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Oda Do Młodości” (Gençliğe Od)”, International Reference Social Sciences Studies Journal, (E-ISSN:2587-1587) Vol:6, Issue: 54; Pp:129-137

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Oda Do Młodości” (Gençliğe Od)”, International Reference Social Sciences Studies Journal, (E-ISSN:2587-1587) Vol:6, Issue: 54; Pp:129-137 International e-ISSN:2587-1587 SOCIAL SCIENCES STUDIES JOURNAL Open Access Refereed E-Journal & Indexed & Puplishing Article Arrival : 08/11/2019 Research Article Related Date : 12/01/2020 Published : 12.01.2020 Doi Number http://dx.doi.org/10.26449/sssj.2082 Körpe Kemer, S. (2020). “Polonya Edebiyatında Bir Romantik Manifesto Olarak “Oda Do Młodości” (Gençliğe Od)”, International Reference Social Sciences Studies Journal, (e-ISSN:2587-1587) Vol:6, Issue: 54; pp:129-137. POLONYA EDEBİYATINDA BİR ROMANTİK MANİFESTO OLARAK “ODA DO MŁODOŚCİ” (GENÇLİĞE OD) "Ode to Youth" As A Romantic Manifesto In Polish Literature Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Seyyal KÖRPE KEMER İstanbul Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi, Slav Dilleri ve Edebiyatları Bölümü, İstanbul/TÜRKİYE ÖZET ABSTRACT Polonya romantizmi, ülkenin 18.yy sonunda Rusya, Prusya Polish romanticism has a special significance, hence it was ve Avusturya devletleri tarafından işgal edilmek suretiyle born at the end of the 18th century when Poland was Avrupa haritasından tamamen silinmiş olduğu bir dönemde completely was erased from the European map beeing doğmuş olması bakımından özel bir öneme sahiptir. occupied by Russia, Prussia and Austria. In addition to the Polonya romantizmi, Aydınlanma düşüncesinin temelini its goal of advancing on the path of reason and science, oluşturan akıl ve bilim yolunda ilerleme hedefinin yanı which forms the basis of the Enlightenment thought, Polish sıra, zihinsel sınırların ötesine geçerek varlığın ruhsal romanticism going beyond the mental boundaries, focusing boyutuna odaklanmak, böylelikle Tanrısal yaratım on the spiritual dimension of being, thus reaching the point noktasına ulaşmak suretiyle halkı mevcut rasyonel of Divine creation, undertaked the mission of convincing the koşullarda olanaksız görünen bağımsızlık mücadelesine public to the the struggle for independence that seemed ikna etme görevini üstlenmiştir. Bunun sonucunda edebi ve impossible under the current rational conditions As a result, siyasi hareketlerin alışagelmiş olandan çok daha sıkı bir it emerged as a unique phenomenon where literary and ilişki içinde gelişim gösterdiği sıra dışı bir olgu olarak political activities developed in a much tighter relationship ortaya çıkmıştır 1820 yılında Polonya'nın çağlar üstü şairi than usual. “Oda do młodości”(Ode to Youth) written by Adam Mickiewicz tarafından yazılmış olan “Oda do Adam Mickiewicz in 1820, a Polish poet of the ages, is młodości” (Gençliğe Od), Polonya’da romantizmin considered the first work in Poland to feel the breezes of esintilerini hissettiren ilk eser olarak kabul edilir. Genç romanticism. Although “Oda do młodości”, which is known kuşağın manifestosu olarak bilinen “Oda do młodości”, as the manifest of the younger generation formally adhered biçimsel olarak klasik kalıplara bağlı kalmış olsa da, to classical patterns with its glorifying the concepts of soul içeriğinde ruh ve yürek