urban development programme for the somali region

BERBERA first steps towards strategic urban planning

1 The designation employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or regarding its economic system or degree of development. The analysis, conclusions or recommendations of the report do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT), the Governing Council of UN-HABITAT or its Member States.

Excerpts from this publication, except the satellite image, may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated.

© United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT), 2008. This publication was prepared by Ombretta Tempra and Michael Bergmann. Substantial inputs were given by Katja Schäfer, Filiep Decorte, Marco van der Plas and Edward Miller. All pictures by the © UN-HABITAT Somalia office. The Berbera Satellite image is provided by DigitalGlobe © 2004 DigitalGlobe. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

HS/942/07E ISBN: 978-92-113-1918-7

United Nations Human Settlements Programme publications can be obtained from UN-HABITAT Regional and Information Offices or directly from: P.O.Box 30030, GPO 00100, Nairobi, Kenya Fax: +(254-20) 762 40 60 e-mail: [email protected] website: http://www.unhabitat.org

Printed at UNON/Publishing Services Section/Nairobi

2 BERBERA first steps towards strategic urban planning

 INTRODUCTION

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7KH FLW\ RI %HUEHUD KDV EHHQ XQGHUWDNLQJ LQ 7KLV GRFXPHQW LOOXVWUDWHV WKH ¿UVWV VWHSV WR FLW\ Ë EDFNJURXQG– the present: general information FROODERUDWLRQ ZLWK 81+$%,7$7 D VHULHV RI VWHSV planning through a participatory strategic approach. DERXW%HUEHUDWKHPDLQSRUWFLW\RI6RPDOLOand. WRZDUGVHIIHFWLYHDQGLQWHJUDWHGXUEDQGHYHORSPHQW ,WFRPELQHVWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHSDUWLFLSDWRU\SODQQLQJ on – the future: SURFHVVXQGHUWDNHQE\WKHFLW\RI%HUEHUDWKURXJK Ë YLVL  WKH VORJDQ IRU %HUEHUD¶V development, chosen by the participants of the Ë D FLW\ SUR¿OH XQGHUWDNHQ E\ D WHDP RI ORFDO FLW\SUR¿OLQJDQGWKHFLW\FRQVXOWDWLRQZLWKWKHVSDWLDO city consultation. experts, prepared the necessary database for the DQDO\VLVRIWKHFLW\GHYHORSHGE\81+$%,7$77KH %HUEHUD&LW\&RQVXOWDWLRQDQGJDYHWKHRSSRUWXQLW\ PDLQREMHFWLYHVRIWKLVSXEOLFDWLRQ Ë SODQQLQJVWUDWHJLHV IRUDFWLRQ  – building the WRLGHQWLI\DQGPRELOL]HNH\VWDNHKROGHUVIRUWKH future: GXULQJWKH%HUEHUD&LW\&RQVXOWDWLRQORFDO participatory planning process. Ë GRFXPHQWLQJ WKH SURFHVV XQGHUWDNHQ E\ actors highlighted basic services, urban governance, %HUEHUD 0XQLFLSDOLW\ XVLQJ FLW\SUR¿OLQJ DQG WKH economic development, the environment, strategic Ë DFLW\FRQVXOWDWLRQ  EXLOWDFRPPRQYLVLRQIRU city consultation. planning, and urban poor and displaced population WKHGHVLUHGIXWXUHRIWKHFLW\  LGHQWL¿HGSULRULW\ >>> more on this on page 46 settlements as priorities to be addressed; precise needs and related areas of strategic intervention, operational strategies and action plans were DQG   UHDFKHG DQ DJUHHPHQW RQ WKH DFWLRQ Ë UHFRUGLQJ WKH RXWFRPHV RI WKH ¿UVW EURDG s. plans to be implemented and on the roles of the consensus on urban issues, priority urban LGHQWL¿HGLQOLQHZLWKWKHVHSULRULWLH GLIIHUHQWVWDNHKROGHUVFRQFHUQHG7KLVSURFHVVLV interventions, action plans, and the urban pact. Ë spatiDO IUDPHZRUN – putting actions in >>> see the ‘planning strategies’ section on pages 12–20 UHÀHFWHGLQWKH%HUEHUD8UEDQ3DFW place(s): a spatial analysis of the city, which puts >>> more on this on page 46–48. the required priority interventions into a spatial Ë LQWURGXFLQJ VSDWLDO DQDO\VLV as a tool for perspective. Ë DQ XUEDQ VSDWLDO DQDO\VLV carried out by strategic planning. 81+$%,7$7 H[SHUWV JLYHV D EDVLF VSDWLDO >>>see the ‘spatial analysis’ section on pages 22–33 Ë GHVLUHGVWUXFWXUH– turning vision into reality: a understanding of the city and highlights concrete SURSRVHGVWUDWHJLFGHYHORSPHQWSODQIRU%HUEHUD challenges and priority areas of intervention in a Ë SURYLGLQJDFRPSUHKHQVLYHPHWKRGRORJLFDO to serve as an example and basis for discussion proposed strategic development plan. WRROIRUVWUDWHJLFXUEDQSODQQLQJ in the urban planning process. >>> more on this on page 44. Ë complementing the documentation of the process Ë WRZDUGVLPSOHPHntation: an idea of an indicative Ë DQDFWLRQSODQDJUHHGE\WKHORFDOVWDNHKROGHUV XQGHUWDNHQ ZLWK WHDFKLQJOHDUQLQJ WHFKQLTXHV road map for the implementation of the strategies during the city consultation, aimed at testing and and didactic tips for local authorities and technical SURSRVHGE\WKHSDUWLFLSDQWVRIWKH%HUEHUD&LW\ demonstrating the validity of the applied principles persons involved in the urban development of the Consultation. of strategic development planning. The projects city. VHOHFWHG LQYROYHG WKH UHKDELOLWDWLRQ RI %XUVDGH Ë tabOHV methodological information and further playground. >>> more on this on page 50. details on the urban spatial analysis, city consultation, urban pact, action plans, and DGGLWLRQDOSURMHFWVLPSOHPHQWHGLQ%HUEHUD

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

EDFNJURXQG – the present  SRWHQWLDO IRU GHYHORSPHQW 

YLVLRQ– the future  WRZDUGV LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ – the road map 

SODQQLQJVWUDWHJLHVIRUGHYHORSPHQW– building the future WDEOHV basic services ...... 12  XUEDQVSDWLDODQDO\VLV  XUEDQJRYHUQDQFH  FLW\FRQVXOWDWLRQ  HFRQRPLFGHYHORSPHQW  XUEDQSDFW  HQYLURQPHQW  DFWLRQ SODQ   VWUDWHJLFSODQQLQJXUEDQSRRUDQGGLVSODFHGSRSXODWLRQVHWWOHPHQWV  FRPPXQLW\GULYHQGHYHORSPHQWDQGUHFRYHU\  SURSHUW\VXUYH\ VSDWLDODQDO\VLV– putting actions in place(s)  WHFKQLFDO DQG LQVWLWXWLRQDO DVVLVWDQFH SURJUDPPH  structuring elements ......   81+$%,7$7 DFWLYLWLHV LQ 6RPDOLODQG  functional layout ......  services and infrastructure ......   XUEDQPRUSKRORJ\

 BACKGROUND the present

chronology Strategically located on the Gulf of 1286 $GHQ%HUEHUDLVWKHPDMRUSRUWRI Berbera is mentioned for the first time Somaliland, and one of the most by Ibn Sa’id and other Arab geographers and travellers. important entry points for goods KHDGLQJWR+DUJHLVDDQG(WKLRSLD around 1600 Berbera replaces Saylac as the foremost Economic recovery is inhibited SRSXODWLRQ commercial and cultural centre of by widespread destruction of the $UHFHQW81+$%,7$7VXUYH\HVWLPDWHVD Islamic influence in the Horn of SRSXODWLRQRISHRSOHLQFOXGLQJD urban and industrial infrastructure Africa. Known as the capital of the GLI¿FXOWWRYHULI\QXPEHURIGLVSODFHGSHRSOH. medieval Muslim state of Adal, 2WKHUVRXUFHVHVWLPDWHDWRWDORI Berbera remains under the authority of DQGE\ZHDNJRYHUQDQFH the sharifs of Mocha and the Ottoman Turks until 1875. The city has seen a decrease in population ,QVXI¿FLHQWSURYLVLRQRIEDVLF over the past years, accentuated by seasonal services is one of the main migrations to the cooler inland cities during the 1875–1884 problems for the local population. hot season. The city is ruled as an Egyptian protectorate. The British explorer WRSRJUDSKy Richard Burton describes the city as Situated on the southern shores of the Gulf of the ‘true key [to] the Red Sea [and] WKHFHQWUHRI(DVW$IULFDQWUDI¿F¶ $GHQ%HUEHUDVLWVDWDQDYHUDJHHOHYDWLRQRI three metres above sea level. The landscape 1891–1941 DURXQGWKHWRZQLVVHPLGHVHUW

After the British occupation of the north-eastern Somali region, Berbera FOLPDWH serves as the colonial capital and the %HUEHUD¶VFOLPDWHLVYHU\KRWDQGKXPLGDQG main seaport of British Somaliland temperatures in the summer can approach until 1941, when the capital is moved to Hargeisa. ƒ&

1945–1970 WHPSHUDWXUH FHOVLXV UDLQIDOO PP

Soviet influence leads to improved port facilities and increases in trade.

1970–1991

Warfare destroys much of the port and the wider infrastructure of the city. Both the cement factory and the water distribution system become unusable. from 1991 onwards

With growing political stability in Somaliland, the port of Berbera remains a key source of income for the region. Exports include sheep, goats, camels, hides, ghee, frankincense, myrrh, and gum Arabic.   Satellite image by © 2004 DigitalGlobe. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ALL Satellite image by © 2004 DigitalGlobe.  vision the future

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 WKHVORJDQIRU%HUEHUD¶VGHYHORSPHQWFKRVHQE\WKHSDUWLFLSDQWVRIWKH%HUEHUD&LW\&RQVXOWDWLRQ

 Berbera historical area: men in a cafeteria

 planning strategies for development building the future

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7KLVVHFWLRQRIIHUVDQRYHUYLHZRIWKHSUREOHPVWKDWZHUHLGHQWL¿HGE\WKHVWDNHKROGHUV LQUHODWLRQWR¿YHNH\SUREOHPDUHDVEDVLFVHUYLFHVJRYHUQDQFHHFRQRPLFGHYHORSPHQW environmental degradation, and city strategic planning.

