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Portadi Cred Dedi(2C) INTRODUCCIÓN El carácter marcial • Definición de bujutsu y sus especializaciones La larga historia y la compleja tradición del arte japonés de combate están encarnadas en una diversidad de formas, métodos y armas, cada uno de los cuales constituye una particular especialización de este arte. Cada especializa- ción, a su vez, es conocida como un jutsu, una palabra que puede ser traducida como «método», «arte» o «técnica» y es indicativa del modo o modos concretos en que se ejecutan ciertas acciones. Históricamente, cada arte o método ha desarrollado ciertos procedimientos o modelos que lo han distingui- do de los procedimientos y modelos de otras artes. En el contexto del arte japonés de combate, por tanto, una especialización consiste en un método particular sistemático de usar un arma específica. Con mucha frecuencia, una especialización de combate se identificaba con el nombre del arma usada por sus practicantes. Un ejemplo de este sistema de identificación sería el kenjutsu –es decir, el arte (jutsu) de la palabra (ken). Sin embargo, un método de combate puede identificarse también por el modo concreto funcional de usar un arma para lograr la subyugación de un oponente. Entre las especializaciones del arte de combate sin armas, por ejemplo, el jujutsu identifica el arte (jutsu) –es decir, el arte de usar la fuerza del oponente para derrotarle a él mismo. Con frecuencia, una especialización principal de combate da lugar a subespecializaciones, muchas de las cuales, mediante un constante refinamiento, mejoran de manera eficaz el método original hasta el punto de sustituirlo por completo, convirtiéndose así en especializaciones de combate independientes de las mismas. En tal caso, la subespecialización generalmente se indentificará mediante el nombre de su rasgo principal. Kenjutsu, el arte de la espada, por ejemplo, siguió desarrollándose hasta convertirse en una mortífera especialización conocida como iaijutsu –el arte (jutsu) de desenvainar (iai) y simultáneamente cortar con la espada; fue INTRODUCCIÓN 23 TABLA 1 EL BUJUTSU EN EL JAPÓN FEUDAL CON ARMAS SIN ARMAS Importante Secundario Colateral Tiro con arco Arte del abanico de guerra Arte de la aikido kyujutsu tessenjutsu (tessen) cadena y otras aikijutsu kyudo herramientas chikarakurabe shagei Arte del palo kusarijutsu chogusoku jojutsu (bo) kusariganajutsu genkotsu Lancería jodo manrikikusari gusoku sojutsu tetsubojutsu chigirigijutsu hakushi yarijutsu gegikanjutsu judo naginatajutsu (naginata) Arte del jitte jujutsu sodegaramijutsu juttejutsu (jitte) Artes ocultas karate sasumatajutsu ninjutsu kempo toiri-no-jutsu kiaijutsu Esgrima shinobijutsu kogusoku tojutsu chikairi-no-jutsu koshi-no-mawari kenjutsu shurikenjutsu koshi-no-wakari kendo yubijutsu kumiuchi iaijutsu koppo roikumiuchi iaido fukihari shikaku tantojutsu suijohokojutsu shinobi shubaku Equitación sumai bajutsu sumo jobajutsu taido suibajutsu taidojutsu torite Natación wajutsu suiejutsu yawara oyogijutsu katchu gozen oyogi Nomenclatura japonesa en letra cursiva descubierto en la doctrina. El único intento que hemos hecho para clasificarlos en este momento es dividirlos en dos grupos principales –armados y desarma- dos–, subdividiendo el primero en tres categorías según la importancia y INTRODUCCIÓN 25 TABLA 2 CRONOLOGÍA DE LA HISTORIA JAPONESA ERAS, EDADES Y PERÍODOS CARACTERÍSTICAS Y ACONTECIMIENTOS IMPORTANTES con su cronología considerados como relevantes en el bujutsu Era prehistórica (Jomón) Períodos paleolítico y mesolítico de una cultura nómada basada en la caza, seguidos por el neolítico (uso de la cerámica) Era protohistórica Edad de los antiguos clanes (uji) y de los títulos here- ditarios basados en el cultivo del arroz y en el uso de utensilios de bronce Aparición de las primeras clases sociales en el nivel de cultura tribal Año 57 d.C, Primer envío de los isleños japoneses de Nu a la corte Han de China Invasión del Japón occidental por las tribus Yamato. Victorias militares de Takeru-no-Mikoto y evolución del clan hacia un reino Aparición de armas de hierro en dólmenes Hacia el año 360 Según la tradición, invasión de Corea por guerreros japoneses liderados por la emperatriz Jingo Inicio de la Hacia el año 405 Introducción de la escritura desde Corea historia escrita Revuelta en Kyushu contra el envío de guerreros japo- neses para proteger los intereses japoneses en Corea Año 552 Introducción del budismo bajo el patrocinio del clan Soga contra la oposición del Mononobe y del Nakatomi Eliminación del poder japonés en Corea por el levanta- miento y expansión del reino de Silla Año 587 El clan Soga inflige un golpe mortal al clan Mononobe 594 El budismo es proclamado la religión del estado 604 Se adopta el calendario chino 607 Se envía la primera embajada a China El clan soga