1492 Reconsidered: Religious and Social Change in Fifteenth Century Ávila

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

1492 Reconsidered: Religious and Social Change in Fifteenth Century Ávila 1492 RECONSIDERED: RELIGIOUS AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN FIFTEENTH CENTURY ÁVILA by Carolyn Salomons A dissertation submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Baltimore, Maryland May 2014 © 2014 Carolyn Salomons All Rights Reserved Abstract This dissertation is an assessment of the impact of the expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492 on the city of Ávila, in northwestern Castile. The expulsion was the culmination of a series of policies set forth by Isabel I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon regarding Jewish-Christian relations. The monarchs invoked these policies in order to bolster the faith and religious praxis of Catholics in the kingdoms, especially those Catholics newly converted from Judaism. My work shows how the implementation of these strategies began to fracture the heretofore relatively convivial relations between the confessional groups residing in Ávila. A key component of the Crown’s policies was the creation of a Jewish quarter in the city, where previously, Jews had lived wherever they chose. This transformation of a previously shared civic place to one demarcated clearly by religious affiliation, i.e. the creation of both Jewish and Christian space, had a visceral impact on how Christians related to their former neighbors, and hostilities between the two communities increased in the closing decades of the fifteenth century. Yet at the same time, Jewish appeals to the Crown for assistance in the face of harassment and persecution were almost always answered positively, with the Crown intervening several times on behalf of their Jewish subjects. This seemingly incongruous attitude reveals a key component in the relationship between the Crown and Jews: the “royal alliance.” My work also details how invoking that alliance came at the expense of the horizontal alliances between Abulense Jews and Christians, and only fostered antagonism between the confessional groups. Ultimately, this antagonism was resolved by the expulsion of the Jews in 1492. But rather than plunge the community into a ii decline, the expulsion had no immediate detrimental effect on the city; rather, post-1492 Ávila experienced economic and social growth. iii Committee Members Richard L. Kagan, adviser John Marshall Gabrielle Spiegel Felipe Pereda Harry Sieber iv Acknowledgments My thanks go first and foremost to Richard Kagan. Without his encouragement, enthusiasm, generosity, insightful suggestions, and painstaking readings of the many drafts that went into the finished work, this project would be that much poorer. I would also like to thank those faculty members at the Johns Hopkins University who read parts of my dissertation at various stages, asked thought provoking questions about the material, or otherwise offered invaluable advice and insights: Lisa DeLeonardis, Michael Kwass, John Marshall, Felipe Pereda, Erin Rowe, Gabrielle Spiegel, and the late (and sorely missed) A. John Russell-Wood. My thanks also goes to James Amelang, Jodi Bilinkoff, and Sara Nalle for conversations over the past years, and their willingness to answer questions and offer suggestions regarding my work. I am immensely grateful to David Nirenberg for allowing me to cite his forthcoming book. In Spain, I am indebted to Serafín de Tapia Sánchez, who, on the basis of nothing more than a chance meeting in an archive in Ávila, agreed to assist me during my research year in Spain. His guidance made my time working in the archives more fruitful and productive than I ever could have hoped, and his continuing willingness to answer questions and share his work after I left Spain helped me more than I can say. My thanks also goes to the many archivists in Ávila who graciously helped me find my way around the fifteenth century documents and went out of their way to offer suggestions for other avenues of research and reading. The Fulbright Association generously provided the funds that allowed me to spend a year working in the various archives in Spain, for which I am truly grateful. I v also thank the Program for Cultural Cooperation between Spain's Ministry of Culture & United States' Universities (now Hispanex) for their supplemental grant, which permitted me to extend my time in Spain and ensured I could complete the research necessary for this project. At the Johns Hopkins University, both The Singleton Center for the Study of Pre-Modern Europe and The Leonard and Helen R. Stulman Program in Jewish Studies provided travel grants for valuable summer research trips which enabled me to formulate the foundations of my project. I also wish to thank the History Department at the Johns Hopkins University for providing a scholarly environment at once both stimulating and supportive in which to complete the dissertation. Megan Zeller in particular deserves thanks for the countless ways she