Introduzione Alla Conoscenza Vedica

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Introduzione Alla Conoscenza Vedica Introduzione alla conoscenza vedica Parama Karuna Devi pubblicato da Centro di Ricerche Vediche Jagannatha Vallabha Parama Karuna Devi Copyright © 2012 Parama Karuna Devi All rights reserved. Title ID: 4403111 ISBN-13: 978-1492770190 ISBN-10: 1492770191 2 Introduzione alla conoscenza vedica Sommario La percezione della cultura vedica nella storia occidentale 5 Lo studio delle scritture vediche nella storia dell'India 54 Quando, come e da chi sono stati scritti i Veda 105 I quattro Veda originari 120 Brahmana 147 Aranyaka 149 Mahabharata e Gita 150 Ramayana 186 Yoga Vasistha 216 Rama charita manasa 218 Purana 221 Upanishad 258 Vedanga e Upaveda 276 I Darshana 324 Vedanta sutra 330 Agama e Tantra 345 Conclusione 355 Jagannatha Vallabha Vedic Research Center 357 3 Parama Karuna Devi 4 Introduzione alla conoscenza vedica La percezione della cultura vedica nella storia occidentale Questa pubblicazione nasce dalla necessità di presentare in modo semplice, chiaro, obiettivo ed esauriente le informazioni di base sulla conoscenza vedica originaria, che nel corso dei secoli sono spesso state confuse dalla propaganda colonialista, da indologisti appartenenti al sistema accademico eurocentrista cristiano che avevano lo scopo di confutare e demolire le scritture vediche anziché di presentarle in modo positivo, e dalla sovrapposizione culturale alla quale sono stati soggetti gli studenti sinceri che però avevano a disposizione soltanto materiale molto indiretto, accuratamente scelto e filtrato da docenti o commentatori afflitti da pregiudizi negativi. Fu papa Onorio IV (1286-1287) a inaugurare in occidente lo studio delle lingue orientali e precisamente ebraico, greco e arabo; aveva studiato all'Università di Parigi prima di intraprendere la carriera diplomatica al servizio del papa Clemente IV (1265-1268), che lo inviò a celebrare l'investitura di Charles d'Anjou come re di Sicilia. Divenuto papa, introdusse all'Università di Parigi il nuovo curriculum (Studia linguarum) inteso a fornire la conoscenza linguistica necessaria per comprendere i testi originari dell'Antico e Nuovo Testamento e i testi coranici, che erano le basi teologiche, etiche e filosofiche degli studiosi che in quei tempi non erano soggetti alla Chiesa di Roma, cioè ebrei, cristiani ortodossi e musulmani. Il Concilio Ecumenico di Vienna (1311-1312) riconobbe l'importanza della scelta di Onorio e incoraggiò la creazione di cattedre apposite in tutte le altre Università europee, allora sotto il completo controllo della Chiesa di Roma. Tutte le università nacquero infatti come Scholae monasticae approvate dalla bolla papale Studia generalia, gestite dalle cattedrali o dai monasteri e intese ad addestrare preti, funzionari del governo, avvocati e medici che rimanessero strettamente fedeli alla chiesa di Roma. Tutti gli studenti si sottoponevano alla tonsura clericale ed erano soggetti soltanto all'autorità legale ecclesiastica e non a quella civile o monarchica. Il passaggio da Schola monastica a Università (universitas magistrorum et scholarium, cioè "comunità universale di docenti e studiosi") fu caratterizzato appunto dalla 5 Parama Karuna Devi creazione di gilde di docenti che acquisirono una certa autonomia organizzativa rispetto alle parrocchie dalle quali dipendevano inizialmente. La prima di queste università fu riconosciuta a Bologna nel 1088, seguita da quelle di Parigi nel 1150, Oxford (1167), Palencia (1208), Cambridge (1209), Salamanca (1218), Montpellier (1220) e Padova (1222). La lingua ufficiale di tutte le università era il latino, anche se gli studenti provenienti da ogni parte d'Europa venivano suddivisi in "nationes" - nel caso dell'Università di Parigi queste erano Francia, Normandia, Picardia e Inghilterra-Germania, che comprendeva anche gli studenti provenienti dalla Scandinavia e dall'Europa orientale. Dopo aver frequentato i corsi preliminari (trivium: grammatica, retorica e dialettica, e quadrivium: aritmetica, geometria, musica e astronomia) si passava, in ordine crescente di specializzazione, importanza e gloria, allo studio di arti, filosofia naturale, medicina, diritto canonico e teologia. In quel periodo vennero alla luce alcuni testi antichi sfuggiti fortunosamente alla devastazione anti-pagana del cristianesimo durante il millennio precedente; l'unico autore "approvato" dalle autorità accademiche fu Aristotele, che cominciò ad essere studiato per adattarlo a sostenere la teologia cristiana, come fece per esempio Tommaso d'Aquino, autore della famosa Summa Theologica. C'erano anche severe limitazioni sugli argomenti trattati da Aristotele stesso; tra gli studi proibiti erano elencate fisica e metafisica. I testi arabi più studiati in quel periodo riguardavano la matematica, la geometria, la