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Emerging Roles of ARHGAP33 in Intracellular Trafficking of Trkb And

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Emerging Roles of ARHGAP33 in Intracellular Trafficking of Trkb And ARTICLE Received 21 Oct 2015 | Accepted 4 Jan 2016 | Published 3 Feb 2016 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10594 OPEN Emerging roles of ARHGAP33 in intracellular trafficking of TrkB and pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders Takanobu Nakazawa1,2,3, Ryota Hashimoto4,5, Kazuto Sakoori1, Yuki Sugaya1, Asami Tanimura1, Yuki Hashimotodani1, Kazutaka Ohi4, Hidenaga Yamamori4,6, Yuka Yasuda4, Satomi Umeda-Yano6, Yuji Kiyama7, Kohtarou Konno8, Takeshi Inoue2, Kazumasa Yokoyama2, Takafumi Inoue9, Shusuke Numata10, Tohru Ohnuma11, Nakao Iwata12, Norio Ozaki13, Hitoshi Hashimoto3,5,14, Masahiko Watanabe8, Toshiya Manabe7, Tadashi Yamamoto2,15, Masatoshi Takeda4,5 & Masanobu Kano1 Intracellular trafficking of receptor proteins is essential for neurons to detect various extra- cellular factors during the formation and refinement of neural circuits. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the trafficking of neurotrophin receptors to synapses remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that a brain-enriched sorting nexin, ARHGAP33, is a new type of regulator for the intracellular trafficking of TrkB, a high-affinity receptor for brain-derived neurotrophic factor. ARHGAP33 knockout (KO) mice exhibit reduced expression of synaptic TrkB, impaired spine development and neuropsychiatric disorder-related behavioural abnormalities. These deficits are rescued by specific pharmacological enhancement of TrkB signalling in ARHGAP33 KO mice. Mechanistically, ARHGAP33 interacts with SORT1 to cooperatively regulate TrkB trafficking. Human ARHGAP33 is associated with brain pheno- types and reduced SORT1 expression is found in patients with schizophrenia. We propose that ARHGAP33/SORT1-mediated TrkB trafficking is essential for synapse development and that the dysfunction of this mechanism may be a new molecular pathology of neuropsychiatric disorders. 1 Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. 2 Division of Oncology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan. 3 iPS Cell-based Research Project on Brain Neuropharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan. 4 Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan. 5 Molecular Research Center for Children’s Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan. 6 Department of Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan. 7 Division of Neuronal Network, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan. 8 Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan. 9 Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan. 10 Department of Psychiatry, Course of Integrated Brain Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan. 11 Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. 12 Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan. 13 Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan. 14 Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan. 15 Cell Signal Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son 904-0495, Japan. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to T.N. (email: [email protected]) or to R.H. (email: [email protected]) or to M.K. (email: [email protected]). NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | 7:10594 | DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10594 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications 1 ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10594 ntracellular protein trafficking is essential for cellular functions expression levels are observed in the peripheral lymphocytes particularly in highly polarized cells such as neurons1. of schizophrenia patients. Furthermore, human ARHGAP33 is IMembrane proteins are generally delivered in a polarized associated with brain phenotypes of patients with schizophrenia. manner from the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus and We argue that ARHGAP33/SORT1-mediated TrkB trafficking is the trans-Golgi network to synaptic sites2,3. Multiple classes of crucial for synapse development and that its disruption may lead proteins are responsible for ensuring the specificity of sorting and to pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders. trafficking3, including proteins of the sorting nexin (SNX) family, a large group of proteins that contain a conserved phox homology (PX) domain. Through a conserved PX domain-mediated Results interaction with phosphoinositides, SNX proteins are often Decreased surface expression of TrkB in ARHGAP33 KO mice. localized to the Golgi