kavramlarını yüceltmesi, metafizik and heart, metaphysical contens, and its revolutionary spirit olaylara yer vermesi, taşıdığı devrimci ruh ve içten and sincere expression, it is regarded as a transition period anlatımı ile Polonya edebiyatına romantizmin kapılarını poem that opens the doors of romanticism to Polish aralayan bir geçiş dönemi şiiri olarak kabul edilir. literature. Anahtar sözcükler: Gençliğe Od, Mickiewicz, Key words: Ode to Youth, Mickiewicz, romanticism, romantizm, Polonya, manifesto Poland, manifest 1. GİRİŞ Polonya edebiyatı, 1795-1863 yılları arasında klasisizm, santimantalizm ve romantizm akımlarının etkin olduğu bir gelişim sürecinden geçmiştir. Polonya’da söz konusu akımlar içinde en çok ses getiren ve en uzun süreli etki göstereni ise romantizm olmuştur. Polonya romantik dönemi, Mickiewicz’in“Poezja” (Şiir) adlı eserinin ortaya çıktığı 1882 yılı ile işgalci Rus devletine karşı patlak veren Ocak ayaklanmasının bastırıldığı 1864 tarihleri arasında yer almıştır. Romantizm, 19.yy’ın ikinci yarısında diğer Avrupa ülkelerinde olduğu gibi Polonya’da da ideolojiye, siyasete, sanata, kültüre ve geleneklere, kısacası insan düşüncesinin boyutları içinde yer alan alanların tümüne egemen olmuştur. Romantik sanat, Avrupa ekseninde Büyük Fransız Devrimi, Polonya ekseninde ise devletin yıkılması ve 1794-1864 yılları arasında bağımsızlık uğruna verilen Kościuszki Ayaklanması, Napolyon Savaşları, Kasım Ayaklanması, Krakow Devrimi, Halkların Baharı Hareketi, Ocak Ayaklanması gibi kanlı mücadelelerin neden olduğu kaotik durumlar doğrultusunda biçimlenmiştir. Devrimin o güne kadar süre gelen değerlerin yıkımına neden olması ve insanı yalnızlığa itmesi sonucu yeni bir akım, yani aklın yerine duyguyu, coşumculuğu koyan romantizm doğmuştur (Gaznevi, 2016: 2). Bilindiği gibi Batı Avrupa ülkelerinde Romantizm, genel olarak orta sınıfın feodal sistemce belirlenen sınırları zorlama ifadesi ve elit saray kültürüne karşı protesto Social Sciences Studies Journal (SSSJournal) 2020 Vol:6 Issue:54 pp:129-137 niteliğine sahiptir. Bununla birlikte ulusal kültürlerin her birinde farklı biçimde yankı bulmuştur. Polonya romantizmi ise toplumsal yapı içindeki türlü değişim taleplerinin yanı sıra, ulusal bağımsızlık hareketlerinin ideolojisi ve motivasyon kaynağı konumunda olmuştur (Sawrymowicz, 1978: 59). Romantizmin, Polonya için edebiyat akımı olmasının ötesinde anlamı vardı. Çöküş döneminde şiir, yığınlara yol gösteren bir umut kaynağıydı (Yüce, 2004:75). Polonya romantizmi, edebi ve siyasi etkinliklerin alışagelmiş olandan çok daha sıkı bir ilişki içinde gelişim gösterdiği oldukça özgün bir süreç olarak ayırt edilir. Siyasi ve edebi sınırların neredeyse ortadan kalktığı bir süreç olarak dahi nitelendirilebilir. Bununla ilişkili olarak son derece doğal ve geleneksel bir olgu olarak öne çıkmıştır. Polonya’da romantik dünya görüşü doğrultusunda vuku bulan hareketlerde soylular ve soylu zihniyeti önemli rol oynamıştır. Aristokratlar ve köylüler gibi farklı toplumsal sınıflar ve gruplar bu hareketlerde bir arada yer almıştır. Bu nedenlerden ötürü Polonya romantizmi, bir toplumsal bağımsızlık ideolojisi olarak içsel bir çeşitlilik de göstermiştir. Ahlaki mükemmellik, azim ve kararlılık, direniş, yılmazlık, bireyin kendi varlığını ulusal meselelere ve esaret altında bulunan tüm Avrupa halklarını ilgilendiren meselelere