made my life easier over the years. Tobie Meyer-Fong offered practical and valuable counsel in her role as Director of Graduate Studies. I would like to thank my fellow Hispanists for spirited discussions, not only during the sessions of the Early Modern Spain seminar, but also more informally, outside the seminar room: Amy Chang, Matthew Franco, Guillermo García Montúfar, Yonatan Glazer-Eytan, Jonathan Greenwood, Lauren MacDonald, Rebecca Quinn Teresi, and honorary member, Dave Casazza. I especially want to thank Andrew Devereux and Molly Warsh for being unofficial mentors during my first years at Hopkins, and continuing to be such supportive friends. I also thank the members of the European Seminar for their helpful comments and critiques of several chapters of this project, in particular Will Brown, Nathan Daniels, Jeremy Fradkin, Brendan Goldman, Jessica Keene, Ke Ren, Heather Stein, and Neil Weijar. vi Meeting other Fulbrighters made my year in Spain that much more enjoyable: I especially think of Victoria Blacik, Andrea Davis, Philip Fox (along with Marcella Kerrigan Fox and Lydia Fox), Claire Gilbert, Sarah Hamilton and Julia Perratore. I particularly need to thank Philip and Claire for reading and commenting on my chapters over the years as we all moved from researching to writing. I also thank Aitor Rubio Latorre, Paula Ortega Gómez and Maria Jesus Pablos at the Fulbright Commission in Madrid for all their efforts on my behalf. Personally, I would like to thank the friends in Baltimore who helped make it home for me over the years, especially Alana Bevan and Samuel Reinstra, Jamie Gianoutsos and Jessy Jordan, and Jessica Walker. I thank Lisa Evans and Joann Gusdanovic for being such thoughtful and excellent neighbors and the many rides to and from the airport. Friends around the globe inspired me and made me laugh when needed, especially Ellen Brinkman, Frances Clement, Hannah Gaganis, Nancy Palejko, and Sarah Waurechen. My family has provided nothing but love, support, and encouragement – and when needed, respite from work – over the past years: Herman and Leida Salomons, Elizabeth Salomons, Sharon Salomons and Peter Brolese, Tim, Wenda, Madeleine and Eve Salomons, Geoff, Michelle and Kiran Salomons. I could not have completed this without you. Finally, I wish to thank my mother, Alice Verbeek Salomons, for first instilling in me a love of both literature and learning, which was where I took my first steps on this path. I dedicate this dissertation to her memory. vii Table of Contents Abstract ii Acknowledgements v List of Maps ix Introduction 1 1. Medieval Ávila: Reconquest, repoblación, 17 and true convivencia 2. “For they receive much aggravation and harm”: 63 the Jewish community in Ávila and the Catholic Monarchs 3. The Inquisition and Ávila: Witnessing autos da fe 108 4. Pious Cruelty: The Expulsion of the Jews in 1492 151 5. Ávila after the Expulsion 200 Epilogue 230 Bibliography viii List of Maps Map 1 – Spain, major cities x Map 2 – Ávila, circa 1485 xi ix Map 1 – Spain, major cities x Map 2 – Ávila, circa 1485 xi List of Abbreviations ACA Archivo Catedral de Ávila AGS Archivo General de Simancas AHPAv Archivo Histórico Provincial de Ávila AHN Archivo Histórico Nacional AM Archivo Municipal de Ávila ASAA Archivo de Santa Ana de Ávila ARCV Archivo de la Real Chancillería de Valladolid BN Biblioteca Nacional de España, Madrid CODOIN Colección de Documentos Inéditos para la Historia de España c. (caja) box cód. (códices) codices exp. (expediente) file f. (folio) page leg. (legajo) bundle lib. (libro) book núm. (número) number xii Introduction In Sepharad, we settled our debts, quit our estates, exchanged houses for asses; our daughters of twelve and up married off, so that they might cross over adversity in the shadow of a husband. From the moment of the Expulsion Order our goods were seized. We had no rights as persons to be spoken to in public or private. The Bibles, synagogues and cemeteries were confiscated by the dogs of God. From the early morning we took the road into exile as far as the impenetrable night of history. – Homero Aridjis, Sefarad, 14921 In his poem, Sefarad, 1492, twenty-first century Mexican poet Homero Aridjis echoes contemporaneous accounts of the expulsion of the Jews from the Spanish kingdoms of Castile and Aragon in 1492.2 In so doing, he also reinscribes popular tropes about the expulsion, and the year 1492: that it marks a watershed moment, both the nadir of Iberian Jewish experience, and the pinnacle of persecution and intolerance of Iberian Catholics, led by their monarchs, Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabel I of Castile.3 1 Homero Aridjis, Eyes to See Otherwise/Ojos De Otro Mira: Selected Poems, trans. Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Bilingual edition (New York: New Directions, 2002), 215. 2 See, for example, the excerpts in David Raphael, The Expulsion 1492 Chronicles: An Anthology of Medieval Chronicles Relating to the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain and Portugal (Valley Village, CA: Carmi House Press, 1992).
