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12/11/2017 1 the Hydrogeology of Tennessee Karst Hydrogeology Karst Aquifers Example Karst Features

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12/11/2017 1 the Hydrogeology of Tennessee Karst Hydrogeology Karst Aquifers Example Karst Features 12/11/2017 Relative Storage Capacity vs. Depth The Hydrogeology of Tennessee Alluvium generally has highest storage Thomas E. Ballard, PG, CHG capacity Southeast Hydrogeology, PLLC Related to sand and Murfreesboro, TN gravel content Bedrock storage capacity in TN is highly dependent on fractures Fewer fractures with depth Karst Hydrogeology Karst Aquifers Two thirds of Tennessee is underlain by Openings forming the karst aquifer may limestone. be partly or completely water-filled. Karst is an important groundwater source The elevation where all pores are filled in those areas. with water in an aquifer is the water Primary porosity is low in limestone. table. Secondary porosity i.e. solution cavities Water tables in karst areas can be highly and fractures are an important groundwater source. irregular in elevation, because water- carrying conduits can develop at various Karst aquifers best developed near surface and in relatively pure limestones. elevations. Idealized Diagram of Karst Example Karst Features Development Sinking Stream Spring at Limestone-Shale Interface Epikarst Development 1 12/11/2017 Distribution of Limestone Karst Regions of Tennessee in Tennessee Regional Regional Geology REGIONAL GEOLOGY Generalized Geology Key Regional Structural Setting 2 12/11/2017 Tennessee Aquifer Systems TENNESSEE HYDROGEOLOGY OVERVIEW PRINCIPAL AQUIFERS IN TENNESSEE Rate of water withdrawal by public water systems in millions of gallons per day, 2000 Source: U. S. Geological Survey PRINCIPAL TN PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS TENNESSEE WATER THAT WITHDREW SUPPLY SOURCES GROUNDWATER IN 2000 Source of water supply, in percent, for public water supply withdrawals in Tennessee, 2000 Source: U. S. Geological Survey 3 12/11/2017 GROUNDWATER TRENDS IN PUBLIC WITHDRAWALS FROM WATER SUPPLY PRINCIPAL AQUIFERS, WITHDRAWALS, 1950- 2000 2000 Source: U. S. Geological Survey Source: U. S. Geological Survey TOP 10 COUNTIES FOR TOP 10 COUNTIES FOR DOMESTIC WATER PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY SUPPLY WITHDRAWALS, WITHDRAWALS, 2010 2010 Source: U. S. Geological Survey Source: U. S. Geological Survey County Population Served Withdrawals (Mgd) County Population on Well Water Withdrawals (Mgd) Shelby 924,861 173.07 Rutherford 34,507 2.48 Madison 86,464 13.23 Sevier 31,317 2.25 Hamilton 333,606 10.7 Fayette 22,675 1.63 Carter 44,302 7.46 Robertson 20.752 1.49 Tipton 59,109 6.5 Hawkins 17,885 1.29 Obion 31,636 5.34 Grainger 15,294 1.10 Gibson 39,774 5.25 Blount 14,284 1.03 Dyer 36,890 5.17 Carter 13,122 0.94 Jefferson 38,758 4.58 McMinn 13,104 0.94 Montgomery 169,404 3.58 Jefferson 12,649 0.91 WELL DRILLING TRENDS IN TENNESSEE Source: Tennessee Department of Environmental and Conservation, Division of Water Resources Year Number of Wells Drilled (approx) REGIONAL AQUIFER 2007 5000 SYSTEMS 2010 2400 2015 2150 4 12/11/2017 Mississippi Embayment Aquifer System Mississippi Embayment Aquifer System Mississippi Embayment Cross Section Memphis Aquifers Mississippi Embayment Stratigraphy Detailed Stratigraphy 5 12/11/2017 Detailed Stratigraphy Upper Claiborne Middle Claiborne (Memphis Sand) Lower Claiborne – Upper Wilcox Middle Wilcox (Fort Pillow Sand) Lower Wilcox 6 12/11/2017 Pre-Pumping Groundwater Flow in Top of Lower Wilcox Aquifer the Lower Wilcox Aquifer Water Quality McNairy-Nacatoch Aquifer McNairy-Nacatoch Aquifer Aquifer Characteristics Cretaceous to Aquifers thicken Quaternary from east to west unconsolidated where they occur in sediments. Tennessee. Extremely productive Greatest yields come Central Basin Aquifer System multiple sand from the Memphis aquifers separated by Sand (Middle and local and regional Lower Claiborne) – confining beds. generally 200 to 1,000 gpm but over 2,000 gpm locally. 7 12/11/2017 Central Basin Aquifer System Generalized Cross Section Central Basin Detailed Stratigraphy Statigraphy Detailed Stratigraphy Detailed Stratigraphy 8 12/11/2017 Conceptual Groundwater Detailed Stratigraphy Flow Model Conceptual Groundwater Model Conceptual Groundwater Model Inner Central Basin Outer Central Basin Central Basin Well Yields Central Basin Water Quality 9 12/11/2017 Aquifer Characteristics Carbonate rocks Depth of freshwater (limestone and some varies greatly. dolomite) are primary Wells are typically 50 – aquifers. 