THE TOMB OF PTAHHOTEP I

Author: Anna-Latifa Mourad Number of Pages: 42 pages Published Date: 31 Oct 2015 Publisher: Aris & Phillips Ltd Publication Country: Warminster, United Kingdom Language: English ISBN: 9780856688515

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Egypt Art Afro. African Royalty. Word Wenches. A goddess is supporting the sky with raised arms on the astronomical ceiling in the outer hypostyle hall of the Hathor Temple at Dendera Temple Complex, Dendera, Egypt. Photo Paul Smit. Find this Pin and more on Finding Texture Egyptian Goddess. Nut Goddess. Akhethotep's body was buried in a subterranean vault at the end of a shaft. Excavations of the limestone chapel above it have found items which were used in offerings to Akhethotep, from offering tables and statues and the remains of the sacrament funeral in the crypt among which include a canopic jar with a limestone cover plate. It is highly decorated with bas reliefs, illustrating much about the life of Akhethetep on his country estate and feasts with live entertainment. Boating scenes — sailing upstream to the south, rowing downstream to the north — are an allusion to visits to his funerary estates and voyages toward the Field of Offerings, in the domain of the Great God. The mastaba of Akhethotep was discovered during excavations conducted by the Louvre. This excavation campaign, which began in , unearthed a massive, solid building, preserved to a height of almost 6 meters and covered with a facing of fine limestone; it was 32 meters long from north to south, and 16 from east to west. This building was in the center of a funerary complex which also contained a chapel, a courtyard, and a small mastaba in the name of another Akhethotep doubtless a member of the same family. The chapel in the Louvre occupied only a small section to the south of the huge building, the only decorated parts of which were this room and a tall false door in the east side of the building. A close examination of the larger photograph will reveal that the figures are in raised relief and the hieroglyphics are in sunk relief. Note the man's arm at the far right. The left edge is dark, in shadow, while the right edge is white the source of light is to the right of the observer -- note the shadows at the bottom center. The glyphs, on the other hand, are dark on the right edge and light on the left, indicating that they are in sunk relief. Now look at the figures next to the "rocket. They are inconsistent in several respects to the general style of the reliefs as a whole. Modern graffiti better described as vandalism is universally executed in sunk relief, mainly because this method is fast and easy and it takes little talent or planning. It would not be illogical to conclude that the two small figures standing beside the "rocket" are products of modern vandalism. Ptahhotep also used meta-instruction as a form of discourse marker, through which he deontically expressed his epistemics or epistemically expressed his deontics? The very existence of the Instructions suggests that Ptahhotep believed that instruction, introspection, and learning could act powerfully to prevent social trouble by maintaining discursive solidarity and good social control, through shared community practices and their cohesive qualities. He recognised that social interaction acts were isolatable, generalizable, and teachable, and he knew that the acquisition of communication capital was important for a measure of personal comfort and social calmness. The Instructions suggests the value of maintaining the legitimation and pathologisation of current social acts. Interestingly, a majority of his instructions suggest that social norms should be given precedence over individuality. Indeed it has been argued that trying to find specific practices through general instructions is to seek what texts are most reluctant to tell us Burke : The very fact that his Instructions in various editions survived roughly 1, years in Ancient Egypt Faulkner , suggests that his views were shared by many for a long time. Furthermore, it could be said that the Instructions was a likely formative influence on European civilisations as the text spread through trade and travel around the Mediterranean. The Greeks and Christianity have over time significantly affected the behaviours of European social interaction, and while modern writers on communication and interaction may not know of Ptah, their sense of the value of interactional instruction certainly resembles his. The Instructions also remains important because written instructing was then, and still is, a powerful, institutionalised, communicative action. Many features of the text could not be included here because of space constraints, and this study has had to be exploratory only. Faulkner, Raymond O. In William K. Simpson ed. Hagen, Fredrik. An ancient Egyptian literary text in context. Leuven: Peeters. Jacq, Christian. Wisdom of Ptahhotep. New York: Basic Books. Lichtheim, Miriam. Ancient Egyptian literature, Vol 1 The old and middle kingdoms. Berkeley: University of California Press. Accessed online in October https. Excesses were avoided. When they happen, they were compensated by putting in reserves as well as by being reserved. By being aware of