adaması, şehitlik ve bugün ulusal mitler olarak adlandırılan değerler ise romantik edebiyatın temel unsurları olarak öne çıkmıştır. Polonya romantizmi bütünsel olarak ilk yansımasını Adam Mickiewicz’in sanatında bulmuştur. Mickiewicz’in, 1820 yılında ortaya çıkan, Polonya’da anayurt meselelerine duyarlı, aydın gençlerin manifestosu olarak kabul edilmiş “Oda do młodości” (Gençliğe Od) başlıklı eseri,1818-1822 yılları arasında romantiklerle klasikler arasındaki gerçekleşen ilk tartışmaları körükleyen radikal girişimlerden biri olmuştur. Bilindiği gibi od, kökenini Antikçağ Yunan lirik şiirinden alan, önemli meselelerden bahsederken genellikle övgü ve şükran duygularını ifade eden bir edebi türüdür. Mickiewicz’in “Oda do młodości’sinin” ise, Polonyalı romantik gençlerin bağımsızlık mücadelesinin kılavuzu olarak işlev göstermiş, özgün bir od türü olduğu söylenebilir. Bu eserle Mickiewicz, halka, ulusal direniş, yeniden yapılanma ve bağımsızlık uğruna savaşma yolunda çağrıda bulunmuştur. Ruh ve yürek kavramlarını yüceltmesi, metafizik olaylara yer vermesi, aktardığı devrimci iletiler ve duygu dolu ifadelerle donatılmış olmasına karşın içeriğinde yer alan klasik aksanlar, esere farklı bir tarz kazandırmıştır. “Yunan mitolojisine uzanılmakla birlikte, ruh ve yürek birlikteliği, akıl dışı olaylara yer verilmesi, taşıdığı devrimci ruh ve içten anlatımı ile Polonya Edebiyatı’na romantizmin kapılarını açan bir geçiş dönemi şiiri olarak kabul edilir” (Körpe, 2005: 1). 2. POLONYA ROMANTİK SANATININ GENEL ÖZELLİKLERİ Polonya romantizmi, sanatsal etkinliklerini farklı tarihsel süreçler içinde sergilemiş, bunun yanı sıra gerek ideolojik gerekse edebi duruşlarındaki özgünlükleriyle dikkat çeken oldukça seçkin sanatçılar tarafından biçimlendirilmiştir. Dönemin önde gelen edebiyatçılarından Mickiewicz, Slowacki, Krasińki ve Norwid’in eserlerinin birbirlerinden farklı içerik ve dokuya sahip olmaları, Polonya kültür dünyasına büyük bir zenginlik katmıştır. Adı geçen sanatçılar, eserleri aracılığıyla oldukça karmaşık ve çetin nitelikteki ulusal meseleler için yenilenmiş ve kayda değer ölçüde önemli stratejiler ortaya koymuşlardır. Sözgelimi Mickiewicz, Polonya ulusunun kökenlerini oluşturan soylu geleneğinin muhafaza edilmesinin yansı sıra, güncel halk demokrasisinin gerekliliğini de vurgulamıştır. Büyük şair, klasik geleneğin içinde gelişmiş olmasına ve buna bağlı olarak çalışmalarını klasik üslupta yapılandırmasına karşın, kısa süre içinde romantizmin büyüleyici yaratım gücüne kapılmıştır. Słowacki ve Krasińcki ise, ulusal tarihin sürekliliğinin sağlanması ve toplumsal devrim hareketlerinin gerçekleşmesi arasında ulusal birliğin tehlike altına girmesini engelleyecek bir denge kurma misyonunı üstlenmişlerdir (Sawrymowicz: 59). Polonya romantizminde şairler adeta birer peygamber olarak görülmüşlerdir. Bununla ilişkili olarak şiirsel dizeleri de tarihsel sorunları çözmeye olanak sağlayacak kutsal sureler olarak kabul edilmiştir. Polonya halkını, mevcut olumsuzlukların ve öngörülen yeni felaketlerin inançtan gelen güçle yok edilebileceğine ikna etmeye çalışmışlardır. Polonyalıların soylu kökenlerinden kaynaklanan azimli bağımsızlık mücadeleleri, Avrupa haritasından resmi olarak silinmiş topraklar üzerinde yaşamakta olan Polonya halkına özümsetilmesi hedeflenen Polonya kültürünü,
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