THE AMERICAN JEWISH COMMUNITY RESPONDS TO ISSUES OF THE DAY: A COMPENDIUM*

JEWISH COMMUNITY of Jewish academics in search of new methods of meeting needs of Jewish community (March Institutional Concerns 30). American Jewish Congress and Joint Advisory National Jewish Welfare Board convention Committee of National Jewish Community held leadership workshops for Jewish com- Relations Advisory Council and Synagogue munity center and YM-YWHA presidents and Council of America stated laws permitting executives to discuss pressing national and Jewish ritual slaughter of livestock are consti- local issues of Jewish community (April tutional (January 6). 12-16). Agudath Israel of America protested proposed National Jewish Welfare Board received U.S. Department of Agriculture regulation $100,000 grant earmarked for helping local outlawing use of ritually slaughtered poultry, Jewish community centers to deal with social as infringement on "freedom of religious change (April 14). practice" (January 19). Central Conference of American Rabbis American Jewish Congress published Direct- launched program of special six-week semi- ory of Aids, Facilities, and Services Available nars for members to devote themselves to to the Jewish Aged in the City of New York to intensive study in Jewish sources, away from be distributed free as public service (January regular duties (May 10). 20). Central Conference of American Rabbis re- National Jewish Welfare Board conducted commended, on basis of its comprehensive National Orientation Institute for new profes- research studies of Reform rabbinate and sionals on community center staffs throughout intermarriage, that Reform movement accept country, dealing with social problems, profes- disciplined set of Jewish laws for daily living sional skills, and programming (February and Jewish practice (June 12-15). 1-5). Union of American Hebrew Congregations Leadership Conference of National Jewish instituted program of direct consultation ser- Women's Organizations formed committee to vices to 200 Reform congregations in small spearhead efforts in 28 cities to aid Jewish cities with declining Jewish population to poor (February 29). provide "renewed vitality" and "future via- bility" (June 12). National Jewish Welfare Board announced arrangement for Passover Seders to be held National Orthodox Jewish organizations con- around world for U.S. Jewish military person- ducted emergency drive to help Wilkes Barre, nel (March 15). Pa., Orthodox institutions and individuals rebuild after severe flood. Synagogue Council National Jewish Welfare Board held consulta- of America delegation met with city's com- tion on services for Jewish aged at which munity leaders to discuss aid to damaged specialists considered how various Jewish Jewish synagogues and other institutions agencies would jointly develop programs to (August 17). meet essential needs of senior citizens (March 19-21). American Jewish Congress announced spon- sorship of ten scholarships for Jewish students Synagogue Council of America announced enrolling in business management course at formation of Institute for Jewish Policy New York Community College (August 28). Planning and Research, drawing on resource American Zionist Federation convention was scene of revival of American Sephardic •Compiled mainly from press releases supplied by organizations. Federation to serve as American arm for Reference to items may be found in Index under World Sephardic Federation's activities (Octo- the various agencies. ber 24). 226 AMERICAN JEWISH COMMUNITY RESPONDS TO ISSUES / 227

American Jewish Committee published report lems as threat of "Jesus revolution," security of Task Force on the Future of the Jewish of Israel, Soviet Jewry, Jews in Arab Community in America, in which 34 scholars countries, urban crisis and social justice, and and communal leaders predicted a reordering Jewish civil rights (June 24-26). of priorities for Jewish communal organiza- Yavneh, college-based Orthodox student or- tions, a consolidation of organizational re- ganization, addressed its annual convention to sources in regional centers, and greater problems of man's relationship to his fellow- representation in decision-making by wider men, calling upon members to work with other segments of Jewish community (October 27). Jewish groups on campus (September 20). National Jewish Welfare Board established American Jewish Congress Commission on camping department to provide and coordinate Youth made available flyers on coffee houses consultation services to Jewish communal for teenage youth as part of concerted effort to camps in order to raise standards and enhance increase numbers of attractive meeting places Jewish educational and cultural aspects of for unaffiliated Jewish youths (October 3). programs (December 1). American Jewish Congress announced new programs to provide students on campuses Youth with continual supply of publications on Jewish religious, cultural, social, and political American Jewish Committee issued fifth issues (November 30). annual edition of Study and Travel Programs for the Teenager and Young Adult, listing Lubavitch Youth Organization invited all programs of study, work, or leadership Jewish college students to attend weekend training designed to strengthen Jewish identity seminars on Jewish affairs and to participate in (January 18). hasidic life (December 21-24, 28-31). Central Conference of American Rabbis Youth Committee met with Yale University academi- Women and Family cians and students to explore youth life styles Lubavitch Women's Organization (Nshei Ub- and religious experience (January 26). 18). nos Chabad) convened to consider challenges American Zionist Youth Foundation's 1972 to Jewish survival and Jewish identity (Febru- summer plans indicated participation of 5,800 ary 11-13) and the responsibilities of Jewish American high-school and college youths in women in today's society (May 12-14). educational programs, kibbutz experiences, Rabbinical Council of America declared and leadership seminars in Israel (March 22). equal-rights amendment for women passed by American Zionist Youth Foundation inaugu- Congress "poses no threat to practice of rated national college campus programs on the Judaism in the United States" (April 10). Holocaust, with weekend seminar for 80 American Jewish Committee convened schol- selected New York and New Jersey college ars, sociologists, rabbis, and researchers to students (April 7-9). discuss status and future of Jewish family in American Jewish Congress invited 32 Jewish America (April 23, 24). youth leaders from ten states to participate in American Jewish Committee announced joint policy-setting meeting at convention (May sponsorship with B'nai B'rith Commission on 10-14). Adult Jewish Education of consultation of American Jewish Committee sponsored na- Jewish women leaders on role of Jewish tional consultation on problems of Jewish women in strengthening Jewish family (De- students in community colleges and heard cember 1). recommendations for bringing such students closer to Jewish community life (May 31). Jewish Education National Conference of Synagogue Youth National Commission on Torah Education (Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of convened to consider effectiveness of Ortho- America) convention considered such prob- dox educational institutions (January 30). 228 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1973

American Association for Jewish Education for month-long event celebrating music of and American Jewish Committee issued New Oriental and Sephardi Jews (February 27). Directives, results of the second annual American Jewish Congress marked 20th cosponsored Jewish education workshop that anniversary of scholarly journal Judaism with explored new techniques of teaching in and publication of cumulative index covering all outside the classroom (March 28). issues through 1971 (April 14). Torah Umesorah affiliates, National Associa- Theodor Herzl Institute paid tribute to contem- tion of Day School Administrators and porary Jewish poetry with readings and National Society for Hebrew Day Schools, lectures by well-known poets at two-day met to discuss crisis in recruitment of teaching conference (April 29-30). staff, prospect for governmental aid to non- public schools, relevancy of day-school cur- Workmen's Circle called on American Jewish riculum, and classrooms "without walls" community to support Yiddish press and (May 3-7). educational agencies to secure future of folk-culture (May 14). Torah Umesorah sponsored retreat for senior rabbinical students to encourage careers in National Jewish Welfare Board awarded cash Jewish day-school education (August 1). prizes to five authors of outstanding 1971 books in the fields of Jewish thought, Torah Umesorah announced granting in Holocaust, poetry, fiction, and juvenile writ- preceding ten-month period $100,000 in loans ing (May 21). to day schools throughout the country, a sign of continuing financial crisis (August 18). American Jewish Committee published The World of the 1970's: A Jewish Perspective, American Jewish Committee inaugurated se- Task Force report dealing with prospects in cond year of adult-education project with world affairs and implications for Jews (June lectures by noted Israeli scholars who also led 12). seminars on development of Jewish people and Jewish philosophical thought (September 25). National Jewish Welfare Board announced State of Israel 25th anniversary as theme of Torah Umesorah reported that Hebrew day Jewish Book Month, October 27-November schools in North America numbered 448 26 (July 28). Board established annual prize located in 140 communities throughout United for most distinguished book on Jewish History States and Canada (November 5). (December 29). Agudath Israel of America warned of "im- pending explosion on Jewish scene unless priorities of Jewish federations are reordered" Jewish Defense League to give top place to education and day schools American Jewish Congress barred JDL leader (November 28). Meir Kahane from its convention, stating it Rabbinical Council of America held first major rejected both his accusation that Congress does education conference at which 200 rabbis, nothing for Soviet Jewry and his "hysterical educators, and yeshivah principals discussed opinion" that Jews in the United States face alienation and identity of Jewish youth holocaust (May 11). (December 19, 20). ORT initiated study to determine possibility of INTERFAITH establishing vocational-training schools in cities where poor and unskilled American Jews American Jewish Committee jointly with live (December 24). Greek Orthodox Diocese of North and South America sponsored colloquium for theologians and scholars on problems common to Judaism Culture and the Greek Orthodox Church (January 25, National Jewish Welfare Board and Yeshiva 26). University cosponsored festival devoted to Union of American Hebrew Congregations Sephardi liturgical and folk music as opener produced "The Jewish Audio Theatre," a AMERICAN JEWISH COMMUNITY RESPONDS TO ISSUES / 229 cassette library of religious dramas, original CHURCH-STATE RELATIONS plays based on mysticism and hasidic legend, American Jewish Congress and Committee for a Holocaust commemoration, and discussions Public Education and Religious Liberty of modern problems, to give non-Jews insights (PEARL) hailed a Federal court ruling barring into Jewish life (March 28). $33 million in New York State funds for American Jewish Committee established Ser- "secular educational services" in parochial vice Center for Christian Visitors in Jerusalem schools (January 11). Torah Umesorah called in effort to help Christian leaders deepen their decision "a serious but not unexpected blow to understanding of Israel (May 6). the schools of New York State" (Jan. 12). American Jewish Committee New York, Long American Jewish Committee analysis of Island, and Westchester chapters expressed Christian statements and actions showed opposition to New York State legislature increasing concern for improved Jewish-Chris- efforts to bypass the court decision and provide tian relations by major Christian church groups funds for nonpublic schools (January 14). (May 7). Its survey of Christian reaction to Lod Airport massacre indicated many Chris- American Jewish Congress stated its survey of tian leaders condemned brutal killings without parochial measures passed since 1968 showed reservation (July 24). a total of 12 states had enacted measures providing some form of aid to nonpublic Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith schools (January 16). It further revealed that lauded resolution condemning antisemitism 32 lawsuits challenging or seeking public adopted by Baptist Convention in Israel funds for parochial schools are pending in state (September 1). and federal courts throughout the United States American Jewish Committee, in cooperation (February 12). with National Conference of Christians and Torah Umesorah criticized New York State Jews, conducted study of Prostestant church Fleischmann Commission education report for textbooks which pointed to need for "reform recommending halt to further aid to nonpublic of Christian teaching about Jewish religion and schools without acknowledging "quality edu- life" (October 3). cation" of Hebrew day schools and other nonpublic schools (February 10). American Jewish Committee and Council on Theological Education and Commission on Agudath Israel of America announced forma- Ecumenical Mission and Relations of the tion of national coalition on nonpublic-school United Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. leaders of all faiths to seek enactment of conducted conference for religious leaders on federal tax credit legislation to benefit parents role of Jewish and Christian traditions in of nonpublic-school children (March 23). developing concept of human rights (October American Jewish Committee urged President 16-18). Committee and Southeastern Baptist Nixon to convene education and religious Theological Seminary sponsored colloquium leaders to map plans for implementation of on "Civil Religion in America" for scholars "dual enrollment programs" to help meet of various religious identifications (October financial needs of parochial schools (April 7). 30-November 1). National Council of Jewish Women ex- Union of American Hebrew Congregations pressed distress at Nixon statement promising called on Christian church bodies to curb "strengthened commitment" to extend federal fundamentalistic missionary efforts directed help to nonpublic schools (April 10). toward college and high-school youth, which Committee for Public Education and Religious harass Jewish young people (December 3). Liberty (PEARL) argued in Federal court that American Jewish Committee sponsored panel 1970 New York State Mandated Services discussion on implications for American Jews Act—allocating $28 million annually to non- and Judaism of increasing momentum of public schools for examination and record- evangelistic activity as expressed in Key '73 keeping purposes—was "unconstitutional on (December 3). its face and in its application" (April 11). 230 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1973

