DOCSLIB.ORG

Shoreline Erosion on Mulinu'u Point and Related Considerations in Western Samoa

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Shoreline Erosion on Mulinu'u Point and Related Considerations in Western Samoa SHORELINE EROSION ON MULINU'U POINT AND RELATED CONSIDERATIONS IN WESTERN SAMOA Ralf Carter SOPAC Technical Secretariat April 1991 SOPAC Technical Report 118 Prepared for: South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission(SOPAC) Coastal and Nearshore Programme, Western Samoa Project: WS.5 Contributed by: ESCAP/UNDP ProjectRAS/86/125, Development of South Pacific Institutional Capability in Marine Minerals &Technology (CCOP/SOPAC) [3] TABLE OF CONTENTS Page SUMMARY .............................................................................................................. 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................... 6 OBJECTIVES .......................................................................................................... 7 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 7 STUDYMETHODS ................................................................................................... 7 EROSION ON MULINU'U POINT Dredging impacts ................................................................................... 9 Wave refraction ....................................................................................... 10 Shoreline regression ................................................................................. 11 TRIAL REVETMENT ........................................................................................ 12 OTHER EROSION AREAS Mulinu'u Penisula ........................................................................... 15 West of Apia Market .................................................................................. 16 East of Apia ........................................................................................... 17 DISCUSSION .................................................................................................... 19 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................ 20 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................... 22 [TR118 - Carter] [4] LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Study site location at the Apia Observatory on Mulinu'u Point .... 8 2 Mulinu'u shoreline during 1970, 1980, and 1990 showing 12.1 metres of erosion from west of the Observatory ..................... 10 3 Recurrence of cyclone waves .................................................... 11 4 Trial revetment damaged during Ofa ......................................... 13 5 Revetment at Malua ................................................................. 15 6 Failed Seawall on Mulinu'u Pennisula................................................... 16 7 Sand on Laulii Beach ................................................................ 17 8 Rocks mark former shoreline at Leusoalii ................................. 18 9 Loss of shoreline at Lautuanu'u ................................................. 19 [TR118 - Carter] [5] SUMMARY This report presents a detailed review of shoreline erosion along the west end of Mulinu'u Point, and gives recommendations regarding seawall design at that location. The remaining shoreline exposed along Mulinu'u Peninsula is discussed and recommendations are made regarding maintenance of shore protection works. Particular attention is given to the vertical seawall just seaward of the Tusitala Hotel. The trial revetment constructed at Faleasiu in 1987 is reviewed with respect to its failure during Cyclone Ofa in 1990. Recommendations are made regarding foreshore protection for locations behind a lagoon, reef Rat and fringing reef. The need for wave setup, storm surge, and wave refraction analyses is indicated, in addition to the usual selection of the design wave for all significant protection works. The need to consider possible focusing of waves onto structures and the effect of overtopping and splash erosion from behind low profile coastal protection works is emphasised. The need is discussed for a master plan for Apia for the design of long term coastal development that results in changes to the shoreline. [TR118 - Carter] [6] ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The major contributor to this study was ESCAP/UNDP Project RAS/86/125, Development of South Pacific Institutional Capability in Marine Minerals & Technology (CCOP/SOPAC). The study was supported and assisted by the Government of Western Samoa through the Department of Agriculture, Forests and Fisheries. The study was directed by the Marine Scientist, Ralf Carter with the assistance of Brendan Holden from the SOPAC staff. Others participating or contributing to the study included the following: Dr Kilifoti Eteuati, Secretary to Government Mr Faatoia Malele, Apia Observatory Mr Maselino Mataafa, Apia Observatory Mr Iosefa