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Merchants and the Origins of Capitalism
Merchants and the Origins of Capitalism Sophus A. Reinert Robert Fredona Working Paper 18-021 Merchants and the Origins of Capitalism Sophus A. Reinert Harvard Business School Robert Fredona Harvard Business School Working Paper 18-021 Copyright © 2017 by Sophus A. Reinert and Robert Fredona Working papers are in draft form. This working paper is distributed for purposes of comment and discussion only. It may not be reproduced without permission of the copyright holder. Copies of working papers are available from the author. Merchants and the Origins of Capitalism Sophus A. Reinert and Robert Fredona ABSTRACT: N.S.B. Gras, the father of Business History in the United States, argued that the era of mercantile capitalism was defined by the figure of the “sedentary merchant,” who managed his business from home, using correspondence and intermediaries, in contrast to the earlier “traveling merchant,” who accompanied his own goods to trade fairs. Taking this concept as its point of departure, this essay focuses on the predominantly Italian merchants who controlled the long‐distance East‐West trade of the Mediterranean during the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Until the opening of the Atlantic trade, the Mediterranean was Europe’s most important commercial zone and its trade enriched European civilization and its merchants developed the most important premodern mercantile innovations, from maritime insurance contracts and partnership agreements to the bill of exchange and double‐entry bookkeeping. Emerging from literate and numerate cultures, these merchants left behind an abundance of records that allows us to understand how their companies, especially the largest of them, were organized and managed. -
Everyday Life: the Middle Ages
Everyday Life: The Middle Ages Medieval Towns icture yourself and a friend walking happily down a street in a town of medieval times. Together you are discussing plans for the evening, and P neither of you has any idea of the catastrophe that is about to unfold. As you round a corner, you hear a shrill voice coming from the window of a house six stories above the street. The voice belongs to a lady issuing a warning that roughly translates into “look out below!” Before you can take evasive action, you are suddenly drenched with a bucket of gooey garbage. Your nose tells you it is a mixture of black pudding, beans, and the remains of eels the family on the sixth floor had for dinner. Do you angrily make your way up to the room from whence came the garbage and express your displeasure? Do you threaten to punch the lady’s husband in the nose? Of course not. You brush yourself off as best you can and go on your way. If anyone is to be scolded, it is you for not having jumped out of the way quickly enough. Garbage (and worse) being thrown into the street was a common practice in medieval towns. Even birth and rank held no privilege when it came to being hit with something unpleasant. No less a person than King Louis IX of France was himself doused with the contents of a chamber pot while strolling along a Paris street one fine day. In the absence of any kind of sanitation service, people did the natural thing and tossed their waste wherever it might fall. -
Ticino on the Move
Tales from Switzerland's Sunny South Ticino on theMuch has changed move since 1882, when the first railway tunnel was cut through the Gotthard and the Ceneri line began operating. Mendrisio’sTHE LIGHT Processions OF TRADITION are a moving experience. CrystalsTREASURE in the AMIDST Bedretto THE Valley. ROCKS ChestnutsA PRICKLY are AMBASSADOR a fruit for all seasons. EasyRide: Travel with ultimate freedom. Just check in and go. New on SBB Mobile. Further information at sbb.ch/en/easyride. EDITORIAL 3 A lakeside view: Angelo Trotta at the Monte Bar, overlooking Lugano. WHAT'S NEW Dear reader, A unifying path. Sopraceneri and So