medicina e il commento ai frammenti di Aristotele; gli autori più famosi erano Avicenna e Averroè. Avicenna (Abū ‘Alī al-Ḥusayn ibn ‘Abd Allāh ibn Sīnā, 980-1037 dC), considerato il padre della medicina moderna e della "logica avicenniana", forse il maggiore esponente della cosiddetta età d'oro dell'Islam, scrisse Il libro della guarigione e il Canone della Medicina, basandosi su Sushruta samhita, Charaka samhita, Ippocrate e Galeno, ed esplorò anche la matematica indiana e la filosofia aristotelica e neoplatonica. Averroè (Abū l-Walīd Muhammad ibn Ahmad Muhammad ibn Rushd, 1126-1198), qadi di Siviglia e Cordova come il nonno e il padre, divenne famoso per le sue confutazioni logiche in difesa dalla via filosofica, che presentava come compatibile e non contraria alla teologia. In particolare scrisse molte famose traduzioni con commento delle opere di Aristotele, che in occidente erano andate completamente dimenticate. La sua opera più importante, La distruzione della distruzione (Tahāfut al-tahāfut, che divenne in latino Destructio destructionis) è una confutazione de La distruzione dei filosofi (Tahāfut al-falāsifa, in latino Destructio philosophorum), l'aggressivo testo in cui 6 Introduzione alla conoscenza vedica al Ghazali presenta la libertà di pensiero come offensiva nei confronti della teologia islamica. Averroè compose anche un testo voluminoso centrato sull'analisi delle dottrine religiose islamiche dei suoi tempi e un trattato di Medicina generale. Per la sua difesa del valore intrinseco della cultura e del libero pensiero, Averroè venne condannato come eretico, esiliato e tenuto sotto controllo fino alla morte - questa condanna viene considerata il punto di svolta che mise fine alla breve epoca d'oro della cultura islamica. Le opere di Aristotele vennero tradotte dal greco in latino anche dai monaci di Saint Michel, tra cui Giacomo Veneto, a partire dal 1127. Anche nello studio della filosofia aristotelica, però, lo scopo rimaneva sempre quello di creare dei leader della Chiesa, che fossero equipaggiati adeguatamente con le conoscenze necessarie per proteggerla e farla trionfare a livello globale. Tra i laureati della Università di Parigi ci furono anche parecchi papi tra cui Celestino II, Adriano IV, Innocenzo III e Onorio IV. Nella sua lotta per l'indipendenza dal papato, anche Enrico VIII d'Inghilterra stabilì cattedre di "Regius Professor" per insegnare l'ebraico a Cambridge nel 1540 e a Oxford nel 1546; seguì poi una cattedra di arabo a Cambridge nel 1643. Nel 1669 Edmund Castell pubblicò il suo "dizionario delle sette lingue", il Lexicon Heptaglotton Hebraicum, Chaldaicum, Syriacum, Samaritanum, Aethiopicum, Arabicum, et Persicum. Tutta la conoscenza offerta dalle università doveva però essere subordinata alla dottrina cristiana: soltanto nel XIX secolo, dopo la rivoluzione francese e l'impero napoleonico, la teologia smise di essere materia obbligatoria nelle università, prima a Parigi e poi a Oxford. L'indologia vera e propria (cioè lo studio del sanscrito e dei testi vedici) nacque soltanto dopo che l'accesso alla via delle Indie venne aperto via mare. Durante il periodo dell'espansione islamica il commercio con l'India rimase rigidamente controllato e sfruttato dai governi musulmani, e i regni europei subirono gravi perdite economiche a causa dell'aumento vertiginoso del costo delle spezie - che a quel tempo fungevano da farmaci, aromatizzanti e conservanti del cibo, nonché come base di profumi per la persona, per gli abiti e per gli ambienti. Ricordiamo che a quei tempi non esistevano frigoriferi; inoltre il puritanesimo cristiano proibiva alla gente di fare il bagno e i gabinetti erano molto rudimentali. Le crociate fallirono nel loro intento di togliere il medio oriente all'islam e il sud dell'Europa si trovò anzi a dover lottare duramente sul suo stesso territorio - Spagna, Italia meridionale, Grecia - per respingere le invasioni dei "sarracini". Solo nel 1491 il re di Spagna riuscì a togliere Granada dalle mani dei musulmani. 7 Parama Karuna Devi Quando Costantinopoli cadde nelle mani dei turchi, i regnanti d'Europa cominciarono a cercare urgentemente una soluzione navale che permettesse loro di raggiungere "le Indie" senza dover percorrere i territori occupati dall'islam. Questo era appunto il piano di Cristoforo Colombo, che partendo nel 1492 non stava affatto cercando l'America bensì l'India, come pure di Vasco da Gama (nel viaggio dal 1497 al 1499), di Magellano (viaggio del 1519-1522) e degli altri grandi navigatori di quei tempi. L'ambizione esplicita di tali regnanti era la conquista dei territori e delle loro risorse da sfruttare per il maggior potere del cristianesimo, e ogni spedizione era accompagnata da un ambasciatore della Chiesa di Roma, che doveva riferire ogni cosa al papa. Francesco Saverio (Francisco Xavier
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