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Phenolic Compounds Content in Vitex Agnus-Castus L. and V. Cannabifolia

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Phenolic Compounds Content in Vitex Agnus-Castus L. and V. Cannabifolia Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies 2014; 2(5): 36-40 ISSN 2320-3862 JMPS 2014; 2(5): 36-40 Phenolic compounds content in Vitex agnus-castus © 2014 JMPS Received: 06-09-2014 L. and V. cannabifolia Sieb. growing in Ukraine Accepted: 16-09-2014 Olga Yushchyshena, Oleksandr Tsurkan Olga Yushchyshena (a)State Laboratory of Drugs Quality Control, State Institution ABSTRACT “Institute of Pharmacology and There are many studies dedicated to phytochemistry of Vitex agnus-castus and V. cannabifolia growing Toxicology National Academy of in their endemic conditions, but there is no available information about constituents of ones growing in Medical Sciences of Ukraine”, temperate climates. Also the data of phytochemical composition of stems and inflorescences are Ejena Potie str. 14, 03057 Kyiv, insufficient. The TLC and HPLC methods were used for identification and quantification, while UV- Ukraine. spectrophotometry was used for estimation of sums of flavonoids, polyphenols and cinnamic acids in (b)Department of Pharmaceutical, stems, inflorescences and leaves. The content of caffeic acid was much lower that it was reported for Biological and Toxicological raw material collected in Turkey. The highest total polyphenols content was found in inflorescences Chemistry, National Medical O.O. and leaves of each plant (up to 6.65%). The highest total flavonoids content was in V. agni-casti Bohomolets University, inflorescences (7.59%). In the rest of raw material types it was no higher than 2.23%. The total Pushkinska str. 22, 01601 Kyiv, cinnamic acids content is higher in V. cannabifoliae raw material (up to 6.10%). Ukraine. Keywords: V. agnus-castus, V. cannabifolia, orientin, casticin, caffeic acid. Oleksandr Tsurkan State Laboratory of Drugs Quality 1. Introduction Control, State Institution Phytochemical investigation of medicinal herbs growing in Ukraine is one of the main aims of “Institute of Pharmacology and modern Ukrainian pharmaceutical science. Plants recently introduced into our flora as well as Toxicology National Academy of endemic ones are promising for pharmacognostic investigation and further development of Medical Sciences of Ukraine”, Ejena Potie str. 14, 03057 Kyiv, new plant drugs. Ukraine. Chaste-tree (Vitex agnus-castus L.) and variant of Chinese chaste-tree called Vitex cannabifolia Sieb. (Lamiaceae) are interesting species for phytochemical study. V. agni-casti fruits are well-known remedy for treatment of female reproductive system diseases [1, 2, 3] while roots, leaves and fruits of V. cannabifolia have been used in folk medicine as anti- inflammatory, analgesic, sedative and antipyretic medicine since ancient times. Also decoction from bark of V. cannabifolia has been used for treatment of disenteria, enteritis, malaria, and [2, 4, 5] [6, 7, 8, 9] digestive disorders . Flavonoids vitexin, isovitexin, casticin, apigenin, luteolin , [9, 10, 11] [5, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18] iridoids agnuside, aucubin , terpenes, lignanes and other compounds were isolated from leaves and fruits of V. agnus-castus and V. cannabifolia, collected in places of origin. Although these plants are endemic in areas with subtropical climate such as India, China, Malaysia and Nepal, they are successfully cultivated in temperate zones. Both species are introduced into Ukrainian flora by National Botanical Garden named after M.M. Hrysko in Kyiv. We supposed that phytochemical constituents of V. agnus-castus and V. cannabifolia growing in conditions of temperate climate, grey and black soils and moderate moisture (as in Ukraine) may differ in quality and quantity from those were reported for subtropical regions, but there are no available publications with certain data. Another problem is only leaves and fruits of V. agnus-castus and V. cannabifolia are relatively well-studied, while the data of phytochemical composition of stems and inflorescences are insufficient. So the aim of our study was determination of flavonoids, cinnamic acid Correspondence: derivatives and polyphenols in leaves, stems and inflorescences of V. cannabifolia and V. Olga Yushchyshena agnus-castus as a part of ongoing phytochemical research of these plants growing in Ukraine. State Laboratory of Drugs Quality Control, State Institution 2. Materials and methods “Institute of Pharmacology and 2.1 Standards and reagents Toxicology National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine”, All reagents and solvents were of analytical grade. Authentic standards for TLC and HPLC Ejena Potie str. 14, 03057 Kyiv, analysis (vitexin, orientin and caffeic acid) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MI, Ukraine. USA), while casticin was acquired from Ausmausco Pharma (Shanghai, China) and ~ 36 ~ Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies ferulic acid was purchased from Xian Plant Bio-engineering in 25 ml volumetric flask and diluted with water till the mark. (Xian, China). The following solvents: trifluoroacetic acid, Measured