Recommended publications
  • From Silver to Cocaine.Pdf
    Carlos Marichal, “The Spanish American Silver Peso: Export Commodity and Global Money of the Ancien Regime (16th-18th centuries” ) draft of essay published in Steven Topik, Carlos Marichal and Zephyr Frank titled Latin American Commodity Chains and the Building of Global Economy, (XVI-XXth Centuries), Duke University Press, 2006, pp. 25-52. The Spanish American Silver Peso: Export Commodity and Global Money of the Ancien Regime (16th-18th centuries) Carlos Marichal The legacy of the monetary regime of the Spanish empire is not only an important chapter in world economic history but also key to an understanding of premodern monetary systems. The international diffusion of the Spanish American silver peso between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries transformed it into what could be termed as an almost universal, metallic money. The reasons for the global trade and circulation of this commodity money can be explained by the dynamics of supply and demand. On the supply side, the silver mines of Spanish America were the richest in the world and allowed for a voluminous and rising production of high-value bars and coins for several centuries. On the demand side, it is clear that silver (and gold) were long the most highly valued money commodities in ancien regime societies and economies since metallic currencies tended to be dominant as medium of exchange in a large range of transactions. In this regard, analysis of the extraordinary historical and geographical trajectories of the silver peso in the Americas, Europe, the Mideast and Asia between the sixteenth and early nineteenth centuries can elucidate important aspects of premodern processes of globalization.
    [Show full text]
  • The Moslim Saint in Toledo Cathedral By: Angus Macnab
    The Moslim Saint in Toledo Cathedral By: Angus Macnab Studies in Comparative Religion, Vol. 2, No. 2. (Spring, 1968) © World Wisdom, Inc. www.studiesincomparativereligion.com THE main chapel of Toledo Cathedral has one curious feature which is sometimes allowed to pass unnoticed, though it must surely be unique among Christian churches. Amid the effigies of saints, holy bishops, abbots, and Christian monarchs—defenders of the faith—there stands a fine polychrome statue of an Islamic doctor of theology. This cathedral was not begun until the early thirteenth century; but the memory of the saintly Mussulman was still held in such regard at Toledo a century and a half after the reconquest of the city from the Arabs, that his image was set up in one of the two most prominent positions of honour. These two conspicuous sites are the two pillars which, with the two others beside the twin pulpits, sustain the vault of the main chapel. The one on the Gospel side has a statue of the mysterious Shepherd of Las Navas—thought by some to have been an apparition of St. Isidore the Farm-Hand, Patron of Madrid—who showed King Alfonso the Good the secret mountain pass that enabled the Christian army to win the decisive victory of the Reconquest at Navas de Tolosa in 1212, and who vanished after showing the path to the leaders; the statue is said to have been made from a rough sketch drawn by the king himself. And in the corresponding position on the Epistle-side pillar stands the Moslem who won the great victory of renunciation and peace.