oceneri: The stories you will read as you look through this magazine are scented with the air of Ticino. we o en hear playful things They include portraits of men and women who have strong ties with the local area in the about this north-south di- truest sense: a collective and cultural asset to be safeguarded and protected. Ticino boasts vide. From this year, Ticino a local rural alpine tradition that is kept alive thanks to the hard work of numerous young will be unified by the Via del people. Today, our mountain pastures, dairies, wineries and chestnut woods have also been Ceneri themed path. restored to life thanks to tourism. 200 years old but The stories of Lara, Carlo and Doris give off a scent of local produce: of hay, fresh not feeling it. milk, cheese and roast chestnuts, one of the great symbols of Ticino. This odour was also Vincenzo Vela was born dear to the writer Plinio Martini, the author of Il fondo del sacco, who used these words to 200 years ago. -
The Baltic Sea Region the Baltic Sea Region
TTHEHE BBALALTTICIC SSEAEA RREGIONEGION Cultures,Cultures, Politics,Politics, SocietiesSocieties EditorEditor WitoldWitold MaciejewskiMaciejewski A Baltic University Publication A chronology of the history 7 of the Baltic Sea region Kristian Gerner 800-1250 Vikings; Early state formation and Christianization 800s-1000s Nordic Vikings dominate the Baltic Region 919-1024 The Saxon German Empire 966 Poland becomes Christianized under Mieszko I 988 Kiev Rus adopts Christianity 990s-1000s Denmark Christianized 999 The oldest record on existence of Gdańsk Cities and towns During the Middle Ages cities were small but they grew in number between 1200-1400 with increased trade, often in close proximity to feudal lords and bishops. Lübeck had some 20,000 inhabitants in the 14th and 15th centuries. In many cities around the Baltic Sea, German merchants became very influential. In Swedish cities tensions between Germans and Swedes were common. 1000s Sweden Christianized 1000s-1100s Finland Christianized. Swedish domination established 1025 Boleslaw I crowned King of Poland 1103-1104 A Nordic archbishopric founded in Lund 1143 Lübeck founded (rebuilt 1159 after a fire) 1150s-1220s Denmark dominates the Baltic Region 1161 Visby becomes a “free port” and develops into an important trade center 1100s Copenhagen founded (town charter 1254) 1100s-1200s German movement to the East 1200s Livonia under domination of the Teutonic Order 1200s Estonia and Livonia Christianized 1201 Riga founded by German bishop Albert 1219 Reval/Tallinn founded by Danes ca 1250 -
STUDIES of the VENERABLE BEDE, the GREAT FAMINE of 1315-1322, and LIBRARIES in PRISONER of WAR CAMPS a Paper Submitted to the Gr
STUDIES OF THE VENERABLE BEDE, THE GREAT FAMINE OF 1315-1322, AND LIBRARIES IN PRISONER OF WAR CAMPS A Paper Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science By Trista Stephanie Raezer-Stursa In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major Department: History, Philosophy, and Religious Studies October 2017 Fargo, North Dakota North Dakota State University Graduate School Title STUDIES OF THE VENERABLE BEDE, THE GREAT FAMINE OF 1315-1322, AND LIBRARIES IN PRISONER OF WAR CAMPS By Trista Stephanie Raezer-Stursa The Supervisory Committee certifies that this disquisition complies with North Dakota State University’s regulations and meets the accepted standards for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: Dr. Gerritdina (Ineke) Justitz Chair Dr. Verena Theile Dr. Mark Harvey Approved: October 19, 2017 Dr. Mark Harvey Date Department Chair ABSTRACT This paper includes three studies about the Venerable Bede, the Great Famine of 1315- 1322, and libraries in prisoner of war camps. The study of the Venerable Bede focuses on his views on and understanding of time, especially its relation to the Easter computus. The second study is a historiography of the Great Famine of 1315-1322, with an emphasis on the environmental aspects of the catastrophe. The third paper is a study of the libraries that were provided for German soldiers in prisoner of war camps in the United States during World War II, which includes an analysis of the role of reading in the United States’ attempt to re-educate the German prisoners. -