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11 strategies for development building the future

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problem objective strategy

,QDGHTXDWHDQGH[SHQVLYH 3URYLGHUHJXODUFKHDSHOHFWULFLW\ 'HYHORSPHFKDQLVPVWRSURYLGHDQ electricity. to meet the overall demands of adequate electricity supply. the city.

Water scarcity, poor water 3URYLGHVDIHDQGFOHDQGULQNLQJ *HQHUDWHVXI¿FLHQWUHYHQXH distribution, and poor water quality. ZDWHUIRUDOO%HUEHUDUHVLGHQWV to modernize and improve the $PLQLPXPRISHUFHQWRI capacity of the water agency. households to have a private 0RQLWRUWKHZDWHUTXDOLW\ water connection.

3RRUVDQLWDWLRQDQGK\JLHQH ,PSURYHWKHTXDOLW\RIKHDOWKFDUH Combine government and services and disease prevention international agency forces to methods, focusing in particular design better health services. on the needs of mothers and children.

3RRUHGXFDWLRQV\VWHP Strengthen and further develop 3URYLGHKLJKTXDOLW\HGXFDWLRQ the education system through services. participatory mechanisms.

basic services basic services basic services basic services basic services bas 12 basic services

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The road network in your city go to page 25

Water & electricity provision in your city go to page 28

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&UHDWHDWHFKQLFDOFRPPLWWHHRIJRYHUQPHQWRI¿FLDOVDQGSULYDWHVHFWRUUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVWRH[SORUH The location of health & education facilities go to page 28 options for the improvement of the electricity supply. ,GHQWLI\SULYDWHLQYHVWRUVZLWKDQLQWHUHVWLQLQYHVWLQJLQHOHFWULFLW\JHQHUDWLQJV\VWHPV The areas in need of drainage works go to page 28 Explore different privatization options for the public electricity plant. ,GHQWLI\DOWHUQDWLYHHQHUJ\VRXUFHVVXFKDVVRODUV\VWHPVDQGLQYLWHDJHQFLHVFDSDEOHRIVXSSRUWLQJ WKLVLQLWLDWLYH LH$GYHQWLVW'HYHORSPHQW5HOLHI$JHQF\  6RPHGDWD (VWDEOLVKUHODWLRQVZLWKLQWHUQDWLRQDODJHQFLHVDQGORFDO1*2VDFWLYHLQWKHZDWHUVHFWRU Number of properties with: piped water supply: 1,712 (24%) Train the technical and administrative staff of the water agency. sewerage system: 4,440 (63%) electricity: 1,882 (26%) ,QFUHDVHWKHQXPEHURIZDWHUFRQQHFWLRQSRLQWVERUHKROHVDQGZHOOV proper road access: 6,358 (90%) 5HSODFHWKH'XEDDUZDWHUGLVWULEXWLRQSLSHVZKRVHFDSDFLW\KDVEHHQUHGXFHGWRSHUFHQWGXHWR OHDNDJHVDQGFDOFLXPFDUERQDWHGHSRVLWV 6RXUFH81+$%,7$76XUYH\)HEUXDU\ VHHSDJHV± (VWDEOLVKDODEDWWKHZDWHUDJHQF\PDQGDWHGWRPRQLWRUWKHTXDOLW\RIWKHGULQNLQJZDWHU &UHDWHDPHWKRGWR¿OWHUWKHZDWHUDWWKHERRVWHUVWDWLRQ

5DLVHLQWHUQDWLRQDODQGQDWLRQDODZDUHQHVVRQWKHKHDOWKQHHGVRIWKHFLW\DQGUHTXHVWVXSSRUW 'HYHORSDORFDOKHDOWKFDUHSROLF\DQGGH¿QHWKHXVHRIFHQWUDOJRYHUQPHQWKHDOWKVXEVLGLHV )RUPDVHPLLQGHSHQGHQWFRPPLWWHHWRRYHUVHHWKHKHDOWKFDUHVHUYLFHV 'H¿QHDORFDOSROLF\RQHSLGHPLFDQGVH[XDOO\WUDQVPLWWHGGLVHDVHVDQGEXLOGFRRSHUDWLRQEHWZHHQ the local council and religious leaders to increase awareness.

5HKDELOLWDWHDOOVFKRROVWKURXJKFRPPXQLW\SDUWLFLSDWLRQDQGFUHDWLRQRIUHFUHDWLRQDOIDFLOLWLHVOLEUDULHV and laboratories. 3URYLGHDGHTXDWHHOHFWULFLW\DQGDFFHVVWRVDIHGULQNLQJZDWHUWRDOOVFKRROV 0XQLFLSDOLW\DQGFRPPXQLW\WRVXEVLGL]HWHDFKHUV¶VDODULHVDQGGHYHORSWUDLQLQJVFKHPHVIRUWKHP ,PSURYHWKHTXDOLW\RIWKHH[LVWLQJ4XUDQLFVFKRROV Strengthen local education committees. sic services basic services basic services basic services basic services basic  strategies for development building the future

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problem objective strategy

:HDNDGPLQLVWUDWLYHV\VWHP 'HYHORSDQHIIHFWLYH ,PSURYHWKHHI¿FLHQF\RIPXQLFLSDO administrative system. departments through the evaluation of VWDIIHI¿FLHQF\DQGWKHLPSURYHPHQW RIVWDIIPRUDOH E\FRQVLGHULQJVWDII GHPDQGV 

3RRUUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ ,PSURYHWKHHIIHFWLYHQHVV ,QYROYHWKHFRPPXQLW\DQGDOO the local council and the of the municipal authorities VWDNHKROGHUVLQWKHLGHQWL¿FDWLRQ community. and increase the joint efforts planning, implementation, and of all urban development monitoring of municipal projects. VWDNHKROGHUV (QKDQFHFURVVVHFWRUDOFROODERUDWLRQ DQGSXEOLFSULYDWHSDUWQHUVKLSV

3RRUPXQLFLSDOUHYHQXH ,QFUHDVHUHYHQXHVE\ 'HYHORSDVRXQGSODQIRUUHVWUXFWXULQJ collection system. percent. the revenue collection system.

'DPDJHGJRYHUQPHQW Enhance the attractiveness 3ULRULWL]HWKHUHKDELOLWDWLRQRISXEOLF buildings. of the city through the EXLOGLQJVZLWKWKHKHOSRIWKH0LQLVWU\RI refurbishment of selected 3XEOLF:RUNVDQGWKHPXQLFLSDOLW\ government buildings. 5HKDELOLWDWHWKHGDPDJHG infrastructure. urban governance urban governance urban governance urban governance urban gov  urban governance

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The location of the institutional buildings go to page 27 NH\DFWLRQV

&RQGXFWDEDVHOLQHVWXG\RIWKHPXQLFLSDOGHSDUWPHQWV¶IXQFWLRQDOHIIHFWLYHQHVVDQGFRQVLGHUWKH recommendations made in such a study. 'LVPLVVDOOµJKRVWHPSOR\HHV¶ 'HYHORSWUDLQLQJVFKHPHVIRUORFDOFRXQFLOORUVDQGPXQLFLSDOVWDII 5HRUJDQL]HPXQLFLSDORSHUDWLRQDOVWUXFWXUHV

Form a committee to foster the relationship between the local council and the community. The local council to initiate frequent meetings with different segments of society. 5DLVHDZDUHQHVVDPRQJJRYHUQPHQWDODQGFLYLOVRFLHW\RUJDQL]DWLRQVDERXWWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIEXLOGLQJ successful cooperative mechanisms. 5HJLVWHUDOOORFDO1*2VDQGFLYLOVRFLHW\RUJDQL]DWLRQVDFWLYHLQ%HUEHUD

&RQGXFWDEDVHOLQHVWXG\WRDVVHVVWKHGUDZEDFNVRIWKHH[LVWLQJUHYHQXHFROOHFWLRQV\VWHPDQG assess potential new revenue sources. ,GHQWLI\LQWHUQDWLRQDODJHQFLHVWKDWFDQDVVLVWWKHPXQLFLSDOLW\LQGHYHORSLQJPRUHHIIHFWLYHDFFRXQWLQJ and revenue collection systems. ,QWURGXFHQHZDFFRXQWLQJSURFHGXUHVWRLPSURYHFRQWUROPHFKDQLVPVDQGSUHYHQWFRUUXSWLRQ 5HGXFHWD[HYDVLRQWKURXJKDZDUHQHVVUDLVLQJRQWKHEHQH¿WVRIDIXQFWLRQLQJUHYHQXHFROOHFWLRQV\VWHP 'HYHORSWUDLQLQJVFKHPHVIRUUHYHQXHFROOHFWRUVDQGLPSURYHWKHFDSDFLW\RIWKHLQWHUQDODXGLWXQLW

Survey the buildings requiring rehabilitation to estimate the refurbishment cost. Notify all concerned government institutions about the status of their buildings, and determine which buildings should be given priority. Form a technical committee mandated to oversee the rehabilitation process. ernance urban governance urban governance urban governance urban governance  strategies for development building the future

7KHLPSURYHPHQWRIHFRQRPLFRSSRUWXQLWLHVZDVLGHQWL¿HGDVWKHWKLUGSULRULW\7KLVLVWREHDFKLHYHGWKURXJKWKHLPSURYHPHQW RI %HUEHUD¶V UHODWLRQVKLS ZLWK QDWLRQDO DQG IRUHLJQ PDUNHWV WKH HQKDQFHPHQW RI HPSOR\PHQW RSSRUWXQLWLHV DQG VNLOOV building.

problem objective strategy

Economic stagnation. %RRVWORFDOHFRQRPLFJURZWK ,QFUHDVHHFRQRPLFDFWLYLWLHVLQWKHWRZQ

0D[LPL]HWKHXVHRIH[LVWLQJ Exploit the economic potential of the port, its economic resources. fuel depots, and the airport facilities.

,QFUHDVHWKHSURGXFWLRQRIDQGWKH ,PSURYHWKHSURGXFWV PDUNHWVIRUORFDOO\SURGXFHGJRRGV ,PSURYHWKHPDUNHWV ,PSURYHWKHVNLOOVDQGFDSDFLW\RIWKHORFDO producers and traders.

'LODSLGDWHGDQGQRQIXQFWLRQDO 5HKDELOLWDWHWKHH[LVWLQJFHPHQW ,GHQWLI\LQYHVWRUVLQWHUHVWHGLQWKH industrial infrastructure. ¿VKHU\DQGVDOWIDFWRULHV rehabilitation.

