Conceptualizations of Masculinity Among Young

CEU eTD Collection

CONCEPTUALIZATIONSIN OFAMONG SERBIA MASCULINITY YOUNG MEN In partial fulfillment

of the of the DepartmentGender Studies of Central European University Superv requirements for thedegree of Budapest, Hungary Gender Studies Jovan Grubić Jovan Submitted isor: Elissa Helmsisor: Elissa 2014 By

Master of Arts in ArtsMaster in of

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xisting literature on men and masculinities in the Serbian context. In order to order In context. Serbian the in masculinities and men on literature xisting at sought to challenge ―Balkan‖ masculinity by its implementation. By implementation. its by masculinity ―Balkan‖ challenge to sought at

- socialist transition process, I consider a brief history history brief a consider I process, transition socialist i

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CEU eTD Collection Bibliography 4. Conclusion 3. StoriesofYoung Men 2. Methods and Context Introduction1. List ofAbbreviations Table of contents Abstrac contents of Table 3.3 Work, future and hope and 3.3 Work, future 3.2 Family,relationships intimate Cultur3.1 ViolenceSport and Men2.3 Young Initiative implementation Serbia in 2.2 Context Serbia, Belgrade of methods,2.1 Research limitatio thoughts1.2 Theories and 1.1 Theoretical framework t

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CEU eTD Collection YMI CARE ICRW IMAGES NGO Abbreviations of List

Young Men InitiativeYoung Men CooperativeAssistance for Everywhere and Relief International forResearch Center o Internationaland Gender Equality Men Survey Non - Governmental

Organization iii

n Women

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I use Serbian term ―kraj‖ here to signify neighborhood, seen as a territory that is reserved for a certain group of group certain a for reserved is that territory as a seen neighborhood, signify to here ―kraj‖ term Serbian use I further: See The Young Men Initiative was a project implemented in Serbia, Kosovo, Serbia, in implemented project a was Initiative Men Young The . Introduction Introduction .

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This famous formulation of the concept may be found in Van Gennep‘s Gennep‘s Van in mayfound be concept ofthe formulation famous This International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities: and Men of Encyclopedia International have them profound had violence of types violencecould emotional fact in that young assessed men consequences.Some three all men that physical, Young identified violence. readily of into themselves discussions subsequent to violence their referred throughout men of concepts young the types and resonated, categorized categories and different the groups, most For violence. sexual and (emotional) listed psychological men Young 19 - on

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by my interviews; sometimes it is a group fight while other times other while fight group a is it sometimes interviews; my by

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traditional gathering spots where young people from different parts of the the of parts different from people young where spots gathering traditional d to talk about these fights as if nothing is unusual about them, they didn't didn't they them, about unusual is nothing if as fights these about talk to d 23

t we gathered. It took us an hour to collect all this wood and wood this all collect to hour an us took It gathered. we t

eoit te atal sbosiu ie o their of idea subconscious partially the negotiate 24 -

constitution of manhood in football is football in manhood of constitution us and ten of them, they went after us after went they them, of ten and us

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this kind of response, not only it is denying their ability to negotiate and negotiate to ability their denying is it only not response, of kind this

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nce can lead to tragic consequences and with some of the boys I talked about talked I boys the of some with and consequences tragic to lead can nce builds ―of installing the avowed qualities of manliness in young men and of of and men young in manliness of qualities avowed the installing ―of — of the boy who died after falling into coma when my friends fought friends my when coma into falling after died who boy the of

upon successful performance. Violence and sport may be connected connected be may sport and Violence performance. successful upon

Then, a second guy hits him in the head and he fell down down fell he and head the in him hits guy second a Then, f pain which is respected by others, precisely that‘s why sport is sport why that‘s precisely others, by respected is which pain f

awareness

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Male family members frequently dictate and reproduce reproduce and dictate frequently members family Male

when I was six years six was I when - up and push and up 27 gendered pejoratives to put his internal worth worth internal his put to pejoratives gendered

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- control. Miloš also talked about rewarding effects of doing sports and why he why and sports doing of effects rewarding about talked also Miloš control.