Torah Umesorah expressed disappointment American Jewish Congress issued pamphlet when Federal court ruled unconstitutional New Religious Holiday Observances in Public York State's Mandated Services Act (May 1). Schools: A Guide for Community Action, Committee for Public Education and Religious advising communities on how to help eradicate Liberty (PEARL) filed suit in Federal court sectarian activities in public schools (Novem- challenging constitutionality of May 22, 1972, ber 17). New York State law providing aid to parochial American Jewish Congress called Supreme schools (May 25). Court ruling upholding lower court decision against compulsory chapel attendance at U.S. Agudath Israel of America lauded President military academies a "significant victory" for Nixon for supporting federal income tax credit religious freedom and church-state separation for parents of nonpublic-school children (June (December 19). 28). Its Commission on Legislation and Civic Action announced program to represent "To- rah interests" before legislative parties and NATIONAL SOCIAL AND government agencies (July 27). POLITICAL ISSUES Torah Umesorah urged Republican party Social Welfare national convention to adopt resolution in National Council of Jewish Women called on favor of aid to nonpublic schools (August 11). U.S. Congress to adopt "genuine welfare system which will allow this nation to meet its Agudath Israel of America urged House Ways responsibilities to the poor" (January 17). and Means Committee to "save concept of freedom of educational choice for American American Jewish Congress criticized U.S. parents" by introducing tax credit bill (August Congress for "falling far short of its obligation 15). Committee for Public Education and to the elderly" and urged better-funded Religious Liberty told House Ways and Means programs to benefit them (July 27); described Committee that federal-tax-credit proposals federal program to feed elderly poor as unjust for nonpublic-school parents would unconsti- because of "proportional representation" (Au- tutionally "force all taxpayers to contribute gust 10); urged emergency legislation to toward refunding of tuition payments to protect elderly by requiring state officials to parents of children attending nonpublic disregard new social security increase in schools, 95 per cent of which are religiously computing eligibility for other federally-fund- affiliated and controlled" (August 17). Union ed health and welfare benefits (October 4). of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America National Council of Jewish Women asked for told House Ways and Means Committee it increased attention to child-care and condi- strongly supported adoption of bill allowing tions in juvenile courts and institutions tax credits for nonpublic-school tuition (Sep- (September 1). tember 5). Agudath Israel of America presi- dent called on heads of national non-Orthodox National Council of Jewish Women urged organizations who testified against tax credits U.S. Congress to give top priority to such to nonpublic-school parents to "repent of their issues as "welfare reform, housing, consumer diehard and unrelenting efforts to deprive protection, health care, and an increased Jewish education of any and every form of minimum wage" (November 3). indirect governmental assistance" (September 11), urged New York Board of Regents to School Busing and Financing endorse publicly federal legislation for in- come tax credits to nonpublic-school parents National Council of Jewish Women reaffirmed (September 13). full support of school integration and asked for rejection of U.S. Congress anti-busing meas- Torah Umesorah expressed disappointment ure (February 18). with Supreme Court decision declaring uncon- American Jewish Committee charged school stitutional tuition grants to parents of nonpub- busing issue "distorted out of all relation to lic-school students (October 11). reality" (March 16). AMERICAN JEWISH COMMUNITY RESPONDS TO ISSUES / 231

Union of American Hebrew Congregations Women's Rights denounced members of Congress and political National Council of Agudah Women of candidates who manipulated "issue of busing America condemned proposed 27th amend- for partisan political advantage" and recom- ment (Equal Rights for Women) for "rob- mended "raising of educational standards for bing" women of more rights than it grants all Americans—Black and White" (March (May 2). 21). Conference of Presidents of Major Jewish National Jewish Community Relations Advi- Organizations elected five additional women's sory Council declared busing must be used to groups to membership, giving representation undo segregation in statement to House to all women in organized Jewish community Judiciary Committee sub-committee consider- (October 12). ing anti-busing legislation (May 10). American Jewish Congress asked Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to prohibit American Jewish Committee urged Congress banks from discriminating against women in not to take "precipitous" action on matter of housing loans (December 24). schooling and wait until "passions of election campaign have passed" (August 3). Ethnic Groups American Jewish Congress and Anti-Defama- tion League of B'nai B'rith joined seven other American Jewish Committee National Project civic, religious, and educational organizations on Ethnic America reported "group identity in asking Supreme Court to end inequalities in growing among women and young people in school financing—specifically in case that blue-collar communities as well as among affected Texas school system (September 11). ethnic groups" will have impact on social issues and social action (May 7); recommend- ed its chapters "increase attention to concerns of multi-ethnic America" and build bridges Housing between ethnic communities (December 2). American Jewish Committee made public Ten-Point Guide for Scatter-Site Public National Morale Housing as one effort to help avoid intergroup confrontations on public projects (January 29). Central Conference of American Rabbis react- Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith ed to Watergate incident by expressing shock reaffirmed support of principle of integrated at evidence of "gross immorality both in housing and urged government agencies to government and in current political cam- implement scatter-site housing (March 15). paign" (October 22). American Jewish Committee one-year study of American Jewish Committee announced estab- young workers' attitudes found most dissat- lishment of National Job-Linked Housing isfied or ambivalent about their work situation Center to help industry and communities (December 15). provide housing for workers close to new plants in suburbs (May 6). Committee con- ducted two-day symposium on social, eco- Voting Patterns and Elections nomic, and political factors affecting develop- ment of new towns and problems such as American Jewish Committee Task Force on deterioration of central cities and lack of Group Life in America predicted Jewish housing (June 16). involvement in liberal coalition would proba- bly continue in the 1970s, despite group-rights American Jewish Congress (March 2), Ameri- tensions and leftist opposition to Israel (June can Jewish Committee (July 25), Anti-Defa- 28). mation League of B'nai B'rith (August 24) National Jewish Welfare Board issued Voter expressed concern and offered compromise Registration for Youth containing practical plans for resolving intergroup controversy suggestions for organizing campaigns for over housing project in Forest Hills, NY. 18-to-21-year-olds (July 14). 232 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1973

Central Conference of American Rabbis cau- American Hebrew Congregations (June 12) tioned Jewish institutions and their leaders called for strict gun control. against open support for either presidential American Jewish Congress publicized Federal candidate, since such partisanship could pro- Crime Insurance Program as means of per- duce post-election schisms within Jewish suading businessmen to remain in business and community (August 28). thus maintain viable neighborhoods (August American Jewish Committee, American Jew- 30). ish Congress, B'nai B'rith Anti-Defamation American Jewish Committee, in collaboration League, Jewish Labor Committee, Jewish War with Catholic University Law School, issued Veterans of the U.S.A., National Council of booklet The Response to Political Violence Jewish Women, Union of American Hebrew Through Democratic Means, as result of study Congregations, United Synagogue of America of violence in civil disturbances, including joined in deploring partisan political appeals to those on campus (November 18). Jews based on single issue of U.S. support of Israel and emphasizing that Jews vote as Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith called individual Americans even on complex and for presidential inquiry into death of two black controversial issues (September 3). students at Southern University in Baton Rouge, Louisiana (November 20). Hadassah stressed it does not support candi- dates for elected office and expects Americans who are Jews to vote in accordance with American ideals of a good society, as they Discrimination and Preferential understand it (October 25). Treatment Union of American Hebrew Congregations Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith described increased Jewish vote for President described proposed U.S. Labor Department Nixon as confirmation of "shifting conserva- guidelines for ending religious and ethnic tive voting patterns of American Jews" and discrimination in employment practices of warned such conservatism would "further federal contractors as "significant develop- alienate young Jews" (November 12). ment in ending underutilization of Jews" (January 14). American Jewish Committee Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith criticized guidelines for replacing "mandatory workshop's analysis of presidential election requirement with inadequate statement provid- concluded Jews "no longer locked into ing for voluntary action" which eliminated Democratic Party" (November 20). clauses against religious discrimination (Fe- bruary 2). American Jewish Congress, Jewish War Veterans, Jewish Labor Committee, and National Council of Jewish Women welcomed Crime and Gun Control guidelines against discrimination based on American Jewish Committee, in cooperation religion, but warned that a section singling out with National Alliance on Shaping Safer bias at the executive and middle-management Cities, launched campaign to achieve "Bill of levels might jeopardize protection for workers Rights for Prisoners" prohibiting such prison at lower levels (August 17). practices as racial and religious discrimina- American Jewish Congress informed Office of tion, corporal punishment, and mixing of Management and Budget of Executive Office youthful offenders with hardened criminals of President that questions on race and ethnic (February 15). origin on federal government application Workmen's Circle and American Jewish forms might suggest to minority-group appli- Committee, in concert with National Alliance cants that "race is a relevant factor in choosing for Shaping Safer Cities, called for prison among applicants" and would inhibit them reform, rehabilitation of former prisoners, and from applying (February 16). gun control (May 16). Anti-Defamation League of B'nai BVith Jewish War Veteran's (May 17), Union of charged State University of New York at AMERICAN JEWISH COMMUNITY RESPONDS TO ISSUES / 233