3RRUFROODERUDWLRQEHWZHHQWKH ,PSURYHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ 'HYHORSDIUDPHZRUNWRLQFOXGHPHPEHUV local council and the business the local council and the business RIWKHEXVLQHVVFRPPXQLW\LQWKHGHFLVLRQ community. community. PDNLQJSURFHVV

Create employment opportunities Conduct vocational training. Unemployment and limited DQGLPSURYHWKHVNLOOVRIWKHORFDO 3URPRWHTXLFNLPSDFWHPSOR\PHQW YRFDWLRQDOVNLOOV population. generating projects. ec economic development economic development economic develo  $ economic development

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(QFRXUDJHSXEOLFSULYDWHSDUWQHUVKLSVDQGSULYDWHLQYHVWPHQWV 'HVLJQDQDSSURSULDWHSULYDWL]DWLRQSROLF\ :DQWWRKDYHDQLGHDRI" 'HYHORSDSROLF\DQGPRQLWRULQJPHFKDQLVPIRUWKHUHJXODWLRQRIVPDOOEXVLQHVVHV The location of the industrial areas go to page 27 Formulate a national policy to increase the regional competitiveness of the port. The location of the livestock holding grounds go to page 27 5HYLHZWKHH[LVWLQJWD[DWLRQUDWHVFRPSDUHWKHPWRRWKHUSRUWVLQWKHUHJLRQDQGHYHQWXDOO\ORZHUWKH import taxes.

0RQLWRUDQGLPSURYHWKHTXDOLW\RIORFDOO\SURGXFHGJRRGV :DQWWRKDYHDQLGHDRI" &UHDWHDWHFKQLFDOFRPPLWWHHWRVWXG\PDUNHWSRWHQWLDOLQWKHUHJLRQ The proposed location of a Free Trade Zone ,QYROYHWKHORFDOEXVLQHVVFRPPXQLW\WKHORFDOFRXQFLODQGWKHFKDPEHURIFRPPHUFHLQSODQQLQJ go to page 36 VWUDWHJLHVIRUH[SDQGLQJWKHPDUNHWIRUORFDOJRRGV The potential for economic development go to page 36 (VWDEOLVKWUDLQLQJVFKHPHVIRUWKHORFDOJRRGVSURGXFHUVDQGUHJXODWHWKHLUZRUN

/RFDODXWKRULWLHVDQGFRQFHUQHGPLQLVWULHVWRLGHQWLI\DQGDWWUDFWORFDODQGH[WHUQDOLQYHVWRUV The local council to develop a policy to help meet the interests of the investors. 'HVLJQTXLFNLPSDFWSURMHFWVIRFXVLQJRQWKHVDOWDQG¿VKHU\LQGXVWULHV

Establish regular meetings between the local council and the business community. 5DLVHDZDUHQHVVRQWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIFRRSHUDWLRQEHWZHHQWKHSXEOLFDQGSULYDWHVHFWRUV Encourage the municipality to form unions among different business sectors.

,PSURYHWKHFROODERUDWLRQDPRQJWKHLQVWLWXWLRQV¶GHSRVLWDULHVRIYRFDWLRQDOVNLOOVNQRZOHGJH Upgrade the quality of existing vocational schools and establish new courses, focusing particularly on the involvement of disadvantaged groups, with the support of local and international organizations. Conduct an unemployment survey at the city level. $WWUDFWLQYHVWRUVDQGLQWHUQDWLRQDODJHQF\SURMHFWV opment economic development economic development economic development economic  strategies for development building the future

(QYLURQPHQWDOGHJUDGDWLRQLVSRVLQJVHYHUHKHDOWKULVNVWR%HUEHUD¶VUHVLGHQWV(QYLURQPHQWDOSURWHFWLRQPHDVXUHVDQGZDVWH management are therefore two of the highest priorities.

problem objective strategy

Environmental degradation. Establish a clean and healthy Encourage collaboration among urban environment. WKHPXQLFLSDOLW\WKH0LQLVWU\RI Environment, the community, and local and international agencies to protect and upgrade the urban environment.

3RRUK\JLHQH ,PSURYHWKHKHDOWKFRQGLWLRQVRI (VWDEOLVKDQHI¿FLHQWVROLGDQGOLTXLG %HUEHUDUHVLGHQWV waste collection and disposal system. ,PSURYHDZDUHQHVVRQK\JLHQHDQGWKH environment. &UHDWHDSSURSULDWHE\ODZV

 environmental upgrading

NH\DFWLRQV :DQWWRKDYHDQLGHDRI" The solid waste collection points in your city go to page 28 'HYHORSDQHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQVHUYDWLRQSROLF\WREHLPSOHPHQWHGDQGPRQLWRUHGE\%HUEHUD&LW\ &RXQFLOZLWKWKHKHOSRIWKHORFDOFRPPXQLW\DQGSULYDWHSXEOLFSDUWQHUVKLSV The public open spaces go to page 25 Form a local committee mandated to monitor environmental conditions. ,QVWLWXWHDµ%HUEHUD(QYLURQPHQW'D\¶WRUDLVHDZDUHQHVVRQWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIDFOHDQXUEDQHQYLURQPHQW 2UJDQL]HDQWUHHSODQWLQJFDPSDLJQ Utilize animal dung as a fertilizer. :DQWWRKDYHDQLGHDRI" Construct small dams for the dry rivers around the city. The proposed area for coastal development go to page 36

The proposed natural conservation zones go to page 36 'HYHORSDEDVHOLQHVXUYH\WRH[SORUHGLIIHUHQWJDUEDJHPDQDJHPHQWRSWLRQV ,GHQWLI\DGGLWLRQDOVLWHVIRUJDUEDJHFROOHFWLRQDQGZDVWHGLVSRVDO 5DLVHDZDUHQHVVRQWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIZDVWHFROOHFWLRQDQGLWVLPSDFWRQWKHKHDOWKFRQGLWLRQVRIWKH population. ,PSURYHWKHFLW\¶VGUDLQDJHV\VWHP Train municipal staff on hygiene and sanitation management procedures. 3URKLELWWKHNHHSLQJRIDQLPDOVZLWKLQUHVLGHQWLDODUHDV

onment environment

 strategies for development building the future

7KH %HUEHUD &LW\ &RQVXOWDWLRQ SRLQWHG RXW WKH QHHG IRU DQ integrated approach towards the comprehensive resolution of WKH NH\ SUREOHPV RI WKH FLW\ SRRU EDVLF VHUYLFHV D VWDJQDQW economy, and environmental degradation.

:KHQ DXWKRULWLHV KDYH ZHDN ¿QDQFLDO DQG WHFKQLFDO FDSDFLW\ and the enforcement of regulations is problematic, the need for involving all urban development actors in planning for GHYHORSPHQW LV SDUWLFXODUO\ VWURQJ $ WUDQVSDUHQW SODQQLQJ SURFHVV PD[LPL]HV WKH EHQH¿WV RI HYHU\ XUEDQ LQWHUYHQWLRQ SXEOLFDVZHOODVSULYDWHIRUWKHGLUHFWEHQH¿WRIWKHLQYHVWRUV and the city as a whole.

7KH6SDWLDO$QDO\VLVVHFWLRQLVHQWLUHO\GHGLFDWHGWRWKHTXHVWLRQ of how to translate the most urgent needs of the city into integrated spatial planning.

problem objective strategy NH\DFWLRQV

Unstructured city development. 7UDQVIRUP%HUEHUDLQWRDFOHDQ %XLOGWKHSODQQLQJFDSDFLW\RI ,PSURYHSODQQLQJFDSDFLW\ZLWKLQWKHPXQLFLSDOLW\ $EDQGRQLQJRIWKHKLVWRULFDOROG EHDXWLIXODQGZHOORUJDQL]HG %HUEHUD0XQLFLSDOLW\ Train the relevant municipal staff in basic urban planning approaches. town. city. Create a strategic urban planning unit within the municipality.

3UHSDUHDVWUDWHJLF $FTXLUHDVDWHOOLWHLPDJHRIWKHFLW\ development plan for the city. Name the main streets and survey existing properties. 'LYLGH WKH FLW\ LQWR FRPPHUFLDO UHVLGHQWLDO LQGXVWULDO DQG governmental zones. 'H¿QH VSDFHV IRU SXEOLF XVH SDUNV VFKRROV WKHDWUHV VSRUWV JURXQGVHWF  ,GHQWLI\GLUHFWLRQVIRUWKHFLW\¶VIXWXUHHFRQRPLFJURZWK 5DLVHDZDUHQHVVRQWKHEHQH¿WVRIFLW\SODQQLQJ ,QYROYH DOO XUEDQ GHYHORSPHQW VWDNHKROGHUV LQ WKH SODQQLQJ process. city strategic planning + urban poor & displaced population settlements city strate  city strategic planning + urban poor & displaced population settlements

the city, the services, and the poor

7KH ORQJWHUP GHYHORSPHQW RI D FLW\ LV KHDYLO\ LQÀXHQFHG E\ WKH urban models informing its growth. Creating a compact city, which physical separation = social segregation accommodates new expansions in the vacant space of the consolidated integration = social symbiosis XUEDQ IDEULF DOORZV WKH HI¿FLHQW DQG FRVWHIIHFWLYH PDLQWHQDQFH RI urban services and infrastructure. This reduces the cost of services for the urban poor as well as for the host community.

The diagrams below represent two opposite types of development ORJLF

dispersed city

Ë rDSLGXUEDQH[SDQVLRQDQGJUHDW ODQGFRQVXPSWLRQ Ë ZKDWZHEXLOGLVDQH[SUHVVLRQRIFXOWXUDODQGVRFLDOYDOXHV Ë LQFUHDVHG FRVW RI VHUYLFHV DQG Ë LVRODWLQJWKHSRRUPHDQVSURMHFWLQJWKHLGHDRIUHMHFWLQJWKH LQIUDVWUXFWXUH SRRU Ë PRUH GLI¿FXOW DQG H[SHQVLYH Ë EXLOGLQJFLWLHV EXLOGLQJFRPPXQLWLHV DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ Ë LQWHJUDWLRQ RI FRPPXQLWLHV UHGXFHV VRFLDO VHJUHJDWLRQ DQG Ë HQFRXUDJHGVRFLDODQGHFRQRPLF LVRODWLRQ VHJUHJDWLRQ Ë FRQVROLGDWLRQ  LQFUHDVHG RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU VRFLDO VXSSRUW V\VWHPVWRÀRXULVK

segregation means: doubling of services = doubling of costs compact city

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22 spatial analysis put actions in place(s)

This section helps to develop a basic spatial understanding of the city and its main characteristics and dynamics. Spatial analysis is one of the most important tools for strategic planning, because it enables all urban GHYHORSPHQWVWDNHKROGHUVWRSODQDQGSRVLWLRQWKHLULQWHUYHQWLRQVDFFRUGLQJ to an overall development strategy, maximizing the results of their investments WRWKHEHQH¿WRIWKHZKROHFLW\

 spatial analysis put actions in place(s)

7KHSRUW /RFDWHGVWUDWHJLFDOO\RQWKHRLOURXWH%HUEHUDKDVDGHHSVHDSRUWWKDWZDVFRPSOHWHG LQDQGLVVWLOOWKHPDLQFRPPHUFLDOSRUWIRU6RPDOLODQG7KHVHDSRUWLVDPDMRU WUDGLQJKXELQWKHUHJLRQERWKIRULPSRUWHGDQGH[SRUWHGJRRGV:KLOHLQWHUQDWLRQDOQRQ UHFRJQLWLRQMHRSDUGL]HV6RPDOLODQG¶VDELOLW\WREHQH¿WIURPDQGSDUWLFLSDWHLQLQWHUQDWLRQDO WUDGH%HUEHUDSRUWFRQWLQXHVWREHRQHRIWKHIHZYLDEOHDFFHVVLEOHWUDGLQJSRLQWVIRU WKH+RUQRI$IULFD7KHFXUUHQWHPSKDVLVWRZDUGVGHYHORSLQJWKHµEXVLQHVVFRUULGRU¶ZLWK (WKLRSLDIXUWKHUVWUHQJWKHQV%HUEHUD¶VUROHDVDSRWHQWLDOUHJLRQDOFHQWUHIRUHFRQRPLF growth.