Bollettino Parrocchiale Della Collina D'oro
Settembre 2015 Bollettino parrocchiale 28 della Collina d’Oro St. Abbondio, Gentilino e Montagnola; S. Tommaso, Agra 1 www.stabbondio.ch Ss. MESSE FESTIVE Sabato e vigilia ore 17.30 chiesa S. Tommaso (Agra) Domenica e festa ore 8.00 / 10.00 chiesa St. Abbondio (Gentilino) Calendario settimanale ed eccezioni agli albi parrocchiali e sul sito internet CONFESSIONI ~ 30 min. prima di ogni S. Messa. Negli altri momenti accordandosi con il parroco. BATTESIMI Sabato o domenica nelle chiese parrocchiali. Annunciarsi alcune settimane prima. MATRIMONI Annunciarsi al parroco al più tardi 6 mesi prima MALATI E ANZIANI Per ricevere l’Unzione degli infermi, la Comunione, o una visita, annunciarsi (o segnalare) la prima volta al parroco. Parroco di St. Abbondio (Gentilino– Fondazione casa di vacanza Montagnola) e di S. Tommaso (Agra) «la Madonnina» (Altanca) don Matteo Pontinelli 6925 Gentilino [email protected] Tel. 091 994 84 75 Via St. Abbondio 75 – 6925 Gentilino www.lamadonnina.ch Tel. 091 994 61 19 [email protected] ccp 69-9848-2 Consiglio parrocchiale di St. Abbondio Comitato di redazione Casella postale 339 - 6925 Gentilino don Matteo Pontinelli www.stabbondio.ch Ugo Morselli ccp 69-9222-0 Sergio Pelli Consiglio parrocchiale di S. Tommaso 6927 Agra ccp 69-5941-4 Confraternita del SS. Rosario in St. Abbondio In copertina: 6926 Montagnola Chiesa di St. Abbondio ccp 65-212849-9 don Matteo Pontinelli Lettera del parroco In questi mesi abbiamo due grandi occasioni di riflessione su un tema fondamentale per la vita di tutti. La prima è l’Esposizione Universale / Expo Milano 2015 (1° maggio – 31 ottobre) dal titolo «Nutrire il pianeta. -
PDF) 978-3-11-066078-4 E-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-065796-8
The Crisis of the 14th Century Das Mittelalter Perspektiven mediävistischer Forschung Beihefte Herausgegeben von Ingrid Baumgärtner, Stephan Conermann und Thomas Honegger Band 13 The Crisis of the 14th Century Teleconnections between Environmental and Societal Change? Edited by Martin Bauch and Gerrit Jasper Schenk Gefördert von der VolkswagenStiftung aus den Mitteln der Freigeist Fellowship „The Dantean Anomaly (1309–1321)“ / Printing costs of this volume were covered from the Freigeist Fellowship „The Dantean Anomaly 1309-1321“, funded by the Volkswagen Foundation. Die frei zugängliche digitale Publikation wurde vom Open-Access-Publikationsfonds für Monografien der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft gefördert. / Free access to the digital publication of this volume was made possible by the Open Access Publishing Fund for monographs of the Leibniz Association. Der Peer Review wird in Zusammenarbeit mit themenspezifisch ausgewählten externen Gutachterin- nen und Gutachtern sowie den Beiratsmitgliedern des Mediävistenverbands e. V. im Double-Blind-Ver- fahren durchgeführt. / The peer review is carried out in collaboration with external reviewers who have been chosen on the basis of their specialization as well as members of the advisory board of the Mediävistenverband e.V. in a double-blind review process. ISBN 978-3-11-065763-0 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-066078-4 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-065796-8 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Library of Congress Control Number: 2019947596 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. -
Contents Humanities Notes