Albany with distorting concept of affirmative on the basis of race, creed, color, national action employment in behalf of minorities origin, or sex (October 5). "into a program of racial quotas or preferential treatment" (March 2). American Jewish Committee (N.Y. Chapter), Affirmative Action American Jewish Congress, Anti-Defamation Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, League of B'nai B'rith, Federation of Jewish American Jewish Committee, American Jew- Philanthropies, Jewish Community Relations ish Congress, Jewish War Veterans, Jewish Council of New York, Jewish Labor Commit- Labor Committee, and Agudath Israel of tee (N.Y. Chapter), National Jewish Commis- America representatives met with leaders of sion on Law and Public Affairs (COLPA), Department of Health, Education and Welfare New York Board of Rabbis hailed the passage to express concern for quotas and preferential by New York State legislature of bill barring hiring in colleges and universities as a result of Saturday or Sunday elections for state or local government's affirmative-action program offices or for corporations funded by public (May 22); asked HEW Secretary Elliot money (March 16). Richardson to investigate and correct "danger- Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith asked ous trends in college admissions and faculty New York State Civil Service Commission to hiring," resulting from misinterpretation of "rescind unconstitutionally discriminatory affirmative-action directives (August 31); restrictions" contained in job announcement American Jewish Congress challenged HEW specifying candidates for corrections-counse- Office of Civil Rights' right to ask City lor positions must have ethnic identification University of New York to supply it with race, with black or Spanish-speaking communities sex, age, and title of employees (June 22). (March 22); protested Commission's question- Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith pro- na re asking civil-service job applicants about tested data-gathering survey at Brooklyn Col- et' nic background (June 7). lege for purposes of affirmative action (July 7). A.nerican Jewish Congress called for inten- American Jewish Committee warned affirma- sified efforts to increase job and schooling tive-action programs could lead to acceptance opportunities for minority groups, but con- of proportional representation and quotas in demned preferential quotas in employment and hiring (August 11); made public President university admissions (May 14). Nixon's and Senator George McGovern's Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith and responses opposing quotas in employment, Hillel Foundation of Purdue University an- education and government appointments (Au- nounced agreement by university to change gust 16). admissions policy which discriminated against Agudath Israel of America called on Secretary applicants from New York and New Jersey Richardson to halt undermining of merit (May 23). system in employment opportunities (Novem- American Jewish Committee urged industry to ber 28). adopt measures to change social-club climate American Jewish Committee Executive Coun- of racial discrimination despite Supreme Court cil adopted statement specifying acceptable decision upholding state's right to grant liquor affirmative action conditions which would licenses to private clubs that practice racial protect disadvantaged and minorities against discrimination (June 15). discrimination but would preclude use of American Jewish Congress expressed convic- quotas (December 3). tion that Civil Aeronautics Board had authority and obligation to enforce nondiscriminatory hiring by nation's airlines (September 27). Antisemitism American Jewish Committee hailed federal American Jewish Committee characterized government ban against official use of prem- Black Muslim movement as potentially more ises belonging to organizations discriminating menacing to Jews than it was a decade ago 234 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1973 because it has become a "source of antisemitic Brooklyn (Canarsie) junior high school (Octo- infection in the black community" (January ber 26). 29). American Jewish Committee, together with 12 Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith urged civic, religious, ethnic, and educational HEW to "cease flow of government money to groups, called on Canarsie parents to end African-American Teachers' Association" be- demonstrations and boycotts "in the cause of cause much of its activity is "deliberate justice and community peace" (November 1). antisemitism" (March 2). American Jewish Congress asked New York American Jewish Congress, American Jewish Secretary of State John P. Lomonzo and City Committee, Anti-Defamation League of B'nai Human Rights Commission Chairman Eleanor B'rith and Jewish Labor Committee protested Holmes Norton to move toward prohibiting appointment of Luis Fuentes as New York realtors' block-busting in Canarsie by declar- City district superintendent of Community ing it a "non-solicitation area" under state and School Board No. 1 because of his record of city laws (November 3). antisemitic statements over several years American Jewish Committee established Insti- (August 4); asked investigation of Fuentes' tute for Social Concerns in Business to appointment; urged that Chancellor Harvey encourage major business corporations in Scribner or State Education Commissioner efforts to implement and develop urban affairs Ewald B. Nyquist take jurisdiction (October programs (December 1). 4). Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, in New York Times advertisement, charged HUMANE CONCERNS newspaper with violating advertising accepta- bility standards by printing full-page ad by Amnesty, War, Violence Norman F. Dacey which "libels American American Jewish Congress charged bombing Jewish citizens" (June 15); labeled American of North Vietnam was "shameful episode" Party and its presidential candidate "political that destroyed "slender hope that our country tools" of John Birch Society and charged all was sincerely preparing to get out of a hateful three with "approving and distributing antise- and despised war" (January 4). mitism" (August 16); conducted workshop on Jewish War Veterans endorsed decision to "Insensitivity to Antisemitism" at which make public "efforts to end war in Vietnam on news media and entertainment field came a date certain with an exchange of prisoners of under strong criticism (November 20); with- war" (January 26). drew as "invited observer" at Ninth General Assembly of the National Council of Churches National Council of Jewish women called on in Dallas because of participation of "publicly all Jewish women to join in prayer for peace in recognized antisemite Imamu Baraka," as Passover season and condemned "war, hatred LeRoi Jones now calls himself (December 6). and violence which have imposed spirit of bondage and enslavement on people all over world today" (March 14). Urban Concerns Union of American Hebrew Congregations Synagogue Council of America urged Senate and Central Conference of the American Sub-Committee on the Aging to adopt meas- Rabbis Commission on Social Action cited ures to reduce crime in urban housing projects their opposition to "unjust, illegal, and inhabited by elderly citizens; recommended immoral" war and asked President Nixon to supportive social services be included in future grant immediate amnesty to Americans who public housing for elderly (August 1). refused military service because of objection to war in Vietnam (March 20). American Jewish Congress Metropolitan Council asked New York City Board of Union of American Hebrew Congregations Education to "take direct jurisdiction" in condemned American escalation of Vietnam dispute involving transfer of black children to war and urged Nixon to assume "positive AMERICAN JEWISH COMMUNITY RESPONDS TO ISSUES / 235 leadership in Vietnam negotiations" (April 9). beyond elementary school and age 14 because National Council of Jewish Women called it is contrary to their religious convictions upon U.S. government to withdraw all (May 15). American troops and "resume negotiations in American Jewish Congress expressed "grati- Paris" (April 21). fication" over U.S. Circuit Court of Appeal American Jewish Congress, Americans for decision holding unconstitutional compulsory Progressive Israel (Hashomer Hatzair), Labor chapel attendance by cadets at U.S. service Zionist Alliance, and Union of American academies (July 3). Hebrew Congregations supported nationwide American Jewish Committee, through its moratorium protest against war in Vietnam Jacob Blaustein Institute for the Advancement (May 4). of Human Rights, the law faculty of the American Jewish Committee asked U.S. University of Uppsala, Sweden, and the government to review its call for immediate International Institute of Human Rights, spon- cease-fire in Vietnam and to "take every sored three-day international colloquium on possible step to wind up its military participa- right of individual to leave permanently or tion in Indo-China" (May 8). temporarily any country, including his own (June 19-21). American Jewish Committee Religious leaders of Conservative, Orthodox, published Uppsala Colloquium Declaration on and Reform groups issued joint statement Right to Leave and Right to Return, based on assailing American escalation in Vietnam and analysis by legal experts from 25 countries of called upon Congress to withdraw "financial existing constitutional, statutory, and adminis- and legal" resources for continuation of war trative provisions on this subject (November 3; (May 11). text appended). American Jewish Committee (May 15) and Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith called American Jewish Congress (May 16) deplored upon governments of world to assure and brutal attempt on life of Governor George C. protect "full and unhampered exercise of Wallace. freedoms set forth in Universal Declaration on National Council of Jewish Women called Human Rights" (December 12). upon American government to take immediate and specific steps to break through "climate of intensifying violence" and expressed outrage at attempted assassination in U.S. and whole- Uganda sale murders in Israel (June 12). American Jewish Committee commended One hundred Orthodox, Reform, and Conser- Congressman Edward Koch for efforts to vative rabbis throughout U.S. led congregants obtain admission to the United States for 5,000 in five-day "liquid" fast during High Holy Asians to be expelled from Uganda and urged Days in protest against war in Vietnam and Attorney General to increase number of Munich massacre (September 14). special visas for this purpose from 1,000 to 5,000 (October 2); Committee sharply con- National Council of Jewish Women urged demned "cruel expulsion of noncitizen Asians President Nixon to call immediate cessation of from Uganda (December 11). bombing of North Vietnam and reaffirmed its opposition to "senseless wholesale killing" (December 26). Capital Punishment American Jewish Congress and Synagogue Human Rights Council of America hailed Supreme Court Synagogue Council of America and American decision barring capital punishment as "con- Jewish Congress hailed Supreme Court deci- sistent with Jewish tradition" and a "triumph sion upholding right of Amish parents to for standards of civilization and humaneness refuse compulsory education for their children inherent in U.S. Constitution" (June 29). 236 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1973

