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Miftaah Online Notes: Hadith | Session 2 MIFTAAH ONLINE PROPHETIC TRADITIONS Imam Ali Hofioni S Hadith– Sanctity of Human Life E S Some try to use this hadith to attack Islam, and for some, S doubts can come into their heart. It is important to ask I someone qualified to answer these questions that come O to mind and to not let them fester. N َ َﺣ ﱠﺪﺛَ َﻨﺎ َﻋ ْﺒ ُﺪ ﷲﱠِ ﺑْ ُﻦ ُﻣﺤَ ﱠﻤ ٍﺪ ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْﺴ َﻨ ِﺪي، َﻗﺎ َل َﺣ ﱠﺪﺛَ َﻨﺎ أﺑُﻮ َر ْوح ا ْﻟﺤَﺮَ ِﻣﻲ ﺑْ ُﻦ ُﻋ َﻤﺎ َر َة، ﱡ ٍ ﱡ َ َ ُ ُ َ َ ﻗﺎ َل َﺣ ﱠﺪﺛ َﻨﺎ ﺷ ْﻌ َﺒﺔ، َﻋ ْﻦ َوا ِﻗ ِﺪ ﺑْ ِﻦ ُﻣﺤَ ﱠﻤ ٍﺪ، ﻗﺎ َل َﺳ ِﻤ ْﻌ ُﺖ أﺑِﻲ ﻳُﺤَ ﱢﺪ ُث، َﻋ ِﻦ اﺑْ ِﻦ 2 َ " ُ َ ُ ُﻋ َﻤﺮَ، أ ﱠن َر ُﺳﻮ َل ﷲﱠِ ﺻﲆ ﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ َﻗﺎ َل أ ِﻣ ْﺮ ُت أ ْن أ َﻗﺎﺗِ َﻞ اﻟ ﱠﻨﺎ َس َ َ َ َﺣ ﱠﺘﻰ ﻳَ ْﺸ َﻬ ُﺪوا أ ْن ﻻَ ِإﻟ َﻪ ِإﻻﱠ ﷲﱠُ َوأ ﱠن ُﻣﺤَ ﱠﻤ ًﺪا َر ُﺳﻮ ُل ﷲﱠِ، َوﻳُ ِﻘﻴ ُﻤﻮا اﻟ ﱠﺼﻼَ َة، َ َ ُ َ َ َوﻳُ ْﺆﺗُﻮا اﻟﺰﱠ َﻛﺎ َة، ﻓ ِﺈ َذا ﻓ َﻌﻠﻮا َذﻟِ َﻚ َﻋ َﺼ ُﻤﻮا ِﻣﻨﱢﻲ ِد َﻣﺎ َء ُﻫ ْﻢ َوأ ْﻣ َﻮاﻟ ُﻬ ْﻢ ِإﻻﱠ ﺑِﺤَ ﱢﻖ . " ا ِﻹ ْﺳﻼَ ِم، َو ِﺣ َﺴﺎﺑُ ُﻬ ْﻢ َﻋ َﲆ ﷲﱠِ said: "I have been ordered (by Allah) to fight against (ﷺ) Allah's Messenger the people until they testify that none has the right to be worshipped but and offer the prayers ,(ﷺ) Allah and that Muhammad is Allah's Messenger perfectly and give the obligatory charity, so if they perform that, then they save their lives and property from me except for Islamic laws and then their reckoning (accounts) will be done by Allah." 1 p.g. E D U C A T I O N | P R E S E R V A T I O N | A P P L I C A T I O N S E This is a hadith which many use to vilify Islam (“Islam is S violent” etc.) Like in all aspects of life, there are rules and regulations in S warfare as well. Islam teaches adab (Etiquette) in I O everything No society, empire or country has ever been free from N warfare. No one agrees that verses and ahaadeeth of this sort are 2 general in meaning. The Prophet (SAW) said this during a battle. A Way of Life Islam is a way of life that addresses all aspects of life, and war is one of them, just like environment or economic aspects. No society or country is free of warfare, which is true even in today’s age. Islam has an adab in everything: eating, sleeping, walking, greeting others, etc. No mainstream scholar has stated these hadiths are general in meaning, even orientalists and secularists do not use this argument. ُ ﱠ ُ َ َ َ أ ِذ َن ﻟِﻠ ِﺬﻳ َﻦ ﻳُ َﻘﺎﺗَﻠﻮ َن ﺑِﺄﻧﱠ ُﻬ ْﻢ ُﻇ ِﻠ ُﻤﻮا ۚ َو ِإ ﱠن ﷲﱠَ َﻋ ٰﲆ ﻧَ ْﺼﺮِ ِﻫ ْﻢ ﻟ َﻘ ِﺪﻳﺮٌ Allah (SWT) said: Permission (to fight back) is (hereby) granted to those being fought, for they have been wronged. And Allah (SWT) is truly most capable of helping them (prevail). 2 p.g. E D U C A T I O N | P R E S E R V A T I O N | A P P L I C A T I O N S Allah SWT gave the Muslims permission to fight back after E 13 years of persecution, including two years of exile in S which they had no food to eat or water. S Revealed 13 years after prophethood. (The muslims were I persecuted and tormented for 13 years in Makkah. Finally O they were given permission to migrate to Madinah) N Allah (SWT) mentions the reason they were given permission, which is that they have been wronged 2 In Surah Baqarah, Verse 190, Allah SWT tells the Muslims to wage war only against those that have waged against you, and do not exceed the limits. Essentially saying that one should only wage war against those have gone against you (not to be generally taken). َ ُ ﱠ ُ َ َ َوﻗﺎﺗِﻠﻮا ِﻓﻲ َﺳ ِﺒﻴ ِﻞ ﷲﱠِ اﻟ ِﺬﻳ َﻦ ﻳُ َﻘﺎﺗِﻠﻮﻧَﻜُ ْﻢ َوﻻ ﺗَ ْﻌ َﺘ ُﺪوا ۚ ِإ ﱠن ﷲﱠَ ﻻ ﻳُ ِﺤ ﱡﺐ ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ْﻌ َﺘ ِﺪﻳ َﻦ Allah (SWT) said: Fight in the path of Allah (only) against those who wage war against you, but do not exceed the limits. Allah (SWT) does not like Transgressors. When war is decided upon, there is an etiquette to observe, as seen in a statement by Abu Bakr RA as the Khalifah: “You will find a people who claim to have totally given themselves to God (i.e. to those that claim to practice Islam). Leave them to what they claim to have given themselves. Do not kill women or children or an aged, infirm person. 