apparatus and endosomes, where they ARHGAP33 is a unique, multidomain protein containing the regulate the exiting and sorting of membrane proteins4. RhoGAP, SH3 and PX domains (Fig. 1a) and is highly expressed ARHGAP33 (also known as SNX26, TCGAP or NOMA-GAP; in the brain, especially in the cortex, hippocampus, caudate- hereafter ARHGAP33)5–9 and ARHGAP32 (also known as putamen and olfactory bulb (Supplementary Fig. 1)7. p250GAP and PX-RICS; hereafter ARHGAP32)10–12 represent To examine ARHGAP33 functions in vivo, we generated a unique subfamily of SNX proteins that have a RhoGTPase- ARHGAP33 KO mice. The KO mice were born according to activating protein (RhoGAP) domain (for a review, see ref. 13). Mendelian genetics, exhibited normal growth and did not These SNX proteins are highly enriched in the brain, but it show severe abnormalities (Supplementary Fig. 2). The gross remains unclear whether and how they are involved in protein anatomy and cytoarchitecture of the ARHGAP33 KO brains sorting and trafficking in neurons and contribute to higher brain were apparently normal (Supplementary Fig. 2). The roles of functions. ARHGAP33 in the adult brain have not been investigated, but TrkB is a high-affinity receptor for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) that plays important roles in the neuronal a development, establishment and maintenance of synapses, Phox SH3 RhoGAP domain domain domain Proline rich regulation of synaptic transmission and plasticity, and memory formation14–16. TrkB function is regulated by multiple steps, including transcriptional, translational and post-translational 14,15 b c mechanisms . Among them, a critical step is the proper 140 * NS NS trafficking of TrkB from the soma to the distal compartments of WT KO 120 axons and dendrites14,15, but the mechanisms of TrkB trafficking remain unclear. TrkB 100 In the present study, we show that ARHGAP33 regulates the 80 TrkC trafficking of TrkB to synaptic sites. Consistent with the role of 60 14–16 TrkB in synapse maintenance and function , ARHGAP33 KO Surface SORT1 40 mice have impaired spine morphogenesis and exhibit behavioural 20 deficits. Mechanistically, ARHGAP33 functions cooperatively GAPDH Surface expression (%) with sortilin (SORT1), a modulator of intracellular protein 0 WTKO WT KO WT KO trafficking17, to regulate TrkB trafficking to synapses. TrkB TrkC SORT1 Interestingly, correlated decreases in ARHGAP33 and SORT1 WT KO d PSD fraction Total lysate Figure 1 | Impaired TrkB trafficking to the cell surface at synapses in TrkB WT KO WT KO ARHGAP33 KO mice. (a) Protein structure of a brain-enriched SNX protein, TrkB ARHGAP33. ARHGAP33 has an N-terminal PX domain, an SH3 domain and TrkC a RhoGAP domain. (b,c) Decreased cell-surface expression of TrkB in ARHGAP33 KO mice. Biotinylated cell-surface proteins (upper) and total SORT1 SORT1 lysates (lower) of WT and ARHGAP33 KO neurons (14 DIV) were immunoblotted with anti-TrkB, anti-TrkC, anti-SORT1, anti-GAPDH and Total lysate GAPDH PSD-95 anti-ARHGAP33 antibodies. (b) Representative blots. (c) Quantification of ARH- ARH- surface expression (each, n ¼ 8; TrkB, P ¼ 7.8 Â 10 À 4; TrkC and SORT1, GAP33 GAP33 P40.05; Mann–Whitney U-test). The expression levels of TrkB, TrkC and SORT1 in ARHGAP33 KO neurons were normalized to those in WT neurons e 140 NS NS 140 (The averaged WT values were set to 100%). (d,e) Decreased TrkB in the * NS NS NS isolated PSD fraction of ARHGAP33 KO mice. The isolated PSD fraction 120 120 and total lysates of WT and ARHGAP33 KO mice were immunoblotted with anti-TrkB, anti-PSD-95, anti-SORT1, and anti-ARHGAP33 antibodies. 100 100 Representative blots (d). Quantification for the isolated PSD fraction (each, n ¼ 8, TrkB, P ¼ 7.7 Â 10 À 4; SORT1 and PSD-95, P40.05; Mann–Whitney 80 80 U-test) and for the total lysate (each, n ¼ 8, P40.05; Mann–Whitney 60 60 U-test; e) The expression levels of TrkB, SORT1 and PSD-95 in the PSD fraction and total lysate from ARHGAP33 KO mice were normalized to those 40 40 from WT mice (The averaged WT values were set to 100%). Note that the Expression level (%) amounts of PSD-95 and SORT1 in the isolated PSD fraction from ARHGAP33 20 20 KO mice were not significantly different from those in the fraction from WT PSD fraction Total lysate mice. *Po0.05. NS, not significant. Bars show median values. All western 0 0 WT KO WT KO WT KO WT KO WT KO WT KO blots show representative results from eight independent experiments TrkB SORT1 PSD-95 TrkB SORT1 PSD-95 performed using different mice. 2 NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | 7:10594 | DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10594 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications
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