    [Show full text]
  • Group B Expulsions of Jews and Muslims from Spain
    Group B Expulsions of Jews and Muslims from Spain: Impact on Morocco In the Iberian Peninsula (today’s Spain and Portugal), Christian kingdoms in the north gradually pushed southward, taking territories from the Muslims who had ruled Spain/Portugal since the early 8th century. This process was called the ‘reconquista’ (‘reconquest’). As areas of the Iberian Peninsula fell to Christian armies, the religious balance of the population shifted until Spain had become a predominantly Catholic country, albeit with large Muslim and Jewish minorities. In 1492, Granada, the last Muslim kingdom on the Iberian Peninsula fell, ending more than 700 years of Muslim rule in southwestern Europe. The newly victorious Spanish government ended the religious pluralism of the previous centuries. The Alhambra Decree expelled the Jews from Spain and began a period of intolerance toward Muslims. (Similarly, Portugal expelled both Jews and Muslims in 1497 – though many Portuguese Muslims relocated to Spain rather than leaving the region.) At first, Spanish Muslims, known as ‘Mudejars,’ had some freedom of religion. Within a few years, however, Muslims were being forced – through torture and imprisonment – to convert to Christianity. Many ‘Moriscos’ (as Muslim converts to Christianity, and later their descendants, were called) continued to practice the Muslim religion in secret, which put them at risk from the Spanish Inquisition, a council that prosecuted anyone who differed from strict Catholic beliefs/practices. Religious intolerance, persecution, and forced conversions – along with frequent attempts to prevent Muslims from emigrating – resulted in several Muslim revolts, such as a revolt from 1499 to 1501, a second revolt in the mid-1500s, and the War of the Alpujarras from 1568 to 1571.
    [Show full text]
  • Judaeo-Converso Merchants in the Private Trade Between Macao and Manila in the Early Modern Period
    JUDAEO-CONVERSO MERCHANTS IN THE PRIVATE TRADE BETWEEN MACAO AND MANILA IN THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD LÚCIO DE SOUSA Tokyo University of Foreign Studiesa ABSTRACT The present paper intends to contribute with new information to a reconstruction of the Sephardic presence in the Macao–Manila commer- cial network. For this purpose, in the first place, we intend to trace the pro- file of the Judaeo-converso merchants arriving in China and the Philippines and to reconstruct the commercial networks to which they belonged during the 16th and early 17th centuries. Keywords: Jewish Diaspora, commercial networks, Macao–Manila JEL Codes: N15, N16 RESUMEN El presente artículo tiene la intención de contribuircon información nueva a una reconstrucción de la presencia sefardí en la red comercial Macao– Manila. Para este fin, el trabajo rastrea el perfil de los comerciantes Judaeo- conversos que viven en China y Filipinas y reconstruye las redes comerciales a las que pertenecieron durante el siglo XVI y principios del siglo XVII. Palabras clave: Diáspora judía, redes comerciales, Macao-Manila a School of International and Area Studies, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8534, Japan. [email protected] Revista de Historia Económica, Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 519 Vol. 38, No. 3: 519–552. doi:10.1017/S0212610919000260 © Instituto Figuerola, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid 2019. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
    [Show full text]
  • Spanish, French, Dutch, Andamerican Patriots of Thb West Indies During
    Spanish, French, Dutch, andAmerican Patriots of thb West Indies i# During the AMERICAN Revolution PART7 SPANISH BORDERLAND STUDIES By Granvil~ W. andN. C. Hough -~ ,~~~.'.i~:~ " :~, ~i " .... - ~ ,~ ~"~" ..... "~,~~'~~'-~ ,%v t-5.._. / © Copyright ,i. "; 2001 ~(1 ~,'~': .i: • by '!!|fi:l~: r!;.~:! Granville W. and N. C. Hough 3438 Bahia Blanca West, Apt B ~.l.-c • Laguna Hills, CA 92653-2830 !LI.'.. Email: gwhough(~earthiink.net u~ "~: .. ' ?-' ,, i.. Other books in this series include: • ...