Workers' Conditions dent Nixon to express "outrage of American Union of American Hebrew Congregations people" (August 16). urged membership to stop eating iceberg American Jewish Congress (August 17), lettuce until farm workers win union contract National Council of Jewish Women urged granting lettuce pickers "dignity, self-deter- Soviet Union to rescind its ruling imposing mination and justice" (December 20). exorbitant exit fees on educated Jews wishing to leave country (August 23). Jewish War Veterans called exit tax "a SOVIET JEWRY travesty of human rights" and urged world Appeals for U.S. Government condemnation of "ransom tactics" (August 24). Intercession American Zionist Federation called on Zion- National Council of Jewish Women urged ists to launch "immediate, massive cam- President Nixon to speak on plight of Soviet paign" of protests against "cruel ransom" Jewry when he visited Soviet Union in May, (August 31). asking for "complete freedom from harass- ment" (January 17). American Jewish Congress declared tax to be "blackmail" and pledged to work for its American Jewish Congress urged participation revocation (September 12). in nationwide petition campaign urging Presi- dent Nixon to intercede with Kremlin on Union of American Hebrew Congregations behalf of Soviet Jews (February 7). (September 21), American Jewish Congress (September 25), American Jewish Committee National Interreligious Consultation on Soviet (September 27), Anti-Defamation League of Jewry, representing major faiths and including B'nai B'rith (October 12) urged Nixon not to representatives of the American Jewish Com- grant USSR preferred-nation status or large- mittee, appealed to President Nixon to inter- scale economic loans while it levies exit tax on cede with Soviet leaders on behalf of op- Jews. pressed Jews during his visit (March 21). Jewish War Veterans praised U.S. Senators National Jewish Welfare Board asked Presi- who sponsored Jackson Amendment to East- dent Nixon to urge freedom for "Jewish West Trade Act, which would deny Soviet prisoners of conscience" and for right of Jews Union preferred status as long as exit tax on to emigrate to country of choice (April 17). Jews exists (October 5). American Zionist American Conference on Soviet Jewry, a Federation called for massive campaign for mobilization of 34 national Jewish groups, Jackson Amendment (October 21). designated National Solidarity Day for Soviet Jewry, with corresponding activities to press Programs and Protests for inclusion of plight of Jews on agenda of President Nixon at meetings with Soviet Jewish Labor Committee sponsored confer- leaders (April 30). ence on situation of Jews in Soviet Union and responsive activism in the United States Workmen's Circle urged Nixon to represent (February 13). demands for full rights to Russian Jews and called for opening American immigration to Leadership Conference of National Jewish more Soviet Jews (May 13). Women's Organizations on the occasion of International Women's Day appealed to Soviet Minister of Culture Ekaterina Furtseva to help Soviet Exit Tax free Sylva Zalmanson and Raiza Palatnik, American Jewish Committee called Soviet Jewish women imprisoned in Soviet Union Union's action to "extort high sums of money (March 8). from Jews with academic or professional Greater New York Conference on Soviet training who desire to emigrate" a violation of Jewry met with representatives of American fundamental human rights, and asked Presi- Red Cross to discuss ways for concerned AMERICAN JEWISH COMMUNITY RESPONDS TO ISSUES / 237 people to aid Red Cross efforts on behalf of mobilize "decent opinions of mankind" on Jewish prisoners of conscience in USSR behalf of Soviet Jewry (December 6). (March 8). World Conference of Jewish Communities on Aid to Soviet Immigrants Soviet Jewry reaffirmed principles of 1971 Agudath Israel of America adopted program to Brussels Conference, vowing solidarity with help religious absorption of Russian immi- Soviet Jews and calling on USSR to free grants in Israel, including provision of reli- "prisoners of conscience," 40 Jewish men gious education for all age groups (January and women serving prison terms for Zionist 28). activity (March 13). Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of National Conference on Soviet Jewry an- America announced program to meet special nounced publication of 1972 "Matzah of needs of immigrants coming from "a land in Hope," special prayer to be read at Passover which all Jewish religious life and instruction Seder as reminder of Soviet Jews being denied have been suppressed for over fifty years" human rights (March 15); made public Soviet (May 7). attempts to use law of "social parasitism" to punish dissident Jews (March 20). American ORT Federation 1972 Yearbook American Jewish Congress made public Pas- described courses in professional and technical sover message sent to America by 34 Kiev Hebrew offered in Israel to Russian Jewish Jews, indicating determination to go to Israel immigrants wishing to teach in its schools despite Soviet oppression (March 21). (October 26). Jewish War Veterans protested Soviet Union's New York Association for New Americans treatment of Jews to UN Secretary Kurt conducts program for helping Russian Jewish Waldheim, citing human-rights violations immigrant physicians, dentists, and nurses (April 3). achieve professional qualification in U.S. (November 2). American Jewish Congress transmitted to Waldheim message from ten Moscow Jewish American Jewish Congress issued 32-page activists alleging they have been ordered to Briefing Kit for Travelers to the U.S.S.R., active duty in Soviet Army as retaliation for designed to help travelers in Soviet Union applying to go to Israel (May 1); urged U.S. make contact with Jews (November 22). Ambassador Jacob Beam in Moscow to American Jewish Committee chapters an- intercede with Kremlin for release of seven nounced "adoption" of Soviet Jewish scien- activists who asked President Nixon to support tists denied permission to leave USSR through their request to emigrate to Israel during his a program of correspondence with a morale- visit to USSR (May 24). building goal (December 1). National Conference of Soviet Jewry present- ed an illustrated display of Soviet Jewish life at ISRAEL AND THE MIDDLE EAST a ceremony in Washington, D.C., com- memorating second anniversary of arrest of Jewish activists tried in Leningrad (June 15). Programs for Americans Workmen's Circle and Jewish Labor Commit- American Jewish Committee reported visit to tee marked 20th anniversary of Stalin's murder Israel of 24 young Jewish faculty members of of 24 Russian Jewish literary figures with American universities succeeded as effort to "Day of Commemoration and Memorial" develop sympathetic understanding for Israel's public observance in New York City. National problems (January 31). Conference on Soviet Jewry published 40- American Jewish Committee urged creation of page pamphlet August 12, 1952—The Night "voluntary Israeli organizations" as way of of the Murdered Poets (August 12). creating new kinds of dialogues between Israel American Jewish Committee restated its and Jewish communities in U.S. and else- commitment to programs seeking new ways to where (May 4). 238 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1973

American Zionist Youth Foundation an- Communities Can Observe Israel's 25th Anni- nounced over 3,000 young people from all versary" (November 9-12). parts of U.S. would participate in summer National Jewish Welfare Board sponsored two programs in Israel: in kibbutzim, universities, group consultations, one for East and one for science and art projects, and others (June 28). West, to provide professional community Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of center workers with ideas and approaches to America and Rabbinical Council of America programming on Israel (October 31-November designated May 13 "Aliyah Sabbath" as 1; December 4-5). means of bringing to synagogue constituencies message of settlement in Israel (May 13). Over 1,000 families from U.S. and Canada par- Internal Problems ticipated in Israel Aliyah Expo 72 in Jerusalem (July 16-19). Union of American Hebrew Congregations, United Synagogue of America, Central Con- World Zionist Organization—American Sec- ference of American Rabbis, and Rabbinical tion announced 2,613 Americans left for Israel Assembly of America joined World Union for in July to participate in various educational Progressive Judaism and World Council of projects lasting from seven weeks to one year Churches in warning Israel government that (July 30). Orthodox rabbinate's attempts to revise Law American Jewish Congress conducted in of Return and exclude converts of non-Ortho- Jerusalem 10th Annual American-Israel Dia- dox rabbis could jeopardize flow of new logue with 40 American and Israeli scholars on immigrants and divide world Jewish com- "Relationship Between Jews and Revolution- munity (May 10). ary Forces" (August 1-4). Agudath Israel of America denounced Israel American Zionist Federation discussed expan- Chief Rabbi Shlomo Goren's approval of sion of Zionist movement at grass-roots level Langer "mamzerim" as "bowing to the of American Jewish community life (October demands of Israel's secular establishment" 21-23). (November 28). Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America—Rabbinical Council of America Joint Aliyah Committee conducted leaders' Political Issues seminar, "Interrelationship Between Israel Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith and the Communities" (October 29). praised Black Congressional Caucus and other black leaders for support of Israel in response to anti-Israel resolution at National Black Israel's 25th Anniversary Political Convention (March 28). American National Jewish Welfare Board issued 94- Jewish Congress denounced National Black page, 865-item publication, Israel Program Political Convention steering committee for Resources (August 18). reaffirming Convention's March anti-Israel resolution (April 9). Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations and American Commit- Jewish War Veterans urged U.S. Secretary of tee for Israel's 25th Anniversary Celebration Defense Melvin Laird to consider use of issued calendar of events (November 1972 to liberty ports in Eastern Mediterranean, includ- May 1973) to be initiated by Jewish organiza- ing Haifa, as booster for American naval tions (November 1). personnel (April 5). National Jewish Community Relations Advi- American Jewish Committee released report sory Council, American Committee for Isra- by Task Force on the World of the 1970s el's 25th Anniversary Celebration, and general charging Egypt's resistance to compromise is assembly of Council of Jewish Federations and major impediment to peace in Middle East Welfare Funds ran workshop on "How Local (May 6). AMERICAN JEWISH COMMUNITY RESPONDS TO ISSUES / 239

National Council of Jewish Women approved Terrorism U.S. stand against UN draft resolution in American Jewish Committee denounced mas- Middle East and in favor of international sacre at Lod International Airport and called agreement on air piracy and sabotage (Septem- on legitimate Arab governments to disavow ber 19). and condemn acts of terrorism (May 31). Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith American Jewish Congress claimed only sponsored week-long demonstrations against effective means to stop air hijacking was a Japan Air Lines for participation in Arab selective civil aviation boycott aimed at economic boycott against Israel (December countries that encourage or give sanctuary to 4-8). terrorists (June 19). Jewish War Veterans Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith asked commended Airline Pilots Association for U.S. State Department to investigate Jordani- demanding that world governments sponsor an ambassador's anti-Israel Christmas mailing agreement proposing action to end sky piracy to Americans as violation of Foreign Agents (June 22). Registration Act (December 22). American Jewish Congress, Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, American Zionist Jews in Arab Countries Federation, Hadassah (September 5), Jewish War Veterans, National Council of Jewish Committee for Rescue of Syrian Jewry called Women, American Jewish Committee (Sep- "Day of Special Prayer and Fasting" in behalf tember 6), United Zionist Revisionists of of 4,000 Jews prohibited from leaving Syria America, Synagogue Council of America (June 29). (September 7) expressed grief for Jewish Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith called athletes murdered at Munich Olympics by upon President Nixon to direct "United States Arab terrorists, called on Arab governments to Ambassador to the United Nations to seek act against terrorism, urged President Nixon immediately a resolution censuring Uganda for and United Nations to take strong action its President's outrageously obscene state- against nations harboring terrorists. National ment" praising Hitler for killing six million Jewish Welfare Board reported series of Jews and asking for expulsion of all Jews from memorial meetings for Munich victims held in Middle East (September 13). American Jewish Jewish community centers throughout U.S. Committee and Anti-Defamation League com- during September and October (October 15). mended U.S. State Department for withhold- ing projected loan to Uganda because of American Jewish Congress (September 11) President Idi Amin's antisemitic statements and National Council of Jewish Women (September 15). American Jewish Congress (September 17) approved U.S. stand against urged United Nations condemn Amin's "racist UN draft resolution on the Middle East and in outpouring" (September 19). favor of international agreement on air piracy and sabotage. American Jewish Committee issued report on uncertain situation of 30,000-35,000 remain- Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith report ing Jews in Morocco, where August attempt described terrorism as "major tool" of most on life of King Moulay Hassan intensified Arab leaders who "exhort the Arab people to fears for their safety (September 19). prepare for another war against Israel" American Jewish Committee and Committee (October 4). of Concern urged Americans use all avenues American Jewish Congress called on private of public opinion to force Syrian government industry, trade unions, and professional to change harsh anti-Jewish policies (Novem- groups to support government efforts to end air ber 10). Committee for the Rescue of Syrian hijacking and other types of terrorism by Jewry sponsored New York City rally calling refusing to do business with countries "who for freedom of seven Jews imprisoned for give green light to international murderers" trying to flee Syria (December 7). (October 8). 240 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1973