Siny, Apia Observatory Mr Tanu Tuia, Apia Observatory Mr R.A. Peacocke, Central Bank Project Mr R. Gordon, Engineer Mr M. Tuimaleali'ifano, Citizen Apia Mr Seumanutafa A. Tiavolo, Acting Director, Lands & Surveys Mr Petelo Ioane, Chief Photogrammetrist Mr Guy Ewards, Project Cartographer, Lands & Environment Mr N.V. Hawkins, Chief Civil Engineer, Public Works Mr W. Patterson, Public Works Department [TR118 - Carter] [7] OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to document the erosion rate along the western end of Mulinu'u Point, define coastal protection required for this site, and recommend further work for the exposed seaward side of Mulinu'u Peninsula, and shoreline near Luatuanuu east of Apia. This study was undertaken as part of the SOPAC Coastal and Nearshore Programme and contributes to Western Samoa country project WS.5 (Baseline Studies of Inshore Areas to assist with Coastal Zone Management). The study fulfills the requirements of Task 90.WS.05 - Coastal erosion on the seaward side of Mulinu'u Peninsula, requested by the Government of Western Samoa. INTRODUCTION The Government of Western Samoa requested an assessment of shoreline erosion about Mulinu'u Peninsula. Several studies have been made (Carter, 1987; Carter, 1989; and Carter, 1990) that relate to this shoreline erosion problem. During 1970 to 1980 sand and gravel was mined to a depth of about 8 metres (chart datum) within a few metres of the shoreline. The shoreline began to erode and a study recommended that dredging be restricted to a distance of approximately 300 metres from the eastern end of Mulinu'u Pt. A revetment using armor rock weighing up to 3.6 metric ton was suggested due to the increased water depth up to the shoreline and the possibility of having a harbour development in the reef lagoon area west of the point. The dredging nearshore has now been discontinued, and the along-shore transport has returned the sand bottom. Only small waves now approach the shoreline in the study area, see Figure 1. It is assumed that in the future, dredging nearshore will not occur. The recent experience with Cyclone Ofa and changes in nearshore dredging practice have shown that it is now safe to recommend a seawall constructed of much smaller rock at this location. STUDY METHODS The changing location of the shoreline was established from aerial photographs taken in 1970 and 1980. A small building at the Observatory and the large tomb of Tuimaleali'ifano are prominent landmarks in the photographs and were used to establish an offset line for measuring [TR118 - Carter] [9] the ground distance to the vegetation line and to the step at the toe of the beach. This same line was established by survey at the site in 1990. Aerial photographs were taken in 1990, but the required scale was not readily available, so the distance between the northwest corner of the building foundation and the southwest fence corner at the tomb was measured. This distance (143.1 metres) was used to calibrate the scale for the early photos. The perpendicular distance from the line to the vegetation line at the beach, starting from the tomb, was measured every 15 metres. The tomb had been moved from a location further west sometime around 1959. One palm tree, number 31 is located directly on the offset line between station 60 and 75. The corner of the building is at station 143.1. The three shorelines were plotted to scale for comparison (Figure 2). EROSION ON MULINU'U POINT Dredging Impacts The dredging site was visited in September 1982. At that time the original seawall was intact. Overtopping had occurred at its southern end, and some sand was eroded from behind the seawall. The northeast swell approaching the fringing reef was refracted around the northwest projection of the seawall on Mulinu'u Point, and the swell was breaking along the west end of Mulinu'u Point. The original revetment structure was constructed without a filter. The dredging operation was reviewed with Mr Fuimiaono Lautasi of the Public Works Department. He said that in 1979-1980 some 100 five cubic yard truck loads of screened sand per week were removed from the bay. This required dredging of 260,000 cubic yards of bulk aggregate to yield 52,000 cubic yards of screened sand in two years of dredging. A commercial 1.5 cubic yard dragline and the government owned 3/4 cubic yard dragline were used to dredge the sand. In 1979 a private operation dredged 19,300 cubic yards of material. An additional 219,700 cubic yards (168,000 cum) of material was dredged to construct a causeway for further dredging. At that time it was estimated that approximately 15 percent of the available aggregate from some 67 hectares had been removed. Dredging continued at a slower rate between 1980 to 1990
Load more

Recommended publications
  • O Tiafau O Le Malae O Le Fa'autugatagi a Samoa