7KHURDGQHWZRUN *RRGVWUDGHGYLDWKHSRUWDUULYHDQGOHDYH%HUEHUDE\URDGIURPDQGWR+DUJHLVD%XUDR 'MLERXWLDQG(WKLRSLD)RUPLQJDWHUPLQXVIRUWKHWKUHHPDMRUURDGV%HUEHUDIDFHVGLVWLQFW FRQJHVWLRQ SUREOHPV PDLQO\ FDXVHG E\ WKH FXOPLQDWLRQ RI WKH URDGV IURP %XUDR DQG tip +DUJHLVDLQWKHFLW\¶VPDLQVWUHHWIRUFLQJDOOSRUWUHODWHGWUDI¿FWKURXJKWKHFLW\FHQWUH what are structuring elements? Structuring elements are outstanding and 7KHDLUSRUW recognizable urban factors around which the space and activities of the city are organized. %HUEHUD¶VDLUSRUWZDVEXLOWE\WKH5XVVLDQVDQGODWHUGHVLJQDWHGE\1$6$DVHPHUJHQF\ ODQGLQJVWULSIRUWKHVSDFHVKXWWOHWKHUXQZD\LVUHFRJQL]HGDVWKHORQJHVWLQ$IULFD ,GHQWLI\LQJWKHVHHOHPHQWVDQGDGHTXDWHO\ WDNLQJLQWRDFFRXQWWKHLULPSDFWRQWKHSURMHFWLV DQG KDV WKH FDSDFLW\ WR DFFRPPRGDWH ODUJH DLUFUDIW7KLV IXUWKHU LPSURYHV WKH FLW\¶V crucial for planning any urban intervention. SRWHQWLDODFFHVVLELOLW\+RZHYHUWKHDLUSRUWFXUUHQWO\VXIIHUVIURPSRRUO\EXLOWVWUXFWXUHV and related facilities and is in need of an airport clearance zone.

7KHKLVWRULFWRZQ 6LQFHWKH2WWRPDQSHULRGWKHKLVWRULFDODUHDV±QDPHO\'DURROHDQG%DUZDTR±KDYH been continuously inhabited. The old town has a special character and its buildings have example: road repair YHU\SHFXOLDUDUFKLWHFWXUDOIHDWXUHV0DQ\RIWKHVWUXFWXUHVVXUYLYHGERPELQJVGXULQJ 0DSSLQJWKHVWUXFWXULQJHOHPHQWV±PDLQ the civil war, but negligence and ownership issues have led to the collapse of buildings SXEOLFEXLOGLQJVPDUNHWVPDLQFRPPHUFLDO LQUHFHQW\HDUV,QVSLWHRIKDYLQJDFFHVVWREDVLFVHUYLFHV ZDWHUDQGHOHFWULFLW\ WKH areas, etc. ±is necessary to correctly prioritize roadXSJUDGLQJLQWHUYHQWLRQV,QWKLVZD\WKH FLW\VWLOOKDVPDMRUFKDOOHQJHVDGHFUHDVLQJSRSXODWLRQDQGDSRRUVDQLWDWLRQV\VWHP FLWL]HQU\ZLOOEHQH¿WDWPLQLPXPFRVW which cannot contend with the debris, solid waste, and drainage problems.

 structuring elements 6

6WUXFWXULQJHOHPHQWV the port the old port historical town 1 public buildings 2 public open spaces PDUNHW 2 4 power station 3 fuel depot 9 graveyard 8

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main roads secondary roads

WR+DUJHLVDDQG to Djibouti %HUEHUD$LUSRUW WR6KHLNKDQG%XUDRDQGWR %HUEHUD¶V&HPHQW)DFWRU\ &RPPRGLWLHVLPSRUWHGWKURXJKWKH%HUEHUDSRUW  others biscuits spatial analysis dates cigarettes put actions in place(s) soap car spares cloth pasta FRRNLQJRLO fuel rice wheat &RPPHUFH sugar %HUEHUD¶V JHRJUDSKLFDO SRVLWLRQ DQG ULFK KLVWRU\ PDGH building materials the town a commercial and industrial hub for the region. tonnes (1000) Nevertheless, this big potential is not fully exploited, and a &RPPRGLWLHVH[SRUWHGWKURXJKWKH%HUEHUDSRUW  VHULHVRILQYHVWPHQWVDUHQHHGHGWRUDLVHWKHSUR¿OHRIWKH camels FLW\LQWKHORFDOUHJLRQDODQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOPDUNHWs. cattle TKHSDUWLFLSDQWVRIWKH%HUEHUD&LW\&RQVXOWDWLRQKLJKOLJKWHG goats and sheep VRPH VWUDWHJLHV WR HQKDQFH FRPPHUFH DQG WUDGH 81 KLGHVDQGVNLQV +$%,7$7DVVLVWHG%HUEHUD0XQLFLSDOLW\LQWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRI No. DQHZPDUNHWZLWKPRGHUQKHDOWKDQGVDIHW\VWDQGDUGV VHH %HUEHUDSRUWDQGDLUWUDI¿F  SDJHV± EXWIXUWKHULQWHUYHQWLRQVDQGWKHUHKDELOLWDWLRQ QRIÀLJKWV  cargo departed by air WRQQHV   RIRWKHUNH\FRPPHUFLDOVWUXFWXUHVDUHQHHGHG3RUWUHODWHG n. of passengers À\LQJLQ   QRIVKLSV  commercial facilities should be given high priority. n. of passengers À\LQJRXW   QRIGKRZV  cargo arrived by air WRQQHV  Industry Source: Berbera Port Authorities and Ministry of Civil Aviation and Air Transport, 2003 %HUEHUDLVKRPHWRDSURPLVLQJLQGXVWULDOVHFWRUDOWKRXJK LW LV SUHVHQWO\ ODUJHO\ G\VIXQFWLRQDO ,QGXVWULDO DUHDV DQG related facilities, such as warehouses and fuel depots, are ORFDWHGDFURVVWKHFLW\ • Several large, privately owned warehouses and storage IDFLOLWLHVDUHORFDWHGDORQJWKHURDGWR+DUJHLVD • $GGLWLRQDO ZDUHKRXVHV H[LVW LQ WKH FLW\ FHQWUH DQG IXUWKHUQRUWK3XEOLFO\RZQHGWKH\DUHPRVWO\GDPDJHG and dysfunctional. • The fuel depot near the harbour is very active and tip functioning well. how does the functional layout help? • $ ¿VKHU\ D FHPHQW IDFWRU\ DQG D SDLQW SURGXFWLRQ ,QHYHU\FLW\GLIIHUHQWDFWLYLWLHVDUHLQWHUZRYHQ FRPSDQ\DUHORFDWHGDORQJWKHURDGWR%XUDR3XEOLFO\ Berbera port in the urban space. The tensions generated by this mix can create great potential for economic owned and currently functioning at low capacity, these development, cultural exchange, and social industries offer great potential for future economic FRKHVLRQEXWPD\DOVRJHQHUDWHFRQÀLFW7KH development. functional layout analysis prepares the ground 3DJHVDQGH[SOLFDWHVRPHRIWKHVWUDWHJLHVLGHQWL¿HGE\ for well planned and fruitful economic and social strategic interventions. WKHSDUWLFLSDQWVRIWKH%HUEHUD&LW\&RQVXOWDWLRQWRUHYLWDOL]H WKHWRZQ¶VLQGXVWULHVDQGERRVWWKHORFDOHFRQRP\

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the port the old port

 spatial analysis

put actions in place(s) .

to the landfill . see detailed map of the water distribution in this area on next page

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main mosque education facility health facility PDUNHWRUVODXJKWHUKRXVH private power supply public power supply critical drainage areas RQO\DVVHVVHGIRUWKH'DUROHDQG%DUZDTRDUHDV

