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Coastal Lagoons in the Republic of Ireland. Volume I: Background

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Coastal Lagoons in the Republic of Ireland. Volume I: Background 11 n COASTAL LAGOONS IN THE REPUBLIC OF IRELAND U n u n VOLUME I J n u r-1 BACKGROUND, OUTLINE AND SUMMARY OF THE SURVEY BRENDA HEALY GEOFF OLIVER PAT HATCH JERVIS GOOD February 1997 rT u rl u Prepared for the National Parks and Wildlife Service This volume contributes to BioMar, a project part-funded by the European Commission under the LIFEprogramme 7 11 J M COASTAL LAGOONS IN THE REPUBLIC OF IRELAND u CONTENTS VOLUME IBackground, outline and summary of the survey J 1. Introduction, background and objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1. Purpose of the survey 1. 1.2Definition of lagoons 1.2. Coastal lagoons 1.2.1Classification of lagoons 1.2.2Characteristics of coastal lagoons and saline lakes 1.2.2.1Water levels 1.2.2.2Salinity 1,2.2.3Littoral zone 1.2.2.4Submerged macrophytes 1.2.2.5Characteristic species 1.2.2.6Species occurrence 1.2.2.7Species richness and colonisation 1.2.2.8Birds 1.2.2.9Productivity.. 1.3. Environmental factors 1.3.1 The Irish coastline 1.3.2Oceanographic influences 1.3.3 Climate 1 3.4 Sea-level changes 13.5Coastal erosion 1.3.6 Threats to lagoons 1.4References J 2. Outline and limitations of the survey 2.1Objectives 2.2Programme 2.3Deployment of the survey team 2.4Scientific evaluation 2.5Limitations of sampling methods 2.6General constraints D 0 3. Inventory of lagoons and saline lakes n 3.1 Identification of potential sites U n 3.2 Field methods 3 2.1Identification of lagoons and saline lakes 3.2.1Site descriptions r1 3.2.3 Hydrology and salinity 3.2.4 Vegetation u 3.2.5 Aquatic fauna r1 3.2.6 Ecotonal Coleoptera u 3.3Inventory results (See Vol II) tJ 3.4 Selection of 20 sites for intensive site surveys n 4. Summary of the survey 4.1Summary of the inventory 4. L .1Identification of lagoons and saline lakes G 4.1.2 Regional distribution of lagoon types 4.1.3 Vegetation n 4.1.4 Aquatic fauna u 4.1.5 Ecotonal Coleoptera r% 4.2 Summary of intensive site surveys 4,21 Geomorphology and environment 4.2.2 Species records and lagoonal specialists ri 4.2.3 Aquatic flora U 4.2.4 Aquatic fauna n 4 .2.5 Ecotonal Coleoptera U VOLUME It n 3.3 Inventory of lagoons and saline lakes 3.3.1Introduction 0 3.3.2Methods 3.3.3Site descriptions 0 VOLUME [11Site surveys (Parts 1-20) I Lady's Island Lake 0 2Tacumshin Lake 3 Kilkeran Lake 4 Lissagriffin Lake 0 3 Farranamanagh Lake 6 Drongawn Lough 7 Lough Gill 0 n u 1. INTRODUCTION, BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.1.1Purpose of the Survey The Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC) identifies coastal lagoonsas a high priority for conservation. All member states are therefore obliged by European lawto evaluate the lagoons withintheirnationalterritories and protect those deemed worthy of conservation. At present, there is no existing comprehensive account of coastallagoons in Ireland J and they are not included in ongoing coastalsurveys. Only a small proportion of those known has been described althoughsome information is available for those important for their ornithological value. The geomorphology of barriersystems has been studied on a few limited sections of the coastline especially inWexford. The objectives of this survey, therefore,are: to identify all coastal lagoons and briefly describe them; to classify those identified according to geomorphological type, hydrological regime and biotic communities; to evaluate the sites identified and select 20 representativeones for further study. to provide descriptions of the selected sites andassess their conservation value. 1.1.2 Definition of Lagoons The classification of biotopes in the revised InterpretationManual of European Union Habitats (Version EUR 15, April 1996) defines lagoonsas: "Expanses of shallow coastal salt water, of varying salinityor water volume, wholly or partially separated from the sea by sand banksor shingle, or, less frequently, by rocks. Salinity may vary from brackish waterto hypersalinity depending on rainfall, evaporation and through the addition of freshsea water from storms, temporary flooding by the sea in winteror tidal exchange. With or without vegetation from Ruppietea maritimae, Potametea, Zostereteaor Charetea" (CORINE 91: 23.21 or 23.22). The Manual allows that "salt basins and salt pondsmay also be considered as lagoons, providing that they had their originon a transformed old natural lagoon or on a salt marsh, and are characterised by a minor impactfrom exploitation". The CORINE classification of biotopeson which the above definition is based was developed chiefly for terrestrial habitats, however,and that used for marine habitats is provisional and has provedto be unsatisfactory. A classification of benthic marine biotopes of the north-east Atlanticto replace the existing one is being developed by the Marine Nature Conservation Review (MNCR)in Britain in association with BioMar The lagoon sub-group whichmet in November 1994 agreed on a definition of lagoons as "marine saline systems where the normal tidalrange and exchange of water are reduced by physical features, but water is continually present".This broad definition includes silted sea inlets, sluiced poolsand bayheads as well as lagoons in the strict sense i.e. with sedimentary barriers. 