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Rpties ESA Mekong I NSTITUTE FOR E NVIRONMENTAL S ECURITY mekong river basin case study of the nam can district, vietnam Environmental Security Assessment Environmental Security for Poverty Alleviation Programme January 2011 Environmental Security Assessment Mekong River Basin: Case Study of the Nam Can District, Vietnam 15 January 2011 Environmental Security Assessment Mekong River Basin: Case Study of the Nam Can District, Vietnam First author: Jeanna Hyde Hecker, IES Mekong Project Coordinator Co‐authors: Patrick Huntjens, Géraud de Ville and Wouter Veening Cover Design and Report Layout: Géraud de Ville, IES Cover photo: Cà Mau Peninsula ‐ Vietnam ‐ Aqua MODIS March 20, 2009 Cà Mau is a province of Vietnam, named aer its capital city. It is located in the Mekong Delta of southern Vietnam, and is the southernmost of Vietnam's 59 provinces. It is bordered on the north by the Kien Giang and Bac Lieu provinces, on the west By the Gulf of Thailand, and on the south and east By the South China Sea. Being surrounded By sea on three sides, fishing is an important industry in Cà Mau province. An extensive network of canals also supports a strong agricultural sector, as well as providing a popular means of transport. The MODIS image was captured on March 20, 2009 at 06:39 GMT which the canal network is clearly visible. Photo courtesy of Asian Instute of Technology, Geoinformaon Centre (hp:// www.geoinfo.ait.ac.th/modis/modres.php) Published by: Instute for Environmental Security Anna Paulownastraat 103 2518 BC The Hague, The Netherlands Tel: +31 70 365 2299 ● Fax: +31 70 365 1948 www.envirosecurity.org Copyright © 2011 Instute for Environmental Security, The Hague, The Netherlands ISBN/EAN: 978‐94‐6055‐007‐2 NUR: 907 All rights reserved. Reproducon and disseminaon of material in this publicaon for educaonal and other non‐commercial purposes are authorised without prior wrien permission of the copyright holder provided the authors and publisher are fully acknowledge. Reproducon for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without wrien permission of the copyright holder. Recommended citaon: Hyde Hecker, J., Huntjens, P., de Ville, G., & Veening, W. (2011). Environmental Security Assessment ‐ Mekong River Basin: Case Study of the Nam Can District, Vietnam. The Hague: Instute for Environmental Security. Report published by the Instute for Environmental Security in the context of the Programme on Environmental Security for Poverty Alleviaon (ESPA), supported by The Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 3 Contents List of Figures .................................................................................................7 List of Tables ..................................................................................................8 Acknowledgements .......................................................................................9 Acronyms .....................................................................................................10 Introducon .................................................................................................11 Method ........................................................................................................13 Background ..................................................................................................15 Hydrology of Ca Mau Province .................................................................................16 Regional Climate ......................................................................................................18 Land Use Systems in Ca Mau Province .....................................................................18 Economic Acvies in the Ca Mau Province ............................................................18 Case Study Area: Nam Can District ...............................................................19 Hydrology of Nam Can District .................................................................................19 Flora of Nam Can District .........................................................................................20 Mui Ca Mau Naonal Park ...............................................................................................20 Related Fauna of the Region ....................................................................................22 Local Livelihoods in Nam Can District ......................................................................23 Relevant Policies and Development Strategies ........................................................23 Basin‐wide Development Plan .........................................................................................23 Mekong Delta Master Plan ..............................................................................................23 Integrated Master Plan for the Mekong Delta ................................................................24 Master Plan on Socio‐economic Development of Ca Mau ..............................................24 Naonal Strategy for socio‐economic development .......................................................25 Legal Order/Framework or Land governance or land tenure system ......................25 Individual and household use rights ...............................................................................25 Rights to manage land and use resources ......................................................................25 Individual and household management rights ...............................................................26 Individual and household rights to benefits ....................................................................26 Land use change ..............................................................................................................26 Educaon .................................................................................................................27 Integrave Analysis ......................................................................................28 Overview of the Environmental Security Issues in the Nam Can District .................28 Loss of mangrove forests ................................................................................................28 Loss of Biodiversity ..........................................................................................................30 Soil and Water Polluon ..................................................................................................31 Domesc and Industrial Waste ...................................................................................31 Effect of acid sulphate soils ........................................................................................33 Effects of climate change: sea level rise, salt water intrusion, heavy rains and erosion, droughts ..........................................................................................................................34 Sea level rise and salt water intrusion ........................................................................34 Sedimentaon problems ............................................................................................36 Intensive shrimp farming .................................................................................................37 Educaon .........................................................................................................................40 Stakeholder Analysis ................................................................................................41 4 Problem linkages .....................................................................................................43 Problem Cycle ..................................................................................................................45 Problem Tree Described ..................................................................................................46 Conflict analysis .......................................................................................................47 Conflict Matrix .................................................................................................................49 Alternaves ..............................................................................................................52 Science ............................................................................................................................52 Shrimp Farming Research and Development .............................................................52 Impact studies on the sustainability of industrial shrimp farming ..........................52 Research and Development of alternave methods to industrial shrimp farming .52 Ecological shrimp farming ...........................................................................................52 Mangrove friendly aquaculture ..................................................................................52 Sustainable shrimp farming systems ..........................................................................53 Research on alternaves to shrimp farming ...............................................................53 Soil and water quality research and monitoring .........................................................53 Salinity control related research in mangrove habitats ..............................................53 Dealing with high acidity on acid sulphate soils .........................................................54 Adapve strategies to climate change ........................................................................54
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