROSSO DO SUL 5,748 0.09 LOW 2202 CENTRONORTE PIAUIENSE 1,036,147 18.32 0 0.00 SPECIFIED 4102 CENTROOCIDENTAL PARANAENSE - - 4303 CENTROOCIDENTAL RIOGRANDENSE 175,892 6.78 SPECIFIED 4105 CENTROORIENTAL PARANAENSE 215,870 9.86 32 0.01 0 0.00 SPECIFIED 4304 CENTROORIENTAL RIOGRANDENSE - - LOW 2906 CENTROSUL BAIANO 2,962,512 22.60 3 0.00 SPECIFIED 2306 CENTROSUL CEARENSE 196,864 19.16 SPECIFIED 5104 CENTROSUL MATOGROSSENSE 965,347 9.84 53,857 5.58 0 0.00 SPECIFIED 4108 CENTROSUL PARANAENSE - - LOW 5301 DISTRITO FEDERAL 151,243 25.93 0 0.00 SPECIFIED 2901 EXTREMO OESTE BAIANO 1,121,550 9.49 SPECIFIED 4205 GRANDE FLORIANOPOLIS 15,936 2.27 64 0.40 SPECIFIED 3511 ITAPETININGA 224,323 11.08 SPECIFIED 2305 JAGUARIBE 11,173 0.58 LOW 3103 JEQUITINHONHA 74,766 1.46 SPECIFIED 2703 LESTE ALAGOANO 152,751 11.00 86 0.06 SPECIFIED 5003 LESTE DE MATO GROSSO DO SUL 4,863 0.05 LOW 5204 LESTE GOIANO 1,402,399 25.11 SPECIFIED 2104 LESTE MARANHENSE 1,488,696 20.79 0 0.00 SPECIFIED 2404 LESTE POTIGUAR 81,300 12.00 0 0.00 SPECIFIED 1102 LESTE RONDONIENSE 1,442,759 10.90 5,557 0.39 36 0.00 SPECIFIED 2803 LESTE SERGIPANO 297,543 32.75 SPECIFIED 3202 LITORAL NORTE ESPIRITOSANTENSE 345,227 23.17 1,055 0.31 89 0.03 SPECIFIED 3514 LITORAL SUL PAULISTA 424,944 32.03 13 0.00 0 0.00 SPECIFIED 3512 MACRO METROPOLITANA PAULISTA 100,500 8.12 0 0.00 SPECIFIED 1101 MADEIRAGUAPORE 978,055 9.05 1,387 0.14 1 0.00 SPECIFIED 1502 MARAJO 4,323,068 41.42 479 0.01 SPECIFIED 3509 MARILIA - - LOW 2504 MATA PARAIBANA 48,997 8.89 16,983 34.66 0 0.00 SPECIFIED

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

2604 MATA PERNAMBUCANA 122,028 13.80 SPECIFIED 1503 METROPOLITANA DE BELEM 168,402 24.32 SPECIFIED 3107 METROPOLITANA DE BELO HORIZONTE 1,025,342 25.54 SPECIFIED 4110 METROPOLITANA DE CURITIBA 140,676 6.15 41 0.03 8 0.01 SPECIFIED 2303 METROPOLITANA DE FORTALEZA 40,183 10.32 1,791 4.46 SPECIFIED 4305 METROPOLITANA DE PORTO ALEGRE 169,238 5.67 19 0.01 1 0.00 SPECIFIED 2605 METROPOLITANA DE RECIFE 20,563 7.00 SPECIFIED 2905 METROPOLITANA DE SALVADOR 192,658 16.64 0 0.00 SPECIFIED 3515 METROPOLITANA DE SAO PAULO 152,596 16.29 6,344 4.16 1 0.00 SPECIFIED 3306 METROPOLITANA DO RIO DE JANEIRO 18,789 1.81 SPECIFIED 2904 NORDESTE BAIANO 969,932 16.64 457 0.05 6 0.00 SPECIFIED 5102 NORDESTE MATOGROSSENSE 317,350 1.79 4 0.00 SPECIFIED 1504 NORDESTE PARAENSE 2,805,711 33.57 1,788 0.06 949 0.03 SPECIFIED 4302 NORDESTE RIOGRANDENSE 162,333 6.28 SPECIFIED 2301 NOROESTE CEARENSE 630,080 17.74 0 0.00 0 0.00 SPECIFIED 3101 NOROESTE DE MINAS 630,808 10.03 SPECIFIED 3201 NOROESTE ESPIRITOSANTENSE 26,148 2.12 0 0.00 SPECIFIED 3301 NOROESTE FLUMINENSE - - LOW 5201 NOROESTE GOIANO 8 0.00 1 10.97 LOW 4101 NOROESTE PARANAENSE - - LOW 4301 NOROESTE RIOGRANDENSE 135,537 2.09 4,867 3.59 SPECIFIED 1301 NORTE AMAZONENSE 3,829,905 9.25 3,011 0.08 SPECIFIED 4202 NORTE CATARINENSE 104,874 6.57 6,377 6.08 SPECIFIED 2302 NORTE CEARENSE 246,415 11.32 2,830 1.15 SPECIFIED 4103 NORTE CENTRAL PARANAENSE 2,109 0.09 50 2.39 LOW 3102 NORTE DE MINAS 2,070,470 15.89 2,807 0.14 0 0.00 SPECIFIED 1401 NORTE DE RORAIMA 1,942,131 19.53 2,222 0.11 SPECIFIED 1601 NORTE DO AMAPA 213,061 3.69 344 0.16 SPECIFIED 3302 NORTE FLUMINENSE 786 0.08 LOW 5202 NORTE GOIANO 2,032,224 35.79 217 0.01 SPECIFIED

