JOÃO RIBEIRO O FOLK-LORE (Estudos De Literatura Popular)

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JOÃO RIBEIRO O FOLK-LORE (Estudos De Literatura Popular) JOÃO RIBEIRO o FOLK-LORE (Estudos de literatura popular) RIO DE JANKIRO Jacintiio Ribriuo dos Santos — LivitBiKo-F.uiTOR 82 — llüA DE S. Josí; — 84 1919 I o folk-lore Mais de setenta annos ha que appareceu pela primeira vez a palavra folk-bre, em um artigo do Athenaenm de T.ondres. Propunha-o W. Thoms, como expressão technica apropriada ao estudo das lendas, tradições e da literatura popular. A palavra teve a boa fortuna de se diíFundir igualmente pelos povos latinos cujas linguas não possuem a faculdade plastica de crear neologis- mos senão em condições raras. Em geral, recor- remos ao grego em taes casos e o termo demolo- gia seria o correspondente literal de folk-lore. O allemão seguiu a mesma corrente ingleza com os vocábulos Volkslehre e Volkskunde. Conhecemos a distincçao cstubelccida por li. Küliler o K. AVeinliold quo dd ao folk-lore uma arca mais restricta c limitada que o Vülkskimda 6 O FOLK-LORE que abrange todo o estado do homem social, sem excluir certas feições physicas, a alimentação, o vestuário, os generos da vida, profissões, o direito, a religião, a linguagem, etc. A palavra folk-lore empregada no Aíhenaeum de 22 do Agosto de 1846 sob a assignatura do Ambrose Jlerton, pseudonymo do William John Thoms, ó usada principalmente no mundo com o sentido e equivalência de Traditions poimlaires, Tradizione popolare e Volksilherliefcrungen. Es- tas tradições constituem o material do Volkskunde que se preza de sciencia historico-comperativa. Entre nós, o vocábulo/oZ/.:-Zorô tanto se applica ;l collecta de materiaes do estudo como ao proprio estudo methodico, da historia e da comparaçào. Folk-lore ou Volkslchre ou Volkskunde, significa mais ou menos a sciencia ou o saber popular. O estudo era necessitado pela existencia das histo- rias, contos de fadas, fabulas, apologos, supersti- ções, provérbios, poesia e mythos recolhidos da tradição oral. Uma vez ordenados estes documentos da lite- ratura popular nenhuma expressão conviria me- lhor que aquella. Muito antes de achada a denominação com- nium, era já o folk-lore uma sciencia histórica com os seus methodos proprios de pesquiza, rica de confrontos, parallelismos e de resultados compa- rativos, colhidos na tradição de todos os paires. o FOLK-LOKE 7 A existencia d'essa literatura não escripta ex- plica-se pelo encyclopedismo ingenito de todos os povos e pela sua psychologia collectiva Võl- kerpsychologié), base e antecedente da psychologia individual, Todos os povos, desde os mais incapazes, têm sciencia, arte e literatura, como têm direito ou religião. São coisas e funcções humanas, em qualquer gráo. Os rústicos, os camponios, os elementos hu- manos de qualquer gregario, tribu ou sociedade possuem em commum certas idóas e doutrinas elementares ácerca das coisas. Selvagens, barba- ros ou civilizados, homens, emfim, possuem uma alma collectiva onde repousam as próprias supersti- ções, crendices, as suas fôrmas d'arte ou de sciencia elementares que lhes dão a intuição do mundo, an- terior, preliminar e precedente ás creações pes- soaes mais tardias da sciencia abstracta ou da arte culta. Quem do povo inculto não é medico com as suas mèzinhas ? jurista com o seu bom senso leigo, engenheiro com a sua mecanica rudimentar, cal- culista com as mãos e os dedos ? astrologo, pagé, adivinho ou theologo ? N'csse encyclopedismo inculto, formado de pensamentos elementares, de emoção e de intelli- gencia, é que consiste a alma popular. Essa psychologia collectiva ou cthiiica, alma do grupo, alma da raça, 6 o fundo commum e a o FOLK-LORE camada primigenia que explica e define o cara- cter especial de cada povo, no seu triplice aspecto psychico, anthropologico e historico. A difFerença essencial entre o rústico e o civi- lizado, entre o letrado e o analphabeto é que as noções de um representam a camada de idéas ethnicas antigas e de repouso; as do outro a ca- mada nova instável que lhe foi acrescida pela cul- tura. A sciencia quantificou o encyclopedismo gros- seiro e rústico ; a poesia estylisou os versos po- pulares; a medicina originou-se da magia e das superstições; a astronomia da astrologia, etc. Em resumo, o progresso do espirito precisou e quan- tificou as noções ingênuas do povo. A differença entre incultos e letrados de hoje faz esquecer que essa distincção é eterna; a pró- pria palavra de empyricos que se dá aos ignoran- tes reconhece que são observadores, o que c me- lhor que serem theoristas. V 11 A psychologia ethnica De Lazarus e Steinthal até Wundt a doutrina da alma collectiva foi adquirindo força e intensi- dade crescentes, c hoje seria impossivel prescindir do seu concurso na explicação dos phenoinenos e das doutrinas sociaes. A liguagem, o direito, a moral, a religião, a literatura ou arte são phenomenos de co-existen- cia, de inspiração