to his first training and basically being pushed into taekwondo by his father his by taekwondo into pushed being basically and training first his to - day tice Real tice

test; there was this Korean master, Kang. Two Kang. master, Korean this was there test;

- He proudly speaks about his friendship with other athletes andathletes otherwith friendship his about speaks proudly He Aikido and Brazilian Jiu Brazilian and Aikido

hree years now, this summer it is my last my is it summer this now, years hree 28

that, but also techniques. I miss that a that miss I techniques. also but that, - jitsu for nine or ten years. I years. ten or nine for jitsu uffers the consequences. I consequences. the uffers uie otr rsle i his in resulted posture culine

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CEU eTD Collection game. 24 usually happen what and troublemakers certain about me told he it, is violent how him than rougher as seen being football American Rugby Serbia. in developing still is game the but play also females later me told he but sports male as football American and rugby characterized Goran their (players) friendshipand relationship asa f strong motivation described and 13 League Rugby of history short a me gave even Goran teammate younger His life. his of part big a constitutes rugby that realize him made activity healthy a as sport and happen may violence for uncalled all where streets the on out hanging Avoiding was sport doing that stated all Luka forimportant but rugby ismore thanpassion: They regulations. and rules certain under but allowed a space a as sport about talked he interview our throughoutand sport violent a as it characterize He football. American practice and enjoy him made adrenaline and moving through steam some of off blowing friendship, work, Team

But only because American football players use armors and different kinds of protections when playing the playing when protections of kinds different and armors use players football American because only But

to next stand We teammates. each inany we situation; other spend a lo my of because rugby other many to drawn and I‘m basketball but practice sports to used I things. other and armors have big a It‘s rougher. is rugby but sports male are Rugby) and football (American Both it… enjoy I because train I now and friend a through spontaneously started I now. years two for it practiced I Australia. from comes it 13, Rugby practice I it. without live not could I think I now and it liking started I Then streets. the on dad and mom started I When d now. years two than more rugby, practiced I Imoving that liked. adrenali this of because just fight, to how know to want I because Not me. to attractive alsowas that and kickboxing train to Iused know, Idon‘t off. steam some blow to space you gives it know, don‘t I because, sport that like idn‘t let me train it. Later they said its ok Later its it.theyme trainsaid let idn‘t

ifrne w ol hv muh urs n te [mrcn football] [American they and guards mouth have only we difference, .

therefore seen as more manly is prefe is manly more as seen therefore

nd practice where violence and aggression were aggression and violence where practice nd 29

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n wo is who one ubchapter. their sons their CEU eTD Collection in and experience Nemanja's with came comparison someother with labor of division the in binary male/female the of Challenging 114). (ibid.: others than masculine more tasks some and work‖, ―women‘s 112 2002: Lee & Connell (Carrigan, attachment emotional of patterns with and labor of division (gendered) with interplaying relations power upon constructed often are Masculinities labor. a genderequitable certain adevelop grewto Nemanja a and familybig a Having co masculinity their relationsNemanjagrowing family: understanding complex inhis and explains talksabout his up for way fruitful a be to shows that roles gender of perception their to reaction in families their of complexities analyze here will I informants my damage may that claims and generalizations any avoiding of idea the With are they and members family their to inevitably ofthe by dynamics shaped household. tied is identity their of Production men. young these by provided narratives the on reflects one when visible become may that masculinity heteros normative roles, gender family, between connection important an is There responses. their from than activities and profiles media social their - 1) Hgmn coey invo closely Hegemony 114). ahn mcie o ah y lte, h de ta, u I la, ah the wash clean, I but that, the on does turn she to clothes, how my know wash don‘t to I machine mean washing I house. the around can I work the w It‘sI ofwork? male me… orfemalefrom division okay totally make this don‘t ―female‖ called so do he wouldn‘t why also but work, heavy the all house, the around working be should he course of everything, doing be should man The Iwith thembrothers. because don‘tare bitdifferent. But talka they little two him, had father visit my and Also, come got along. never always us of two could the but I cool was relationship place. Our to. our wanted I whenever to close very lived he but my from met never sister I a connection, any and have didn‘t I brothers husband first two that With marriage. have first mom‘s I so husbands, two had mom My ork. Because, I live only with my mother, she is old and a bit sick so I do all do I so sick bit a and old is she mother, my with only live I Because, ork. him. Her second husband is my father. They never lived together, lived never They father. my is husband second Her him. cool

members of hisfamily.members of

relationship with his father while growing up with his mother,his with growingup father while his with relationship vs h sca dfntos f ak a ―e‘ wr‖ and work‖ ―men‘s as tasks of definitions social the lves wives; 31

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i frt arae hv two have I marriage first his exuality and different forms of of forms different and exuality nceptualizations.