    O TIAFAU O LE MALAE O LE FA’AUTUGATAGI A SAMOA: A STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF THE LAND AND TITLES COURT’S DECISIONS OVER CUSTOMARY LAND AND FAMILY TITLES by Telea Kamu Tapuai Potogi A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts Copyright © 2014 by Telea Kamu Tapuai Potogi School of Social Sciences Faculty of Arts, Law & Education The University of the South Pacific August 2014 DECLARATION I, Telea Kamu Tapuai Potogi, declare that this thesis is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published, or substantially overlapping with material submitted for the award of any other degree at any institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the text. Signature……………………………………………..Date…………………………….. Name …………………………………………………………………………………... Student ID No. ………………………………………………………………………… The research in this thesis was performed under my supervision and to my knowledge is the sole work of Mr. Telea Kamu Tapuai Potogi. Signature……………………………………………..Date…………………………….. Name …………………………………………………………………………………... Designation ……….…………………………………………………………………… Upu Tomua Le Atua Silisili ese, fa’afetai ua e apelepelea i matou i ou aao alofa, ua le afea i matou e se atua folau o le ala. O le fa’afetai o le fiafia aua ua gase le tausaga, ua mou atu fo’i peau lagavale ma atua folau sa lamatia le faigamalaga. O lenei ua tini pao le uto pei o le faiva i vai. Mua ia mua o ma fa’asao i le Atua o le Mataisau o le poto ma le atamai. O Lona agalelei, o le alofa le fa’atuaoia ma le pule fa’asoasoa ua mafai ai ona taulau o lenei fa’amoemoe.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnographic Assessment and Overview National Park of American Samoa
    PACIFIC COOPERATIVE STUDIES UNIT UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI`I AT MĀNOA Dr. David C. Duffy, Unit Leader Department of Botany 3190 Maile Way, St. John #408 Honolulu, Hawai’i 96822 Technical Report 152 ETHNOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT AND OVERVIEW NATIONAL PARK OF AMERICAN SAMOA November 2006 Jocelyn Linnekin1, Terry Hunt, Leslie Lang and Timothy McCormick 1 Email: [email protected]. Department of Anthropology, University of Connecticut Beach Hall Room 445, U-2176 354 Mansfield Road Storrs, Connecticut 06269-2176 Ethnographic Assessment and Overview The National Park of American Samoa Table of Contents List of Tables and Figures iii List of Slides v Preface: Study Issues vi Maps vii Key to Maps x I. The Environmental Context 1 Climate and Vegetation 1 The National Park Environments 4 II. Archaeology and Samoan Prehistory 8 Early Settlement 8 Later Inland Settlement 9 Late Prehistoric Period 9 European Contact and the Historical Period 10 Archaeology in the National Park Units 10 III. Research Methodology 15 Documentary Phase 15 Field Research 15 Limitations of the Research 17 IV. Ethnohistory 22 Myths and Legends Relevant to the Park 22 The European Contact Period 25 Western Ethnohistorical and Ethnographic Reports 31 V. Agriculture and Domestically Useful Plants 46 Tutuila Unit 46 Ta'u Unit 49 Ofu Unit 51 Summary 52 VI. Marine Resources 53 Tutuila Unit 53 Ta'u Unit 57 Ofu Unit 58 Summary 61 i VII. Medicinal Plants 63 Ofu Unit 63 Ta'u Unit 66 Tutuila Unit 66 Summary 67 VIII. Analysis of Freelist Data 75 Crops and Cultivated Plants 76 Medicinal Plants 81 Fish and Marine Species 84 Animals and Birds 86 Summary of the Freelist Results 88 IX.
    [Show full text]
  • 2016 CENSUS Brief No.1
    P O BOX 1151 TELEPHONE: (685)62000/21373 LEVEL 1 & 2 FMFM II, Matagialalua FAX No: (685)24675 GOVERNMENT BUILDING Email: [email protected] APIA Website: www.sbs.gov.ws SAMOA 2016 CENSUS Brief No.1 Revised version Population Snapshot and Household Highlights 30th October 2017 1 | P a g e Foreword This publication is the first of a series of Census 2016 Brief reports to be published from the dataset version 1, of the Population and Housing Census, 2016. It provides a snapshot of the information collected from the Population Questionnaire and some highlights of the Housing Questionnaire. It also provides the final count of the population of Samoa in November 7th 2016 by statistical regions, political districts and villages. Over the past censuses, the Samoa Bureau of Statistics has compiled a standard analytical report that users and mainly students find it complex and too technical for their purposes. We have changed our approach in the 2016 census by compiling smaller reports (Census Brief reports) to be released on a quarterly basis with emphasis on different areas of Samoa’s development as well as demands from users. In doing that, we look forward to working more collaboratively with our stakeholders and technical partners in compiling relevant, focused and more user friendly statistical brief reports for planning, policy-making and program interventions. At the same time, the Bureau is giving the public the opportunity to select their own data of interest from the census database for printing rather than the Bureau printing numerous tabulations which mostly remain unused.