 services and infrastructure

:DWHU $EDVLFZDWHUVXSSO\ZDVLQWURGXFHGGXULQJWKH WKHZDWHUV\VWHPZHUHFDUULHGRXWUHFHQWO\$IWHU 2WWRPDQ(PSLUHDQGH[WHQGHGGXULQJ%ULWLVK WKH LQWURGXFWLRQ RI D SXEOLFSULYDWH SDUWQHUVKLS colonial rule. Since the provision of water IRU WKH PDQDJHPHQW RI %HUEHUD :DWHU$JHQF\ ZDV QRW VXI¿FLHQW D SDUDOOHO ZDWHU V\VWHP 81,&() LV JRLQJ WR SURYLGH DVVLVWDQFH IRU WKH ZDVDGGHGE\WKH,WDOLDQ1*2&223,ZKLFK upgrading and extension activities. extended the pipe system to settlements of ,'3VDQGXUEDQSRRr. (OHFWULFLW\ Electricity is currently provided by a private power p ,Q V LWH RI WKHVH LQWHUYHQWLRQV WKH %HUEHUD company and sold at rates unaffordable to many. water system needs major rehabilitation and The public power plant needs to be rehabilitated, XSJUDGLQJ %\ FRQQHFWLQJ WKH WZR LQQHU FLW\ SRVVLEO\WKURXJKDSXEOLFSULYDWHSDUWQHUVKLp. ULQJSLSHOLQHVDQGH[WHQGLQJWKHSLSHQHWZRUN WRWKHH[SDQVLRQDUHDVRIWKHWRZQDQGSRFNHWV 'UDLQDJH of urban fabric that were not considered during 7KHKLVWRULFDOFLW\FHQWUHRI%HUEHUDLVORFDWHG previous upgrading projects, all citizens of FORVHWRWKHVHDDQGOLHVDWVHDOHYHO'XULQJWKH %HUEHUDZLOOKDYHDFFHVVWRZDWHU7KHODWHVW VHDVRQDO UDLQV WKH RYHUÀRZ GUDLQV ÀRRGOLNH VXUYH\V FRQ¿UP WKDW WKHUH LV VXI¿FLHQW IUHVK into the sea with the natural draining channels ZDWHU EHLQJ SURYLGHG E\ WKH 'XEDU 6SULQJV passing through the town, and water stagnates DQG)DUDGHHUR:HOOV+RZHYHUWKHSLSHOLQHV at certain locations. to these sources of water are clogged and need to be replaced. 'XULQJ high tide, however, the sea tends to ÀRZ LQWR WKH WRZQ DQG EDUULHUV KDYH EHHQ %HtZHHQDQGWKH*HUPDQ)HGHUDO constructed that do not permit the water to $JHQF\IRU7HFKQLFDO5HOLHILPSOHPHQWHGWKH drain off. Furthermore, the existing drainage 6XSSRUW WR %HUEHUD :DWHU 6XSSO\ 3URMHFW system has been poorly maintained, and solid funded by the European Commission. ZDVWH EORFNV WKH WUHQFKHV 6WDJQDQW ZDWHU LV The project addressed the rehabilitation a breeding ground for mosquitoes, and the GUDIWHG$Q LPSRUWDQW LVVXH WR EH FRQVLGHUHG LV DQG UHHTXLSSLQJ RI WKH PDLQ ZHOO¿HOG DW unfortunate sanitation conditions create an WKHORFDOFRQWULEXWLRQRIWKHYDULRXVVWDNHKROGHUV )DURRK 'KHHUH UHSDLU DQG H[SDQVLRQ RI WKH unhealthy environment. WRZQ¶V GLVWULEXWLRQ V\VWHPV ZDWHU PHWHULQJ to raise awareness and sustain a drainage system UHKDELOLWDWLRQ RI WKH ZDWHU RI¿FHV LPSURYHG The municipality has tried to solve the drainage that functions well. billing systems, and management support to problems through ad hoc interventions, which WKH%HUEHUD:DWHU$JHQF\'XULQJWKLVSHULRG KDYH SURYLGHG D WHPSRUDU\ VROXWLRQ +RZHYHU 6ROLGZDVWH ¿UVW GLVFXVVLRQV RQ D SRWHQWLDO SXEOLFSULYDWH DQHIIHFWLYHORQJWHUPVROXWLRQPXVWEHIRXQGWR 'XULQJWKH81+$%,7$77HFKQLFDODQG,QVWLWXWLRQDO partnership for the operation of the water address the seasonal and tidal challenges. $VVLVWDQFH3URMHFWLPSOHPHQWHGLQWKHROG supply system were initiated, but could not be ODQG¿OO VLWH ZDV ODUJHO\ FOHDUHG RI JDUEDJH DQG followed through due to resistance from the The municipality and representatives of the DQ DGHTXDWHO\ GHVLJQHG QHZ ODQG¿OO VLWH ZDV water agency and the general public. affected communities have established a constructed to improve the disposal of solid waste. 'UDLQDJH7DVN)RUFH$QLQLWLDODVVHVVPHQWKDV +RZHYHUDGGLWLRQDOZDVWHFROOHFWLRQVLWHVQHHGWR $WHFhnical assessment of the water distribution been conducted and a comprehensive storm EHLGHQWL¿HGZLWKLQWKHWRZQDQGPDQDJHPHQWRI system and a feasibility study for the upgrading of water drainage proposal is currently being the collection needs to be improved.

 spatial analysis put actions in place(s)

7KH'DUROHDUHD is the older part of the city, characterized by a compact grid pattern, with a major axis branching from the centre of town and heading to the seaside in the northern part of the city. The settlement patterns are dense, SUHGRPLQDQWO\ZLWKRQHRUWZRÀRRUURZEORFNVDQGQDUURZSORWVVRPHRIZKLFK H[WHQGLQWRDEDFN\DUGDUHD/DQGDQGKRXVHVDUHJHQHUDOO\SULYDWHO\RZQHG7KLV historical part of the town is suffering from neglect, and many houses are in a state of ruin, in spite of the architectural value of some of the buildings.

7KHLQIRUPDOVHWWOHPHQWVDUHVSUDZOLQJRQWKHRXWVNLUWVRI%HUEHUD7KHPDNHVKLIW VWUXFWXUHVDUHHUHFWHGRXWRISODVWLFDQGLURQVKHHWVDQGVHUYLFHSURYLVLRQLVOLPLWHG5HVLGHQWV mainly purchase water from private vendors, at high cost. The two main settlements are -DPDOD\D D DQG%XUDR6KHLNK EDQGF 6RPHSDUWVRIWKHVHDUHDV F DUHQHYHUWKHOHVV XQGHUJRLQJDSURFHVVRISURJUHVVLYHµIRUPDOL]DWLRQ¶DQGTXLWHDQXPEHURIVWUXFWXUHVEXLOW ZLWKSHUPDQHQWPDWHULDOVDUHWDNLQJVKDSH,'3FRPPXQLWLHVKDYHEHHQDVVLJQHGSORWVIRU VHWWOHPHQWLQWKHQHZH[SDQVLRQDUHD G ZKHUHDQHPHUJHQF\ZDWHUVXSSO\LVEHLQJSURYLGHG

7KH6KD·DEDUHD J LVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\DORRVHGHQVLW\SDWWHUQ/DQG tip and structures are predominantly publicly owned and accommodate understanding urban morphology PRVWO\JRYHUQPHQWDOLQVWLWXWLRQV3RRUO\VHUYLFHGWKHDUHD¶VZDUWRUQ infrastructure continues to degenerate. This is visible in the many Urban morphology is the study of the physical form of a city, which consists of patterns, building sizes and DPRUSKRXVVSDFHVDQGYDFDQWSRFNHWVZKLFKVHHPWREHXQGHUXWLOL]HG shapes, architecture, population density, and land uses. This discipline deals with the social forms that are expressed in the physical layout of a city and conversely, the impact that the physical form of the city )RUPDOUHVLGHQWLDODUHDV7KH0RVFRZQHLJKERXUKRRG H ±D has on its social aspects. IRUPHU5XVVLDQFDPS±FRQVLVWVRIEXLOGLQJXQLWVDOLJQHGLQURZV and separated by wide roads, which create a distinctly deserted DWPRVSKHUHW\SLFDORI6RYLHWSRSXODUDUFKLWHFWXUH2WKHURQHVWRUH\ URZXQLWVFRPPRQO\NQRZQDV,QGLDQ/LQHV I H[KLELWDVLPLODU tip characteristic. These housing units, most of which are public property, how does urban morphology help? are currently occupied by returnees, mostly illegally and without 7KHYHU\IRUPLQZKLFKXUEDQGHYHORSPHQWWDNHV payment of rent. SODFHLVVWURQJO\LQÀXHQFLQJWKHFLW\¶VRYHUDOO economic and social development. Understanding /DUJHFRPSRXQGVPDLQO\KRVWLQJLQVWLWXWLRQDOEXLOGLQJVRU the potential and threats of the different public services buildings. morphological types is an important step towards a balanced and inclusive city design.

example: 6KD¶DE 7KHVHWWOHPHQW¶VORRVHGHQVLW\SDWWHUQSXQFWXDWHGE\ /DUJHFRPSRXQGVKRVWLQJODUJHLQGXVWULDOIDFLOLWLHVRU DPRUSKRXVRSHQVSDFHVDQGYDFDQWSRFNHWVRIODQG warehouses. has resulted in a rather unstructured zone, untidy and QRWWDNHQFDUHRI7KHSXEOLFVSDFHVRIWKH6KD¶DE area could undergo refurbishing and maintenance. Clear shapes and functions should be assigned to HYHU\RSHQSRFNHWRIODQGDQGWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\IRU maintenance should be assigned to groups of citizens.  urban morphology

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To attract more occupants, improve access to livelihood opportunities, and generate employment in the QHLJKERXUKRRGDEHWWHUFRQQHFWLRQWRWKHFHQWUHRIWKHWRZQLVUHTXLUHG$UHDUUDQJHPHQWRIWKHOD\RXWEDVHG RQWKHH[LVWLQJXUEDQSDWWHUQLVDGYLVHG3DUWLFXODUHPSKDVLVLVWREHSODFHGRQHQYLURQPHQWDODVSHFWVWUHH SODQWLQJDQGGUDLQDJHZRUNVLQRUGHUWRPLWLJDWHWKHKDUVKZHDWKHUFRQGLWLRQVLQWKHVXPPHUVHDVRQDQG beautify the neighbourhood.

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 Berbera: women at the old market

 towards implementation the road map

 CASE STUDY: REHABILITATION OF THE CEMENT FACTORY* VHH3ODQQLQJ6WUDWHJLHVIRU'HYHORSPHQWVHFWLRQ PROBLEM: Dilapidated and non-functional industrial infrastructure. * SDJHVDQG OBJECTIVE: Rehabilitate the existing cement factory.

Month: Activity: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

CONSULTATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF POSSIBLE OPTIONS TO REHABILITATE THE FACTORY IDENTIFICATION OF PRIVATE INVESTORS, THE COMMUNITY CONTRIBUTION, AND INTERESTED HUMANITARIAN AGENCIES EXPLORATION OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP OPTIONS

IDENTIFICATION OF SUSTAINABLE AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES PREPARATION OF A ROAD MAP FOR IMPLEMENTATION, INDICATING THE ROLE OF EACH STAKEHOLDER ESTABLISHING A STEERING COMMITTEE AND TECHNICAL COMMITTEE COLLECTING FINANCIAL CONTRIBUTIONS AND SETTING UP A MANAGEMENT MECHANISM

TENDERING

REHABILITATION AND CONSTRUCTION WORKS

MANAGEMENT STRUCTURES

MONITORING AND EVALUATION

STAKEHOLDER MOBILIZATION AND AWARENESS RAISING  TOWARDS IMPLEMENTATION the road map 7KLVVKRUWVHFWLRQDLPVWRJLYHDQLQGLFDWLYHURDGPDSIRUWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKHVWUDWHJLHVSURSRVHGE\WKHSDUWLFLSDQWVRIWKH%HUEHUD &LW\&RQVXOWDWLRQ2QO\RQHFDVHVWXG\LVSUHVHQWHGDVDPHWKRGRORJLFDOH[DPSOH$ORQJWKHVHOLQHVRWKHUSURMHFWVFRXOGEHGHYHORSHG

The Berbera City Consultation identified the rehabilitation of the cement factory as a priority. A new consultation can consolidate and review this outcome and focus further on the possible options for the factory rehabilitation.