CEU eTD Collection manyis in where byIvan‘s is casescomes followed inhand: story domestic violence,this provider of role The conceptualization. masculinity certain a of inception fatherly of example himself it said Sava place. first the in situation current the to led which pattern role gender same the reproduce to plans he that acknowledge not does but changed, has she how and mother his about emotionally very talks Sava wife. fu his for provider a become to is man a as do to thing right only the experience his From This died. father his emotional period of hislife resultedfuture become wishto inhis family. a inhis provider when had he time hard the and family his about talks openly Sava differentattitude developed and and situation experience. designed by his a reveals story Sava‘s do. to thing right a is it because but workload the with deal can‘t she l of division gendered questions Nemanja suburbs. Belgrade‘s of one in life everyday in figure father a of absence the underline to developed idea the Clearly counterpart. female his help should he house, Nemanja‘s from read may one as But provide money and for a wife… future house my works toI have man amyself, as to Isaidwhy that‘s and cheerful andhappy morebe She working. start to twenty had the of mom out twenty my and anymore work couldn‘t he ocean that After attack. heart a had huge he and days three for a sleep didn‘t he days, three on working was He home that. me at housewife a was taught mother my ships, on working was he while and transporter he father, my from that learned I but housewife, a be and home at sit should she work, not should u grow I when family, my in as that at look I a in like soon, child a expecting is In month. general,I‘m happy life withmy a she and married got sister My brother. her and mother my with live I me. for period hard really a was this and 2011 family, big a have I never he and old years eighteen is he prepared a for meal himself. complaining, always is He eat‖. to something me give ―Mom, says, just he and home back comes he nephew my special, nothing cook, dishes, . My dad had a problem this one time and they were in some storm for storm some in were they and time one this problem a had dad My . abor but sees man as a person who should help a woman not because not woman a help should who person a as man sees but abor

four brothers and a sister. My father died in September of September in died father My sister. a and brothers four - four hours of hours four

but I can prepare a decent meal… For instance, instance, For meal… decent a prepare can I but story the story 32

the day, she has changed, she used to used she changed, has she day, the

I learned this fro this learned I man should be doing heavy work heavy doing be should man nd what I‘mgetting nd what from it. p, when I get married, my wife my married, get I when p,

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ture ture CEU eTD Collection ofemphasislot onthe learned behavior at home by p blaming a puts he interview, his in this about talks Bojan behavior. and may choices life further family influence that realize they father missing a by magnified problem this of aware Being tha recognize boys and society Serbian in problem big a is violence Domestic His storya rolea provider combines and missingyoung father trope, as similarly men. other violenceissue. domestic same the recognizes he that I noticed Marko with myinterview from reprod Ivan is ask, may one However, order social patriarchal the of techniques political contested and constructed is hegemony which through practices and formation an won is power which in circumstances of of set a situation, type hegemonic a to opposition up. growing while experienced has Ivan masculinity in developed is statement heteronormative This like, what he shoulddo,heresponded shortly: IIvanasked aman When what sh tolive a life. childhood different in earlyhe decided example an as him having man, violent obviously an and alcoholic an was grandfather Ivan‘s should not behave like they are being raised on the streets. I think the way you waythe I think streets. the on raised being theyare like behave not should they hooliganism; and football in is everything that thinks generation Today‘s as for possible hisfamily,never tosteal politicians dofor like example. much as earn to educated, be I think should man So, best. her did mymom but fathe my say must I fuck Like, situations. possible his neglect never should He know. I as far as Serbia in homes of 90% in like home at violence man think I Well, way. not h or person should female partner, a hit his never he personally hit would I never kids… because should and He day… wife every drunk a get or have drugs to do gamble, life, normal a have should Man theworld.and elseeveryone mehe Forhe thebestdangerous. was in sist my with was he when But do. to used grandpa my what is That well. as up them beat‘s he noise certain make also kids if example For ok. not is That up. her beats he and something says she happens it as and nervous and drunk alcohol an has women a when usually That‘s

