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Upanishadlar'in Hint Kutsal Metinleri Arasindaki Yeri Ve

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Upanishadlar'in Hint Kutsal Metinleri Arasindaki Yeri Ve T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE DİN BİLİMLERİ (DİNLER TARİHİ) ANABİLİM DALI UPANİSHADLAR’IN HİNT KUTSAL METİNLERİ ARASINDAKİ YERİ VE ÖNEMİ Yüksek Lisans Tezi Cemil KUTLUTÜRK Ankara-2009 T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE DİN BİLİMLERİ (DİNLER TARİHİ) ANABİLİM DALI UPANİSHADLAR’IN HİNT KUTSAL METİNLERİ ARASINDAKİ YERİ VE ÖNEMİ Yüksek Lisans Tezi Hazırlayan: Cemil KUTLUTÜRK Danışman: Doç. Dr. Ali İsra GÜNGÖR Ankara-2009 T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE DİN BİLİMLERİ (DİNLER TARİHİ) ANABİLİM DALI UPANİSHADLAR’IN HİNT KUTSAL METİNLERİ ARASINDAKİ YERİ VE ÖNEMİ Yüksek Lisans Tezi Tez Danışmanı: Doç. Dr. Ali İsra GÜNGÖR Tez Jürisi Üyeleri: Adı ve Soyadı İmzası ………………………………………. ..…………………….. ………………………………………. …………………….... ………………………………………. ………………………. ………………………………………. ………………………. ………………………………………. ………………………. Tez Sınav Tarihi……………………… İÇİNDEKİLER İÇİNDEKİLER ........................................................................................................... I ÖNSÖZ ...................................................................................................................... IV KISALTMALAR ...................................................................................................... X GİRİŞ .......................................................................................................................... 1 . A) Hint Kutsal Metinleri ve Upanishadlar İle İlgili Temel Kavramlar ...... 1 a) Upanishad .......................................................................................................... 1 b) Atman ................................................................................................................ 6 c) Brahman .......................................................................................................... 10 d) Om Hecesi ....................................................................................................... 14 e) Rishi ................................................................................................................. 19 B) Veda Kültürünün Temelleri .......................................................................... 23 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM HİNDUİZMDE KUTSAL KİTAP ANLAYIŞI VE HİNDUİZMİN KUTSAL METİNLERİ ...................................................................................... 37 I) Hinduizmde Kutsal Kitap Anlayışı .............................................................. 37 II) Hinduizmin Kutsal Metinleri ........................................................................ 41 A) ŞRUTİ ............................................................................................................... 43 a) VEDALAR ................................................................................................. 43 aa) Rig Veda ................................................................................................ 47 ab) Yacur Veda ........................................................................................... 48 ac) Sama Veda............................................................................................. 49 ad) Atharva Veda ........................................................................................ 50 b) BRAHMANALAR ..................................................................................... 51 c) ARANYAKALAR ...................................................................................... 54 d) UPANİSHADLAR ..................................................................................... 58 B) SMRİTİ .......................................................................................................... 64 a) İTİHASA (DESTANLAR) ....................................................................... 65 I aa) Râmâyana Destanı ................................................................................ 67 ab) Mahâbhârata Destanı............................................................................ 67 aba) Bhagavad Gita ............................................................................... 68 b) PURÂNALAR ............................................................................................ 70 c) DHARMAŞASTRALAR ........................................................................... 71 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM UPANİSHADLAR’IN HİNDUİZMİN KUTSAL METİNLERİ ARASINDAKİ YERİ VE ÖNEMİ..................................................................... 74 I) Upanishadlar ve Genel Özellikleri ............................................................... 74 II) Upanishadlar’ın Temel Konuları ................................................................. 