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Alienation and Powerlessness: Adam Mickiewicz's Ballady and Chopin's Ballades

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Alienation and Powerlessness: Adam Mickiewicz's Ballady and Chopin's Ballades INFORMATION Ta USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text direetly tram the original or copy submitted. Thus, sorne thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be trom any type of computer printer. The quality of this ntprocluctlon i. dependent upon the qu.llty of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. ln the unlikely event!hat the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indieate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning al the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left ta right in equal sections with small avertaps. Photographs induded in the original manuscript have been repraduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 8- x 9- black and white photographie prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contad UMI directly ta arder. Bell &Howell Information and Leaming 300 North Z8eb Raad, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 USA UMI~ eOQ-S21..Q600 Alienation and Powerlessness: Adam Mickiewicz's Ballady and Chopin's Ballades. Dorota Zakrzewska Faculty ofMusic McGill University, Montreal July, 1998 A thesis submitted to the Faculty ofGraduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment ofthe requirements ofthe degree ofMaster ofArts. © Dorota Zakrzewska, 1998. National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1+1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographi= Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1 A ON4 Ottawa ON K1 A ON4 Canada canada You''''' Vot,., retèrtHlCe The author has granted a oon­ L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library ofCanada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies ofthis thesis in microfonn, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic fonnats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur fonnat électronique. The author retains ownership ofthe L'auteur consetve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fram it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author' s ou autrement reproduits sans son pemusslon. autorisation. 0-612-43976-3 Canadrl Table ofContents Abstract ii Resumé iii Acknowledgments iv Preface v Chapter 1: The Reception History ofChopin's Ballades 1 Chapter 2: Alienation and Powerlessness, and the Ideology ofthe Great Emigration 44 Chopin and Expression 47 The Ideology ofthe Great Emigration 50 Chopin and Mickiewicz: Affinities 56 The Themes ofthe [deology ofthe Exiled 71 Chapter 3: Mickiewicz's Ballady and Musical Discourse in Chopin's Second Ballade 81 Mickiewicz's Bal/ady and the Tbemes ofthe Ideology ofthe Emigration 84 Form and Musical Discourse in Chopin's Second Bal/ade 98 Conclusion 114 Appendix 1 116 Appendix 2 123 Bibliography 136 Abstract ii Abstraet Music scholars have long been trying to determine the major influences on the Ballades of Fryderyk Chopin. Sorne, like Karol Berger, have pointed to ideological influences of the Polish emigration in Paris, while others, like James Parakilas, have given credit to the generic characteristics of the European literary ballad. In my own view. however, the most salient extra-musical factor in the background to Chopin's Ballades are Ballady, a series ofpoems by the 19lh century Polish poet Adam Mickiewicz. After Chopin's death, Mickiewicz's Bal/ady were frequently associated with Chopin's Ballades, and in the tirst chapter l demonstrate this by examining the reception history ofthese works. ln the next chapter [ analyze the ideology ofthe Polish emigration in Paris, including prominent thernes of alienation, powerLessness, morbid anxiety, pilgrimage, and nostalgia, which were used by that expatriate society to identify itself. Finally, in the third chapter, 1 trace analogies between these themes and their manifestations in Mickiewicz's Ballatf..v. This analysis of Mickiewicz's poems forms the hasis of my interpretation of Chopin's Second Ballade, where [ discuss how certain textuai and thematic features ofthe poems taken as a group can he mapped onto the form and musical discourse ofthe piano piece. In sum, although the associations between specifie poerns and Chopin's Ballades have been made by many authors, no one has distilled a single narrative archetype from the group ofMickiewicz's Bal/ady to apply to Chopin's works. Résumé iii Resumé Les musicologues ont longtemps