    [Show full text]
  • PACIFIC REGIONAL NAVIGATION INITIATIVE SAMOA Hydrographic
    Hydrographic Authority PACIFIC REGIONAL NAVIGATION INITIATIVE SAMOA Hydrographic Risk Assessment Annexes Report Number: RNALZ17001_C Version: 1.1 Date: 17 September 2017 SAMOA Hydrographic Risk Assessment _________________________________________________________________________________________ Supported by the New Zealand Aid Programme PACIFIC REGIONAL NAVIGATION INITIATIVE SAMOA Hydrographic Risk Assessment Annexes A joint production by: Land Information New Zealand Level 7 Radio New Zealand House 155 The Terrace Wellington NEW ZEALAND and Rod Nairn & Associates Pty Ltd Hydrographic and Maritime Consultants ABN 50 163 730 58 42 Tamarind Drive Cordeaux Heights NSW AUSTRALIA Authors: Rod Nairn, Michael Beard, Stuart Caie, Ian Harrison, James O’Brien Disclaimer: The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the New Zealand Government. Satellite AIS data under licence from ORBCOM (augmented by IHS Global Pte Ltd) ii Rod Nairn and Associates Pty Ltd Hydrographic and Maritime Consultants SAMOA Hydrographic Risk Assessment _________________________________________________________________________________________ SAMOA Hydrographic Risk Assessment Annexes A. Event Trees B. GIS Track Creation and Processing C. Traffic Risk Calculation D. Likelihood and Consequence Factors E. Hydrographic Risk Factor Weighting Matrices F. Hydrographic Risk Calculations G. Benefits of Hydrographic Surveys to SAMOA H. List of Consultations References RNA 20170916_C_V1.1 iii SAMOA Hydrographic Risk Assessment _________________________________________________________________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • Pacific Island History Poster Profiles
    Pacific Island History Poster Profiles A Note for Teachers Acknowledgements Index of Profiles This Profiles are subject to copyright. Photocopying and general reproduction for teaching purposes is permitted. Reproduction of this material in part or whole for commercial purposes is forbidden unless written consent has been obtained from Queensland University of Technology. Requests can be made through the acknowldgements section of this pdf file. A Note for Teachers This series of National History Posters has been designed for individual and group Classroom use and Library display in secondary schools. The main aim is to promote in children an interest in their national history. By comparing their nation's history with what is presented on other Posters, students will appreciate the similarities and differences between their own history and that of their Pacific Island neighbours. The student activities are designed to stimulate comparison and further inquiry into aspects of their own and other's past. The National History Posters will serve a further purpose when used as a permanent display in a designated “History” classroom, public space or foyer in the school or for special Parent- Teacher nights, History Days and Education Days. The National History Posters do not offer a complete survey of each nation's history. They are only a profile. They are a short-cut to key people, key events and the broad sweep of history from original settlement to the present. There are many gaps. The posters therefore serve as a stimulus for students to add, delete, correct and argue about what should or should not be included in their Nation's History Profile.
    [Show full text]
  • Mavae and Tofiga
    Mavae and Tofiga Spatial Exposition of the Samoan Cosmogony and Architecture Albert L. Refiti A thesis submitted to� The Auckland University of Technology �In fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Art & Design� Faculty of Design & Creative Technologies 2014 Table of Contents Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................... i Attestation of Authorship ...................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... vi Dedication ............................................................................................................................ viii Abstract .................................................................................................................................... ix Preface ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Leai ni tusiga ata: There are to be no drawings ............................................................. 1 2. Tautuanaga: Rememberance and service ....................................................................... 4 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 6 Spacing ..................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • PARLIAMENTARY SITTING SUMMARY DISCLAIMER This Report Provides a Brief of the Proceedings of Parliament on Wednesday 24Th February 2021