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

2101 NORTE MARANHENSE 1,245,595 23.35 1 0.00 20 0.00 SPECIFIED 5101 NORTE MATOGROSSENSE 4,907,335 10.12 405,550 8.26 1 0.00 SPECIFIED 2201 NORTE PIAUIENSE 365,344 16.14 0 0.00 SPECIFIED 4104 NORTE PIONEIRO PARANAENSE 6,565 0.42 2 0.03 LOW 1701 OCIDENTAL DO TOCANTINS 2,668,451 17.06 36,174 1.36 143,286 5.37 SPECIFIED 4201 OESTE CATARINENSE 100,629 3.69 18 0.02 SPECIFIED 3109 OESTE DE MINAS - - LOW 2102 OESTE MARANHENSE 2,769,595 31.45 1,377 0.05 147 0.01 SPECIFIED 4106 OESTE PARANAENSE - - LOW 2401 OESTE POTIGUAR 620,929 28.17 SPECIFIED 1702 ORIENTAL DO TOCANTINS 2,887,964 23.56 518 0.02 SPECIFIED 5001 PANTANAL SUL MATOGROSSENSE 2,652,267 23.92 1,586 0.06 SPECIFIED 3506 PIRACICABA 19,870 2.19 1 0.01 SPECIFIED 3508 PRESIDENTE PRUDENTE - - LOW 3502 RIBEIRAO PRETO 72,505 2.62 41 0.06 299 0.41 SPECIFIED 2602 SAO FRANCISCO PERNAMBUCANO 396,904 15.69 254 0.06 SPECIFIED 3501 SAO JOSE DO RIO PRETO - - LOW 4203 SERRANA 481,052 21.52 0 0.00 SPECIFIED 2701 SERTAO ALAGOANO 148,831 16.31 SPECIFIED 2501 SERTAO PARAIBANO 238,983 10.12 SPECIFIED 2601 SERTAO PERNAMBUCANO 363,387 9.19 229 0.06 SPECIFIED 2801 SERTAO SERGIPANO 345,803 45.41 3,785 1.09 SPECIFIED 2304 SERTOES CEARENSES 952,136 19.98 SPECIFIED 5105 SUDESTE MATOGROSSENSE 60,424 0.84 0 0.00 LOW 1506 SUDESTE PARAENSE 4,449,463 14.93 4,343 0.10 0 0.00 SPECIFIED 4109 SUDESTE PARANAENSE - - LOW 2204 SUDESTE PIAUIENSE 1,575,266 33.53 0 0.00 SPECIFIED 4307 SUDESTE RIOGRANDENSE 311,277 7.35 0 0.00 SPECIFIED 1302 SUDOESTE AMAZONENSE 2,915,649 8.63 11,333 0.39 SPECIFIED 5004 SUDOESTE DE MATO GROSSO DO SUL - - LOW

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

5103 SUDOESTE MATOGROSSENSE 213,428 2.95 22,198 10.40 4 0.00 SPECIFIED 1505 SUDOESTE PARAENSE 1,813,915 4.36 1,036 0.06 SPECIFIED 4107 SUDOESTE PARANAENSE - - LOW 2203 SUDOESTE PIAUIENSE 4,948,829 38.05 10,372 0.21 SPECIFIED 4306 SUDOESTE RIOGRANDENSE 98,364 1.57 SPECIFIED 1304 SUL AMAZONENSE 9,461,205 19.76 247,917 2.62 151 0.00 SPECIFIED 2907 SUL BAIANO 611,895 10.88 13,524 2.21 84 0.01 SPECIFIED 4206 SUL CATARINENSE 92,912 9.54 0 0.00 SPECIFIED 2307 SUL CEARENSE 353,353 23.14 6 0.00 SPECIFIED 1402 SUL DE RORAIMA 3,113,467 24.56 59,741 1.92 65 0.00 SPECIFIED 1602 SUL DO AMAPA 136,627 1.60 238 0.17 SPECIFIED 3204 SUL ESPIRITOSANTENSE 74,603 8.26 SPECIFIED 3305 SUL FLUMINENSE - - LOW 5205 SUL GOIANO 54,614 0.41 LOW 2105 SUL MARANHENSE 7,064 0.10 LOW 3110 SULSUDOESTE DE MINAS 1,046 0.02 0 0.00 LOW 3105 TRIANGULO MINEIROALTO PARANAIBA - - LOW 1202 VALE DO ACRE 1,296,928 15.92 158 0.01 122 0.01 SPECIFIED 4204 VALE DO ITAJAI 1,054 0.08 LOW 1201 VALE DO JURUA 1,536,356 17.18 1,222 0.08 2 0.00 SPECIFIED 3104 VALE DO MUCURI - - LOW 3513 VALE DO PARAIBA PAULISTA 95,288 5.83 0 0.00 1 0.00 SPECIFIED 3108 VALE DO RIO DOCE 75,243 1.77 44 0.06 SPECIFIED 2902 VALE SAOFRANCISCANO DA BAHIA 916,429 7.74 553 0.06 SPECIFIED 3112 ZONA DA MATA 65,495 1.80 SPECIFIED