Hadassah stated that despite rash of letter Women's International Zionist Organization bombs sent to its officials it would continue to of Mexico and American Jewish Committee carry on work for Israel health, education, and Mexico City office held seminar on problems social services (October 16). facing Mexican Jewish community (April 13). American Jewish Congress blamed inaction of American Jewish Committee report said Latin pilots, airlines, and U.S. Congress for Arab American antisemites and Arab propagandists terrorist hijacking of West German plane and were working together to stir up feelings death of airline agent in Houston, Tex., and against Jews and Israel (May 5). called for boycott of countries giving sanctu- ary to terrorists (October 30); National American Jewish Committee surveys by Council of Jewish Women urged government scholars of Task Force on World of 1970s apply economic sanctions and cut off military indicated Jewish communities outside United aid to such countries (November 1). States and Western Europe face uncertain, even ominous future: continued decline in Union of American Hebrew Congregations Eastern Europe, with communities in Poland, released statement by Christian and Jewish Czechoslovakia, and Bulgaria "in last stages clergymen identified with anti-war movement, of existence as organized entities" (May 6, 7). condemning Arab terrorism of Lod, Munich and other places (November 3). Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith sponsored 15-day assembly in South America American Jewish Committee, reacting to to inform American communal leaders about seizure of Israel embassy in Bangkok, Thai- Jewish life in Brazil, Argentina, Chile and land, by Arab terrorists, called on major Peru (September 26-October 11). powers to impose economic sanctions on states harboring such criminals (December 29). American Jewish Committee reported Argen- tine Jewish community uneasy after syna- American Jewish Congress called on Interna- gogue burnings and other manifestations of tional Federation of Air Line Pilots Associa- antisemitism (October 10). tions to abandon plans for worldwide strike in favor of "selective stoppage" against coun- American Jewish Committee reported most tries harboring hijackers (December 30). large cities in Common Market countries had organized Jewish communities whose activi- ties represent a rebirth after the Holocaust, WORLD JEWRY even though they totaled only 650,000 Jews (November 30). American Jewish Committee report warned continued political unrest in Italy would foster American Jewish Committee was informed neo-fascism or neo-nazism in Western Europe that future existence of Latin American Jewry despite ultra-rightist defeats in Great Britain, was insecure because of political and econom- France, Germany, and Austria (January 28). ic instability in Chile, antisemitism in Argen- tina, and extensive assimilation and intermar- Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith held riage throughout (December 2). head of Arab League in Argentina and Chile responsible for new antisemitic and anti-Israel campaign in Argentina (March 21). GERALDINE ROSENFIELD AMERICAN JEWISH COMMUNITY RESPONDS TO ISSUES / 241 APPENDIX The Right to Leave and the Right to Return

A Declaration Adopted by the Uppsala Colloquium, Uppsala, Sweden, June 21, 1972

PREAMBLE

WHEREAS the Universal Declaration of Human Rights proclaims the fundamental principle that everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country; WHEREAS this fundamental human right has been recognized also in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, in the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, in regional conventions, and in the constitutions and laws of many countries; WHEREAS the protection of this right is essential for the effective enjoyment of other human rights and fundamental freedoms, and promotes mutual understanding and co-operation among the peoples of the world; WHEREAS denials of this right are the cause of widespread human suffering and a source of grave international concern; NOW THEREFORE the Uppsala Colloquium urges upon all nations the elaboration, implementation and enforcement of the following principles through effective international machinery and international laws and processes.

Chapter I: THE RIGHT TO LEAVE

Article 1: Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own. Article 2: Every State shall recognize, implement and enforce the right of any person to leave its territory, temporarily or permanently. Article 3: (a) No person shall be required to renounce his nationality as a condition of the exercise of the right to leave a country. (b) No person shall be deprived of his nationality for seeking to exercise or for exercising the right to leave a country. (c) No person shall be denied the right to leave a country because he wishes to renounce or has renounced his nationality. Article 4: (a) No state shall subject a person or his family to reprisals, sanctions, penalties or harassment, for seeking to exercise or for exercising the right to leave a country. (b) Every state shall ensure that no person or his family is subjected to private or other unofficial reprisals or harassment for seeking to exercise or for exercising his right to leave a country. Article 5: (a) Any person who wishes to leave a country is entitled to take out of the country: (i) his household effects and the tools required for the exercise of his profession or skill, subject only to provision for satisfying any legal monetary obligations; (ii) all other property or the proceeds thereof, subject only to provision for satisfying legal monetary obligations and subject to general controls imposed to safeguard the national economy, 242 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1973 provided that such controls contain reasonable exceptions designed to minimize interference with the ability of the departing person to take out his property. (b) Property or the proceeds thereof which cannot be taken out of the country because of such controls shall remain vested in the departing person who shall remain free to dispose of such property or proceeds within the country. (c) No special fees, taxes or other exactions shall be imposed for exercising the right to leave a country. Article 6: A person's right to leave a country shall be subject only to such reasonable limitations as are necessary to prevent a clear and present danger to the national security or public order, or to comply with international health regulations; and only if such limitations are provided for by law, are clear and specific, are not subject to arbitrary application and do not destroy the substance of the rights. Article 7: (a) No one shall be hindred in or penalized for communicating with or petitioning the United Nations or other inter-governmental or non-governmental organizations complaining of the denial of the right to leave a country or seeking their assistance in the exercise of this right. (b) No one shall be penalized for or prevented from communicating with foreign consular or diplomatic officials with a view to obtaining travel documents or permits. (c) A person who claims to be a national of another state shall not be prevented from seeking the assistance of that state in order to ensure his right to leave the country. Article 8: No person shall be deprived of his nationality, or be subject to any other reprisal, sanction, penalty or harassment for travelling or establishing a residence in another country.

Chapter II: THE RIGHT TO RETURN Article 9: Every person is entitled to return to the country of which he is a national. Article 10: No person shall be deprived of his nationality for the purpose of divesting him of the right to return to his country. Article 11: No person shall be required as a condition of the exercise of the right to return to his country of nationality to pay special fees, taxes or other exactions. Article 12: The re-entry of long-term residents who are not nationals, including stateless persons, may be refused only in the most exceptional circumstances.

Chapter III: TRAVEL DOCUMENTS Article 13: No person shall be denied such travel documents or permits as may be required for him to leave a country or to return to the country of his nationality. Such documents or permits shall be subject only to nominal fees. AMERICAN JEWISH COMMUNITY RESPONDS TO ISSUES / 243

Article 14: The procedures and formalities for issuing any travel documents or permits and the conditions for their denial, withdrawal or cancellation, as well as any fees required, shall be provided by law or regulations which shall be made readily accessible to the public. Article 15: (a) The procedures and formalities connected with applying for and issuing any travel document or permit shall be communicated promptly in writing to any applicant making a request therefor. (b) These procedures and formalities shall not be unreasonable, burdensome or lengthy. (c) Every person filing an application for any travel document or permit shall be entitled to obtain promptly a duly certified receipt for the application. Article 16: (a) Any application for a travel document or for permission to leave a country or to return to one's country of nationality, shall be acted upon and the applicant informed of the action within a reasonable period of time specified by law. (b) Where any necessary permission or document is denied, withdrawn, cancelled or postponed, the applicant shall be informed officially and in writing of the reasons for the decision and of the remedies available to him.

Chapter IV: GENERAL PROVISIONS Article 17: The limitations permitted under this Declaration shall be applied without regard to race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, membership in a national or ethnic minority, education, profession, skill, property, birth, marriage or other status, and shall not be applied for any purpose other than that for which they are permitted. Article 18: Any person who claims that his rights as proclaimed in this Declaration are being infringed or violated shall have a prompt and effective recourse to a national tribunal to seek enforcement of his rights. Article 19: The tribunal described in Article 18 shall be independent and impartial and shall accord the individual a fair and public hearing, including the right to be represented by counsel, to examine and to have examined witnesses and evidence and to produce evidence in his favour. The tribunal's decision shall be expeditious and it and the grounds therefor shall be communicated promptly to the individual. Article 20: Nothing in this Declaration shall be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or perform any act aimed at destroying any of the rights set forth herein or at limiting them to a greater extent than is provided for in this Declaration. Works in Judaica, 1970-1972: A Sampling

JLJURING THE PAST few years the proliferation of printed material in general has been mirrored in the field of Judaica. The appearance of works dealing with all aspects of Jewish life, from the attempt to redefine Jewish iden- tity after the Holocaust to the search by Jewish youth for spiritual answers, from the study of Jewish antecedents of the Christian religion to the use of Jews as main characters in works of fiction, shows the wide scope towards which the energies of many writers are currently being directed. At the same time, due perhaps to foreign language requirements being eased at many universities and, therefore, original works in Hebrew, Yiddish, or German becoming too difficult for the student to use, there has been a tremendous increase of works being translated for the first time into English. These translations include talmudic and rabbinic texts, German-Jewish scholarly works of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, contemporary Hebrew literature, and works relating the personal memoirs of Holocaust survivors. This increase in English translations now becoming available may eventually bring the student back to the study of the works in their original language. Generally, this survey has not included works in sociology, politics, literature, or articles in periodicals. Collections were included in the survey if the author has reevaluated his position, interest in a subject has been reawakened, an easier access to material has been made available, or an over-all introduction to a subject has been provided. For the most part, no attempt has been made to evaluate the works either as to their scholarship or validity, but only to provide a sampling of works published in the categories cited. The greatly increased need, by Jews and non-Jews, for materials of a general introductory nature is best exemplified by the publication of the Encyclopedia Judaica*. The editors of the encyclopedia, which was produced over a five-and-a-half-year period, had "been motivated by an awareness of the potential historic and cultural value . . . and the significant role [this work] can play in Jewish education and ... in the spread of Jewish knowledge." The articles were written by a multitude of scholars and, as a result, the work is uneven: some are excellent and provide the latest information on the subject, while others seem to be mere rewrites of earlier articles. "Aware that . . . they have not always attained the desired perfection," the editors themselves are not completely satisfied with the work but feel that "as is inevitable in any work of comparable size and scope, errors have crept in." However, since its publication, a great many detailed reviews of the encyclopedia have been written, both for and against, and it is not the purpose of this essay to provide one more.

