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PDF) 978-3-11-066078-4 E-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-065796-8 The Crisis of the 14th Century Das Mittelalter Perspektiven mediävistischer Forschung Beihefte Herausgegeben von Ingrid Baumgärtner, Stephan Conermann und Thomas Honegger Band 13 The Crisis of the 14th Century Teleconnections between Environmental and Societal Change? Edited by Martin Bauch and Gerrit Jasper Schenk Gefördert von der VolkswagenStiftung aus den Mitteln der Freigeist Fellowship „The Dantean Anomaly (1309–1321)“ / Printing costs of this volume were covered from the Freigeist Fellowship „The Dantean Anomaly 1309-1321“, funded by the Volkswagen Foundation. Die frei zugängliche digitale Publikation wurde vom Open-Access-Publikationsfonds für Monografien der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft gefördert. / Free access to the digital publication of this volume was made possible by the Open Access Publishing Fund for monographs of the Leibniz Association. Der Peer Review wird in Zusammenarbeit mit themenspezifisch ausgewählten externen Gutachterin- nen und Gutachtern sowie den Beiratsmitgliedern des Mediävistenverbands e. V. im Double-Blind-Ver- fahren durchgeführt. / The peer review is carried out in collaboration with external reviewers who have been chosen on the basis of their specialization as well as members of the advisory board of the Mediävistenverband e.V. in a double-blind review process. ISBN 978-3-11-065763-0 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-066078-4 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-065796-8 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Library of Congress Control Number: 2019947596 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2020 Martin Bauch, Gerrit Jasper Schenk, published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston. The book is published with open access at degruyter.com. Typesetting: Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd. Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck www.degruyter.com Contents Martin Bauch, Gerrit Jasper Schenk Teleconnections, Correlations, Causalities between Nature and Society? An Introductory Comment on the “Crisis of the Fourteenth Century” 1 Peter Brown Ventus vehemens et terribilis per totam Angliam: Responses and Reactions to a Short-term Crisis in the British Isles 24 Chantal Camenisch The Potential of Late Medieval and Early Modern Narrative Sources from the Area of Modern Switzerland for the Climate History of the Fourteenth Century 43 Marko Halonen Hic aues incipiunt cantare: Shifts in the Beginning of Seasons in Medieval Calendars of Rome and the Nordic Countries 62 Heli Huhtamaa Climate and the Crises of the Early Fourteenth Century in Northeastern Europe 80 Andrea Kiss, Ferenc Piti, Ferenc Sebők, Éva Teiszler Food Crisis in Fourteenth-Century Hungary: Indicators, Causes and Case Studies 100 Thomas Labbé The Crisis of 1315–1322 in Bresse as Depicted in Manorial Rolls 130 Tana Li The Mongol Yuan Dynasty and the Climate, 1260–1360 153 Paolo Nanni Facing the Crisis in Medieval Florence: Climate Variability, Carestie, and Forms of Adaptation in the First Half of the Fourteenth Century 169 Johannes Preiser-Kapeller, Ekaterini Mitsiou The Little Ice Age and Byzantium within the Eastern Mediterranean, ca. 1200–1350: An Essay on Old Debates and New Scenarios 190 VI Contents Rainer Schreg Plague and Desertion – A Consequence of Anthropogenic Landscape Change? Archaeological Studies in Southern Germany 221 Maximilian Schuh Narratives of Environmental Events in the Winchester Pipe Rolls and English Historiography of the Early Fourteenth Century 247 András Vadas The Little Ice Age and the Hungarian Kingdom? Sources and Research Perspectives 263 Richard C. Hoffmann Thoughts on a Connected Fourteenth Century 280 Index of Places 289 Index of Names 297 Martin Bauch, Gerrit Jasper Schenk Teleconnections, Correlations, Causalities between Nature and Society? An Introductory Comment on the “Crisis of the Fourteenth Century” Abstract: The introductory comment revisits older discussions in medieval studies about the “Crisis of the Fourteenth Century,” connecting it – as recent studies suggest – to a general increase in the intensity and frequency of natural extreme events between the turn of the century and the ravages of the Black Death in mid-century. New approaches to this period of transition examine how societal phenomena coin- cided with rapid or gradual environmental changes and attempt to establish the rela- tionship between causality and correlation; these methods challenge – albeit without reverting to climatic or environmental determinism – established historiographical paradigms that have