the plumb-line of the balance conscience , one may judge one's situation and act to re establish Maat and let her endure again. The straight path was the proper middle way of accomplished equilibrium on the chaotic sea of non-equilibrium. As this law of rectitude was immanent part of the order of creation , its standard was at work both in the macrocosmos were it just "is" as well as in the microcosmos were it ought to be. To it, growth is not essential, but increasing harmonization is cf. The macrocosmic work of Maat got associated with the course of Re, i. In the microcosmos, as Ptahhotep showed, Maat operated in all kinds of social situations, but excelled as the good discourse made by the wise father to his son, who heard and listened, and did better than his own father. Maat was also the justice meeted out in Egypt's law courts. The title "priest of Maat" referred to people who were involved in the justice system, as well as being priests of the goddess herself. Justice and the immanent order of being were one and the same thing. It was necessary that righteousness ruled and greed expelled , because by offering order to Re, Pharaoh returned to his father what had been given by the latter, namely creation itself. By circulating the goods, and not causing individuals to heap up their wealth, equilibrium was maintained. Pharaoh possessed everything and everybody else received what they needed from him and the other gods directly via the offerings. O Re, who feedest upon Maat. O Re, who rejoicest in Maat. O Re, who art united to Maat. I have come and I have brought unto thee Maat, in which thou livest, in which thou rejoicest, in which thou art perfect, in which thou art bound together, in which thou flourishest Thy heart is glad when thou seest those who are in thy shrine, who rejoice when they see Maat, following thee, since evil beareth contentions and destroyeth all the gods and the offerings. Maat as the double truth in the "Beautiful West". His heart i. Which truth? Maat herself and the negative affirmations or the declaration of innocence made by the deceased. In it, he confirmed before the 42 gods not to have offended Maat in various essential ways cf. Anubis god of embalming and guide of the dead weighed the heart, and Thoth god of writing, scribes, magic and wisdom recorded. Only perfect equilibrium was acceptable. For only in that case had the person not added weight to his own heart by acting against Maat without compensating for the wrongdoing in some way. In that case, the heart was devoured by a female demon called "Ammut", the Devouress of the Dead. This was the second, final death. But if the heart weighed the same as the Feather of Truth, the deceased was justified venerated and could meet Osiris to be deified Maxim 19, lines - Take them to your forehead, so that they may illuminate your face. Accept it from Pharaoh Unis intact, with its water in it intact, with its blood in it intact, and with its ducts in it intact. Thoth saw it on yonder side of the Mer-en-Kha when the Eye of Horus sprang up on yonder side of the Mer-en-Kha and fell on Thoth's wing on yonder side of the Mer-en-Kha. I bring to you the green eye-paint which Horus gave to Osiris. Horus has filled his empty Eye with his full Eye. It was miraculously filled and completed by Thoth and then given back to Horus as it is brought to Pharaoh as a "full Eye". Because of this rejuvenation, it is called "the green eye" cf. It was stronger than men and mightier than gods Healed, it even had its own typical perfume. The right Eye of Horus, or Eye of Re, is the original "wedjat-eye", for "wTAt" means "well, uninjured", also called "the white eye", associated with the cycle of the Sun especially its zenith and the summer. It was this intact eye which was used in the Egyptian notation of measures of capacity :. In that sense maat resembled the eye of Horus, wounded time and time again and subsequentely healed. Both symbolized a constantly endangered order that must repeatedly be established anew. The presentation of the eye of Horus, or udjet eye, by the pharaoh or priest had the same basic significance as the presentation of Maat. The gesture gave visible proof that all disruptions and threats to order had been removed, and that justice and harmony ruled once more. On two statues we find the symbols explictly joined in the inscription : 'My arms carry the udjet eye, I present maat. Again the two scales appear : uninjured Eye of Re, analogon of the Feather, daughter of Re versus the endangered or injured Eye of Thoth, analogon of the heart, judged by speech. The restored Eye is Maat, and the restored energy is given back to its origin to complete the cycle and condition perpetual rejuvenation - the eternal return of the same. Maat transcends the turmoil upon which the very existence of the culture of the Two Lands was based, but her standard is immanent in creation the cosmic moral law was not in touch with the "first time" of before creation. She is the goddess perceived by Nun the preexistent, passive "chaos" versus active "chaos" as "isefet" as Atum's greatest asset! He tells him to kiss her and smell the excellence of her fragrance! She is always near him, i. Maat can be "eaten", for she is the "divine food" of the gods the