*For full information see bibliographic data in back of article.

244 WORKS IN JUDAICA 1970-1972: A SAMPLING / 245

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND BOOKLORE

Although not an American publication, the Index of Articles on Jewish Studies by Issachar Joel, published in Jerusalem, fills a need which is only slightly filled by the Index to Jewish Periodicals, published here in the United States. Joel's index, published annually, lists not only articles on Jewish studies appearing in Hebrew periodicals and collections, but also those published in various other countries and in many other languages. This work is arranged by 12 major categories, each containing many divisions which are further subdivided by the requirements of the particular topic. It also contains a subject index listing names and topics which do not appear under the major division headings. This index brings together Judaica material which might otherwise go unnoticed by the Judaica researcher. The Index to Jewish Festschriften in Jewish Studies, edited by Charles Berlin, lists by author and subject 6,700 articles from 243 Festschriften in all areas of Jewish scholarship. Along with Jacob R. Marcus's newly reprinted Index to Jewish Festschriften, Berlin's work adds to the ability of the researcher to approach this category of books. Marcus has recently edited another work to help history students in their approach to periodical literature. His Index to Scientific Articles on American Jewish History brings together, by author, title, and subject, the articles of 13 major periodicals dealing with the life and culture of the American Jew. Another reprint of an index to older periodicals is the Index of Articles Relative to Jewish History and Literature Published in Periodicals from 1665-1900, by Moise Schwab. The publisher, Ktav, has facilitated the use of Schwab's work by including a list of abbreviated periodical titles prepared by Zosa Szajkowski. Few works dealing with Jewish bibliography are available to the person who lacks a knowledge of Hebrew. However, a new bibliographic aid in English, the Study of Judaism, Bibliographical Essays, prepared by Richard Bavier and others, and published by the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, fulfills a long-felt need in this area. This collection of annotated bibliographies by different scholars covers only six themes: Judaism in New Testament times; rabbinic sources; Judaism on Christianity; modern Jewish thought; antisemitism, and the Holocaust. There is a need for many more annotated bibliographies in English dealing with other Judaica areas. Another bibliography of basic reference sources in Judaica is Joshua Rothenberg's work, Judaica Reference Materials: A Selective Annotated Bibliography, based on the holdings of the Brandeis Judaica collection. Publications about Israel are represented, although inadequately, in two bibliographies. Israel: A Bibliography, compiled by Iva Cohen, is useful for school and synagogue libraries; it is annotated and lists the more easily accessible works. Israel: A Survey and Bibliography, compiled and edited by Muriel Emanuel, is basically a collection of essays dealing with various 246 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1973 aspects of Israel from Zionism to education, from Druze community to technology, with each essay accompanied by a bibliography. Some important collections and their contents were brought to the attention of the public through the publication of catalogues. Judaica—A Short-Title Catalogue of the Books . . . in the Library of Ludwig Rosenberger, edited by Herbert Zafren, brings to light an outstanding one-man collection of works dealing with every aspect of Judaism in the major Western languages. A catalogue of a different nature is the Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion Manuscript Catalog of the American Jewish Archives, which lists by author, title, and content the close to four million pages of documents held at the American Jewish Archives. The Spertus College of Judaica Yemenite Manuscripts, prepared by Norman Golb, describes a collection of manuscripts illuminating aspects of the social life of Yemenite Jewry. A catalogue produced in Italy and published in English, which is important for Judaica bibliography, is the Hebraica Ambrosiana. It completes the work of Carl Bernheimer, begun in 1933, that describes 121 Hebrew manuscripts in the Ambrosiana library. Aldo Luzzatto catalogues and describes the 75 remaining Hebrew manuscripts in this library, while Luisa Mortara Ottolenghi looks at the decorated and illuminated Hebrew manuscripts from both a stylistic and iconographic standpoint with a view to correlating them with other similar manuscripts, both Jewish and non-Jewish. Studies in Books and Booklore is a collection of articles on Jewish bibliography by the late Cecil Roth. Included are essays written over a period of 40 years, dealing with such subjects as the earliest Hebrew printing in London, Marrano typography in England, and the Haskalah in England. Another volume of essays on various aspects of Jewish .bibliography, compiled by Philip Goodman, is Essays in Jewish Booklore. It brings together some 43 articles from the volumes of the Jewish Book Annual under eight subheadings, one of which deals specifically with the problems of translations.

HISTORY: STUDIES, COMMUNITIES, PERSONALITIES

Two new volumes in the projected 21-volume set of the World History of the Jewish People have been published in the period under review. Volume two in the series, The Patriarchs, edited by Benjamin Mazar, contains articles by various biblical scholars giving an overview of the period against the backdrop of the historico-cultural development in the land of the Bible during the second millenium B.C.E. Volume 6, The Hellenistic Age, edited by Abraham Schalit, again containing essays by various important scholars, covers the political history of the Jews in Palestine from Alexander the Great's conquest to the consolidation of Roman power in Syria and Palestine. Jacob Neusner's work, A History of the Jews in Babylonia, has also been completed recently with the publication of volume five, which covers the WORKS IN JUDAICA 1970-1972: A SAMPLING / 247 period from the end of the fourth century to the middle of the seventh century C.E. The complete work provides an understanding of some basic problems of talmudic historiography and religion in English. George C. Brauer's Judaea Weeping is a popular introduction to the Roman period in Judaea's history. Yigael Yadin's Bar-Kohba is concerned with the same period, but focuses on one particular personality. The book, lavishly illustrated, recounts the story of the excavations of the caves containing Bar-Kohba's letters and brings to life a legendary hero of the Jewish people. A later period is covered in Solomon D. Goitein's A Mediterranean Society; volume two discusses the composition and organization of the Cairo Jewish community, its social services, and its professional classes, as portrayed in the Cairo Genizah. The two-volume reprint of Jacob Mann's Texts and Studies in Jewish History and Literature deals with the documents of Jews in the Islamic world during the Gaonic period (volume 1) and the life and cultural activities of the Karaites, from the ninth through the nineteenth century (volume 2). A three-volume work, The Collected Articles of Jacob Mann, some of which were previously available only to the diligent researcher, contains material bearing on medieval Jewish history, the Gaonic period, and the Karaites. Another work on the same subject is Karaite Studies, a collection of essays by several outstanding scholars edited by Philip Birnbaum. In his preface, the editor expresses the hope that this volume will spark further study in the area. Jewish Society Through the Ages, edited by H.H. Ben-Sasson and S. Ettinger, is an excellent volume of essays by various prominent writers that serves as an introduction to the sweep of Jewish history. Frederick M. Schweitzer's very readable book, A History of the Jews Since the 1st Century A.D., attempts to dispel the ignorance of Judaism and Jews among Catholics. Other new approaches to Jewish history are being published. Ellis Rivkin's The Shaping of Jewish History attempts to explore the complexity of Jewish history as the working through of the "unity concept" as the dynamic underlying element in Jewish history. In The Indestructible Jews, Max I. Dimont directs himself to the question posed by the book's subtitle: Is there a manifest destiny in Jewish history? Chaim Raphael, in his A Feast of History, regards the Passover as the key to Jewish experience. In Tents of Jacob, Raphael Patai sees the Diaspora as the basic historical circumstance determining the "unique" cultural variety of the Jewish people. John Allegro, in The Chosen People, holds that the Babylonian exile was a decisive factor in the formation of the Israelite religion; that Judaism then became specially exclusive. However, his thesis does not take into account the views of some Hebrew scholars. In his work The History of the Religion of Israel, Yehezkel Kaufmann asserts that there was not only no transition from idolatry to monotheism after the Babylonian exile, but that "the history 248 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1973 of the second Temple can be understood only as the continuation of the history of a people which was monotheistic from its beginning." Part of volume four of Kaufmann's work recently has been translated by C. Efroymson under the title, The Babylonian Captivity and Deutero-haiah. The last two volumes of Dubnov's History of the Jews have appeared in the past two years. This makes his complete work now available in a lucid and smooth English translation. Volume four covers the period between Cromwell's Commonwealth and the end of the Naploeonic era. In volume five Dubnov shows how the reactionary period following the Congress of Vienna (1815) affected the Jews in each European country. He also stresses the economic and social aspects of Jewish life up to the rise of Hitler. A History of Modern Jewry 1780-1815, by Raphael Mahler, is volume one of a projected multi-volume history. It is a well translated and very readable abridgement of the first four volumes of his Divre Yeme Yisrael-Dorot Aharonim, and discusses the development of the economic life of the Jews and their role in Western and Eastern Europe during a transitional period in which the principal problems of our generation emerged. Moses A. Shulvass's From East to West brings to light a little explored area, the "drive West" of Jews from Eastern Europe. Covering a more recent time and specific subject is Isaiah Trunk's Judenrat: The Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe Under Nazi Occupation, which presents a well balanced picture of these councils, their attitudes toward the Jews, and their relations with the German occupiers.