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common practice among his peers. Young men are at their age talking about about talking age their at are men Young peers. his among practice common

sd i ex his used ― n of One

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34 that belongs to ―uncivilized‖ discourse and and discourse ―uncivilized‖ to belongs that

(Carrigan, Connell & Lee 2002: 113). Milan 113). 2002: Lee & Connell (Carrigan,

and their families functioned (or (or functioned families their and irl". He is a bit jealous that his his that jealous bit a is He irl". fortunate;

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y among young men, if a girl has multiple partners she would be be would she partners multiple has girl a if men, young among y great relationship. relationship. great 35

ne asks questions about their emotions andemotions their about questions asks ne revealing

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state part of part state myself Iand then sai of out fool a made I that later realized I bottle. whole the drank I and a around me not was buy security school, him; the of told front in I down set ID.I So Rakia. an of bottle has who friend a with school the behind store wen I and angry, got I phone. the over up breaking are we me told She I anymorethings. it andeventually couldn‘t we with deal broke up. certain up about truth the say didn‘t broke also she but lies tell we didn‘t she basically me, and other each understood lite was she because fighting wewere We nonsense. of because relationship, good a had We her about mostly do, we sometimes but rarely grades,to learn. want shedoesn‘t argue We two… me likes Aft started. it then and her like I that her told I Eventually months. two for chatting and walls other each on things posting were we and friends mutual our of some over me added She Facebook? over ei be will it Well

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culture. Even though prohibited for minors it is eas is it minors for prohibited though Even culture. uation. It still remains to be examined how masculine masculine how examined be to remains still It uation.

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CEU eTD Collection /9/2014 26 25 with anyformOne ofwork. clearly. could this Bojan see first said: engaged become to decisions their influenced have may mobility moment. class the their at Nevertheless goal primary the not is them for work year, this finishing or school high in still are interviewees my of all that fact the also Considering future. in work to planning the that assume very is situation may but interviews my of experiences individual about much say can‘t 58.6% of average national Serbia‘s than better to up numbers with unemployment youth 202.000 of category the in found is situation worst The persons. unemployed 770.000 around moment the at is there employment, for service pretty has Serbia in market labor The futureas roleproviders. their pursue on later and parents their help to wish they men young as and situations family construc the specific have and interviewees my of most chapters factors previous in read could one economic As masculinity. between interconnectedness of sense the I storiesthey veryInandfuture. forand the found their revealing life hopes theme, told plans s This 3 because the pres peer of als Ivan situations. risk high c the in store small any .3 Work, future and hope and .3 Work, future http://www.vesti http://www.nsz.gov.rs/live/dokumenti/statisti_ki_bilteni_nsz_ ubchapter will serve for the analysis of my interviewees‘ previous work experiences work previous interviewees‘ my of analysis the for serve will ubchapter