1 u 0 The European Union for Coastal Conservation ECOCOAST projectproposes a much narrower definition: "Shallow, virtually tideless, pond- or lake-like bodies of 0 coastal salt or brackish water that are isolated from thesea by sedimentary barriers, but which nevertheless receivean influx of water from the sea." These are considered to be "true lagoons" or "sedimentary lagoons" inthis report. 0 The Habitats Directive definition refers to geomorphological formationswhich owe 0 their existence to sedimentary processesor sea-level changes. Although artificially created systems are not specifically excluded, natural originsare implied. However, as almost all lagoons in Europe have been modified insome way by human interference, it 0 also seems reasonable to allow inclusion of naturalsystems which owe their brackish nature to artificial constructions. There are,infact, no differences between the communities of natural lagoons and those of artificial brackishwaters. In designating 0 coastal lagoons as a high priority for conservation, the chiefintent is to conserve natural systems with their characteristic physiography andecology, but artificial ones with good fauna may well be worth consideration. 0 Some difficulty was experienced in deciding what actuallyconstitutes a lagoon as defined by the Habitats Directive. Accordingto our interpretation of the definition, a E coastal lake is a lagoon if it is shallow, hasa measurable salinity (i.e.I %o or more), and is separated from the sea by a barrier of sand,shingle or rock. Neither depth of water nor barrier width are defined. In the literature, the barrieris usually described as being n narrow, allowing percolation or overwash of seawater,or having a short inlet. Where a broad barrier has evolved by accretione.g. as a series of dune ridges which preclude percolation or overwash, and connection with thesea is by a channel only, the lake 0 may be viewed as an old lagoon. The definition wouldappear to exclude deep lakes e.g. brackish sea loughs with tidal rapids, and those wherethe barrier is broad and the only connection with the sea is byway of a long channel through bog, heath or 0 farmland. An intent to exclude these types is uncertain,however. Part of the difficulty involved in deciding what is andwhat is not a lagoon derives from 0 the traditional view of lagoonsas marine habitats which are therefore studied by marine biologists whose interest is inversely related to salinity. On the other hand U freshwater biologists show little interest in lakes withany marine influence. Insects, for example, are frequently not identified (no beetles, dragonflylarvae, or caddis larvae, and only three corixids, were identified to species during a five year survey of English E lagoons (Smith and Laffoley 1992) and their salinitytolerances are largely unknown. In practice, many coastal lakesare only slightly saline and it would be more appropriate to consider them as freshwater systems receiving small influxes ofwater from the sea. 0 The literature on low salinity systems ispoor, however, and it is not clear whether their biota should be treated as communities distinct fromthose of true freshwaters. 0 In view of the uncertainties surrounding thepresent and future definitions of lagoons, and the possible value of artificialsystems as reservoirs of threatened lagoonal species, this inventory includes all lagoons in thestrict sense, including those. which become hypersaline, and all isolatedor semi-enclosed waters which are measurably brackish or where some seawater influencecan be detected, regardless of origin. In this way, a wide range of geomorphological formationsand species assemblages could be 0 identified. D 2 0 J 1.2 COASTAL LAGOONS 1.2.1 Classification Of Lagoons Lagoons are defined and classified differently by different authors. Ina survey of British lagoons (Barnes 1989, Sheader 1989, Davidson et al. 1991),two main types were recognised: natural saline lagoons formed behind shingle or sandbarriers, and natural or artificial saline ponds. Barnes (1989) defined eight typesof natural lagoon on the basis of location and physiomorphological characteristics, the maintypes being isolated lagoons, percolation pools and sea inlets. Sheader (1989), dividedsaline ponds into five categories, a large proportion of which were artificialor of mixed origin. In this report, lakes which have natural sedimentary or rockbarriers
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