offerings which are redistributed as "gifts of the gods". She is the ultimate food from heaven which is given back to heaven as voice-offerings. Truth and justice are the backbone of every great civilization, and they can always be restored, as the Eye of Horus teaches are Mercy its flesh and Compassion its spirit? To find oneself on the straight path again after having gone astray from it for a long time may be difficult, but not impossible. Indeed, "on the first day", there was no conflict i. So if someone makes up later by doing great deeds for the people regardless his former lowliness, then Maat automatically rebalances between them and perfect peace "hotep" - "Htp" returns as it was on the first day when things just were what they were and not yet how they turned out afterwards. NUN the preexistent, primordial, precreational waters which lurk behind every excess of the floods The scarcely mentioned murder of Osiris by Seth, was the introduction of divine moral evil in the holy sanctuary of the pantheon itself : chaos initiated as an intrinsic, irreducible and active part of the system of nature contrary to Nun, who remains passive and undifferentiated, Seth has a form of expression of his own The hearer to whom it is said is effective in the body. Mempory of him is in the mouth of the people, Those who are on earth, and those who will be. If the son of a someone receives what his father says, There can be no wavering for any of his plans. Instruct your son to be a good hearer, who will be excellent in the hearts of the officials, guiding his mouth according to what he has been told, seen as a hearer. The son who excels, his steps are distinguished, but there is no straight way in for the one who fails to hear. The morning of the wise man will be his security, while the fool is pressed down. As for the fool unable to hear, nothing can ever be done for him. He sees wisdom as ignorance, and what is good as what is painful. He commits every error, to be accused of it each day. He lives on what one dies of, corrupt speect is his food. His character in this is well-known to the officials, saying 'living death' each day. His faults are passed over from the sheer number of faults on him each day. A son who hears is a follower of Horus It is good for him after he hears. In his old age he achieves revered status. He can tell the same to his children, renewing the teaching of his father. Every man teaches by his deeds. He tells on to the children, and they can tell their children. Show character, do not pass on your weaknesses. Securing what is right, is the life of your children As for the principal who arrives with wrongdoing, people say what they see 'that is exactly how that man is' to say to those who will hear 'that is exactly how that man is' too. Their everyone sees, and the multitude is pacified. There is no profit in riches without them. Do not remove a word, do not add it. Do not put one in place of another. Fight against opening up the bonds on you. Guard against a man of experience saying 'listen up, if you wish to be secure in the mouth of those who hear; speak up when you have penetrated the case of the craftsman'. You speak at the case of closure, and all your plans will fall into place. Season 4 Episode All Episodes At an archaeological dig in Egypt Sam has to deal with an approaching sandstorm and a year old curse. Director: Joe Napolitano. Writers: Donald P. Bellisario created by , Chris Ruppenthal. Available on Amazon. Some owned dozens of tombs, with hundreds of mummies packed into each one. For the first time, archaeological evidence is confirming what until now has only been guessed at based on inscriptions and millennia-old legal documents. Insights like that make the Saqqara excavation special. Paleoradiologist Sahar Saleem between two male technicians uses a mobile x-ray unit to reveal secrets hidden beneath the wrappings of the mummified priest Ayput. The name is male, but the size and shape of the mummy's pelvis, as well as the roundness of its skull, suggests to Saleem that this priest might actually have been a priestess. That means the future could hold more such discoveries for excavators patient enough to look. While poring over old dig reports, Hussein realized the shaft leading to the mummification workshop was located less than three feet from where French and Egyptian excavators stopped searching in The chamber and its contents were hidden by the sand they hastily shoveled aside. The complex containing this mastaba is hardly visible from orbital cameras Google Earth view due to everything being the same colour as the surrounding desert sand. The courtyard and the recessed entry to D64 are visible, also the approach ramp from the direction of the Djoser complex. The D64 complex also contains several other, smaller, mastabas which have not survived as well as those of D62 and D This page provides the general details of both the family and the mastaba as a whole. The two following pages will describe separately the two areas of the mastaba being those areas belong to Akhethotep and then that of Ptahhotep. Personal details of the individual owners will be contained likewise. The family of these two tomb owners is dominated by their two names, those of Akhethotep and Ptahhotep.