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Evaluation of Environmental Information for the Unimak Pass Area, Alaska

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EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION FOR THE UNIMAK PASS AREA, ALASKA Edited by Joe C. Truett and Peter C. Craig LGL Ecological Research Associates, Inc. 1410 Cavitt Street Bryan, Texas 77801 Final Report Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program Research Unit 677 December 1986 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was funded by the Minerals Management Service, Department of the Interior, through an Interagency Agreement with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce, as part of the Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program. The financial support of the Minerals Management Service (MMS) of the Department of the Interior is gratefully acknowledged. Individuals of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of the Depart- ment of Commerce in Anchorage, Alaska, were extremely supportive through- out the preparation of this report. Paul Becker, NOAA’s contracting officer’s technical representative, was particularly helpful and understanding; his support is very much appreciated. During this project, contact was made with a large number of scientists wh O provided information and interpretations that have benefited this report. We would specifically like to acknowledge the contributions of: Paul Anderson, National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Richard Bakkala, Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center (NWAFC) Jim Blackburn, Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADFG) Richard Dugdale, University of Southern California Kathy Frost, ADFG Steve Hoag, International Pacific Halibut Commission Pat Holmes, ADFG John Kelly, University of Alaska Larry Malloy, ADFG Bob Otto, NMFS Sherry Pearson, NMFS Lael Ronholt, NWAFC James Schumacher, NOAA Pacific Marine and Environmental Lab Arnie Shaul, ADFG Art Sowls, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Marilyn Dahlheim, NMFS Anthony DeGange, USFWS Doug Forsell, USFWS 3 TABLE Ol? CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENT S . ...4* .*, 3 LIST OF FIGURES . ● ***0* .+. 7 LIST OF TABLES. ...** . 13 PART 1. ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS . ..O. , . .. 00 . 15 1. SUMMARY . 17 2. INTRODUCTION. , , . , . , 28 A. OBJECTIVES. 28 B. STUDY AREA. , ,. ., , . , , ., ,. ,. 29 c. METHODS. , . , . 29 3. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS (byDonaldW. Hood) . 35 4. SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND PROCESSES . , . 39 A. MARINE MAMMALS (byDeclanM. Troy). , . , . , . 39 B. BIRDS (byDeclanM. Troy) . , . , . , . , . 70 c. FISH (byPeterCraig) . , . 105 D. INVERTEBRATES (by Joe Truett) . 165 E. PRIMARY PRODUCTION (by Joe Truett). 195 F. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES (by Donald W. Hood) . 198 G. GEOLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY (by Joe Truett). 237 5. EASTERN ALEUTIAN ISLANDS VS. NORTH ALEUTIAN SHELF: A COMPARISON. , . , . , . 248 A. WATER SOURCES AND MOVEMENT PATTERNS . 248 B. EMERGENT TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES . 249 c. SUBSEA TOPOGRAPHY AND SUBSTRATES. 249 D. THEBIOTA. , . ,< .0 . 250 6. IMPLICATIONS FOR IMPACTS OF OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT . 251 A. INTRODUCTION. .0 . ~. , . 251 B. THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT. 252 c. THE BIOTA: SUSCEPTIBILITY TO IMPACT . 253 7. CONCLUSIONS: A GRAPHIC PRESENTATION . 260 A. FOOD WEBS. ., , . , , . , ,< ., . .a . 260 B. IMPORTANT PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA . 262 5 . ,%, - . -. - - ,..., ,1!1 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) ! Page 8. ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE . ● ● . ● ● . 278 A. HYPOTHESES FOR TESTING. ✎ ✎ . ✎ ✎ . 278 B. INFORMATION NEEDS FOR TESTING HYPOTHESES. ✎ ✎ . ● . ✎ ✎ . 279 9. LITERATURE CITED. ● . ● * . * . ✎ ✎ . ✎ . * ✎ ● ● 282 PART II. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY. ● . ✎ . ● ● . ✎ ✎ . ✎ . ● ✎ ✎ 321 1. INTRODUCTION. ✎ . ● . ✎ ● ● . ● ● ● ✎ ● . ✌ ✎ ✎ 323 2. BIBLIOGRAPHY. ● . ✎ . ✎ ● ✎ . ● ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ . ✎ ✎ ✎ 324 3. SUBJECT INDEX . ✎ . ✎ . ✎ ● ✎ . ✎ ● ✎ ✎ ● . ✎ ✎ ● 390 6 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Fage 2-1 Study area. 30 4A- 1 Cetacean sightings . 40 4A-2 Location of right whale kills by whalers. 43 4A-3 Distribution of gray whales . 45 4A-4 Catch distribution of blue whales . 45 4A-5 Sightings of humpback whales. 52 4A-6 Distribution of killer whales . 55 4A-7 Distribution of DalI’s porpoises. 55 4A-8 Steller sea lion rookeries and hauling grounds. 59 4A-9 Distribution and abundance of harbor seals andnorthernfur seals. 64 4A- 10 Haulout areas for harbor seals. 66 4A- 11 Sea otter distribution. 66 4B-1 Locations of seabird colonies . 81 4B-2 Estimated phenologies of seabirds . 83 4B-3 Pelagic distribution of Northern Fulmars. 83 4B-4 Distribution of shearwater flocks . 86 4B-5 Breeding distribution of Fork-tailed Storm-petrels. 86 4B-6 Pelagic distribution of Fork-tailed Storm-petrels . 88 4B-7 Breeding distribution of cormorants . 88 4B-8 Breeding distribution of Black-legged Kittiwakes. 91 4B-9 Breeding distribution of Red-legged Kittiwakes. 91 4B-10 Pelagic distribution of Red-legged Kittiwakes . 94 4B-L1 Breeding distribution of murres . 94 4B-12 Pelagic distribution of murres. 96 LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) Figure Page 4B-13 Breeding distribution of Whiskered Auklets. 96 4B-14 Observed concentrations of Whiskered Auklets. 99 4B-15 Breeding distribution of Tufted Puffins . 99 4B-16 Migratory routes and feeding areas of waterfowl and shorebirds. , . 102 4B- 17 Bird density analysis subdivisions. 102 4C-1 Commercial fishing areas for salmon . 109 4C-2 Seasonal abundance of salmon. ● . 111 4C-3 Oceanic migration patterns of first-year salmon . 112 4C-4 Migration model for sockeye salmon. 113 4C-5 Routes used by red salmon approaching Bristol Bay . 115 4c-6 Pacific herring in the eastern Aleutians. 118 4C-7 Migration routes of herring . 120 4c-8 Pollock and herring abundance . 123 4C-9 Estimated numbers of age 1 herring. 123 4C-10 Age composition of herring. 124 4C-11 Areas where capelin larvae and juveniles were caught. 126 4C-12 Locations where capelin were present in fur seal stomachs . 126 4C-13 Areas where sand lance larvae and juveniles were caught . 128 4C-14 Catch distribution of groundfish. 130 4C-15 Annual harvest of groundfish. 130 4C-16 Annual survey area for groundfish and crabs . 131 4C-17 Sampling stations for groundfish trawling . 131 4C-18 Unalaska bays shrimp trawls . 132 4C-19 Sampling stations for NMFS cruises. ● . 132 8 LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) Figure Page 4C-20 Survey areas for juvenile halibut . 133 4C-21 Species composition of fish in Unalaska bays. 133 4C-22 Species composition of groundfish . 136 4C-23 Annual groundfish catch, Unimak Bight . 136 4C-24 Pollock range and distribution. 141 4C-25 Depth distribution of pollock biomass . , . 143 4C-26 Catch per unit effort for pollock . , 143 4C-27 Distribution of pollock eggs. 144 4C-28 Pacific cod range and distribution. 146 4C-29 Relative abundance of Pacific cod . 147 4C-30 Depth distribution of Pacific cod . 147 4C-31 Pacific halibut range and distribution. 149 4C-32 Halibut spawning locations. 150 4C-33 Recoveries of halibut tagged in the Bering Sea. 150 4C-34 Pacific Ocean perch range and distribution. 152 4C-35 Sablefish range and distribution. 153 4C-36 Movements of tagged sablefish . 154 4C-37 Distribution and abundance of demersal fishes . 156 4D-1 Distribution of copepod communities, Bering Sea . 167 4D-2 Distribution of zooplankton dry weight, Bering Sea. 169 4D-3 Distribution of euphausiid communities, Bering Sea. 171 4D-4 Distribution of squid catch . 176 4D-5 Distribution of fur seals that had squid intheirstomachs. 176 4D-6 Distribution of octopus catch . 178 9 LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) Figure Page 4D-7 Red king crab distribution, western Alaska. 