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n CEU eTD Collection youngestand my was informant, it a not secret that heworked. work his about story Milan‘s in present were values masculine ―true‖ colleague, his about spoke he as noticed be may dignity and honor of sense The Belgrade. in Psychology of Department Philosophy‘s of Faculty the with he spoke further we as future, his what for planned has not Milan is parents his for burden a Being it. for them ask to have not does he so money pocket some have to out, parents his help to wishes only he that added he this, said Having heon thephysical puts the body able performance of male emphasis the could recognize experience.hisstoryagain one From work who spokehis about intervie other my of that to similar is experience Bojan‘s future. better a for hopes he but student school high a still is He accomplishment. of sense the with him provides and experience important an Bojan for is father his helping and work manual Doing find a better pai to tries and family his help to wishes He masculinity. of idea his reaffirm and work to father, his as act to opportunity the him gives father his Helping offer. the accepts gladly Bojan and previousl mentioned active as father, his of the support and sport doing by this in interested got he and referee Taekwondo a is Bojan ue eas h ue t cry he o tee ote ad n btl hs 16 has bottle one and bottles these I ofliters. When I homeafter this wouldcome couldn‘t three carry to used he because huge was forearm his but anything or muscular very not was he with, worked I that sum the during money some get to just Iworked day. every 6pm to 6am from Serbia across water of bottles Idelivery.was you water delivering thatSo with thing Lafantana,was know at was job called First so job, far. so jobs IhadIworking, two I was Well don't know, Now him. from youthforI'mto findsome seasonal summerthrough work planning office. the side the on money this get I 1000/1500 so getjob, Ithe on help. depending needs dinars he when dad my with work I that besides Well I‘llthen aftergetting start that some money, hopefully. anytget don‘t still I volunteer a I‘m because but money, some get should I Well work. do of kind I being an extra for Big Brother, in the semifinals and finale. Second job Second finale. and semifinals the in Brother, Big for extra an being d seasonal job ford seasonal job the summer. hing. I need to be a referee for one year totally for free and free for yeartotally one for referee a be to I need hing. mer. This job was not easy at all. I mean this guy this mean I all. at easy not was job This mer.

experience. For Goran who is a rugby league player player league rugby a is who Goran For experience. y. His father sometimes also needs help at work work at help needs also sometimes father His y. 38

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ofwork.two months 150 to 50 from make and work seasonal this work and go I summer Pickingand cherry‘s plums work. seasonal this worked I then Back years. four for father my with live to Belgrade of out moved I point one at well E8, Center in volunteering Besides were I and our hands. through went bricks mom 2000 over so him, for building, bricks adding by auxiliary mason this an helping building were we 40.000 summer is salarylast His us. for harder bit a a have doesn‘t he it‘s and dinars mean I dad, my know don‘t I I otherwasand stuff like that. chopping wood digging was I Yes, ents seems to be a recognizable trope of these stories. It highlyrecognizable bethese seems linked to a stories. of trope ents seems rking class setting the father figure is somehow important for the first work work first the for important somehow is figure father the setting class rking

- perception as a young man, at the verge of becoming adult, they wish to wish they adult, becoming of verge the at youngman, a as perception foundations am. Like the others, Sava talks about his work experience and his and experience work his about talks Sava others, the Like am.

and salary inmygood. very the was opinion Every free day, his boss takes 2000 out of his salaryand his of out 2000 takes boss his day,free

to earn some money to help my parents… also parents… my help to money some earn to 39 ary is simply not enough, Goran started helping started Goran enough, not simply is ary

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Learning to Labor: How Working Class Kids Get Working Class Class Working Get Kids Class Working How Labor: to Learning frt e hwd e that me showed he first , an opportunity to one day inherits day one to opportunity an lues to one group of belonging. Willis further argues further Willis belonging. of group one to lues he knows how to earn some money by ripping off ripping by money some earn to how knows he 40

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oe rm ifrn sca bcgons n I o‘ g a fr s ils and Willis as far as go won‘t I and backgrounds social different from come

d s acln. okn pyial hr i tu prevd s an as perceived thus is hard physically Working masculine. as ed 41

ed in multiple ways. These young men both men young These ways. multiple in ed ing ing in terms of masculinity, individually or or individually masculinity, of terms in real men

I am unsure am I .

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itself e te promd T performed. they les .

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parts of interviews may have resulted in greater comprehensions of how these young these how of comprehensions greater in resulted have may interviews of parts es together in a very particular way. And this is why is this And way. particular very a in together es ing and follow up on the YMI it may have been possible to possible been have may it YMI the on up follow and ing also

means to be a young man in Serbia. However, my work my However, Serbia. in man young a be to means Lastly, all that may have been lost in translations only only translations in lost been have may that all Lastly, In the context of the of context the In trzd discourses. itarized o not to rbia to join the European Union. European the join to rbia 43 e what followed these conflicts. There were were There conflicts. these followed what e

erbia was under continuous conflict, continuous under was erbia lnsd te ie f hs new these of rise the Alongside violent division of ex of division violent oe n et analysis depth in more es.