Humanities Notes Humanities Seminar Notes - this draft dated 24 May 2021 - more recent drafts will be found online Contents 1 2007 11 1.1 October . 11 1.1.1 Thucydides (2007-10-01 12:29) ........................ 11 1.1.2 Aristotle’s Politics (2007-10-16 14:36) ..................... 11 1.2 November . 12 1.2.1 Polybius (2007-11-03 09:23) .......................... 12 1.2.2 Cicero and Natural Rights (2007-11-05 14:30) . 12 1.2.3 Pliny and Trajan (2007-11-20 16:30) ...................... 12 1.2.4 Variety is the Spice of Life! (2007-11-21 14:27) . 12 1.2.5 Marcus - or Not (2007-11-25 06:18) ...................... 13 1.2.6 Semitic? (2007-11-26 20:29) .......................... 13 1.2.7 The Empire’s Last Chance (2007-11-26 20:45) . 14 1.3 December . 15 1.3.1 The Effect of the Crusades on European Civilization (2007-12-04 12:21) 15 1.3.2 The Plague (2007-12-04 14:25) ......................... 15 2 2008 17 2.1 January . 17 2.1.1 The Greatest Goth (2008-01-06 19:39) .................... 17 2.1.2 Just Justinian (2008-01-06 19:59) ........................ 17 2.2 February . 18 2.2.1 How Faith Contributes to Society (2008-02-05 09:46) . 18 2.3 March . 18 2.3.1 Adam Smith - Then and Now (2008-03-03 20:04) . 18 2.3.2 William Blake and the Doors (2008-03-27 08:50) . 19 2.3.3 It Must Be True - I Saw It On The History Channel! (2008-03-27 09:33) . -
REFERENCE MATERIALS Massachusetts Continuing Legal Education 30-JULY-20
REFERENCE MATERIALS Massachusetts Continuing Legal Education 30-JULY-20 www.merc-law.com 1 REFERENCE MATERIALS “English Law in the Age of the Black Death, 1348 – 1381: A Transformation of Governance and Law” Robert C. Palmer, 1947. Chapel Hill and London © 1993 The University of North Carolina Press “English Law in the Age of the Black Death, 1348 – 1381: A Transformation of Governance and Law” Daniel B. Kosove. Michigan Law Review - May 1995 Vol 93, Issue 6, Pg. 1771. 2 World Trade Center LLC v. Cantor Fitzgerald Securities Corp. (2004 NY Slip Op 24444 [6 Misc 3d 382], October 7, 2004) This landlord-tenant action arises out of a leasehold at One World Trade Center (the building) which was terminated by the tragic events of September 11, 2001. The events that occurred on that infamous date are not directly implicated in this action. Plaintiff One World Trade Center was the net lessee of the building and defendants Cantor Fitzgerald Securities, Cantor Fitzgerald, L.P., and Cantor Fitzgerald Incorporated (collectively, Cantor Fitzgerald) were lessees in the building. Pursuant to a lease agreement dated October 12, 1978, defendants' predecessor-in-interest Cantor Fitzgerald Securities Corp. leased space within the building (the premises) from the Port Authority. Between 1978 and 2000, supplemental agreements to the lease were entered into between the Port Authority and defendants including supplement No. 12 to the lease dated November 30, 2000. (The lease and its supplements are collectively referred to herein as the lease.) Plaintiff One World Trade Center LLC leased the building from the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey pursuant to a net lease agreement dated July 16, 2001. -
The White Horse Press Climatic Changes in the Carpathian Basin
The White Horse Press Climatic Changes in the Carpathian Basin during the Middle Ages. The State of Research András Vadas, Lajos Rácz Global Environment 12 (2013): 198–227 The aim of the paper is to present a summary of the current scholarship on the climate of the Carpathian Basin in the Middle Ages. It draws on the results of three substantially differing branches of science: natural sciences, archaeology and history are all taken into consideration. Based on the most important results of the recent decades different climatic periods can be identified in the scholarship. The paper attempts to summarize the different view of these major climatic periods. Based on present scholarship the milder climate of the Roman Period was followed by a cooler period from the 4th century, attested by both historical and natural-historical sources, and apparently climate had also become drier. The cool period of the Great Migrations concluded in the Carpathian Basin between the end of the 7th and the turn of the 8th-9th centuries. The winters in the first half of the 9th century were probably milder. In the warmer medieval period (called Medieval Climatic Anomaly in recent scholarship) winters had clearly become milder and summers warmer, while the climate was probably still dry. The first cooling signs of the “Little Ice Age” had already become apparent in the 13th century, but the cold and rainy character of the climate could only become dominant in the Carpathian Basin in the early 14th century, which then, albeit with great anomalies, endured until the second half of the 19th century. -