essayés de determiner les influences majeures sur les Ballades de Fryderyk Chopin. Certains, comme Karol Berger, ont démontrés les influences ideologiques de la communauté d'immigrés polonais à Paris. D'autres, tel que James Parakilas, ont démontrés les influences de ballades litéraires de la grande tradition européenne. Toutefois, d'apres mes recherches, l'influence la plus evidente sur les Ballades de Chopin vient de Ballady, une série de poèmes d'Adam Mickiewicz, un poète polonais du 19th siècle. Après la mort de Chopin, les Ballady de Mickiewicz ont été fréquemment associées aux Ballades de Chopin. Dans le premier chapitre, je le démontre en examinant la réception de ces oeuvres. Dans le chapitre suivant, j'analyse l'idéologie de la communauté des immigrés polonais à Paris, y compris les thèmes prominantes de l'alienation, de l'impuissance, de la morbidité, du pélerinage et de la nostalgie. Finalement, dans le troisiéme chapitre, rétablie une analogie entre les differentes expressions de ces thèmes dans les Ballady de Mickiewicz. Cette analyse des poèmes de Mickiewicz est la base de mon interpretation de la Derccième Bal/ade. Je démontre comment certains caracteristiques textuelles et thèmatiques de ces poèmes peuvent etre traduit dans la forme musicale d'une composition pour piano. Jusqu'à maintenant, personne n'a trouvé un rapport direct entre les Bal/ady de Mickiewicz et les Ballades de Chopin, même si certains auteurs ont fait des remarques sur les similarités entre certains oeuvres. Acknowledgmenets iv Acknowledgments This thesis presents research conducted at McGill University under the guidance of Professor Steven Huebner, whose advice and insightful comments helped me enannously ta pursue this topic and to whom l wish to express my sincere gratitude. [am also very gratefui to Professor Tamara Levitz for her interest and encouragement. Sîncere thanks ga to my friends and fellow graduate students Michael Free~ Robert Rowat and Lisa Christensen for their suggestions and help in editing. [wouid aiso like to thank Piatr Borowiec for EnglishlFrench translation. AIso~ [ wish ta thank my late piano teacher Jan Gorzelany for awakening my appreciatian for music. Finally my gratitude goes ta my husband Jacek Stachawiak for his help in research, patience, and support. Preface v Preface "Wretched am 1arnid the spiteful herd: 1weep-theyjeer at me; 1speak-they cannot understand a ward; 1see--they do not see~ 1 This poem by Adam Mickiewicz fascinated me since my high school days. It expresses intense and disturbing emotions--alienation, powerlessness, and morbid anxiety--all easily connected to the ideology of the Polish emigration in Paris in the 1830s. Only recentIy has this ideology been linked ta Chopin's narrative works by Karoi Berger in his essay ~~Chopin's Ballade Op.23 and the Revolution ofthe lntellectuals.,,2 ln this thesis 1further explore the ideology ofPolish emigration and its influence on Chopin. 1 propose a connection between this ideology and a narrative archetype expressed in Mickiewicz's Balladyand final1y, 1 analyze its manifestations in the music of Chopin's Second Ballade. In his essay Berger introduces the extremely interesting notion of a relationship between "'the temporal structures of Chopin's musical narrative and the historicai narrative in terms of which the composer's contemporaries established their identity.,,3 This narrative, according to Berger, ~'provided the community Chopin identified with most closely, the Polish emigration in Paris in the 1830s and 1840s, with their sense of who they were [which] was the story of ~Exodus,' its fundamental structure of past enslavement, present exile and future rebirth.'" The self-image ofexiled Poles, according to Maria Janion and Maria imigrodzka, was that oforphanage, pilgrimage, imprisonment, uprootedness, and homelessness. For Berger, this self-understanding was highly relevant 1 Adam Mickiewicz. Romantyc::nosé, translated by George Rapan Noyes and Jewell Parish, in Adam Mickiewicz: Seleeted Poetrv and Prose (Warsaw: Polonia Publishing House, 1955), pp. 27-28. 2 Karol Berger, "Chopm's Ballade Op.23 and the Revolution ofthe Intelleetuals," in Chopin Studies 2, ed. John Rink and Jim Samson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, t994), pp. 72-83. 3 Ibid., p. 77. 4 Ibid., pp. 76-77. Preface vi to Chopin's listeners, nationalist Poles and cosmopolitan Parisians alike. The nationalistic origin ofChopin's Ballades is also suggested by James Parakilas, who in his Ballads Without Words observes: Chopin might well have felt
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