the absorbance at 505 nm. Calculated the percentage acetonitrile, formic acid and acetic acid were got from Sigma- content of cynnamic acid derivatives (х2), expressed as caffeic Aldrich, and ethyl acetate was acquired from TD acid, using the following expresion: x2=A×1250/332, where А Ukrkhimekspo (ТД Укрхимэкспо, Kyiv, Ukraine). was the absorbance at 505 nm; 332 - the specific absorbance of caffeic acid. 2.2 Sampling The leaves, inflorescences and stems of V. cannabifolia and V. 2.8 Polyphenols agnus-castus were collected in National Botanical Garden The pharmacopaeian determination of tannins in herbal drugs named after M.M. Hryshko in August 2012 from garden's was carried out. collection of New Cultures Department. The person responsible for Vitex species introduction and cultivation was 2.9 HPLC-analysis Olga Korablova, PhD in agriculture, the senior engineer in High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was New Cultures Department. performed on a Shimadzu LC-20 module system (Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan) using diode array detection 2.3 Phenolic compounds extraction and derivatization (DAD). Separations were accomplished using a Luna C18 (2) The extraction was performed by the common method for 100A 250×4,60 mm 5 micron column (Phenomenex, Torrance, polar compounds [19]. Briefly, 2 g of the dried specimens were USA) at 35 °С. The flow rate was 1 ml/min; injection volume extracted with 20 ml of 70% ethanol for 30 min at 90 °C. The was 5 μl. Prior to injection all samples were diluted 10 times extraction procedure was repeated five times and the resulting and filtered through a 0.45 mm Millipore membrane filter. extracts were pooled and rised volume into 50 ml by same Chromatograms were examined at 350 nm UV-light. extragent. Table 1: The program of gradient elution 2.4 TLC-analysis Thin-layer chromatography analyses were performed using Time, min Solvent Аa Solvent Вb "Silufol UV-254" plates in further solvent system: ethyl 5 95 5 acetate, formic acid, acetic acid and water (100:11:11:26). 35 75 25 Detection was performed by NP/PEG reagent: the plate was 40 75 25 dipped in 1% methanolic solution of diphenylborinic acid 60 50 50 aminoethylester, dried in the stream of cold air and then 62 20 80 dipped in 5% ethanolic solution of PEG 4000. Examination 65 20 80 was observed under UV 365 nm. 65,01 95 5 80 95 5 2.5 UV/VIS spectrophotometry a b A Hewlett Packard UV/VIS 8452A spectrophotometer and 1 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in water; 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile; All measurements were made in triplicate. cm pathlength disposable cells were used for spectral measurements. 3. Results and discussion 2.6 Flavonoids 3.1 TLC-method The 3 ml of 5% aluminium chloride in 70% ethanol was added The two cinnamic acid derivatives (chlorogenic and caffeic to 1 ml of extract in 25 ml volumetric flask, after 10 min total acids) along with two flavonoids (casticin and orientin) were solution volume was brought with 5% acetic acid in 70% identificated by the TLC-method in leaves, stems and ethanol to the mark. After 40 min the absorbance was inflorescences of investigated plants. While orientin (water- measured at 400 nm wavelength. The blank solution was soluble flavon C-glucoside) is the widespread constituent mixture of 3 ml of 5% aluminium chloride in 70% ethanol and among Lamiaceae, as well as chlorogenic and caffeic acids, 5% acetic acid in 70% ethanol brought to volume of 25 ml. casticin (lipophilic aglicone with four methoxy groups, another The total flavonoid content (х ) expressed as orientin was 1 name — vitexicarpin) is reported to be a marker compound for calculated using following equation: x1=A×c×1250/A0, where V. agni-casti raw material. But spots with the same colour and А was the absorbance of test solution at 400 nm; A0 — the Rf-values as casticin spots, were also found on all of the V. absorbance of orientin standard solution; c — the cannabifoliae chromatograms. concentration of orientin standard solution. Also there were found two unidentified blue spots (perhaps inherent to cinnamic acid derivatives or coumarins) on 2.7 Cinnamic acid derivatives chromatograms, and five yellow and orange spots, which 10 g of sodium nitrite and 10 g of sodium molybdate were probably correspond to flavonoids. placed in 25 ml volumetric flask. Added 15 ml of water, Analyzed extracts of V. agnus-castus and V. cannabifolia mixed, and brought total solution volume with water to the which were collected in Ukraine did not show the presence of marc. Filtered (solution А). vitexin, while vitexin is reported to be one of the prevailing 1 ml of extract, 2 ml of 0,5 М hydrochloric acid, 2 ml of flavon in Vitex spp. growing in Asia [20, 21]. solution and 2 ml of sodium hydroxide diluted were placed in The values of Rf of different flavonoids and cinnamic acid 25 ml volumetric flask. The total solution volume was brought derivatives are shown in the Table 2. to 25 ml with water (test solution). The compensation liquid was prepared using all reagents except extract that were placed ~ 37 ~ Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies Table 2: TLC-profile of V.
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