~ , Svain's California Patriots in its 1779-1783 War with England - During the.American Revolution, Part 1, 1998. ,. Sp~fin's Califomi0 Patriqts in its 1779-1783 Wor with Englgnd - During the American Revolution, Part 2, :999. Spain's Arizona Patriots in ire |779-1783 War with Engl~n~i - During the Amcricgn RevolutiQn, Third Study of the Spanish Borderlands, 1999. Svaln's New Mexico Patriots in its 1779-|783 Wit" wi~ England- During the American Revolution, Fourth Study of the Spanish Borderlands, 1999. Spain's Texa~ patriot~ in its 1779-1783 War with Enaland - Daring the A~a~ri~n Revolution, Fifth Study of the Spanish Borderlands, 2000. Spain's Louisi~a Patriots in its; 1779-1783 War witil England - During.the American Revolution, Sixth StUdy of the Spanish Borderlands, 20(~0. ./ / . Svain's Patriots of Northerrt New Svain - From South of the U. S. Border - in its 1779- 1783 War with Engl~nd_ Eighth Study of the Spanish Borderlands, coming soon. ,:.Z ~JI ,. Published by: SHHAK PRESS ~'~"'. ~ ~i~: :~ .~:,: .. Society of Hispanic Historical and Ancestral Research ~.,~.,:" P.O. Box 490 Midway City, CA 92655-0490 (714) 894-8161 ~, ~)it.,I ,.
    [Show full text]
  • Information and Disinformation in Late Colonial New Granada*
    The Americas 54:2 October 1997, 167-184 Copyright by the Academy of American Franciscan History INFORMATION AND DISINFORMATION IN LATE COLONIAL NEW GRANADA* n 1814, Alexander von Humboldt, the great traveller and explorer of the Americas, drew attention to an unusual feature of the move­ Iment for independence in the Viceroyalty of New Granada: the establishment of printing presses and newspapers followed rather than preceded the outbreak of war.1 Humboldt was struck by the contrast New Granada's war of independence offered with the two more fa­ mous political revolutions of the age. A great proliferation of printed pamphlets and periodicals had preceded the outbreak of revolution in both the Thirteen Colonies and France. How curious, Humboldt com­ mented, to find the process reversed in Spanish America. Humboldt is not alone in viewing the newspaper as the expected harbinger of change in the age of Atlantic revolution. While the precise role played by the printed word in the French and American revolutions remains a subject of debate, many historians acknowledge the importance of print in creating a climate conducive to revolutionary challenge.2 Were newspapers and the press really latecomers to the revolution in the Viceroyalty of New Granada, as Humboldt suggests? What does this tell us about late colonial New Granada? How, in the absence of a * I am grateful to the British Academy for their financial support, which made possible this research, and to the two reviewers for their very helpful comments. ' Alexander von Humboldt, Alejandro de Humboldt por tierras de Venezuela (Caracas: Fun- dacion Eugenio Mendoza, 1969), pp.
    [Show full text]
  • Draft – Subject to Change
    AGENDA Draft – Subject to change DURING MEXICO NATIONAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP WEEK AND THE MEETING OF MINISTERS, HIGH-LEVEL AUTHORITIES AND COMPETITIVENESS COUNCILS OF THE AMERICAS September 13 – 15, 2017, Mexico City www.gob.mx/forodecompetitividad #AmericasACF REFERENCE DOCUMENT FOR RIAC MEMBERS Tuesday, September 12 Schedule Participants’ Arrival Comments Reception of the participants attending the Transfer for delegations available airport – hotel – airport Inter-American Competitiveness Network (RIAC) Meeting of Ministers, High-level 10:00 – 22:00 Authorities and Competitiveness Councils Hotels: -Hyatt (Host Hotel, transfers will be made from here) -Presidente (next to the Hyatt Hotel) Wednesday, September 13 Meeting of Ministers, High-level Authorities and Competitiveness Councils of the Americas *[Closed session and exclusively for RIAC Members] Schedule Participants’ Arrival Comments 8:00 – 8:50 Welcome Country Delegations, RIAC partners, Registration to the meeting will begin at 8:00 a.m. international organizations and special guests Part I – The RIAC and the Regional Competitive Landscape 1. Welcome Remarks [20min] VALPARAISO 1 Lounge − Ildefonso Guajardo Villarreal, Secretary of Economy, Mexico [10min] 100 - 120 People [Close meeting for RIAC 9:00 – 10:30 − Luis Almagro, Secretary General, Organization of American States (OAS) member] and RIAC’s Technical Secretariat [10min] 2. Approval of the Agenda [3min] − Ildefonso Guajardo Villarreal, Secretary of Economy, Mexico #AmericasACF 2 3. Acceptance of New Members [5min] − OAS - Moderator 4. Presentation of Mexico’s Report on the Implementation of RIAC’s Work Plan November 2016- September 2018 [30min] − Rocío Ruiz Chávez, Undersecretary for Competitiveness and Normativity, Secretary of Economy, Mexico [10min] − OAS (Technical Secretariat) [3min] Comments by: − Acisclo Valladares, High Presidential Commissioner for Competitiveness, Guatemala – RIAC Vicepresidency [3min] − Lucio Castro, Secretary for Productive Transformation of the Ministry of Production, Argentina [5min] 5.