A detailed investigation of the possible investors and donors (including members of the community willing to contribute to this process) should be conducted. Their commitment should be made public and recorded in writing. The contribution of central and local authorities should be included.

A technical team of experts should investigate possible options to put in place a public-private partnership for the management and maintenance of the factory.

A technical team of experts should investigate possible options for alternative electricity sources and related investors.

After the preliminary study, a clear road map for implementation should be prepared. The role of each stakeholder should be clearly stated, together with the time frame for implementation.

The steering committee should meet regularly and include representatives of the donors and investors, members of the municipality and key ministries, representatives of the district administration and business community, and all key implementing partners. The technical committee should meet frequently and be composed of the project manager, representatives of the donors and investors, and representatives of the district administration. The technical committee is mainly concerned with issues directly related to project implementation. The successful implementation of the project is directly dependent on the budget available. Define how much is being provided by the government, the municipality, and the donors. Is the community willing to participate in the implementation? How much are the investors willing to contribute? What will be the maintenance costs, and who is going to sustain them? Are other service providers willing to provide services at subsidized prices? Is the international community able to contribute? Etc. If the rehabilitation of the factory entails some construction activities, the tender for the identification of the contractor should be organized and awarded. The technical committee should oversee the tender process.

The construction activities should be supervised by the project manager in collaboration with the technical committee.

When the solution for the management of the factory is agreed upon, a clear management system should be put in place. If necessary, by-laws and agreements should be drafted with the participation of the local authorities and other interested stakeholders.

The monitoring and evaluation of the project is based on the performance of all stakeholders and the level of satisfaction of the city’s population. If the overall evaluation is positive, the lessons learned will be used to inform the replication of the project.

All key urban development actors have to be involved in the process, from the identification of priorities to the project implementation. Accurate identification and mobilization is needed.

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URBAN SPATIAL ANALYSIS

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CITY CONSULTATION

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 THE APPROACH BERBERA CITY CONSULTATION 15 January ± 18 January 2005*

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* the Berbera City Consultation was carried out during the UN-HABITAT Good Local Governance and Leadership Training Programme (2003–2005)  what is an...?

URBAN PACT

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 THE APPROACH BERBERA URBAN PACT 4 - 7 April 2005* Counterparts: APD, Amoud University, and Hargeisa University Facilitators: Asha Mohamed Ahmed and Mohamed Mihileh Boqoreh

675$7(*,&2%-(&7,9(6 FUNDING 7KHORFDOFRXQFLORI%HUEHUDDJUHHVRQWKHIROORZLQJVWUDWHJLFREMHFWLYHV 7KH ORFDO FRXQFLO RI %HUEHUD DJUHHV WR PRELOL]H DOO VWDNHKROGHUV VXFK DV WKH Ë $FKLHYHDGHTXDWHDQGHTXLWDEOHDFFHVVWRVHUYLFHVIRUDOO%HUEHUDUHVLGHQWV JRYHUQPHQWWKHSULYDWHVHFWRUWKHFRPPXQLW\WKHGLDVSRUDDQGGRQRUVWR Ë 'HYHORSIUHHWUDGHIDFLOLWLHVDQGLPSURYHLQWHUQDODQGH[WHUQDOPDUNHWV Ë 2SHQDFFRXQWVIRUVSHFL¿FDFWLRQV Ë *HQHUDWH QHZ MREV WKURXJK WKH LPSURYHPHQW RI ORFDO YRFDWLRQDO VNLOOV DQG Ë Write project proposals. UHYLWDOL]HWKHSRWHQWLDOHFRQRPLFUHVRXUFHVRI%HUEHUD. Ë 3UHVHQW WKH XUEDQ SDFW DQG VWUDWHJLF SODQ WR GLIIHUHQW LQWHUQDWLRQDO organizations. ACTI213/$16 7KH ORFDO FRXQFLO RI %HUEHUD DFFHSWV WKH VWUDWHJLF SODQ UHVXOWLQJ IURP WKH FLW\ 02'(62)&2//$%25$7,21:,7+',))(5(1767$.(+2/'(56 FRQVXOWDWLRQDVDQDJUHHGXSRQIUDPHZRUNIRUDFWLRQDQGDJUHHVWRHODERUDWHDQG 7KH0XQLFLSDO&RXQFLOKDVDJUHHGWRLPSURYHFROODERUDWLRQDPRQJWKHPDQ\%HUEHUD LPSOHPHQWWKHIROORZLQJDFWLRQSODQVLQFROODERUDWLRQZLWKDOOUHOHYDQWVWDNHKROGHUs. XUEDQGHYHORSPHQWVWDNHKROGHUV 6XSSO\HOHFWULFLW\WRWKHFLW\DWDUHDVRQDEOHSULFH Ë (VWDEOLVKGHYHORSPHQWFRPPLWWHHVRIVWDNHKROGHUVZKRSDUWLFLSDWHGLQWKHFLW\ Ë Create technical committees composed of government and private sector consultation. members to explore different options for rehabilitating the electricity plant. Ë Ensure that local teams report to the local council on the outcomes of the Ë Search for private investors interested in the electricity plant. development committees on a monthly basis. Ë Explore different options to privatize the electricity plant. Ë 0DNHDYDLODEOHRI¿FHIDFLOLWLHVPXQLFLSDOLW\PDFKLQHU\VHFUHWDULDOVHUYLFHVDQG Ë ,QYHVWLJDWH DOWHUQDWLYH HQHUJ\ VRXUFHV DQG LQYLWH DJHQFLHV WKDW FDQ VXSSRUW a conference hall. these initiatives. Ë Conduct quarterly coordination meetings between the local council and VWDNHKROGHUVIRUVKDULQJLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHDFKLHYHPHQWVDQGFRQVWUDLQWVRI Pro YLGHFOHDQZDWHUWRDOO%HUEHUDUHVLGHQWV development projects and activities. Ë Cover the existing boreholes and dig new boreholes. Ë ,QFUHDVHWKHQXPEHURIZDWHUFRQQHFWLRQV 52/(2):20(1 Ë 5HSODFHWKHFORJJHGZDWHUSLSHV /RFDO FRXQFLOORUV DFNQRZOHGJHG WKH FUXFLDO FRQWULEXWLRQ RI ZRPHQ WR ORFDO Ë &UHDWHDPHWKRGWR¿OWHUWKHZDWHUDWWKHERRVWHUVWDWLRQ GHYHORSPHQWDQGWKHLPSRUWDQFHRILQFOXGLQJWKHPLQWKHGHFLVLRQPDNLQJSURFHVV Ë Establish a lab at the water agency to monitor the quality of the water. Women should be empowered socially, economically, politically, and technically. Ë Train the technical and administrative staff of the water agency. Ë (VWDEOLVKUHODWLRQVZLWKLQWHUQDWLRQDODJHQFLHVDQGORFDO1*2VDFWLYHLQWKHZDWHUVHFWor. ENDORSEMENT 'HYHORSDQXUEDQGHYHORSPHQWSODQWRUHRUJDQL]HWKHFLW\DQGPDNHLWFOHDQ 7KH /RFDO &RXQFLO XOWLPDWHO\ DSSURYHG WKH %HUEHUD 8UEDQ 3DFW +RZHYHU WKH EHDXWLIXODQGZHOORUJDQL]HG leadership of the city requires support and capacity building for planning, coordination, Ë 5DLVHDZDUHQHVVRQWKHQHHGWRKDYHVRXQGWRZQSODQ and development control activities. Ë 1DPHWKHPDLQVWUHHWVDQGUHKDELOLWDWHSXEOLFVSDFHV SDUNVVFKRROVWKHDWUHVHWF  Ë 3ODQWWUHHVDORQJWKHFRDVW

* the Berbera Urban Pact was a result of the Berbera City Consultation carried out during the UN-HABITAT Good Local Governance and Leadership Training Programme (2003–2005)  what is an..?

ACTION PLAN

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2EMHFWLYHVRIDFWLRQSODQV

Ë Using a concrete example to demonstrate to local authorities and the community the concept of participatory planning. Ë 7DFNOLQJ DQ LVVXH RI SULRULW\ LQ D VSHFL¿F DUHD DQG DFKLHYLQJ WDQJLEOH results in a short period of time. Ë 8VLQJWKHVXFFHVVIXOUHVXOWVWRVXSSRUWWKHPRELOL]DWLRQRIVWDNHKROGHUV for participatory planning of a broader scope. Ë 5DLVLQJFLWL]HQV¶DZDUHQHVVRQWKHEHQH¿WVRISDUWLFLSDWRU\SODQQLQJ

7KHDFWLRQSODQVWREHLPSOHPHQWHGZHUHFKRVHQDFFRUGLQJWRWKHIROORZLQJ FULWHULD

Ë $GGUHVVWKHQHHGVRIDVSHFL¿FGLVDGYDQWDJHGFRPPXQLW\ Ë $UHFRQVLGHUHGDSULRULW\E\WKHORFDOFRXQFLONH\VWDNHKROGHUVDQGWKH target community; Ë $LPDWYLVLEOHVKRUWWHUPLPSURYHPHQWV Ë 0RELOL]HWKHFRQWULEXWLRQVRIYDULRXVVWDNHKROGHUV Ë 6KRXOGQRWKDYHREVWDFOHVWKDWFDQRQO\EHVROYHGLQWKHORQJWHUP HJ ODQGGLVSXWHVVRLOSROOXWLRQHWF  Ë $OORZIRULPPHGLDWHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ

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 THE APPROACH

BERBERA ACTION PLAN REHABILITATION OF BURSADE PLAYGROUND*

2%-(&7,9(6 A&7,9,7,(S

Ë 3URmote sports in the Sahil region, as a recreational Ë 5HKDELOLtation of the fence and provision of the gates. activity and a potential source of employment. Ë Construction of a hall for indoor games, a library room, two Ë (QFRXUDJH %HUEHUD \RXWK WR HQJDJH LQ VSRUW DFWLYLWLHV FODVVURRPVIRULQIRUPDOHGXFDWLRQRQHEDVNHWEDOOFRXUWWZR DV D SHDFHEXLOGLQJ SURFHVV DQG DV DQ DOWHUQDWLYH WR RI¿FHVDQGWZRODWULQHVDOOFRQWULEXWHGE\81,&() engaging in bad habits. Ë 5HKDELOLWDWHDSXEOLFIDFLOLW\ZKHUHFKLOGUHQDQG\RXWKFDQ RESULTS be trained. Ë %XUVDGH3OD\JURXQGUHKDELOLWDWHG Ë $GGLWLRQDOIDFLOLWLHVSURYLGHG 52/(6$1'5(63216,%,/,7,(62)7+( Ë /RFDO DXWKRULWLHV DQG FRPPXQLW\ WUDLQHG RQ SDUWLFLSDWRU\ ',))(5(1767$.(+2/'(RS action planning. Ë 7KH /RFDO 7HDP DQG WKe mayor prepared the action Ë ,QWURGXFWLRQRIWKHFRQFHSWRIDFRPPXQLW\FRQWULEXWLRQIRUWKH plan and distributed the responsibilities among the implementation of strategic priorities of common interest. VWDNHKROGHUV Ë 81+$%,7$7SUHSDUHGWKHSODQIRUWKHLQWHUYHQWLRQ Ë 7KH /RFDO 7HDP DQG WZR PHPEHUV RI WKH FRPPXQLW\ collected the community contributions. Ë 7KH PD\RU WKH /RFDO 7HDPD ORFDO HQJLQHHU DQG WZR members of the community supervised the rehabilitation DQG FRQVWUXFWLRQ SURFHVV 81+$%,7$7 WUDLQHUV DOVR supervised the process. Ë $ ORFDO H[HFXWLYH RI¿FHU D PHPEHU RI WKH ORFDO WHDP and one community member were accountable for the rehabilitation and construction process. The mayor FHUWL¿HGWKHH[SHQGLWXUHV Ë 0HPEHUVRIWKH

* the Berbera Action Plan was implemented after the deliberations of the Berbera City Consultation under the UN-HABITAT Good Governance and Leadership Training Programme (2003–2005)  what is the...?

community-driven development and community-driven recovery

7KH SURMHFW IXQGHG E\ WKH :RUOG %DQN DQG WKH 'HSDUWPHQW IRU ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 'HYHORSPHQW RI WKH 8QLWHG ,Q%HUEHUD'LVWULFWWHQFRPPXQLWLHVZHUHVHOHFWHG .LQJGRPDQGLPSOHPHQWHGE\WKH:RUOG%DQN81,&()'DQLVK5HIXJHH&RXQFLODQG81+$%,7$7IRFXVHV IRU SLORWLQJ WKH &RPPXQLW\'ULYHQ 'HYHORSPHQW on strengthening community capacities to plan and implement village and neighbourhood projects in close DQG5HFRYHU\3URMHFW FROODERUDWLRQZLWKWKHGLVWULFWDGPLQLVWUDWLRQ:KLOHLWLVLPSRUWDQWWRKDYHDORQJWHUPVWUDWHJ\WREXLOGORFDO administrative capacities, it is equally important that in the medium term the local governance structures are 2XW RI WKHVH WHQ IRXU DUH %HUEHUD XUEDQ DEOHWRFKDQQHOIXQGVLQDFRVWHIIHFWLYHZD\WRFRPPXQLWies. TKH&''&'5DSSURDFKKDVEHHQSLORWHGLQ FRPPXQLWLHV :DGDMLU %DUZDTR 'DUROH DQG %HUEHUDDQG%RURPDDQGLVEHLQJUHSOLFDWHGLQRWKHU6RPDOLODQGFLWLHV %XUDR 6KHLNK  DQG VL[ DUH UXUDO FRPPXQLWLHV $EGDO 'RKR *XEDQ /DID 5XXJ 7XOR 'KLELMR 2%-(&7,9(62)7+(352*5$00( /DV&LLGOHDQG/DDOH\V  Ë 6WUHQJWKHQ WKH FDSDFLW\ RI WKH 'LVWULFW &RXQFLOV HQVXULQJ SURSHU UHODWLRQVKLSV ZLWK WKHLU WDUJHW communities in the city and in the surrounding villages. Each of these communities developed a Ë 3URPRWHGLVFXVVLRQVDWWKHGLVWULFWOHYHOWKDWFODULI\WKHUROHVDQGUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVRIGLIIHUHQWVWDNHKROGHUV &RPPXQLW\ $FWLRQ 3ODQ ZLWK VKRUWWHUP  'LVWULFW&RXQFLOQHLJKERXUKRRGDQGYLOODJHOHYHOVWUXFWXUHVWUDGLWLRQDOOHDGHUVFLYLOVRFLHW\PLQLVWULHV PRQWKV  DQG ORQJWHUP  \HDUV DQG EH\RQG  HWF HVSHFLDOO\ZLWKUHJDUGWRVHUYLFHGHOLYHU\DQGEXGJHWDOORFDWLRQV development priorities. Ë Ensure training and capacity building at the community level on local leadership and management and the role of women in local governance. 7KHSULRULWLHVLGHQWL¿HGE\WKHXUEDQFRPPXQLWLHV Ë 'HYHORSDSSURSULDWHOLQNDJHVEHWZHHQFRPPXQLW\DFWLRQSODQQLQJDQGGLVWULFWSODQQLQJLQFOXGLQJZKHUH IRUWKH&RPPXQLW\$FWLRQ3ODQVDUH SRVVLEOHDUHÀHFWLRQRIFRPPXQLW\DFWLRQSODQQLQJLQGLVWULFWEXGJHWDOORFDWLRQV Ë 3URYLGHWHFKQLFDOVXSSRUWLQXUEDQSODQQLQJDQGORFDOHFRQRPLFGHYHORSPHQWWRSUHSDUHDSSURSULDWH Ë :$'$-,5 ± LQFRPH JHQHUDWLRQ YRFDWLRQDO &RPPXQLW\$FWLRQ3ODQV training centre, water, health, electricity, sanitation, infrastructure, and housing. $&7,9,7,(6 Ë 7UDLQLQJDQGFDSDFLW\EXLOGLQJRQOHDGHUVKLSDQGPDQDJHPHQWVNLOOVIRUFRPPXQLW\OHDGHUVDQGWKH Ë %$5:$42 ± LQFRPH JHQHUDWLRQ VDQLWDWLRQ role of women in local governance for community representatives. PDUNHW ZDWHU LQIUDVWUXFWXUH HOHFWULFLW\ DQG Ë 3UHSDUDWLRQDQGLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI&RPPXQLW\$FWLRQ3ODQV. awareness. Ë ,QWHJUDWLRQRI&RPPXQLW\$FWLRQ3ODQVLQGLVWULFWOHYHOSODQQLQJDQGEXGJHWDOORFDWLRQVWKURXJK Ë '$52/( ± LQFRPH JHQHUDWLRQ HGXFDWLRQ 'LVWULFWVSDWLDODQDO\VLVLQFRUSRUDWLQJWKH&RPPXQLW\$FWLRQ3ODQVIRUSODQQLQJSXUSRVHVDQGIXUWKHU VDQLWDWLRQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH PDUNHW DZDUHQHVV SULRULWL]HG/RFDO(FRQRPLF'HYHORSPHQW$FWLRQ3ODQV and security. 2. Strategic planning, a participatory exercise that culminates in district consultations and the preparation of VWUDWHJLFGLVWULFWSODQVLQGLFDWLQJDOLVWRISULRULW\DFWLRQVDQGWKHUROHVRIWKHGLIIHUHQWVWDNHKROGHUV Ë %85$26+(,.+±ZDWHULQFRPHJHQHUDWLRQ 'LVWULFWSDFWVEHWZHHQWKHWDUJHWFRPPXQLWLHVDQGWKHGLVWULFWDGPLQLVWUDWLRQRQDVKDUHGSURJUDPPH housing, education, sanitation, infrastructure, RI DFWLRQ LQFOXGLQJ WKH QHFHVVDU\ EXGJHW DOORFDWLRQV 7KH GLVWULFW SDFWV IRUPDOL]H WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH and security. strategic planning process.

 ONGOING PROJECTS

COMMUNITY-DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT and RECOVERY IN BERBERA

[Urban Stakeholders CORE TEAM/ STEERING COMMITTEE…] Objective: development [plan] of Berbera Town [physical, social, envronmental, economical]

Communities MAYOR OF BERBERA Others… Wadajir Local Authority

Barwaaqo EXECUTIVE OFFICER DFID

Daroole Cordination Focal Point WorldWorldbank Bank Burao/ Sheikh Administration DRC Private Sector Water Agency Financial Department UNICEF Electricity CORE Social Department STIPA Etc. TEAM Planning UN-HABITAT Civil Society Local NGO‘s CDD/ R YOUTH CCG WOMEN VAYS GAVO SAHIL MURUQ MASKAX ALHANAN YOVENCO Satellite Image by © 2004 DigitalGlobe. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ALL Satellite Image by © 2004 DigitalGlobe. TRAD. LEADERS

6KRUWWHUP SULRULWLHV RI WKHVH FRPPXQLWLHV ZHUH costed and community contributions and the role of HDFKVWDNHKROGHUZHUHHVWDEOLVKHG

%HUEHUD'LVWULFWUHYLHZHGDQGDSSURYHGWKHSODQV DOORZLQJ WKH FRPPXQLWLHV WR DFFHVV :RUOG %DQN grants, as well as funding from other sources.

7KH ZKROH SURFHVV EHQH¿WHG IURP WKH FRQWLQXRXV VXSSRUW RI 81,&() 'DQLVK 5HIXJHH &RXQFLO WKH :RUOG%DQNDQG81+$%,7$7$WWKHWLPHRIZULWLQJ the process was ongoing.

 what is the...?

municipal revenue generation through property taxation

2QHRIWKHPRVWVHULRXVSUREOHPVIRUXUEDQFHQWUHVLQWKHGHYHORSLQJZRUOG±DQG6RPDOLODQGLV QR H[FHSWLRQ ± LV LQDGHTXDWH ¿QDQFLDO UHVRXUFHV /RFDO DQG FHQWUDO JRYHUQPHQWV UHTXLUH PRQH\ to provide basic services, infrastructure, and education and health facilities. Normally, central governments obtain funds through sales and income tax, and local governments through property taxes, development fees, and central government funds. The advantage of property taxation over RWKHUW\SHVRIWD[DWLRQLVWKDWSURSHUWLHVFDQHDVLO\EHLGHQWL¿HG7KHFKDOOHQJHLVKRZWRVHWXSDQ HI¿FLHQWWD[FROOHFWLRQV\VWHPEDVHGRQSURSHUW\WD[DWLRQLQDFRXQWU\ZKHUHWKHODQGLQIRUPDWLRQLV OLPLWHGWKHLQVWLWXWLRQDOFDSDFLW\RIWKHORFDODXWKRULWLHVLVZHDNDQGWKHFDSDFLW\RIWKHSURIHVVLRQDOV needs to be built.