tended to explain social facts via other social facts (Durkheim). Hence, the introduction discusses new theoretical tools in environmental history like consilience, resilience, vulnerability, and man-nature-interaction models, such as, for example, those developed by the Vienna School (Winiwarter), but also approaches which have received less attention, like Luhmann’s ecological commu- nication, the Panarchy model (Gunderson/Holling), and Lovelock’s Gaia hypothesis. In the interest of promoting a pragmatic heuristic perspective, the editors expand on the idea of societal teleconnections of meteorological extreme events (Moser/Finzi Hart), as this concept integrates delayed effects and feedback loops, acknowledges spatial crosslinks, and avoids hierarchical impact-levels. Applying the meteorological term “teleconnection” in social historical studies allows for the discovery of “strange parallels” (Lieberman) in the socio-economic development of otherwise unconnected areas of the world, and these synchronicities, in turn, open avenues for the further development of a global pre-modern environmental history. Keywords: crisis, societal teleconnection, correlation, coincidence, causality, consil- ience, climate determinism, resilience, vulnerability, Gaia hypothesis, socio-natural site, great transition Dr. Martin Bauch, Abteilung Mensch & Umwelt, Leibniz-Institut für die Geschichte u. Kultur des östlichen Europa (GWZO), Reichsstraße 4-6, D-04109 Leipzig, [email protected] Prof. Dr. Gerrit Jasper Schenk, Mittelalterliche Geschichte, Institut für Geschichte, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Dolivostraße 15, 64293 Darmstadt, [email protected] Open Access. © 2020 Martin Bauch, Gerrit Jasper Schenk, published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110660784-001 2 Martin Bauch, Gerrit Jasper Schenk During the fourteenth century, many Europeans felt they were living in an era of crisis avant la lettre1 in which frightening events seemed increasingly frequent. For instance, the Franciscan Alvarius Pelagius, who studied the Black Death and may have been influenced by medical theories, declared his age to be a time of serious trouble, a tempus fermentatum, or “time of fermentation.”2 There has been extensive historical research on the crises, wars, and disasters that fourteenth century people faced.3 In the following we name only a few well known events: the famine in northern and central Europe from 1315 to 1321; the first phase of the Hundred Years’ War between France and England (1337–1386); the so-called Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy in Avignon (1309–1377) and the Western Schism (1378–1417); the waves of plague after 1347, includ- ing the agrarian crisis, the economic and demographic depression, flagellant cam- paigns, increasing murders of Jews, peasant revolts, upheavals in the cities and locust plagues.4 Many contemporaries were also frightened by short-term or geographically limited events such as a recurrent cattle plague in England between 1318 and 1350, the disastrous flooding of Florence in 1333, St. Mary Magdalene’s flood that affected half 1 For the concept of crisis, see Carla Meyer/ Katja Patzel-Mattern/ Gerrit Jasper Schenk, Krisengeschich- te(n). “Krise” als Leitbegriff und Erzählmuster in kulturwissenschaftlicher Perspektive – eine Einfüh- rung, in: Carla Meyer/ Katja Patzel-Mattern/ Gerrit Jasper Schenk (eds.), Krisengeschichte(n). “Krise” als Leitbegriff und Erzählmuster in kulturwissenschaftlicher Perspektive (Beihefte der Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte 210), Stuttgart 2013, pp. 9–23; Stephan Haberscheid/ Lars Koch, Einleitung: Katastrophen, Krisen, Störungen, in: LiLi. Zeitschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Linguistik 173 (2014) [http://www.lili.uni-siegen.de/ausgaben/2014/lili173.html?lang=de#einleitung (30.12.2017)]; from the perspective of system theory see Rudolf Schlögl, “Krise” als Form der gesellschaftlichen Selbstbeobachtung. Eine Einleitung, in: Rudolf Schlögl/ Philipp R. Hoffmann-Rehnitz/ Eva Wiebel (eds.), Die Krise in der Frühen Neuzeit (Historische Semantik 26), Göttingen 2016, pp. 9–31. 2 Alvarus Pelagius, De planctu Ecclesiae Alvari Pelagii Hispani ex ordine Minorum Libri duo, Vene- dig 1560, fol. 93rb, see Sabine Krüger, Krise der Zeit als Ursache der Pest. Der Traktat ‚De mortalitate in Alamannia‘ des Konrad von Megenberg, in: id. (ed.), Festschrift für Hermann Heimpel zum 70. Geburtstag am 19. September 1971 (Veröffentlichungen des Max-Planck-Instituts für Geschichte 36, 2), Göttingen 1972, pp. 839–883, here p. 844, 858. 3 See Ferdinand Seibt/ Winfried Eberhard (eds.), Europa 1400. Die Krise des Spätmittelalters.
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