    [Show full text]
  • The Libro Verde: Blood Fictions from Early Modern Spain
    INFORMATION TO USERS The negative microfilm of this dissertation was prepared and inspected by the school granting the degree. We are using this film without further inspection or change. If there are any questions about the content, please write directly to the school. The quality of this reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original material The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. Manuscripts may not always be complete. When it is not possible to obtain missing pages, a note appears to indicate this. 2. When copyrighted materials are removed from the manuscript, a note ap­ pears to indicate this. 3. Oversize materials (maps, drawings, and charts) are photographed by sec­ tioning the original, beginning at the upper left hand comer and continu­ ing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Dissertation Information Service A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 9731534 Copyright 1997 by Beusterien, John L. All rights reserved. UMI Microform 9731534 Copyright 1997, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Titic 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Reproduced with permission
    [Show full text]
  • “Nothing About Politics”: the Political Scope in Rural Participatory Governance, a Case-Study in the Basque Country, Spain
    Journal of Public Deliberation Volume 13 | Issue 2 Article 8 11-6-2017 “Nothing about politics”: The political scope in rural participatory governance, a case-study in the Basque Country, Spain. Patricia García-Espín Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://www.publicdeliberation.net/jpd Part of the Civic and Community Engagement Commons Recommended Citation García-Espín, Patricia (2017) "“Nothing about politics”: The political scope in rural participatory governance, a case-study in the Basque Country, Spain.," Journal of Public Deliberation: Vol. 13 : Iss. 2 , Article 8. Available at: https://www.publicdeliberation.net/jpd/vol13/iss2/art8 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Public Deliberation. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Public Deliberation by an authorized editor of Public Deliberation. “Nothing about politics”: The political scope in rural participatory governance, a case-study in the Basque Country, Spain. Abstract Participatory mechanisms are understood as settings for citizens’ political engagement. However, participants frequently depict these institutions as nonpolitical. In this paper, the political scope of participatory institutions is examined through a case-study of town meetings (concejos abiertos) in the Basque Country (Spain). Through ethnographic observation and interviews with 53 participants, we analyze how participants deal with public issues, and how they limit or expand the political scope of their participation. In concejos, participants talk about “small deliberation” issues such as sewers or water installations. They ejr ect partisan issues in their everyday engagement. However, they cultivate a culture of self-management, and embark on political campaigns on selective issues.
