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In collaboration with the Europe-India Space Cooperation: Policy, Legal and Business Perspectives from India Report 69 April 2019 Marco Aliberti Narayan Prasad (Eds.) Europe-India Space Cooperation: Policy, Legal and Business Perspectives From India Short title: ESPI Report 69 ISSN: 2218-0931 (print), 2076-6688 (online) Published in April 2019 Editor and publisher: European Space Policy Institute, ESPI Schwarzenbergplatz 6 • 1030 Vienna • Austria http://www.espi.or.at Tel. +43 1 7181118-0; Fax -99 Rights reserved – No part of this report may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or for any purpose without permission from ESPI. Citations and extracts to be published by other means are subject to mentioning “Source: ESPI Report 69; April 2019. All rights reserved” and sample transmission to ESPI before publishing. ESPI is not responsible for any losses, injury or damage caused to any person or property (including under contract, by negligence, product liability or otherwise) whether they may be direct or indirect, special, incidental or consequential, resulting from the information contained in this publication. Design: Panthera.cc ESPI Report 69 2 April 2019 Europe-India Space Cooperation: Policy, Legal and Business Perspectives From India Foreword As one of the first nations to foray into outer space, India’s choice of tailoring the exploration of space to benefit its society led to several inventive solutions relying on space-based infrastructure to address socio-economic problems. The utility of satellites and rockets for social good is increasingly generating interest around the world. India stands as a role model for the international community to look up to for its ability to leverage space technology as a modern tool enhancing the welfare of citizens, the protection of nature and the quality of governance, as well as expanding the scientific horizon. India is a prime example of how developing countries’ sustained investments in space tech- nology can create a multidimensional scientific institution which can catalyse the local economy and pay long-term dividends. The diversification of the Indian space programme into the exploration of the solar system and be- yond, and the development of technologies for human exploration of the universe provide new pivots to enhance cooperation and share common objectives, particularly in complex high-technology space science and human spaceflight missions. We in France have had a longstanding relationship with India in space activities over the last 50 years. The sheer number of agreements and activities over the past five decades is unparalleled and has made France one of India’s most reliable and dependable partners in space. And our most recent agreements bode well for the future. The India-France Joint Vision for Space Cooperation has iden- tified new avenues of cooperation in different areas including Earth observation satellites, space science missions, space situational awareness, human exploration, satellite navigation and space transportation systems. Our cooperation with India has evolved into one of the most mature inter- national partnerships that France has with any spacefaring nation in the world. I believe there is an increasing need for the space community to work together to provide tools to tackle global challenges such as climate change, which stand to disrupt the functioning of societies across the world as an impending threat to human survival itself. India’s frugal innovation in space can provide inspiration and increased impetus to working together in tackling sustainable develop- ment problems in all societies around the world. India is also an important partner in addressing international issues of common importance including space security, safety and sustainability. The European Space Policy Institute (ESPI) and Observer Research Foundation’s (ORF) initiative to create a platform to take stock of developments in the Indian space programme and provide insights for policymakers in Europe to expand the scope of cooperation between the two sides is commend- able. I believe that such discourse will provide national and international experts with highly relevant analyses in the context of future developments of space activities. This report gives insights by providing a glimpse into the most recent developments in India’s space programme. The chapters cover a broad range of topics including the roadmap of India’s space missions, the emergence of local industry and NewSpace, space policy, space security, the status of cooperation with Europe, and cyber security applied to space. Each chapter delivers educated sug- gestions and opinions to policymakers, which can help them to review their approach and strategies on these issues in light of cooperation with India. Understanding expert opinions in these areas also provides holistic insights to emerging managers of space programmes and industry on the trends within India’s space activities, and therefore highlights potential opportunities for collaboration. This report will allow policymakers in Europe to reflect on important opinions from within India and help them review their position on the continuing discourse on varied subjects of cooperation with India. As always, there can be differences of opinion between the positions taken by the contributors to the report as well as the stakeholders in policymaking. However, the report as non-formal aca- demic literature will hopefully drive the momentum towards a more cohesive and harmonious frame- work for cooperation in space activities between India and Europe. Jean-Yves Le Gall President of CNES 01 April 2019. ESPI Report 69 3 April 2019 Europe-India Space Cooperation: Policy, Legal and Business Perspectives From India Table of Contents Foreword ......................................................................................................................3 Introduction by Marco Aliberti and Narayan Prasad ..............................................................6 India in Space: An Evolving Endeavour 6 ESPI Activities on Europe-India Space Cooperation 7 Objectives and Structure of the Report 8 1. Recent Developments and Trends in India’s Space Missions and Industry by Narayan Prasad ......................................................................................................................... 11 1.1 Space Transportation 12 1.2 Satellite Programme 13 1.3 Space Applications 16 1.4 Human Spaceflight 17 1.5 Conclusion 18 2. G2G Space Cooperation between India and Europe: Assessing the Opportunities by Vidya Sagar Reddy ................................................................................................................. 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Assessing Cooperation with Individual European Countries 19 2.3 Assessing Cooperation with European Institutions 33 2.4 Conclusion 35 3. Maximizing the Benefits of India-Europe Space Cooperation: Potentially Valuable Takeaways for India by Ranjana Kaul ............................................................................. 37 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 Private Industry Participation in India: Recent Developments 38 3.3 NITI Aayog: National Space Policy & Strategy for Implementation 42 3.4 Some Suggestions 43 4. Regulatory Framework: Upstream Sector in the Space Industry by Pushan Dwivedi ..... 45 4.1 International Framework 45 4.2 Domestic Framework 47 5. Satcom and Access: The Final Frontier by Kriti Trehan ................................................ 49 5.1 Introduction 49 5.2 Satellite Broadband – The Opportunity 49 5.3 Applicable Legal Framework 52 5.4 Conclusion – Satellite Broadband: Going Where India has Barely Gone Before 57 6. The Remote Sensing Context in India: Policy Perspectives by Ashok G.V. .................... 59 6.1 Introduction 59 6.2 Basis for Space Law in India 60 6.3 Regulations on Remote Sensing 61 6.4 The Policy Guidelines in Practice 61 6.5 The Impact of Policy on Investment 62 6.6 The Way Forward 63 6.7 Conclusions 64 7. A Review of India’s Navigation Programme and its Future Potential by Narayan Prasad .................................................................................................................................. 65 7.1 The Development of IRNSS between Autonomy and Cooperation 66 7.2 Utilization of IRNSS in India 67 7.3 Common Bottlenecks in EU and India 68 8.4 Opportunities for Cooperation 68 ESPI Report 69 4 April 2019 Europe-India Space Cooperation: Policy, Legal and Business Perspectives From India 8.5 Conclusion 70 8. India-Europe Space Security Cooperation by Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan ...................... 71 8.1 Space in the India-Europe Context 72 8.2 Key Drivers for India and Europe Space Security Cooperation 72 8.3 Way Forward 76 9. Cyber Security and Space Cooperation by Rajaram Nagappa, PM Soundar Rajam & Mrunalini Deshpande ................................................................................................................... 78 9.1 Introduction 78 9.2 Cyber Threats and Vulnerabilities 79 9.3 Cyber Security Approaches 81 9.4 Cybersecurity Approach for Space Systems 83 9.5 India-Europe Cooperation 84 9.6 Conclusion 85 10. NewSpace in India: Assessing its Potential and Engagement Opportunities with Europe by Narayan Prasad ......................................................................................................... 85 10.1 Introduction 86 10.2 Understanding the Difference between Traditional Space and NewSpace 86 10.3 New Space in India: a Still Challenging Dynamic 89 10.4 Appreciating the Inherent
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