178 4D-8 Red king crab distribution, eastern Alaska. 180 4D-9 Distribution of Tanner crabs, southwest Alaska. 180 4D- 10 Distribution of Tanner crab, eastern Aleutians. 181 4D-11 Distribution of Dungeness crab. 181 4D-12 Distribution of Cancer spp. larvae. 184 4D-13 Distribution of golden king crab. 186 4D-14 Commercial harvest areas for shrimp . 187 4D-15 Range ofrazorclams. 187 4D-16 Sampling sites for intertidal communities . 190 4D-17 Distribution of sand and gravel fractions . 192 4D-18 Distribution of infaunal communities. 193 4F-1 MapofBeringSea. 199 4F-2 Major currents in the Gulf of Alaska. 199 4F-3 Distribution of surface salinity, winter and summer . 200 4F-4 Vertical sections of temperature, salinity, Sigma t density, geoscrophic flow . 202 4F-5 Geopotential topography of the sea surface. 204 4F-6 Long-term circulation of the eastern Bering Sea . 207 4F-7 Mean flow in the southeastern Bering Sea. 207 4F-8 Hydrographic data for Unimak Pass . 209 4F-9 Filtered current data, Unimak Pass. 210 4F-10 Hydrographic data sampling stations, Unimak Pass. 211 4F-11 Salinity contours, Unimak Pass. 211 4F-12 Carbon dioxide partial pressures, eastern Aleutians . 218 LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) Figure Page 4F-13 pC02 values, Alaska Peninsula and eastern Aleutians . 219 4F-14 pC02 values, Samalga Pass . ● ✎ ✎ ● ..0., ● . 221 ● 4F-15 C02 equilibrium concentration, Samalga Pass . .*..*. 221 4F-16 Near-surface oxygen saturations, Samalga Pass . 222 4F-17 Seasonal variations of C02 in surface water . 224 4F-18 Distribution of pC02 in surface water, Unimak Pass. 224 4F-19 Surface concentrations of C02, pC02 and NOg-, Bering Sea. 227 4F-20 Station locations for organic carbon sampling, UnimakPass. 228 4F-21 Surface and near-bottom distribution of methane, southeastern Bering Sea . 233 4F-22 Nitrate, ammonium, chlorophyll-a, temperature, and salinity in surface waters, Unimak Pass . 234 4F-23 Nitrate, ammonium, silicate, and chlorophyll-a concentrations, southeastern Bering Sea . , . 236 4G- 1 Topographic cross-section of Aleutian Chain . 238 4G-2 Tectonic map for eastern Aleutians. 240 4G-3 Major volcanoes of eastern Aleutians.
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  • THE ALEUTIAN ISLANDS: THEIR PEOPLE and NATURAL HISTORY

    THE ALEUTIAN ISLANDS: THEIR PEOPLE and NATURAL HISTORY

    SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION WAR BACKGROUND STUDIES NUMBER TWENTY-ONE THE ALEUTIAN ISLANDS: THEIR PEOPLE and NATURAL HISTORY (With Keys for the Identification of the Birds and Plants) By HENRY B. COLLINS, JR. AUSTIN H. CLARK EGBERT H. WALKER (Publication 3775) CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION FEBRUARY 5, 1945 BALTIMORE, MB., U„ 8. A. CONTENTS Page The Islands and Their People, by Henry B. Collins, Jr 1 Introduction 1 Description 3 Geology 6 Discovery and early history 7 Ethnic relationships of the Aleuts 17 The Aleutian land-bridge theory 19 Ethnology 20 Animal Life of the Aleutian Islands, by Austin H. Clark 31 General considerations 31 Birds 32 Mammals 48 Fishes 54 Sea invertebrates 58 Land invertebrates 60 Plants of the Aleutian Islands, by Egbert H. Walker 63 Introduction 63 Principal plant associations 64 Plants of special interest or usefulness 68 The marine algae or seaweeds 70 Bibliography 72 Appendix A. List of mammals 75 B. List of birds 77 C. Keys to the birds 81 D. Systematic list of plants 96 E. Keys to the more common plants 110 ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES Page 1. Kiska Volcano 1 2. Upper, Aerial view of Unimak Island 4 Lower, Aerial view of Akun Head, Akun Island, Krenitzin group 4 3. Upper, U. S. Navy submarine docking at Dutch Harbor 4 Lower, Village of Unalaska 4 4. Upper, Aerial view of Cathedral Rocks, Unalaska Island 4 Lower, Naval air transport plane photographed against peaks of the Islands of Four Mountains 4 5. Upper, Mountain peaks of Kagamil and Uliaga Islands, Four Mountains group 4 Lower, Mount Cleveland, Chuginadak Island, Four Mountains group ..