    [Show full text]
  • Jewish Averroists Between Two Expulsions (1306-1492): from Conflict to Reconciliation
    JEWISH AVERROISTS BETWEEN TWO EXPULSIONS (1306-1492): FROM CONFLICT TO RECONCILIATION Basem Mahmud Freie Universität Berlin ABSTRACT This article investigates the intellectual production of Jewish authors influenced by Averroes in the 14th and 15th Centuries in northern Spain and southern France. The primary objective is to determine the main features of Jewish Averroism in this period, and to understand it within its socio-historical context. The outcomes suggest that there was a relationship between the new social and political trends toward democratization and reconciliation in the heart of Jewish communities on one hand, and the growing interest in Averroes’ original works on the other. Original here means the works that are not commentaries or summaries of other works. Key words: Aristotelianism, Averroes, Averroism, Jewish philosophy, Kabbalah, Maimonides, Scripture. INTRODUCTION «There is nothing worse in social government than a policy that makes one single society into several, just as there is no greater good in communities than a policy that joins and unifies» (Averroes)1 The 14th Century was a very difficult time for Jewish communities in northern Spain and southern France, they faced great threats from outside as well as significant domestic division. The domestic conflict emerged not only because of religious and philosophical issues, but also due to economic and social matters related to the distribution of wealth and power within Jewish communities.2 In addition, these communities lived in delicate conditions due to threats from the Christians. This situation also had an effect on demographics. Since the last years of 13th Century, the Jewish community started to encounter sizeable obstacles in its demographic development.3 Under these conditions, Hebraic Averroism continued its development which had begun in XIII century.
    [Show full text]
  • BOOK BANKRUPTCY of EMPIRE.Pdf
    1 Below is the index of this book by Carlos Marichal and published by Cambridge University Press in 2007. You may visualize the Introduction and chapters 1 and 2. For the rest of the text we recommend you contact Cambridge University Press web site for acquisition in the paperback edition. BANKRUPTCY OF EMPIRE: MEXICAN SILVER AND THE WARS BETWEEN SPAIN, BRITAIN AND FRANCE, 1760-1810 Acknowledgements Introduction: Chapter 1: Resurgence of the Spanish Empire: Bourbon Mexico as Submetropolis, 1763-1800 Chapter 2: An Imperial Tax State: The Fiscal Rigors of Colonialism Chapter 3: Imperial Wars and Loans from New Spain, 1780-1800 Chapter 4: The Royal Church and the Finances of the Viceroyalty Chapter 5: Napoleon and Mexican Silver, 1805-1808 Chapter 6: Between Spain and America: the Royal Treasury and the Gordon/Murphy Consortium, 1806-1808 2 Chapter 7: Mexican Silver for the Cadiz Parliament and the War against Napoleon, 1808-1811 Chapter 8: The Rebellion of 1810, Colonial Debts and Bankruptcy of New Spain Conclusions: The Financial Collapse of Viceroyalty and Monarchy Appendix: Several Tables List of Loans from Colonial Mexico for the Spanish Crown, 1780-1815 List of Loans taken by Spain from Holland with guarantees of payments in Mexican Silver, 1780-1804 Bibliography 3 INTRODUCTION From before the time of Gibbon, historians with a global perspective have been discussing the rise and fall of empires. Today political scientists frequently speak of hegemonic states. If we review some of the best-known studies conducted over the last forty-odd years, it is possible to identify a variety of theoretical approaches adopted by those working on the history of imperial or hegemonic states.
    [Show full text]
  • Jewish Culture in the Christian World James Jefferson White University of New Mexico - Main Campus
    University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository History ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fall 11-13-2017 Jewish Culture in the Christian World James Jefferson White University of New Mexico - Main Campus Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/hist_etds Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation White, James Jefferson. "Jewish Culture in the Christian World." (2017). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/hist_etds/207 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in History ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. James J White Candidate History Department This thesis is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Thesis Committee: Sarah Davis-Secord, Chairperson Timothy Graham Michael Ryan i JEWISH CULTURE IN THE CHRISTIAN WORLD by JAMES J WHITE PREVIOUS DEGREES BACHELORS THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Arts History The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico December 2017 ii JEWISH CULTURE IN THE CHRISTIAN WORLD BY James White B.S., History, University of North Texas, 2013 M.A., History, University of New Mexico, 2017 ABSTRACT Christians constantly borrowed the culture of their Jewish neighbors and adapted it to Christianity. This adoption and appropriation of Jewish culture can be fit into three phases. The first phase regarded Jewish religion and philosophy. From the eighth century to the thirteenth century, Christians borrowed Jewish religious exegesis and beliefs in order to expand their own understanding of Christian religious texts.
    [Show full text]