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Ħarsa Lejn Id-Dutturi Tal-Knisja

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Ħarsa Lejn Id-Dutturi Tal-Knisja ĦARSA LEJN ID-DUTTURI TAL-KNISJA sena XXXI nru. 129 lulju – settembru 2019 Ħarsa lejn id-Dutturi tal-Knisja WERREJ Fr Raymond Gatt OP Editorjal 1 Fr Jonathan Farrugia Introduzzjoni għad-Dutturi tal-Knisja 3 Mons. Prof. Hector Scerri Id-Dutturi tal-Knisja: Mis-Seklu IV sas-Seklu VIII 13 Papas Prof. Martin Zammit It-Tliet Ġerarki Griegi 37 Fr Dr Martin Micallef San Ċirillu minn Lixandra u l-argumenti kristoloġiċi fil-kummentarju tiegħu fuq l-Evanġelju skont San Ġwann 49 Dr Pauline Dimech Id-Dutturi Nisa 61 Fr Raymond Gatt OP Bernard ta’ Clairvaux (1090-1153) 75 Fr Justin Schembri OP Aquinas, Magister in Sacra Pagina: Method as key to good theology 83 Fr Noel Muscat OFM Id-Dutturi Franġiskani tal-Knisja 95 Fr Joseph Ellul OP The Soul of Academic Life 107 Kontributuri 120 Rivista ta’ formazzjoni teoloġika li tittratta temi ta’ duttrina biblika, dommatika, morali u xjenzi umani Toħroġ kull tliet xhur Bl-approvazzjoni tal-Knisja Direzzjoni – Redazzjoni – Amministrazzjoni Knisja 2000 Kunvent Patrijiet Dumnikani Pjazza San Duminku Rabat RBT 2521 Malta Telefon: 21 454592 Fax: 21 450503 Editur: P. Raymond Gatt O.P. [email protected] Setting: Joe Cassar Cover design: Mark Mercieca Stampat: Printcare, San Ġwann. Tel. 21 497206 Copyright: Pubblikazzjonijiet Dumnikani websajt: www.opmalta.org Editorjal Ħarsa lejn id-Dutturi tal-Knisja Fr Raymond Gatt OP It-titlu ta’ ‘Duttur tal-Knisja’ huwa titlu mogħti lill-irġiel u nisa li ġew rikonoxxuti mill-Knisja Kattolika bħala nies li wrew qdusija u għerf fit-tagħlim imxandar u miktub tagħhom. B’kollox insibu 36 duttur li huma mifruxin matul l-elfejn sena storja tal-Knisja. Dawn id-dutturi juru li Alla qatt ma jitlaq lill-poplu tiegħu imma jibqa’ jieħu ħsiebu permezz ta’ nies li jdawluh matul it-triq li twassal għas-salvazzjoni. It-tema tal-konverżjoni tiddomina l-predikazzjoni ta’ Ġesù Kristu u tal-Knisja tiegħu. U hija din it-tema li l-iktar insibuha trattata minn seklu għall-ieħor, skont iċ-ċirkustanzi taż-żmien, fil-kitba tad-dutturi tal-Knisja. L-oriġini tal-għoti tat-titlu ‘Duttur tal-Knisja’ beda fl-1298, meta l-Papa Bonifazju VIII ddikjara erba’ teoloġi Latini tal-Knisja bħala dutturi. Dawn kienu San Ambroġ (340-397), Santu Wistin (354-430), San Ġilormu (347-420) u San Girgor il-Kbir (540-604). Meta nħarsu mill-qrib lejn dawn id-dutturi, mill-ewwel nintlaqtu bl-għerf tagħhom li jimla volumi sħaħ ta’ kitba. Ibda mis-seklu 4 w.K bit-duttur Grieg Atanasju ta’ Lixandra sad-duttura Karmelitana Skalza Tereża ta’ Lisieux fis-seklu 19, naraw kif ir-riflessjoni fuq il-fidi Nisranija ġiet mgħoddija minn ġenerazzjoni għall-oħra b’lingwaġġ u bi stili ta’ kitba differenti biex tasal għand il-Poplu t’Alla biex iddawlu fil-mixja tiegħu lejn Alla. Matul is-sekli, id-dutturi tal-Knisja esprimew u żviluppaw l-għarfien tagħhom fi Kristu bis-sehem ta’ xi wħud minnhom fl-ewwel Konċilji, dak ta’ Niċea I fit-325 w.K u ta’ Kalċedonja fl-451 w.K. Santu Wistin (354-430) u San Girgor il-Kbir (540-604) jispikkaw fl-għerf wara dawn il-Konċilji tal-bidu. Fiż-Żmien tan-Nofs