Bei Den Lieblingskirchen Von Hermann Hesse Von Breganzona Über Biogno Und Muzzano Nach Gentilino Louis-Sepp Willimann
Bei den Lieblingskirchen von Hermann Hesse Von Breganzona über Biogno und Muzzano nach Gentilino Louis-Sepp Willimann „Beim Übergang über die Alpen fand ich mich jedesmal, wie vom Anhauch des wärmeren Klimas, den ersten Lauten der klangvolleren Sprache, den ersten Rebenterrassen, so auch vom Anblick der zahlreichen, schönen Kirchen und Kapellen zart und mahnend berührt, wie von Erinnerung an einen sanfteren, milderen, mutternahen Zustand des Lebens; an kindlicheres, einfacheres, frömmeres, froheres Menschentum.“ schreibt Hermann Hesse in seiner 1920 erschienen Betrachtung „Kirchen und Kapellen im Tessin“. Und er fährt fort: „Alle [Kirchen und Kapellen] sind sie schön, ganz ohne Ausnahme, denn die Tessiner sind vorzügliche Architekten und Maurer von alters her und haben ja auch in Italien manche der grössten Bauten errichten helfen. Schön ist auch immer und ausnahmslos der Standort einer Kirche, man denke an Lugano, an Tesserete, an Ronco, an St.Abbondio bei Gentilino, an Breganzona, an Madonna del Sasso“. Wahrlich eine treffliche Einleitung zu unserer Exkursion ins Hinterland von Lugano aus berufenem Munde, hat doch der Literaturnobelpreisträger ab dem Jahr 1919 bis zu seinem Tod 1962 in Montagnola auf der Collina d'oro gelebt. Auf unserer heutigen, leichten Wanderung besuchen wir zwei der erwähnten Kirchen, nämlich die Chiesa dei Santi Quirico e Giulitta in Biogno bei Breganzona und die Chiesa Sant Abbondio bei Gentilino, wo Hermann Hesse übrigens begraben ist. © swisstopo Gut zu wissen • Die reine Wanderzeit beträgt knapp 1 1/2 Stunden. • Ausgangspunkt ist Breganzona Posta, erreichbar mit dem Bus Nr. 3 oder Nr. 16 ab der Haltestelle Piazzale di Besso auf der Westseite des Bahnhofs Lugano. -
A Concise Financial History of Europe
A Concise Financial History of Europe Financial History A Concise A Concise Financial History of Europe www.robeco.com Cover frontpage: Cover back page: The city hall of Amsterdam from 1655, today’s Royal Palace, Detail of The Money Changer and His Wife, on Dam Square, where the Bank of Amsterdam was located. 1514, Quentin Matsys. A Concise Financial History of Europe Learning from the innovations of the early bankers, traders and fund managers by taking a historical journey through Europe’s main financial centers. Jan Sytze Mosselaar © 2018 Robeco, Rotterdam AMSTERDAM 10 11 12 13 21 23 BRUGGE 7 LONDON 14 19 DUTCH REPUBLIC 15 8 ANTWERP 16 18 20 17 PARIS 22 24 25 9 VENICE GENOA 2 5 PIsa 1 3 FLORENCE 4 SIENA 6 25 DEFINING MOMENts IN EUROPeaN FINANCIAL HIstOry Year City Chapter 1 1202 Publication of Liber Abaci Pisa 1 2 1214 Issuance of first transferable government debt Genoa 1 3 1340 The “Great Crash of 1340” Florence 2 4 1397 Foundation of the Medici Bank Florence 2 5 1408 Opening of Banco di San Giorgio Genoa 1 6 1472 Foundation of the Monte di Paschi di Siena Siena 1 7 1495 First mention of ‘de Beurs’ in Brugge Brugge 3 8 1531 New Exchange opens in Antwerp Antwerp 3 9 1587 Foundation of Banco di Rialto Venice 1 10 1602 First stock market IPO Amsterdam 5 11 1609 First short squeeze and stock market regulation Amsterdam 5 12 1609 Foundation of Bank of Amsterdam Amsterdam 4 13 1688 First book on stock markets published Amsterdam 5 14 1688 Glorious & Financial Revolution London 6 15 1694 Foundation of Bank of England London 6 16 1696 London’s