Special Types of Application of waste/Recycled materials in concrete  Foundry ◦ By product of ferrous/Non-ferrous metal casting  ◦ By product of coal  ◦ By product of silicon/silicon alloy  Slag ◦ Co-product of iron & steel making process  Waste Rubber ◦ Waste tyres  Waste Plastic/waste Glass

Plastic Aggregate

Waste Glass Aggregate Types  Reinforced concrete (RCC)  Ready mixed concrete (RMC)  Fiber ( FRC)  Ferro-cement concrete(FCC)  Light weight aggregate concrete (LAC)  High density concrete (HDC)  High performance concrete(HPC)   Radio active concrete(RAC)  Foamed concrete  Pavement quality concrete(PQC)

RCC  Definition= Concrete + Steel bars.

Advantages  high compressive strength  Adequate tensile strength  Fire and weather resistance  More durable  Economically mold into a nearly shapes.  Low maintenance cost  Less skill labour Disadvantages  Tensile strength to comp. strength ratio  High form cost  Larger column section  Shrinkage RAC

 Less specific gravity  High water absorption  Less bulk density  Relatively less compressive strength  Less modulus of elasticity  Flexural strength (0.95-7.2 Mpa)  Splitting tensile strength (0.3-3.1 Mpa) Advantages of RAC • Reduces the amount of material that would be delivered to a landfill • Reduces the need of virgin aggregates to be created

• reduces the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. • Highly heat insulating • Low weight and high compressive strength • Resistant to chemical and alkaline attack • Excellent thermal and sound resistant properties

Disadvantages  Decrease modulus and strength  Greater moisture shrinkage  Higher water absorption (3%-9%)  Reduced workability  Lower bulk specific gravity HSC  High strength concrete has compressive strength of up to 100 MPa as against normal concrete of 50 Mpa.  VHSC (100MPa-200MPa),UHSC(>200MPa)  Methods of producing HSC ◦ Seeding ◦ Revibration ◦ High speed slurry mixing ◦ Use of admixtures ◦ Inhibition of cracks ◦ Sulphur Impregnation ◦ Use of cementatious aggregates Advantages  Reduction in member size(i.e self weight reduction)  Reduction in form work.  Increases the stability to withstand heavy loads  Supirior durability & long term performance  Lower creep & shrinkage  Higher resistance to crack & chemical attack  Reduced maintenance cost. Applications  Railway bridge, bridge  High-rise concrete buildings  Steel concrete structures  Railway sleepers  RC Piles  Machine foundations FRC ( concrete + Fibres )  Fibre reinforced concrete can be defined as a composite material consisting of mixtures of cement mortar or concrete and discontinuous, descrete, uniformly dispersed suitable fibres.

Shape of Fibres

Types of Fibres

 Steel Fibres ◦ Length-0.1-7.62cm ◦ Diameter-0.25-0.75mm ◦ Aspect Ratio-30-150  Advantages ◦ High strength ◦ Holds the cracks tightly, thus improves durability ◦ Less steel reinforcement required ◦ Improves ductility ◦ Improves impact & abrasion resistance  Glass fibres (ɸ=9-15µm)  Plastic fibres(ɸ=20-200µm)  Carbon fibres(ɸ=9µm)  Asbestos fibres Benefits of fibres (Role)

 To arrest the cracks  Increase the ductility of concrete elements  More resistance to impact load  Lowers the permeability & bleeding of water  Improved resistance to freezing & thawing  Increases tensile strength & impact strength Advantages  Reduction in shrinkage & cracking  Improvement in bond strength  Enhancement of fatigue strength & endurance limit  Better toughness  Lower permeability of concrete

Disadvantages  Greater reduction of workability.  High cost of materials.

Applications

Polymer concrete  Polymer concrete composites are produced by combined processing of polymeric materials with the ingredients of concrete.  Types ◦ Polymer-imprignated concrete ◦ Resin concrete ◦ Polymer modified concrete

Advantages  Good bond with old concrete  Improved durability, resistance to chemical attack & abrassion  Reduction in water absorption upto 80-100%  Reduces the permeability of concrete  Compressive strength of concrete increased by 100%-150%.

Applications

Ferrocement  defined as a composite material obtained by reinforcing the cement mortar with steel fibers in the form of a wire mesh.  While the mortar provides the mass, steel fiber imparts tensile strength and ductility to the material.

 It can take almost any shape and is adaptable to almost any traditional design.  Structures are thin and light.  30% reduction in dead weight on supporting structure, 15% saving in steel consumption and 10% in roof cost has been estimated.  suitable for manufacturing the precast units which can be easily transported.  The construction technique is simple and not required highly skilled labour.  Elimination of is possible.  Damage repairable is easy.  Where timber is scarce and expensive, is a useful substitute.  As a roofing material, ferrocement is a climatically and environmentally more appropriate and cheaper alternative, to galvanized iron and asbestos cement sheeting.  Cheaper than normal concret, requires no formwork, is lighter, and has a ten times greater specific surface of reinforcement, achieving much higher crack resistance.  Ferrocement is not attacked by biological agents, such as insects, vermin and fungus.

Applications of FCC

 Marine Structures Tank construction

Chimney Construction

Bench

Wall & Water tank

Housing

Application in Rural Energy

Application in Industrial Structures

Foamed Concrete  Also known as cellular concrete, it contains more than 20% of air.  W/c=0.6, Comp. Strength=1-25 MPa

Advantages  Aesthetic view is good  Fire resistant  Thermal insulator  More durable  Speedy construction  Easy to transport Disadvantages  Very sensitive with water content in the mixtures  Mixing time is longer than conventional  Less Compressive and flexural strengths  Difficult to place and finish Applications

 Light weight blocks/precast panels  In-situ wall construction  Heat/sound insulation for floor & walls  Floor construction

SCC  Self-consolidating concrete is a highly flowable type of concrete that spreads into the form without the need for mechanical vibration.  Materials ◦ Cement ◦ CA/FA ◦ Water ◦ Mineral Admixtures/Chemical Admixtures ◦ Fibres Properties

 Filling ability  Passing ability  Segregation resistance  Ease of placement  Speed of placement  Less noise Advantages  Elimination of vibration problems  Faster construction  Greater freedom in design  Less noise from vibrators  Ease of placement results in reduction in cost  Improves quality, durability & reliability  Reduced wear & tear  Reduced permeability  Reduced equipment cost Applications

 Bridge/Precast units  In congested reinforcements  New type of elements which are not possible by normal concrete

HPC

 It can produced by low W/C of 0.3-0.35, finer , more C3S.  Strength 60-100 MPa.  High performance concrete is used for concrete mixture possess high workability, high strength, high modulus, high density, high stability, low permeability. Advantages  High strength  High early strength  High modulus of elasticity  High abrasion resistance  High durability in severe conditions  Resistance to chemical attack  Toughness/impact resistance  Ease of placement  Speedy construction  Long term strength Applications

Pavement quality concrete

 The is generally of M40- M50 grade of concrete as per IS code and is called as paving quality concrete. Applications  Airfield/Road pavements