3 p.g. E D U C A T I O N | P R E S E R V A T I O N | A P P L I C A T I O N S Do not cut down fruit-bearing trees. Do not destroy an E inhabited place. Do not slaughter sheep or camels except S for food. Do not burn bees and do scatter them. Do not S steal from the spoils, and do not be cowardly. (Muwatta, I Imam Malik) O While other empires brutally murder people, such as the N hundreds of thousands of people murdered by the Mughal Empire, Abu Bakr said this statement before his 2 armies went out. Abu Bakr (RA) gave these instructions before going into battle against the hypocrites who began to conspire against and turn away from Islam after the demise of the Prophet (SAW). Consensus of the Etiquettes of War by the Scholars: cannot destroy infrastructure cannot destroy vegetation cannot destroy cattle cannot kill children, women, and elderly (unless they fight against you, in self-defense) cannot kill religious leaders (religion was not forced) So what is the context of the hadith? He said this hadith during the Battle of Khaybar, when he spoke to Ali (RA) who was given the banner of Islam, and Ali asked the Prophet SAW for what he should fight for and he responded with this hadith. This is in the context of a battle. 4 p.g. E D U C A T I O N | P R E S E R V A T I O N | A P P L I C A T I O N S The Battles During the Life of the Prophet SAW E S (as taken from the books of Ibn Hisham and Ibn Hisaq) S Battle of Badr I O People: 313 Muslims vs 950 Polytheists This battle was retaliatory N When: Two years after Hijra after the Muslims gained social and economic freedom in Madinah 2 Why: After the many years of persecution, the Muslims decided to retaliate and take back what was stolen from them and attacked the caravan of Abu Sufyan which was traveling towards Sham. Battle of Uhud 700 Muslims against 3000 Mushrikeen. This battle was defensive Took place 3rd year after migration. After the Mushrikeen of Makkah lost the Battle of Badr, they were embarrassed and wanted revenge so they attacked the Muslims again. Battle of Khaybar People: 1600 Muslims vs. 14,000 non-Muslims This battle was defensive When: Seven years after Hijra 5 p.g. E D U C A T I O N | P R E S E R V A T I O N | A P P L I C A T I O N S Why: The Medinese Jews had broke their word after their E agreement and had tried to assassinate the Prophet SAW. S They were expelled from Madinah as a result and were S upset so they went to war. I O Battle of Muta N People: 12,000 Muslims vs 100,000 non-Muslims (other narrations mention 200,000) 2 This battle was retaliatory When: Eight years after Hijra Why: The Prophet SAW sent Harith bin Umayr Azid to the ruler of Basra. He was slain by Sharahbeel bin Amr Ghassani. In all of these battles, the Muslims were heavily outnumbered. These battles were of a defensive nature, and yet also miraculous. There is a narration of Usama ibn Zayd, who had killed someone even after they had said “La Ilaha Illallah.” The Prophet SAW had heard of this and become very upset with him and rebuked him. When Usama claimed the man was doing it as an excuse, the Prophet SAW asked him if Usama had ripped his chest open to see whether he meant or not. This shows that within our faith there is no such thing as collateral damage, no person should ever die on accident or just because. 6 p.g. E D U C A T I O N | P R E S E R V A T I O N | A P P L I C A T I O N S What about non-Muslims? E َ S ﻻ ِإ ْﻛﺮَا َه ِﻓﻲ اﻟ ﱢﺪﻳ ِﻦ ۖ S Allah (SWT) said: There shall be no compulsion upon (accepting) the religion I O َﻓ َﻤﻦ َﺷﺎ َء َﻓ ْﻠ ُﻴ ْﺆ ِﻣﻦ َو َﻣﻦ َﺷﺎ َء َﻓ ْﻠ َﻴ ْﻜ ُﻔ ْﺮ ۚ N Allah (SWT) said: So whoever wills, let him believe and whoever wills, let him disbelieve.
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