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today‘s Serbia. 44

intend to do so. do to intend

a man Their narratives provided a a provided narratives Their . My interviewees already interviewees My . CEU eTD Collection "‗Goo (2006). J. Greenberg, Gennep, A Men andMasculinities. Flood, GarinerPease, M., K.G.,& B.Eds.(2007). K., Pringle, Historiography". Balkan and ReviewHistorical Balkans, the "Orientalism, (2000). E. K. Fleming, Esterberg, (2002). K.G. Edward 127 trans.]. my maping", mental of lense the through space and time of ["Categories mapiranja" „metalnog optici u prostora i vremena "Kategorije (2004). G. Đerić, traditions. (1998). J.W. Creswell, Ethnographies. Cornwall, A.&Lindisfarne, N.,Eds. (1994). J. Messerschmidt, concept.‖ & R.W. Connell, Sydney, Berkeley,& Allen Unwin; California University Press of (2005). R.W. Connell, Berkeley,Califo University of Connell, Adams, &Eds. R. D., Savran, Co T., Carrigan, Bourdieu, (1980). P. Bourdieu, (1979). P. Barthes, (1994). Challenge.Semiotic R. The Basil Blackwell. Oxford: SymbolicGeography inRecent Polit Yugoslav Cultural Bakić Slavic Review Bakić Bibliography - 147. - - Hayden, M. & Hayden, M. R. (1992). "Orientailst Variations on the Theme 'Balkans': Theme the on Variations "Orientailst (1992). R. M. Hayden, & M. Hayden, Yugoslavia". Former the of Case The Orientalisms: "Nesting (1995). M. Hayden, s, T. (2006). s, T.(2006).

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51, 1:1 ehnig the Rethinking

oiy Press; Polity - Hill. Hill. - 15

American American

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24: CEU eTD Collection olgns ad ainls. Hnr Thesis. Honor Nationalism." and Football https://digital.library.txstate.edu/handle/10877/4918 Between Link the Understanding Country: Hooliganism and Honor "For (2014). A. Warner, Todorova, M.(1997). Methodology." andSprague, Zimmerman, J M.(1989). Langua to Language. Approaches at presented (2011). A. Pavlovic, andUniversity Philadelphia: Open Press. M., Ed. Parker,"Sporting(2000). A. gender masculinities: relations and thebody" in Z. Eds. & Volčič Philpot, C.R. Miloje thepedagogicalfutures: Liberating intellect. Inayatullah,response" I. M.Bussey,& inS. Eds. Milojević, Milo men‘sBudapest:against University. violenceCentral Thesis. women." Master European of prevention the in men engaging of politics the sides: two with coin "A (2013). D. Labiris, Sage Publications. (1996). S. Kvale, Sociology "TheKing, Hooliganism". PostmodernityFootball of Anthony. (1997). Yugoslav self urban (2005). S Jansen, my trans.]. Zagrebu" theexperienceof 'Balkan'/'Europe'Belgrade ["Everyday Zagreb, orientalism: in and (2002 S. Jansen, Muslim in Balkanism and Orientalism, Gender, MajorityBosnia Kiss: West and "East (2008). E. Helms, Hearn, (2006 J. Thousandagainst Women. Oaks: S (2000). E. Suzanne Hatty, Masculinity inSerbia". jević, I.jević, "Collective (2006). violence neohumanist pedagogy peaceand the vić, I. inSerbiavić, and inO.Simić,"Transforming Beyond‖ (2012). ViolentMasculinities Understanding Masculinities: Social Relations and Cultural ArenasUnderstanding Masculinities: Social RelationsCultural and

48(4): 576 Filozofija i društvo i Filozofija ). inEurope masculinities and Men The American SociologistThe American - Herzegovina". . Saonvi rjtaia: oila Blaa/Erp' Bord i Beogradu u Balkana'/'Evrope' doživljaj orijetnalizam: "Svakodnevni ).

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. London:. Birch. & Whiting ‐ oad a rtcl nesadn o post of understanding critical a Towards 86. .

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- - CEU eTD Collection the symbolicgeographyof Serbia", my trans.]. S geografija simbolička između: "Nešto (2002). M. Živković, House.Farnborough: Saxon (1977 P. Willis, ). Learning to Labour: How Working). How toLabour: Learning

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