200 feet deep. Intervening confining Depth to salt water is units of shale and shaly generally greatest Highland Rim Aquifer System limestones where the limestone Chattanooga Shale and dolomite aquifers separates Central crop out i.e. the apex Basin Aquifer System of the Nashville from overlying Dome. Mississippian rocks of Recharge rates affect the Highland Rim depth to salt water. Highland Rim Aquifer System Generalized Cross Section Highland Highland Rim Rim Detailed Highland Stratigraphy Rim Stratigraphy 10 12/11/2017 Conceptual Groundwater Model Highland Rim Water Quality Eastern Highland Rim Aquifer Characteristics Most Productive Mostly karst aquifers Mississippian Aquifers Groundwater moves Ste. Genevieve through fractures, Limestone bedding planes, and St. Louis Limestone solution openings in Knox Aquifer Warsaw Limestone the limestone Fort Payne Formation Hydraulic characteristics (yield Fine-grained clastic rocks and specific capacity) are not generally vary greatly over short productive distances Knox Aquifer Cross Section of the Knox Aquifer 11 12/11/2017 Conceptual Model of Groundwater Knox Aquifer Stratigraphy Flow in the Knox Aquifer Water Quality of the Aquifer Characteristics Upper Knox Aquifer Regional aquifer. Dolomite typically has Distinct from Knox the best yield Formation units in Valley Limestones yield little and Ridge. water Only exposed in TDS < 1,000 mg/l at Sequatchie Valley. center of Nashville Recharge through Dome and Sequatchie fractures that transect Valley anticline the overlying confining Deeper zones have high unit. TDS Water yields in upper 50 Freshwater-saltwater feet. interface does not coincide with shallower aquifers Cumberland Plateau Aquifer System Cumberland Plateau Aquifer System 12 12/11/2017 Generalized Cross Section Cross Sections - Mid and Southern Northern Cumberland Plateau Cumberland Plateau in Tennessee Wilson, C.W., Jr. and Stearns, R.G., 1958, Structure of the Cumberland Plateau, Tennessee, State of Tennessee, Department of Environment and Conservation, Division of Geology, Report of Investigations No. 8 Cumberland Plateau Cumberland Stratigraphy Cumberland Plateau Stratigraphy Hydrologic Significance Series System Hydrologic classification Stratigraphic unit Geologic Description Occurrence in Tennessee and character Yield Shale, interbedded with sandstone, siltstone, Occurs only in Cumberland Mountains of Thin interbedded shales inhibit inhibit Sandstones may yield enough and thin coal beds. Maximum thickness about Anderson, Morgan, Scott, and Campbell vertical movement. Sandstones have water for small domestic supply. 550 feet. Counties. low intergranular permeability. Shales, siltstones, and coal yield little or no water to wells. Cross Mountain Formation Shale, sandstone, siltstone, and coal. Present only in the northeast section of Permeability in sandstones is generally Sandstones yield water for Thickness from 200 to 400 feet. Cumberland Plateau. low, except where fracturing has domestic and public supplies, occurred. Shales have very low commonly 20 gallons per minute permeability. or less. Other lithologies yield Vowell less than 1 gallon per minute. Mountain Formation Predominantly shale with interbedded Present only in the northeast section of Permeability in sandstones is generally Sandstones yield water for sandstones and coal. Thickness from 250 to Cumberland Plateau. low, except where fracturing has domestic and public supplies, 500 feet. occurred. Shales have very low commonly 20 gallons per minute permeability. or less. Other lithologies yield Redoak less than 1 gallon per minute. Mountain Formation Middle PENNSYLVANIAN Predominantly shale with interbedded Occurs only in the Cumberland Permeability in sandstones is generally Sandstones yield water for sandstone and coal. Thickness from 150 to Mountains and Cross Mountains. low, except where fracturing has domestic and public supplies, 350 feet. occurred. Shales have very low commonly 20 gallons per minute permeability. or less. Other lithologies yield less than 1 gallon per minute. Graves Gap Formation Alternating shales and sandstones. The shale Occurs only -in the Cumberland Permeability in sandstones is generally Sandstones yield water for intervals contain minor sandstones and coal. Mountains and Cross Mountain. low, except where fracturing has domestic and public supplies, Ranges from 150 to 500 feet thick. occurred. Shales have very low commonly 20 gallons per minute permeability. or less. Other lithologies yield Indian Bluff less than 1 gallon per minute. Formation Cumberland Plateau Stratigraphy Hydrologic Significance Groundwater Movement Model Series System Hydrologic classification Stratigraphic unit Geologic Description Occurrence in Tennessee and character Yield Alternating sequence of shales, sand- stones, Occurs only in the Cumberland Permeability in sandstones is generally Sandstones yield water for and coals, predominantly fine- grained. Ranges Mountains and Cross Mountain. low, exept where fracturing has domestic and public supplies, from 300 to 650 feet thick. occurred. Shales have very low commonly 20 gallons per permeability. minute or less. Other lithologies yield less than 1 gallon per Slatestone minute. Formation Shale, sandstone, conglomerate,
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