    February 2021 PARLIAMENTARY SITTING SUMMARY DISCLAIMER This Report provides a brief of the Proceedings of Parliament on Wednesday 24th February 2021. While all efforts have been made to provide an informative brief, this information must not be relied upon as an alternative to the official Hansard record of proceedings of Parliament. If you have any specific questions about the Proceedings of Parliament on Wednesday 24th February 2021, you should consult the official Hansard or seek assistance from the Office of the Clerk of the Legislative Assembly. PART B Day 26 6:21pm Wednesday 24th February 2021 I. GOVERNMENT ORDERS OF THE DAY 1. SUPPLEMENTARY APPROPRIATION BILL (NO.1) 2020/2021- second reading & Debate on the Bill (cont.) GOVERNMENT RESPONSE i. Hon SALA Fata Pinati, MINISTER FOR SAMOA TOURISM AUTHORITY cont. The Minister acknowledged the members of the Finance and Expenditure Committee for the effective work done by the Audit Office which has been updated from the last 10 years. Mentioned that the Audit Office only reported 50 reports in 2010 and by 2015, 166 reports were made which is a significant increase. Noted that the Audit Office has future plans to refrain from having backlogs on auditing financial reports. Attributed the significant developments in Samoa to the high level of education our people are exposed to. Acknowledged scholarships awarded to audit officers staff to pursue their Masters’ degree: 5 scholarships offered to study China; 1 in the USA and 15 in Australia and 1 in New Zealand. Scholarship for Doctorate degrees are also offered to staff: 3 scholarships have been offered to the current staff.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rare Plants of Samoa JANUARY 2011
    The Rare Plants of Samoa JANUARY 2011 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION LESSONS LEARNED TECHNICAL SERIES 2 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION LESSONS LEARNED TECHNICAL SERIES 2 The Rare Plants of Samoa Biodiversity Conservation Lessons Learned Technical Series is published by: Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) and Conservation International Pacific Islands Program (CI-Pacific) PO Box 2035, Apia, Samoa T: + 685 21593 E: [email protected] W: www.conservation.org Conservation International Pacific Islands Program. 2011. Biodiversity Conservation Lessons Learned Technical Series 2: The Rare Plants of Samoa. Conservation International, Apia, Samoa Author: Art Whistler, Isle Botanica, Honolulu, Hawai’i Design/Production: Joanne Aitken, The Little Design Company, www.thelittledesigncompany.com Series Editors: James Atherton and Leilani Duffy, Conservation International Pacific Islands Program Conservation International is a private, non-profit organization exempt from federal income tax under section 501c(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. ISBN 978-982-9130-02-0 © 2011 Conservation International All rights reserved. OUR MISSION Building upon a strong foundation of science, partnership and field demonstration, CI empowers societies to responsibly and sustainably care for nature for the well-being of humanity This publication is available electronically from Conservation International’s website: www.conservation.org ABOUT THE BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION LESSONS LEARNED TECHNICAL SERIES This document is part of a technical report series on conservation projects funded by the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) and the Conservation International Pacific Islands Program (CI-Pacific). The main purpose of this series is to disseminate project findings and successes to a broader audience of conservation professionals in the Pacific, along with interested members of the public and students.
    [Show full text]
  • Measina O Samoa Preserving the Treasures of Samoa
    Measina o Samoa Preserving the treasures of Samoa Venus Mataia 1445739 Principal Supervisor: Christoph Schnoor Associate Supervisor: Rau Hoskins An Explanatory Document submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture (Professional). Unitec Institute of Technology, New Zealand 2019 2 Abstract The arrival of the first settlers in the late 1760s ignited the influx of foreign cultures to Samoa, resulting in the colonisation and the loss of traditional knowledge and culture. Its effects on the nation today are evident within the architecture of Samoa and the relevance of cultural traditions. The introduction of new materials and tools, as well as globalisation, have shaped the traditional art forms and their relevance within modern-day society. The demand for certain art forms, including siapo, has decreased over the years with the ie toga remaining prominent within Samoan customs. The traditional knowledge associated with Samoan culture has been passed on to future generations, through oral tradition. The result of foreign influences has impacted this form of communication and has lead to the loss of cultural heritage. Foreigners brought their architectural styles to Samoa impacting the previous aesthetics of the country. The influence of foreign styles replaced traditional vernacular architecture of Samoa, resulting in a lack of Samoan culture. An example of this is the current museum of Samoa. Although its intention is to preserve the intangible culture of Samoa, the museum itself, which was previously a German school, is of colonial style. Traditional knowledge is in danger of becoming extinct and the Samoan landscape is becoming more vulnerable.