e de limitação reciproca entre os homens. Desde logo, todas estas formações so- ciaes começam, como continuam, sendo sempre productos mutuaes da alma collectiva e acabam por criar em todo o curso da cultura um funda- mento e um mbstraUim antigo tornado incon- sciente e instinctivo. E' o elemento mental conservador. Como, pois, fazer da psychologia um estudo do iiidividuo sem o do povo ou da sociedade? Esse 10 o FOLK-LORE é O objediv Geist. Tudo que é do homem vem do seu lar, da família, da prole, do bando, — ambiento inesgotável donde se alimenta, base physica donde se desprende mais tarde a sua energia, sensibili- dade subtil e pessoal. Fazemos a introspecção da consciência sobre um espelho, como os astronomos com o telescopio, e cuidamos tocar directamente a realidade. O que é verdadeiro, porem, c o Volksgeist, o espirito so- cial, que nos dá a exegese de todas as coisas do espirito. O homem médio e commum vale apenas por esse perspirito que o rodeia e que lhe dá o nivel da sua energia pessoal. D'ahi a impossibilidade ha muito exemplificada de nascer um Beethoven ou um Darwin n'uma tribu selvagem. O gênio é uma virtualidade da cultura respectiva do seu povo e depende do nivel commum que ella alcan- çou pela formação da alma collectiva. Ora, estudar tradições, contos e' superstições populares é exactamente explorar o antigo nivel d'alma já sobreexcedido pela civilização. Os allemães, amigos de toda a erudição, esta- vam já preparados para essa concepção do Vol- ksgeist, não só pelos trabalhos da literatura popu- lar de Ilerder e da doutrina dos sagas, contos de Grinim, como pela corrente philosophica anterior. No primeiro numero do ZciUchrlft für kerpsy.-holofjie^ Liizarus c Strintlial ilciiiiiram a o FOLK-LORE doutrina sobre a reflexão de Herbart de que a psychologia até então era imperfeita por unilate- ral, por considerar a alma do individuo sem a da sociedade : (lUeibt die Psychologie immer einseitig, so lange ste den Menschen ah allein stehenã he- trachíet.) O homem isolado dos seus círculos compositos e crescentes — a familia, a cidade ou a tribu, e o seu povo^cmfim — é apenas um thema incompleto, insufficicnte c imperfeito. Era esta já a concepção de W. Humboldt, n'este passo v. g. em que compara as leis do indi- viduo ao do todo social a que elle pertence: « Aehnliche Gesetze muss es auch fiir eine ganze. Nation geben. Dic Nation ist ein Wesen so wohl, ais der Einzeliie ». Adolfo Bastian queria que em vez de — cu penso — se dissesse — pensam em mim — para indi- car a alma ethnica que nos domina e governa to- dos os nossos pensamentos. Era uma excellente illustração á formula cartesiana. A multidão de idéas externas ó que constituo o mundo da con- sciência. E nem a formula era de A. Bastian, mas uma expressão feliz de Lichtenberg acariciada e repetida pelos racionalistas. D'ahi a pesquiza do elementargedanke, das idéas matrizes e elementares que explicam por desdo- bramento todas as outras. Inversamente o Eu projectivo de O. Flügel ex- 12 O FOLK-LORE plica a difFusão da personalidade além dos seus limites normaes, tecendo assim a trama e urdi- dura da vida moral do homem. Os psychologos demonstram a extensão projectiva do eu por meio de experiencias familiares; a sensação táctil, por exemplo, que nos parece existir na ponta da ben- gala ou na penna que encontra asperezas no papel — o que tudo difficilmente poderíamos referir n'a- quelles casos ao tacto dos dedos. O homem é assim rodeado por uma zona de projecção da sua própria personalidade. Não é aqui descabido lembrar a sensibilidade do proprietário quando ao longe vê saltar a cerca do seu sitio ou fazenda (é um ex. de von Ihering). O homem é, pois, um intermundio entre si proprio e o universo. Ambos os aspectos se completam, a psycholo- gia individual e ethnica, por differenciações e inte- grações successivas; massóapsychologiaethnica, bem se vô, interessa ao folklorisia. O folk lore não escolhe nenhum ramo de acti- vidade do espirito, mas o espirito todo nas suas fôrmas mais rudimentares. E seria impossível sys- tematizal-o sem o reconhecimento da Volkspsycho- logie, isto é, de uma psychologia ethnica que ex- plica a uniformidade e a fonte de radiação dos seus aspectos. Os trabalhos de A. Bastian, o famoso cthno- logo, sem embargo do estylo e exposição tão erri- çada de uma quasi ridicula pantosophia de pes- o FOLK-LORE 13 simo mau gosto, encerram pensamentos profun- dos e observações de grande alcance. Veja-sp, entre outros, o ensaio de Jullus Ilap- l)el na revista de Lazarus (XVII, i) Ueher die Ihdsutung der vülkerinych. Arheiten A, Bastians. Assim por investigações ethnographicas ex- tensissimas processava elle, em suas innumeras viagens, os pensamentos primevos e mais origi- naes das tribus e das raças incultas, convencido de que a riqueza mental de cada uma d'ellas era por sl só um çabedal superior ao das mais altas individualidades humanas.
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