niltaqgħu ma’ dutturi li 2 KNISJA 2000 n 129 għamlu sintesi teoloġika tat-tagħlim Nisrani. Hawn tajjeb li nsemmu lid-Dumnikan San Tumas t’Akwinu (1225-1274) u lill-Franġiskan San Bonaventura (1221-1274). Fost id-dutturi nsibu erba’ nisa li huma Hildegard ta’ Bingen (1098- 1179), Santa Katerina ta’ Siena (1347-1380), Santa Tereża ta’ Avila (1515-1582) u Santa Tereża ta’ Lisieux (1873-1897). Fil-kitbiet ta’ dawn id-dutturi nisa jispikka l-element femminili kif in-Nisrani jrid jgħix fi Kristu. Il-konverżjoni lejn Kristu titlob mid-dixxiplu li jkun f’għaqda dejjem mal-Knisja u raġġ ta’ dawl għad-dinja għax wara kollox din hija l-missjoni tal-Knisja f’kull żmien, li twelled lil Kristu Salvatur lil kull bniedem. U dan il-Knisja għamlitu u għadha tagħmlu permezz ta’ nisa u rġiel għorrief li huma l-qaddisin t’Alla. F’din il-ħarġa tal-Knisja 2000 għandkom issibu artikli li jixħtu dawl fuq il-kontribut li taw id-‘Dutturi tal-Knisja’ matul iż-żminijiet. Għalhekk il-kontribuzzjonijiet se jkunu: introduzzjoni ġenerali għad- Dutturi. Wara artikli fuq id-Dutturi Latini, id-Dutturi Griegi, id-Dutturi Franġiskani u d-Dutturi Nisa. Imbagħad kitba fuq tliet Dutturi minn tliet perjodi differenti u fl-aħħar insibu l-lectio magistralis li għamel Fr Joseph Ellul OP fl-għoti tal-Maġisteru fit-Teoloġija mill-Ordni Dumnikan. Ringrazzjament speċjali jmur għal Fr Jonathan Farrugia li hu lettur fl-Università ta’ Malta, għall-għajnuna esperta tiegħu f’din il-pubblikazzjoni. Niddedikaw din il-ħarġa lil dawk kollha li għandhom għal qalbhom il-kitbiet tal-għorrief tal-Knisja. Introduzzjoni għad-Dutturi tal-Knisja Fr Jonathan Farrugia Xi xhur ilu ħareġ il-volum 125 tas-sensiela “Knisja 2000” bl-isem ta’ Ħarsa lejn Missirijiet il-Knisja. Dan il-volum li għandkom f’idejkom issa, li jfittex li jagħti tagħrif dwar id-Dutturi tal-Knisja nistgħu ngħidu li huwa konsegwenza tal-volum li semmejt qabel. Ħafna nies ma jafux id-differenza bejn il-Missirijiet u d-Dutturi – forsi waħda mir-raġunijiet hi li numru sew mid-Dutturi jingħaddu fost il-Missirijiet ukoll. Il-għan ta’ din l-introduzzjoni huwa biex nuru xi ftit aħjar id-differenza ta’ bejniethom, u anke biex naraw min huma d-Dutturi kollha. L-ewwel differenza li għandna nsemmu hija li waqt li l-Missirijiet tal-Knisja huma għorrief insara marbuta ma’ epoka partikulari – dik tal-Knisja sas-seklu tmienja – id-Dutturi huma għorrief insara li jistgħu jkunu minn kull żmien; u filwaqt li n-numru tal-Missirijiet ma jistax jiżdied, dak tad-Dutturi minn żmien għal żmien jiżdied. Differenza notevoli oħra hija li t-titlu ta’ “Missier tal-Knisja” ingħata lill-individwi partikulari mit-tradizzjoni, ġeneralment minħabba l-erba’ kriterji li semmejna fl-introduzzjoni tal-volum 125; fl-ebda mument ma kien hemm xi dikjarazzjoni uffiċjali mill-Knisja li kittieb għandu jibda jitqies bħala “Missier.” Dan ma jgħoddx għad-Dutturi. It-titlu ta’ “Duttur” huwa titlu uffiċjali mogħti lil individwu mill-Papa bħala ġest ta’ rikonoxximent għall-kontribut straordinarju li l-persuna tkun tat fit-tifsir u l-interpretazzjoni tal-Iskrittura u fl-iżvilupp tad-Duttrina Nisranija. Waqt li t-titlu ta’ “Missier” ingħata lil kull min kiteb xi ħaġa fl-ewwel tmien sekli u żamm mal-ortodossija