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

ANNEX 2 Data Sources

FSC Brazil feedback: feedback was provided on a draft report by the FSC Brazil national partner in late 2014

HCV1-6

Priority areas for Brazil: http://www.mma.gov.br/biodiversidade/biodiversidade-brasileira/%C3%A1reas- priorit%C3%A1rias/item/489, http://www.mma.gov.br/biodiversidade/biodiversidade-brasileira/%C3%A1reas- priorit%C3%A1rias/item/476

Protected areas: http://mapas.mma.gov.br/i3geo/datadownload.htm, http://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/servicos/geoprocessamento/51-menu-servicos/4004-downloads-mapa-tematico-e- dados-geoestatisticos-das-uc-s.html

HCV1

Important Bird Areas: BirdLife International (2015) Country profile: Brazil. Available from: http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/country/brazil. Checked: 2015-03-10

Red-listed species In Brazil:

MMA Instruction No. 03 of May 27, 2003 - Official List of Species of Brazilian Fauna Threatened with Extinction (considering mammals, amphibians, birds, terrestrial invertebrates, and reptiles). MMA Instruction No. 05, dated May 21, 2004 - Official List of Species Aquatic Invertebrates and Fish Endangered and Threatened with overexploited or Sobreextplotação

MMA Instruction No. 52, of November 8, 2005 - Amending Annexes I and II of the MMA Instruction No. 05, dated May 21, 2004

MMA Normative Instruction No. 06 of September 23, 2008 – Official List of Species of Brazilian Flora Threatened with Extinction (Annex I), and those classified as Data Deficient (Annex II).

IBDF Ordinance No. 303 of May 29, 1968 - It instituted the Brazilian official list of species of animals and plants threatened with extinction in the country.

IBAMA Ordinance No. 1522, of December 19, 1989 - Acknowledges the Official List of Species of the Brazilian Fauna Threatened with Extinction

IBDF Ordinance No. 303 of May 29, 1968 - Establishes a Brazilian official list of plant species threatened with extinction in the country.

IBDF Ordinance No. 093/80-P of February 5, 1980 - Adds the species Worsleya Rayneri (Hook f.). Traub & Moldenke the Brazilian official list of plant species threatened with extinction in the country, published by Ordinance No. 303 IBDF of May 29, 1968.

IBAMA Ordinance No. 06-N of January 15, 1992 - Acknowledges the Official List of Species of Flora Brasileira Threatened with Extinction

IBAMA # 37-N, of April 3, 1992 - Acknowledges the Official List of Species Threatened with Extinction Brazilian Flora, adding a kind (Astronium fraxinifolium) to the list published by IBAMA # 37-N, 03 April 1992.

HCV2

Greenpeace Intact Forest Landscapes: http://intactforests.org/world.map.html

Global Forest Watch: http://www.globalforestwatch.org/country/BRA

HCV3

RAMSAR sites: http://www.ramsar.org/wetland/brazil 93

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil

HCV4

Population density data: http://www.geoservicos.ibge.gov.br/geoserver/wms?service=WMS&version=1.1.0&request= GetMap&layers=CGEO:vw_densdemog

Topography data: http://www.visualizador.inde.gov.br/

Amazonian deforestation: http://www.dpi.inpe.br/prodesdigital/prodes.php?LANGUAGE=EN&

Forest fire data: http://www.inpe.br/queimadas/dados_anteriores.php

Index of water quality by mesoregion: http://www2.snirh.gov.br/home/item.html?id=c0f011fa9a374ef9a91e31ee0d4af624; http://portalpnqa.ana.gov.br/indicadores-indice-aguas.aspx

Data on origins of drinking water by mesoregion: http://dados.gov.br/dataset/percentual-de-domicilios-particulares- permanentes-com-abastecimento-de-agua-da-rede-geral HCV5&6

Quilombolas: http://mundogeo.com/blog/2014/08/08/incra-fara-cadastro-ambiental-rural-territorios-quilombolas/

Terras Indigenas: http://www.funai.gov.br/index.php/shape

FSC Controlled Wood Centralised National Risk Assessment Category 3 (HCV) in Brazil