87 A) TANRI TASAVVURU ................................................................................... 87 a) Tanrı Anlayışı ............................................................................................. 88 b) Tanrı-Yaratılış İlişkisi ............................................................................... 101 ba) İlk Yaratılışta Dünyanın Durumu ....................................................... 101 bb) İlk Yaratılışta Etkin Olan Güç ........................................................... 105 B) KARMA – TENASÛH TASAVVURU ....................................................... 107 a) Karma ......................................................................................................... 107 b) Tenasûh ...................................................................................................... 109 c) Upanishadlar’a Göre Karma – Tenasûh İnancı .......................................... 112 ca) Birinci Yol (Devayana/Tanrılar Yurdu .............................................. 113 cb) İkinci Yol (Pitryana/Atalar Yurdu ..................................................... 115 cc) Üçüncü Yol ........................................................................................ 118 d) Yeniden Doğumun Nedeni ........................................................................ 125 C) MOKSHA (NECAT) TASAVVURU ........................................................... 129 a) Karma (Amel) Kavramı ile İlişkisi… ....................................................... 135 b) Cnanam (Bilgi) Kavramı ile İlişkisi ......................................................... 137 c) Avidya (Cehalet) ve Maya (Yanılsama) Kavramı ile İlişkisi ................... 139 ca) Avidya ................................................................................................. 139 cb) Maya.................................................................................................... 141 II d) Bhakti (Dindarlık, Taat) Kavramı ile İlişkisi ............................................ 142 e) Ritüellerle ilişkisi ...................................................................................... 145 ea) Tapas (Riyazet/Çile ............................................................................. 146 eb) Yanca (Kurban .................................................................................... 151 ec) Yoga .................................................................................................... 157 f) Kurtuluş durumunda Atman –Brahman ilişkisi ......................................... 161 D) KAST TASAVVURU .................................................................................. 166 III) Upanishadlar’ın Hint Kültür ve Felsefesine Etkisi .............................. 170 SONUÇ .................................................................................................................... 179 BİBLİYOGRAFYA ............................................................................................... 183 EKLER ................................................................................................................... 187 Upanishadlar’ın Genel Listesi .......................................................................... 187 Upanishad Tenasûh Anlayışını gösteren Tablo ................................................... 190 III ÖNSÖZ Hinduizmin bilinen tarihi takriben otuz beş asırdan daha fazla bir zaman dilimini kapsar. Bu yönüyle Hinduizm, yaşayan en eski dinlerden biri olma özelliğine sahiptir. O, dayandığı dini temeller sayesinde asırlarca varlığını devam ettirmiştir. Hinduizmin dini temellerinin kaynağı kutsal metinleridir. Din literatürü açısından oldukça geniş olan Hint kutsal metinlerinin başlangıcı Vedalar dönemine kadar (M.Ö. 1200 civarı) uzanır. Bu itibarla Hint kutsal metinleri, insanlık tarihinin günümüze kadar ulaşan en eski dini metinlerinden birini oluşturmaktadır. Bilge kişilere ilham edildiğine inanılan şruti metinlerinin yanı sıra, beşeri kaynaklı olduğu kabul edilen destan, hikâye vb. smriti türü eserler, Hinduizmin zengin dini metinleri arasında yer alır. Hinduizmde çok geniş bir kutsal metin külliyatı olmasına karşın bunların hepsi aynı derecede önemli kabul edilmez. Bu zengin literatür içerisinde Upanishadlar’ın ayrı bir yeri vardır. Çünkü Upanishadlar içerik bakımından dikkat çekicidir ve çeşitli bölümleri itibariyle bazı farklılıklar ihtiva etmektedir. Hinduizmin temellerini oluşturan önemli dini metinlerden biri Upanishadlar’dır. Zira Hinduizmin temel taşları olan doğum-ölüm döngüsü (karma- tenasûh) ve kişinin bu doğum-ölüm döngüsünden hangi yollarla kurtulabileceği (moksha) gibi düşüncelerin teolojik temelleri ilk olarak Upanishad metinlerinde yer alır. Diğer taraftan Upanishadlar’ın ortaya koymuş olduğu bir takım düşünceler, Upabnishad sonrası ortaya çıkan Hint felsefi ekollerini derinden etkilemiş ve onların kendi
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