7RLPSOHPHQWDSURSHUW\WD[DWLRQV\VWHPXSWRGDWHLQIRUPDWLRQLVQHHGHG,GHDOO\DODQGLQIRUPDWLRQ V\VWHPVXFKDVDFDGDVWUHQHHGVWREHGHYHORSHG$WLWVKHDUWLVDGDWDEDVHWKDWUHFRUGVDOOWKH SURSHUWLHVLQDFLW\UHJLVWHULQJHDFKVWUXFWXUH¶VVL]HXVDJHDQGRFFXSDQF\6XFKDGDWDEDVHDVVLVWV local governments in equitably and comprehensively collecting property tax. Further developed, it can DOVRDVVLVWLQJHQHUDOODQGPDQDJHPHQWUHVHWWOLQJSHRSOHDQGVROYLQJODQGGLVSXWHV,QGHYHORSHG FRXQWULHVLQVWLWXWLRQDOVWDELOLW\KDVDOORZHGDPRGHUQFDGDVWUDOV\VWHPWRHPHUJHRYHUWLPH%XWWKH Somali region has lost a generation of professionals and institutional memory, and land records and property data are outdated and incomplete.

:LWKWKHJRDORIXVLQJSURSHUW\WD[DWLRQWRJHQHUDWH PXQLFLSDOUHYHQXHIRUSXEOLFZRUNVLQ 81+$%,7$7DQG+DUJHLVD0XQLFLSDOLW\GHFLGHGWRLPSOHPHQWDSURSHUW\VXUYH\7KHSODQWRFUHDWH a database of all the properties in each urban centre and a methodology for classifying them and GHYHORSLQJWD[ELOOV$IWHUFDUHIXOFRQVLGHUDWLRQLWZDVGHFLGHGWRGHYHORSDGDWDEDVHZLWKDOLPLWHG QXPEHU RI YDULDEOHV IRU HDFK SURSHUW\ HVVHQWLDO IRU GHWHUPLQLQJ SURSHUW\ WD[ $ VDWHOOLWH LPDJH ZDV XVHG WR FUHDWH D EDVH PDS LGHQWLI\LQJ DOO WKH EXLOGLQJV DQG WKURXJK UDSLG ¿HOG VXUYH\V WKH FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHVWUXFWXUHVZHUHFROOHFWHG$OOGDWDZHUHVWRUHGLQD*HRJUDSKLFDO,QIRUPDWLRQ 6\VWHP *,6 IRUTXLFNUHWULHYDODQGPDSSLQJ

7KLVDSSURDFKKDVSURYHQWREHIDVWDQGUHODWLYHO\FKHDS$WDODWHUVWDJHWKHGDWDEDVHFRXOGEH H[SDQGHGLQWRDIXOOFDGDVWUDOV\VWHP7KHSURMHFWKDVLOOXVWUDWHGKRZD*HRJUDSKLFDO,QIRUPDWLRQ 6\VWHP SURSHUW\ VXUYH\ WR IDFLOLWDWH SURSHUW\ WD[DWLRQ FDQ EH GRQH UDSLGO\ DQG FRVWHIIHFWLYHO\ DOORZLQJORFDOJRYHUQPHQWVWRUDLVHUHYHQXHWKDWFDQEHLQYHVWHGLQXUJHQWO\QHHGHGSXEOLFZRUNV and services.

 ONGOING PROJECTS

BERBERA PROPERTY REGISTRATION

8QWLOUHFHQWO\%HUEHUD/RFDO&RXQFLOUHOLHGRQRXWGDWHGDQGLQFRPSOHWHSDSHU 3UHOLPLQDU\UHVXOWVRIWKH%HUEHUDSURSHUW\VXUYH\ based land records, and only a portion of the properties in the municipality were in the land register and property tax roll.

81+$%,7$7 LQ FRQMXQFWLRQ ZLWK %HUEHUD /RFDO &RXQFLO KDV GHYHORSHG D *HRJUDSKLF ,QIRUPDWLRQ 6\VWHP ZLWK WKH SULPDU\ REMHFWLYH RI SURYLGLQJ WKH required information on property location and characteristics to improve the SURSHUW\WD[DWLRQV\VWHPWKHPXQLFLSDOLW\¶VXUEDQSODQQLQJSURFHVVDQGVHUYLFH GHOLYHU\7KHSURSHUW\VXUYH\IRUWKH%HUEHUD*HRJUDSKLF,QIRUPDWLRQ6\VWHP SURMHFWZDVFRPSOHWHGLQ-DQXDU\

7KHSURSHUW\VXUYH\FRQVLVWHGRIWKUHHPDLQVWHSV

Ë $FTXLVLWLRQRIDJHRUHIHUHQFHGKLJKUHVROXWLRQVDWHOOLWHLPDJH 4XLFNELUG  Ë 2QVFUHHQGLJLWL]LQJRIWKHLPDJHWRFUHDWHDPDSVKRZLQJDOOEXLOGLQJVDQG other features such as main roads, rivers, the airport, etc. Ë )LHOGYHUL¿FDWLRQRIWKHVSDWLDOGDWDEDVHDQGWKHFROOHFWLRQRIDWWULEXWHGDWD XVLQJSUHSURJUDPPHGKDQGKHOGFRPSXWHUV

7KHFKRVHQYDULDEOHVIRUWKHSURSHUW\GDWDEDVHGHVFULEH

Ë SK\VLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHSURSHUW\ GLPHQVLRQVXVHEXLOGLQJPDWHULDOV DFFHVVWRLQIUDVWUXFWXUH  Ë WKHRFFXSDQW FRXOGEHGLIIHUHQWIURPRZQHU  Ë the number of residents living in the building.

The outcome of the property survey was the creation of a database that combines JHRUHIHUHQFHGVSDWLDOGDWDDQGSURSHUW\DWWULEXWHV7KHGDWDEDVHLVK\SHUOLQNHG to a digital ground photograph of each property. This photo helps staff verify the database and later facilitates communication with the owners and occupants of the properties.

 previous un-habitat projects in berbera

BERBERA TECHNICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ASSISTANCE PROJECT

7,0()5$0(0D\±0D\ '2125(XURSH&RPPLVVLRQDQG*RYHUQPHQWRI,WDO\ %8'*(7¼

7KHEDFNJURXQG $FKLHYHPHQWV

The TeFKQLFDO DQG ,QVWLWXWLRQDO $VVLVWDQFH 3URMHFW IROORZHG Ë The proMHFWVWURQJO\LQFUHDVHGWKHFDSDFLW\RIWKH%HUEHUD Above and below: an integrated approach, implementing in parallel several 0XQLFLSDO $XWKRULW\ DQG RWKHU SDUWQHU RUJDQL]DWLRQV DQG 5HKDELOLWDWHGRI¿FHVRI%HUEHUD/RFDO$XWKRULW\ FRPSOHPHQWDU\ XUEDQ GHYHORSPHQW DFWLYLWLHV 3ULRU WR WKH SURYLGHG D VROLG IUDPHZRUN IRU IXUWKHU FDSDFLW\EXLOGLQJ project, an analysis of the urban sector in the Somali region developments. The project UHKDELOLWDWHG WKH GLODSLGDWHG UHYHDOHGJODULQJXUEDQJRYHUQDQFHDQGPDQDJHPHQWSUREOHPV RI¿FHV RI WKH %HUEHUD 0XQLFLSDO %XLOGLQJ, in part with  ZHDNLQVWLWXWLRQDOVWUXFWXUHVDQGOLPLWHGPXQLFLSDODXWKRULW\ ¿QDQFLDO FRQWULEXWLRQV IURP WKH DXWKRULW\ LWVHOI ,Q WKH capacity, resulting in poor service delivery and hindering capital process, municipal staff increased their capacity in project LQYHVWPHQWLQFRPPXQLW\XWLOLWLHV  FLYLODSDWK\DQGLQVXI¿FLHQW formulation, engineering design, contract management, ORFDOVWDNHKROGHUSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQPXQLFLSDOPDQDJHPHQW  D and supervision. ZHDNWD[EDVHSRRUUHYHQXHFROOHFWLRQV\VWHPVDQGLQDGHTXDWH ¿QDQFLDOPDQDJHPHQWFDSDFLW\DQG  XQFOHDUODQGWHQXUHDQG Ë ThH SURMHFW¶V LQVWLWXWLRQDO GHYHORSPHQW DQG PXQLFLSDO QRQH[LVWHQWWRZQSODQQLQJXQGHUPLQLQJWKHLQYHVWPHQWV PDQDJHPHQW component adopted a systematic approach to service delivery, revenue collection, and improved HIIHFWLYHQHVV DQG HI¿FLHQF\ LQ PXQLFLSDO RSHUDWLRQV 7KH 7KHDLP approach aimed to ensure that services delivered were VXVWDLQDEOHDQGDIIRUGDEOHIRUWKHUHVLGHQWVRI%HUEHUa. ThH %HUEHUD 7HFKQLFDO DQG ,QVWLWXWLRQDO $VVLVWDQFH 3URMHFW focused on developing the management capacity of the Ë The PXQLFLSDO UHYHQXH DQG ¿QDQFLDO PDQDJHPHQW PXQLFLSDODXWKRULW\ZLWKSULRULW\JLYHQWRIRXUDUHDVOLQNHGWR component meanwhile improved revenue collection, WKHDERYHPHQWLRQHGZHDNQHVVHVRIWKHORFDOXUEDQVHFWRU ¿QDQFLDORYHUVLJKWDQGDFFRXQWDELOLW\SURFHGXUHV7KHJRDO was to streamline operations of the municipal authority and Ë 2UJDQL]DWLRQDO DQG WHFKQLFDO FRPSRQHQWV RI PXQLFLSDO HQVXUH WKDW VXI¿FLHQW VXUSOXVHV ZHUH DYDLODEOH IRU FDSLWDO management; investment and improved operations. With this in mind, the Ë Financial administration, revenue collection systems, and ¿QDQFLDO FRPSRQHQW ZDV OLQNHG WR WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI asset management; LQFRPHJHQHUDWLQJFDSLWDOLQYHVWPHQWSURMHFWV Ë Town planning and land management; and Ë Sanitation awareness and solid waste management. Ë $V DQ H[DPSOH %HUEHUD &LW\ 0DUNHW ZDV UHKDELOLWDWHG using a participatory design process. This led the municipality

 The rehabilitation of the market

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