COMMUNITIES

American Jewish history, both North and South American, is dealt with in many recently published works. Irving J. Sloan, in Jews in America, 1621-1970, seeks to bring together in a summary form the events and people in American Jewish history. Morris U. Schappes brought out a third revision of his A Documentary History of the Jews in the United States, 1654-1875, which illustrates the social, economic, cultural, political, religious, and philanthropic life of the early immigrants. Jacob Marcus's three-volume work, The Colonial American Jews, 1492-1776, is an authoritative study surveying the complete spectrum of Jewish life in America during that period. Studies in Judaica Americana, by Rudolf Glanz, deals with German Jews in America. The following are examples of studies of individual communities in the United States. The second edition of Brownsville: The Birth, Development and Passing of a Jewish Community in New York, by Alter F. Landesman, is a book based on the records and literature of this once important Jewish community. The Making of an American Jewish Community, by Isaac Fein, WORKS IN JUDAICA 1970-1972: A SAMPLING / 249 depicts the history of the Baltimore Jews who, while undergoing the process of integration, remained loyal to Judaism and built important communal institutions and organizations. Another work, published in the Western States Jewish Historical Quarterly, is "Jews of Montana," a history of this Northwestern Jewish community from 1860 to 1950, by Benjamin Kelson. Professor Salo W. Baron's Steeled by Adversity, a collection of his essays written over the past 30 years, gives a historian's point of view of the past and future of the Jewish community in the United States. A volume honoring the 75th birthday of this outstanding Jewish historian was published under the title Ancient and Medieval Jewish History and edited by Leon Feldman. It is a collection of Baron's essays covering the spectrum of his studies of the social and religious history of the Jews. A number of studies dealing with the Jews of Latin America have also appeared recently. Seymour Liebman, who has written before on Latin American Jews, presents an overview of the daily life and religious practices of the Crypto-Jews in Mexico from 1521 to 1821 in The Jews of New Spain. Another work, and a mine for further research, is the History of the Jews of the Netherlands Antilles, by Isaac and Suzanne Emmanuel, which is a detailed account of the history of the Portuguese Jews in the Caribbean. The Jewish Experience in Latin America, a reprint of some 25 selected articles from the publications of the American Jewish Historical Society, was edited by Martin Cohen in the expectation that this work will revive an interest in this area. Sephardi studies, another area that has seen a renaissance of late, has an important bibliography in the reprint of Meyer Kayserling's Bibliotheca Espanola-Portuguesa-Judaica which serves as a cornerstone for these studies. The Sephardi Heritage is a selection of diverse essays, edited by Richard D. Barnett, that deal with the "formative period of Spanish Jewry," specifically, Hebrew philology, biblical exegesis, and responsa literature of the Sephardim. On the other hand, the subjects of Moshe Lazar's edition of The Sephardic Tradition, the sixth volume of the B'nai B'rith Jewish Heritage Classic series, are Ladino and Spanish Jewish literature. It includes works not usually known to non-Sephardim, such as the legends from the oral tradition of Spanish Morocco and selections from North African Sephardi balladry. Samuel G. Armistead and Joseph H. Silverman have recently published The Judeo-Spanish Ballad Chapbooks of Yacob Abraham Yond, the first volume of a new series, "The Folk Literature of the Sephardic Jews," a project aimed at recording and editing the traditional and folk-literary forms of the Spanish-speaking Jews of the East Mediterranean and North Africa. Other communities in which interest is being shown are those of India and China. The Bene Israel of Bombay, by Schifra Strizower, examines the customs, traditions, and legends of this community and its relation to other Jewish groups in India. Jews in Old China, compiled by Hyman Kublin, is a 250 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1973 reprint of essays by four writers on the Jewish inhabitants of the old Chinese Empire, with an introduction discussing these works. The Survival of the Chinese Jews is, according to its author Donald D. Leslie, the final summing-up about the Kaifeng Jews and perhaps the first real synthesis of Chinese, Hebrew, and Western sources. Aspects of Russian Jewish history were also dealt with in the period under review. In The Jewish Bund in Russia: From Its Origins to 1905, Henry J. Tobias provides a thorough background to this subject which until now was only available in Yiddish or Russian. Jehoshua A. Gilboa's The Black Years of Soviet Jewry, a translation from Hebrew, covers the period from the beginning of World War II to Stalin's death in 1953, while Boris Smolar's Soviet Jewry Today and Tomorrow attempts to present a picture of the contemporary life of Soviet Jews. The Jewish Religion in the Soviet Union, by Joshua Rothenberg, also covering recent Soviet Jewish life, shows an awareness by the author of the particular interrelationships between the religious and secular elements in Judaism. He discusses in great detail the legal aspects of religion to show how laws promulgated by the Soviet authorities are constantly being violated by them. A great many books have recently been written about Israel and Zionism, some in a scholarly and many in a popular vein. Walter Laqueur's A History of Zionism is an unbiased "account of the origins and development of one of the most embattled movements in recent history." A work dealing with a specific party in Zionism is the History of the Revisionist Movement, by Joseph B. Schechtman and Yehuda Benari, of which volume one has appeared. It is a study of the Revisionists under the leadership of Zeev Jabotinsky during the period of 1925-1930. A study of a specific aspect of Israeli politics is Ervin Birnbaum's Politics of Compromise: State and Religion in Israel, which reviews the religious aspects of the political problems in contemporary Israel. The Encyclopedia of Zionism and Israel, edited by Raphael Patai, has as its scope the period from the second half of the 19th century to the present. It covers the history of movements in Zionism, their ideologies, and biographies of their leaders, as well as every aspect of contemporary Israeli society.

PERSONALITIES Jacob Neusner's Development of a Legend studies the sources used in his book on the life of Yochanan ben Zakkai, thus offering a systematic analysis of the traditions about him. The Life and Times of Rabbi David Ibn Abi Zimra, by Israel M. Goldman, gives insight into the personality of this 16th-century Sephardi talmudic scholar and Kabbalist, who was chief rabbi of Egypt for 40 years and WORKS IN JUDAICA 1970-1972: A SAMPLING / 251 published several thousand responsa, some dealing with the Falashas. Dr. Goldman culls from the responsa information about the economic, social, political, and religious life of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire during the 15th and 16th centuries. Asher Siev's work, Rabbi Moses Isserles (Ramo), deals with the life, works, and ideas of this 16th-century authority on Ashkenazi halakhic practices, as well as with his contemporaries, his pupils and his descendants. A 17th-century talmudic scholar is the subject of Elijah Schochet's Bach: Rabbi Joel Sirkes. This important authority published a large number of opinions on Jewish law, and his responsa, of which a complete catalogue is included in this work, contain much information on the cultural life of Polish Jewry of this period. Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi has given us a portrait of another kind in his From Spanish Court to Italian Ghetto: Isaac Cardosa. Using Inquisitional and rabbinic sources, Iberian and Hebrew literature, and Peninsular social history and Jewish communal history, he gives genuine perspective to the study of the 17th-century Marrano, Isaac Cardosa. He shows the transition of this talented physician from his life among the privileged minority of royal Madrid to his precarious existence as a secret Judaizer, and later as a professing Jew in the ghettos of Venice and Verona. Sidney B. Hoenig edited Solomon Zeitlin: Scholar Laureate: An Annotated Bibliography, an intellectual biography of a master of Jewish historical research. A work honoring Dr. Edward Kiev, the distinguished librarian at Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, Studies in Jewish Bibliography, History, and Literature, edited by Charles Berlin, includes articles on many aspects of Judaica. The Samuel K. Mirsky Memorial Volume: Studies in Jewish Law, Philosophy and Literature, edited by Gersion Appel, draws together some interesting work of Mirsky's students, including "Law and Justice in Rabbinic Jurisprudence," a study by Jose Faur who, using Western jurisprudence as a frame of reference, attempts to analyze some of the fundamental conceptions implicitly contained in rabbinic jurisprudence, and "Study and Prayer: Their Relative Value in Hasidism and Mitnagdism," in which Norman Lamm compares the weight assigned to the study of Torah and prayer in each of these two movements.

BIBLICAL STUDIES

The Bible, and works dealing with it, has always been a mainstay of Judaic studies. Judah Goldin's The Song at the Sea, a translation and a commentary on the commentary Mekhilta de-Rabbi Ishmael, brings us an insight into the 252 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1973 second century rabbinical attitudes towards textual interpretation of the Bible. A new English translation of The Book of Judith with commentary and critical notes by Morton Enslin has recently been published as the seventh volume in the Jewish Apocryphal Literature series produced by Dropsie University under the editorship of Dr. Solomon Zeitlin. The Commentary on the Torah: Genesis, by Moses Nachmanides (Ramban), translated and annotated by Charles Chavel who had written a biography of the Ramban, brings to the English reading public a mystical interpretation of the biblical text. Poets, Prophets, and Sages, by Robert Gordis, is a collection of essays on various topics dealing with the origin and growth of the Bible, the structure of biblical poetry, and the characters of specific biblical books. A work by the late Bible scholar Roland de Vaux, The Bible and the Ancient Near East, brings together in English 15 articles, some dealing with such diverse biblical topics as "Single Combat in the Old Testament," "The King of Israel, Vassal of Yahweh," and "The Sacrifice of Pigs in Palestine and the Ancient Near East." The History of Pentateuchal Traditions, by Martin Noth, tries to uncover and investigate the roots of these oral traditions, ascertain their basic themes, and assess their significance. Moshe Weinfeld maintains in his Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomic School that the literary style which first appears in Deuteronomy and later is encountered in the historical and prophetic books marks a turning point in Israelite literature. He demonstrates by an analysis of the literary forms of the scribal circles of the second half of the seventh century B.C.E., their religious ideology, and the affinity of their works with wisdom literature. Baruch Levine's prolegomenon to the reprint of George B. Gray's Sacrifice in the Old Testament relates the book's detailed treatment of biblical sacrifice to areas of research not explored in Gray's day, such as the literature of Ugarit and new archaeological interpretations of the Bible. Another specific biblical study is Anthony Phillips's Ancient Israel's Criminal Law: A New Approach to the Decalogue, wherein the author maintains that historians of biblical law failed to make basic juridical distinctions between crimes, which are set forth in the Decalogue and deal with conduct forbidden by the state, and torts, which are violations of all other laws of the Bible and against which civil action could be taken.

TALMUD Jacob Neusner has produced two works dealing with the Talmud. The Formation of the Babylonian Talmud is an account of the achievements of some of the important historians and literary critics of the late 19th and 20th centuries who concentrated on the question of how and when the Babylonian Talmud took shape. It gives a survey of scholarship in English relating to WORKS IN JUDAICA 1970-1972: A SAMPLING / 253 antiquity. His work, The Rabbinic Tradition About the Pharisees Before 70, deals with the development of the oral tradition of the zugot and the other teachers of the Mishnah. Here Neusner attempts to analyze systematically the Pharisaic rabbinic traditions from formal synoptic or comparative and literary-critical perspectives. He examines traditions about pre-70 masters and the Houses of Shammai and Hillel in terms of legal, moral, theological, and biographical classification. He then offers some judgments on what these traditions may tell us about the historical movements to which they refer. This work, according to the author, "attempted to close the immense . . . gap separating contemporary historical method from the way in which even contemporary Talmudic historians made use of the Talmudic literature for historical purposes." On the same general subject, but dealing specifically with the history of the halakhah, is Rabbinic Judaism in the Making: A Chapter in the History of the Halakha from Ezra to Judah I, by Alexander Guttmann. The author stresses fundamentals and points to those important details which illustrate how normative Judaism came into being and why it has endured. Essays written by Louis Finkelstein over a span of four decades and published under the title, Pharisaism in the Making, provide glimpses into pre-Maccabean and Maccabean Judaism. In the author's view, historians have underestimated the immense contributions to Jewish thought and liturgy made in pre-Maccabean times.