    [Show full text]
  • Central Cross Island Road Upgrading Project
    Report and Recommendation of the President to the Board of Directors Project Number: 51268-001 November 2020 Proposed Grant Independent State of Samoa: Central Cross Island Road Upgrading Project Distribution of this document is restricted until it has been approved by the Board of Directors. Following such approval, ADB will disclose the document to the public in accordance with ADB's Access to Information Policy. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 19 October 2020) Currency unit – tala (ST) ST1.00 = $2.621 $1.00 = ST0.381 ABBREVIATIONS ACDMD – Aid Coordination and Debt Management Division ADB – Asian Development Bank COVID-19 – coronavirus disease EIRR – economic internal rate of return EMP – environmental monitoring plan GHG – greenhouse gas km – kilometer LTA – Land Transport Authority MNRE – Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment MOF – Ministry of Finance MWTI – Ministry of Works, Transport and Infrastructure O&M – operation and maintenance PAM – project administration manual TISCD – Transport and Infrastructure Sector Coordination Division TSP – Transport Sector Plan 2014–2019 NOTES (i) The fiscal year (FY) of the Government of Samoa and its agencies ends on 30 June. "FY" before a calendar year denotes the year in which the fiscal year ends, e.g., FY2020 ended on 30 June 2020. (ii) In this report, “$” refers to United States dollars. Vice-President Ahmed M. Saeed, Operations 2 Director General Leah Gutierrez, Pacific Department (PARD) Deputy Director Emma Veve, PARD General Director Dong-Kyu Lee, Transport and Communications Division
    [Show full text]
  • Early Childhood Development in Samoa Baseline Results from the Samoan Early Human Capability Index
    Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT IN SAMOA BASELINE RESULTS FROM THE SAMOAN EARLY HUMAN CAPABILITY INDEX Sally Brinkman Alanna Sincovich Public Disclosure Authorized Binh Thanh Vu 2017 EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT IN SAMOA BASELINE RESULTS FROM THE SAMOAN EARLY HUMAN CAPABILITY INDEX Sally Brinkman Alanna Sincovich Binh Thanh Vu 2017 Report No: AUS0000129 © 2017 The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: “World Bank. 2017. Early Childhood Development in Samoa: Baseline results from the Samoan Early Human Capability Index. © World Bank.” All queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • LONDON MISSIONARY SOCIETY Records, 1796-1934 Reels M1-116
    AUSTRALIAN JOINT COPYING PROJECT LONDON MISSIONARY SOCIETY Records, 1796-1934 Reels M1-116, M608-70 London Missionary Society Livingstone House Carteret Street London SW1 National Library of Australia State Library of New South Wales Filmed: 1955-56, 1966 1 2 CONTENTS LIST Pages Reels M1-116 4 Historical note 7 South Seas journals, 1796-1899 16 Papuan journals, 1871-1901 17 Australian journals, 1800-42 17 Papuan reports, 1883-1906 18 Histories of the South Seas Mission, 1827-78 18 South Seas reports, 1866-1905 20 South Seas letters, 1796-1906 37 Candidates’ references and applications, 1796-1880 38 Miscellaneous manuscripts 38 Australian letters, 1798-1907 43 Papuan letters, 1872-1907 46 Western out-going letters, 1823-1905 53 Contents lists, 1796-1901 Reels M608-70 54 Papuan letters, 1908-19 55 Papuan reports, 1906-19 56 Papua, personal 57 Papua, odds 58 Minutes of meetings of London Missionary Society directors, 1795-1918 61 Minutes of meetings of committees, 1835-1917 63 Southern out-going letters: South Seas, 1905-14 64 Home office letters, 1795-1876 66 Home Office, extras, 1796-1898 67 Candidates’ papers, 1814-95 68 Home Office, personal 68 Home Office, odds 69 Australian letters, 1907-19 70 South Seas letters, 1907-19 73 South Seas reports, 1907-19 75 South Seas, personal 78 South Seas, odds 82 Papers of James E. Newell, 1879-1910 86 Papers of John H. Holmes, 1893-1934 89 Papers of Edwin Pryce Jones, 1900-23 90 South Seas missionary portraits 90 Europe letters, 1799-1845 90 Memoirs and histories 91 South Seas pictures 91 Papuan pictures 3 91 Ultra Ganges letters, 1805-87 93 Ultra Ganges out-going letters, 1822-54 94 Ultra Ganges journals, 1813-41 95 Register of missionaries, 1796-1923 4 HISTORICAL NOTE The Missionary Society was established in London in 1895 by a group of Evangelical Anglican and Nonconformist laymen and ministers.
    [Show full text]