es eliminado por Naka-no-Oe y Nakatomi Kamatari 645 Se promulga la reforma Taika 663 Derrota de guerreros japoneses en Corea y destrucción de su aliado Paekche por Silla apoyado por la dinastía T’ang 672 El emperador Temmu usurpa el trono 702 Promulgación del código Taiho INTRODUCCIÓN 53 PARTE I EXPONENTES DEL BUJUTSU. El bujín 1 EL BUSHI • La ascensión de la clase militar La clase militar (buke) comenzó a jugar un papel determinante en la historia del Japón durante los siglos X y XI (finales del período Heian) cuando el poder del emperador, jefe nominal del clan Yamato, lenta pero irresistiblemente comenzó a desintegrarse a raíz de las constantes luchas internas de la nobleza. Durante este período, los clanes aristocráticos (kuge) lucharon interminable- mente unos contra otros –cuando, se entiende, no estaban luchando contra las poderosas organizaciones de sacerdotes y monjes militares cerca de Nara. Este fenómeno puede verse ya a mediados del siglo VI, cuando un clan compara- tivamente nuevo, el Soga, desafió el poder de los cinco clanes originales: el Otomo, Kume (Kumebe), Imibe, Mononobe y Nakatomi. Los miembros de la dinámica y extremadamente hábil familia Soga, de hecho, llegaron a conseguir insinuarse en la línea imperial de sucesión, usando todos los medios concebi- bles para lograr sus fines. Dos príncipes imperiales fueron asesinados como consecuencia de sus «intrigas, que culminaron con el asesinato del emperador Sosun (año 591 d. C.), el único crimen de esta clase admitido abiertamente por los historiadores japoneses» (Brinkley[2], 42-43). En aquel tiempo, el país se hallaba también al borde de un cataclismo espiritual precipitado por el choque entre el budismo monoteísta y el animismo panteísta de la religión indígena (Shinto). La difusión de la primera doctrina y su polarización mística de imágenes destacó aún más la suprema autoridad del emperador-sacerdote, convirtiéndolo así en un objetivo todavía más con- creto de aquellos poderosos y ambiciosos nobles que estaban decididos a hacerse con aquel poder para ellos mismos. De todos modos, las luchas entre clanes no siempre tuvieron su expresión en derramamientos de sangre. Los miembros del clan Soga también se hicieron famosos en la historia japonesa EL BUSHI 59 Nobles de la corte por su destreza como diplomáticos, dirigiendo el reino directamente, como regentes (sessho) y dictadores civiles (kampaku), o indirectamente, como les conviniese a los parientes maternos o paternos y mentores de un emperador. Su dominio fue finalmente destruido por Katamari, jefe del antiguo clan Nakatomi. Como consecuencia de sus esfuerzos, «la familia Soga se extinguió, un eufemismo para significar que todos los varones que llevaban el nombre de Soga, ancianos, jóvenes o niños, fueron pasados por la espada. Éste era el método para tratar tales casos en los tiempos antiguos, que continuó durante la edad media e incluso hasta tiempos relativamente modernos» (Brinkley[2], 43). De acuerdo con lo que, por aquel tiempo, se convirtió en la costumbre política del país, Kamatari restituyó nominalmente el poder al emperador, pero se reservó aquellos cargos a través de los cuales se ejercía ese poder para sí mismo y para los miembros de su clan (al que el emperador otorgó el nombre de «wisteria plain», o Fujiwara). Con el tiempo, este clan llegó a predominar sobre todos los descendientes del antiguo kuge. Como consecuencia del exterminio que caracterizó el período Heian por debajo de su esplendor exterior, se creó un vacío de poder en el centro político de la nación, y una nueva clase de hombres fue arrastrada hacia este vértice por las irresistibles fuerzas de la historia. Estos hombres formaron una especie de aristocracia militar que, al menos inicialmente, parecía estar excluida del proceso político de toma de decisiones. La función de esta clase fue principal- mente la de agrandar y proteger las fronteras de la nación. De este modo, sus miembros heredaron la tradición marcial antigua que una vez había sido la prerrogativa de antiguos y expansivos clanes nobles antes de que fuesen centralizados –primero en Nara y luego en la capital permanente de Kioto. Lenta pero firmemente, esta centralización había separado al clan kuge de la base real del poder de aquella era: la propiedad de la tierra. Tal como Grinnan señaló, «la historia de la posesión de la tierra de un país está siempre 60 EXPONENTES DEL BUJUTSU Shogún con vestimenta de la corte Guardia del foso Seguidor de la secta Fuke del budismo, KOMUSO los súbditos de la nación en clases según un orden vertical de pragmática importancia, inspirado en gran medida en el carácter y la fuerza militar de los guerreros a quienes todos los demas súbditos quedaban subordinados. Las épocas anteriores habían presenciado el inicio de este proceso de
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