JUDAISM AND OTHER RELIGION

B.D. Cohon's Men at the Crossroads: Between Jerusalem and Rome, Synagogue and Church discusses the lives, times, and doctrines of the founders of both Talmudic Judaism and New-Testament Christianity. The subject of Jacob Neusner's Aphrahat and Judaism is the Christian- Jewish argument in fourth-century Iran. Aphrahat's work, which antedates the completion of the Babylonian Talmud and deals with Judaism and Jews little affected by rabbinic influence, can be used as a source for the study of Judaism east of the Euphrates. Judaism and the Early Christian Mind, by Robert L. Wilken, is a study of Cyril of Alexandria's exegesis, theology, and relationship to Judaism. The author, a Christian theologian, feels that the role of Judaism in shaping patristic thought must become a primary area of investigation for both Christian and Jewish scholars. Synagogue and Church in the Middle Ages, by Wolfgang S. Seiferth, which is now available in an English translation, traces the destiny of the synagogue and the church through 15 centuries of Christian history. It also investigates the origins of their respective symbolic representations in the Old Testament. Samuel Sandmel speaks to the subject of Jewish-Christian relations in Two 254 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1973 Living Traditions, a collection of articles exploring the common convictions and differences of Judaism and Christianity. In a two-volume work, Studia Semitica, Erwin I.J. Rosenthal summarizes his research of more than 35 years in the interrelated fields of Judaism and Islam.

PHILOSOPHY, LAW, RELIGION

A large number of recent works discuss religious faith and its relation to contemporary life. Samuel Cohon's Jewish Theology: A Historical and Systematic Interpretation of Judaism and its Foundations discusses the nature of the Jewish religion throughout the ages and its significance and value, past and present. In Faith and Doubt: Studies in Traditional Jewish Thought, Norman Lamm deals mainly with the reaction of traditional Jewish religious philosophy to challenges from science, sociology, philosophy, morality and law. In Judaism and Human Rights, Milton Konvitz points to much in Jewish tradition to suggest adherence to ideals of human rights. Works by German-Jewish scholars of the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries on Jewish religious philosophy are now becoming available in English translation. Hermann Cohen, in Religion of Reason: Out of the Sources of Judaism, speaks of the "inner dialogue between his philosophy and his religion, between reason and piety," while in Reason and Hope, which contains excerpts of his posthumously published Jewish writings, he seeks to effect a synthesis between philosophy and religion. The Star of Redemption, Franz Rosenzweig's main work, stresses the religious trans-historic quality of Jewish existence. He constructs a conceptual relation between God and the world as creation, between God and man as revelation, and between man and the world as redemption. Both Arthur A. Cohen's Arguments and Doctrines: A Reader of Jewish Thinking in the Aftermath of the Holocaust, and Jacob B. Agus's Dialogue and Tradition: The Challenges of Contemporary Judeo-Christian Thought show the variety of Jewish religious thought since World War II and respond to such major challenges of the contemporary world as the meaning of God in the post-Auschwitz age. The approach of some essays in Cohen's work shows that traditional Jewish religion and Jewish nationalism still have a strong influence on these writers' thoughts. Nathan Rotenstreich's Tradition and Reality: The Impact of History on Modern Jewish Thought also attempts to reveal the workings of the contemporary Jewish mind as it is shaped by attitudes towards Jewish tradition and customs. The Essential Philo, edited by Nahum Glatzer, presents aspects of Philo's work as an introduction to hellenistic Judaism, information on the background WORKS IN JUDAICA 1970-1972: A SAMPLING / 255 of early Christian thought, and a chapter on the intellectual history of antiquity. Samuel Sandmel, on the other hand, deals in Philo's Place in Judaism with the extent of hellenization in Philo. It is a reworking of his dissertation on Abraham in normative and hellenistic Jewish tradition. An explanatory translation of the sections of Abravanel's commentary that pertains to the theory of prophecy in Maimonides' Guide for the Perplexed is presented in Maimonides and Abrabanel on Prophecy, by Alvin J. Reines. Other works of Maimonides are being made available in English. Isadore Twersky edited A Maimonides Reader, which exposes the reader "directly to the form, content, and scope of the Maimonidean legacy." Meanwhile, the Yale Judaica series is providing the reader with a continuation of the translation of the Code of Maimonides. Volume four, entitled The Book of Women, translated by Isaac Klein, consists of "five treatises dealing with the laws on marriage, divorce, levirate marriage and the Halisah, the virgin maiden and the wayward woman." Maimonides augmented the basic stipulations of the Talmud with later legal developments on this subject. Studies in Jewish Jurisprudence, edited by Edward M. Gershfield, is a reprint of four pioneer essays in the scientific study of Jewish law, among them Israel Lebendiger's "The Minor in Jewish Law" and Meyer Waxman's "Civil and Criminal Procedure in Jewish Courts." Haim H. Cohn published a collection of essays by contemporary Israeli legal scholars, Jewish Law in Ancient and Modern Israel. Works dealing with other specific aspects of Jewish law include Bernard Jackson's Theft in Early Jewish Law and Joseph Oppenheimer's Ma'aser: The Precepts of Tithing. Jackson used modern techniques, such as form criticism, to trace the history of the principal rules of Jewish law of theft from the earliest biblical sources to the end of the tannaitic period. He compares these rules with Greek and Roman laws and considers the latter's possible influence on them. Oppenheimer compiled material from some 30 original sources to explain the "laws of the Jewish religion with reference to charity." Modern Medicine and Jewish Law, by Fred Rosner, deals with the problems recent advances in medical knowledge and therapeutic procedures pose for Jewish law. The moral and legal aspects of such issues as abortion, birth control, transplants, and autopsy are examined in a thought-provoking attempt to reconcile halakhah and modern medicine. In The Oral Law: A Study of the Rabbinic Contribution of Torah She-be-al-peh, Harry Schimmel aims to establish a base from which the non-scholar can obtain a view of the entire spectrum of rabbinic law, "the part of the Divine revelation to Moses which is not recorded in the Pentateuch but was transmitted by oral tradition" and later set down in the Mishnah. Rabbi Hayim H. Donin reviews the practices and beliefs of the traditional Judaism in To Be a Jew: A Guide to Jewish Observance in Contemporary Life. The subject matter, selected from the Shulhan Arukh and Responsa 256 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1973 literature, includes basic religious tenets and daily and holiday practices, and provides a rationale for these laws and traditions. Modern Reform Responsa is Solomon B. Freehof s latest volume dealing with law which is "to guide us but not govern us," according to accepted Reform practices. Two works dealing with Jewish liturgy are Jakob J. Petuchowski's Contributions to the Scientific Study of Jewish Liturgy and Abraham E. Millgram's Jewish Worship. The latter is a comprehensive, readable study of Jewish liturgy which takes into account the works of specialists in this field. Petuchowski edited a collection of studies aimed at introducing the student to "the methodology employed by the pioneers in this field, and to some of the textual material which is now the standard equipment of scholars in the field of Jewish liturgy."

MYSTICISM

Works on Jewish mysticism also were made available during the period reviewed here. Moses Hayyim Luzzatto's General Principles of the Kabbalah was translated into English by the Research Center of Kabbalah, which is producing other works on mysticism in English. Isaac Myer's Qabbalah: The Philosophical Writings of Solomon ben Yehuda ibn Gebirol or Avicebron was republished without changes. The Messianic Idea in Judaism and Other Essays on Jewish Spirituality gives a representative picture of the range of Gershom Scholem's contribution to the study of Jewish mysticism. Many essays in this collection are concerned with the complex relations between Jewish mysticism and Messianism. In Medieval Jewish Mysticism: Book of the Pious, Sholom A. Singer uses the Bologna edition for his translation of Sefer ha-Hasidim, the ethical teachings of the "Hasidei Ashkenaz" movement in the 12th and 13th centuries. Studies of newer hasidic movements, giving historical perspectives as well as the current situation, are being published. Lithuanian Hasidism, by Wolf Zeev Rabinowitsch, is a detailed history of this branch of Hasidism which established itself in the "heart of rabbinic Lithuania." The author used the archives of the Karlin dynasty, "the Stolin genizah," polemical writings of the mitnagdim, official Russian government documents, and oral sources to produce this study. A study of the current situation of a specific school of Hasidism is Israel Rubin's Satmar: An Island in the City, which provides an accurate picture of the life of the Satmarer Hasidim and their place in the "American cultural scene." WORKS IN JUDAICA 1970-1972: A SAMPLING / 257

A work of a different type dealing with a hasidic movement is the first volume of Sefer Ho-Arochim Chabad, a compilation in alphabetical order of the main ideas of the hasidic writings of the rabbis of the Chabad movement, with references to the main works from which they were culled.

ART, AND MUSIC, SCIENCE AND LITERATURE The Tree of Light: A Study of the Menorah, the Seven Branched Lampstand, by L. Yarden, traces this symbol of Judaism from its Near Eastern background to its use as a central motif on Israel's coat of arms. Ruth Melinkoff, in The Horned Moses in Medieval Art and Thought, seeks reasons for the depiction of Moses with horns in medieval philosophic works and in the texts and liturgical dramas written in the vernacular of the time. In No Graven Images: Studies in Art and the Hebrew Bible, Joseph Gutmann questions the possible influence of Jewish art on early Christian illustrations of the Bible. Geoffrey Wigoder provides lavish illustrations in his Jewish Art and Civilization, which, however, deals mainly with various aspects of Jewish history and little with Jewish art. Philip Goodman brought together some interesting comments on Jewish bookplates, created from the 16th century to the present, in his Illustrated Essays on Jewish Bookplates. An important work in a little known area is The Music of the Jews in the Diaspora, by Alfred Sendrey, which traces the history of Jewish music from the earliest Diaspora to 1800. Another little-explored aspect of Jewish music is the subject of Leo Landman's The Cantor: An Historic Perspective, which presents a detailed study of the hazzan by tracing his development and his status in the community from ancient and medieval times to the modern period. In Studies in Hebrew Astronomy and Mathematics, Solomon Gandz deals with such varied subjects as the Hebrew calendar, Hebrew numerals and fractions in the Bible and Talmud, as well as the zodiacal light in ancient Hebrew literature. Israel Davidson's monumental Thesaurus of Medieval Hebrew Poetry has recently been reprinted by Ktav with an introduction by H. Schirmann, an authority in the field of medieval Hebrew poetry. An important work in the field of Jewish literature is the forthcoming 12-volume translation of Israel Zinberg's A History of Jewish Literature. Zinberg's work, published before World War II in Yiddish, has been considered an authoritative and comprehensive treatment of the subject, but its use until now has been limited by the lack of an English translation. 258 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1973 Bernard Martin has translated volume one, dealing with the remarkable literary achievements of medieval Spanish Jewry, into a lucid and readable English. The future volumes are anxiously awaited. The third volume of the planned 12-volume Great Dictionary of the Yiddish Language, edited by Yudel Mark, has appeared recently.

SAMUEL M. AKSLER BIBLIOGRAPHY

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