tal-fidi, anke jekk ma jkun qal xejn ġdid, dawk li jingħataw it-titlu ta’ “Duttur” iridu jkunu taw xi forma ta’ kontribut ġdid fl-għarfien u fl-esperjenza tal-fidi. Għal dan il-għan, mhix il-kwantità ta’ kitba li tgħodd, imma l-kwalità; hemm fil-fatt Dutturi li 4 KNISJA 2000 n 129 kitbu ftit ħafna,1 imma b’xi mod dak il-ftit għen biex jiġi magħruf aspett ieħor tal-mixja tan-nisrani fuq l-art lejn Alla. Ħaġa oħra li tajjeb li nsemmu, hija li waqt li l-Missirijiet setgħu jkunu biss irġiel, id-Dutturi jistgħu jkunu wkoll nisa; fil-fatt għandna fil-lista erba’ nisa li bil-kitbiet li ħallewlna fetħu toroq ġodda ta’ kif wieħed jista’ jgħix il-qdusija matul ħajtu fid-dinja. Semmejna li t-titlu ta’ “Duttur tal-Knisja” jingħata b’mod uffiċjali mill-Papa, u għalhekk hemm kriterji ċari li għandhom jiġu sodisfatti biex dan it-titlu jkun jista’ jingħata. Il-kriterji huma tlieta: a. l-ewwel nett iridu jkunu nies li l-qdusija tagħhom trid tkun tispikka, anke meta mqabbla mal-qdusija ta’ qaddisin oħrajn (insignis vitae sanctitatis); b. it-tieni jridu jkunu nies li jafu sewwa d-duttrina nisranija u li fir- riflessjonijiet tagħhom ikunu daħlu f’ċerta profondità eminens( doctrina); c. fl-aħħar iridu jkunu ħallew kitbiet li l-Knisja tista’ tipproponi bħala espressjoni tat-Tradizzjoni Kattolika awtentika li tagħti l-ħajja fl-ispirtu lil min jagħżel li jimxi magħha (ecclesiae declaratio). Mil-listi li se noffru f’din l-introduzzjoni, nifhmu li l-għarfien ta’ persuni bħala Dutturi tal-Knisja jieħu ħafna żmien. Insibu qaddisin li għexu kważi elfejn sena ilu li ġew dikjarati Dutturi ftit mijiet ta’ snin ilu, proprju għax il-kitbiet tagħhom kienu għadhom qed jiġu skoperti u studjati. Mill-banda l-oħra nsibu oħrajn li ma damux wisq biex ħadu dan it-titlu wara li ġew dikjarati qaddisin, proprju għax l-impatt li ħallew kitbiethom sa minn żmien ħajjithom kien wieħed notevoli ħafna. Fl-aħħar nett insibu kittieba li kellhom fama ta’ qdusija tant li ġew dikjarati qaddisin ftit xhur jew snin wara mewthom, imma li damu ma daħlu fil-lista tad-Dutturi għax kitbiethom ftit li xejn kienu ġew studjati. Il-lista kronoloġika tad-dutturi Sal-2019 il-Knisja tipproponielna lista ta’ 36 raġel u mara li ġejjin minn kull żmien fl-istorja tal-Kristjaneżmu. Kif għedna, fost dawn hemm erba’ nisa, u jissemmew ukoll erbgħa u għoxrin li nsibu referenzi għall-kitbiet tagħhom fil-Katekiżmu tal-Knisja Kattolika. Fatt notevoli KNISJA 2000 n 129 5 huwa li dawn is-36 persuna kienu kollha jew saċerdoti jew monaċi jew reliġjużi; ma nsibux lajċi fost id-Dutturi!2 Fil-bidu għedna li fost id-Dutturi nsibu numru ta’ rġiel li jingħaddu fost il-Missirijiet tal-Knisja ukoll. Minn dawn hemm tmienja – erbgħa kittieba tal-Punent u erbgħa oħra kittieba tal-Lvant – li kienu kollha isqfijiet għajr wieħed u li baqgħu magħrufa wkoll bħala “l-Missirijiet Ekumeniċi” minħabba l-għarfien tagħhom fid-dinja nisranija kollha u mhux biss fl-artijiet fejn għexu.3 Dawn huma: 1. San Atanasju, patrijarka ta’ Lixandra (295-373) 2. San Bażilju l-Kbir, isqof ta’ Ċesarija (330-379) 3. San Girgor Nazjanzenu, patrijarka ta’ Kostantinopli (330-390) 4. San Ambroġ, isqof ta’ Milan (340-397) 5.
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